Relevant bibliographies by topics / GROUP OF PIERS

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Academic literature on the topic 'GROUP OF PIERS'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "GROUP OF PIERS"

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Zhang, Yisheng, Jiangfei Wang, Qi Zhou, Yingchun Cai, and Wei Tang. "The Investigation of Local Scour around Bridge Piers with the Protection of a Quasi-Stumps Group." Water 15, no. 15 (August 7, 2023): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152858.

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In this study, a quasi-stumps group structure was proposed and placed upstream of the bridge piers to mitigate the scour of the waterflow on the riverbed. Both experiment and numerical simulations using FLOW 3D were employed to study the protective effect of this structure. The numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental findings. It was found that the quasi-stumps group can effectively reduce the flow velocities around the bridge piers, thereby promoting the deposition of suspended sediment. As a result, there was no erosion around the piers, and instead, siltation was formed, which contributed to the stability of the piers. The deposition height around the piers increased as the L (the horizontal distance between the quasi-stumps group and the piers) decreased and both the P (the height of the quasi-stumps group) and S (the ratio of the area of a single leaf on the quasi-stumps group to the cross-sectional area of a single pier) increased. As the L, P, and S increased, the quantity of suspended sediment deposition over the entire riverbed increased. The optimal combination of the quasi-stumps group’s protective effect was determined to be L = D (pier diameter), P = H (water depth), and S = 0.148.
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Hassan, Zahraa F., Ibtisam R. Karim, and Abdul-Hassan K. Al-Shukur. "Effect of Interaction between Bridge Piers on Local Scouring in Cohesive Soils." Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2020-03091498.

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Local scour at the piers is one of the main reasons of bridge foundation undermining. Earlier research studies focused mainly on the scour at a single bridge pier; nevertheless, modern designs of the bridges comprise wide-span and thus group of piers rather than a single pier are usually used to support the superstructure. The flow and scour pattern around group of piers is different from the case of a single pier due to the interaction effect. Reviewing the literature of local scour around bridge piers group revealed that the local scour around bridge piers group founded in cohesive soil bed was not investigated, and most of the scour studies were related to scour in cohesionless soils. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of the interaction between two in-line (tandem) circular bridge piers of variable spacings founded in cohesive soil on the local scour. A set of laboratory flume experiments were conducted under the clear-water scour condition to investigate this effect. This study is the first that investigates experimentally the scour around group of bridge piers in cohesive bed. It was found that the maximum scour depth at the upstream pier of the two in-line piers occurred at a spacing of two times the diameter of the pier, scour at the downstream pier was reduced due to a sheltering effect, the interference effect will be reduced for pier spacings larger than three times of the pier diameter. A recent pier scour equation was used to estimate the scour depths at the two in-line piers in cohesive soil and compare the estimated value with the measured scour depths in the laboratory. The comparison indicated that the proposed scour equation overestimates the scour depths at both the upstream and the downstream pier.
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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Simulation of Scour at Bridge Supports." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 72, no. 09 (October 2020): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.2506.2018.

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Groups of piers are used on bridges to minimise scour around bridge supports. The prediction of scour around piers due to interaction of vortices around bridge piers is more complex compared to scour prediction around a single pier. Four arrangements of bridge piers with different spaces in the lateral and longitudinal directions are investigated under clear water conditions to observe scour generation around bridge foundations. The experimental study is performed in a rectangular open channel. A 3D numerical study based on fluid dynamics is also conducted. Results show that different pier group arrangements produce smaller scour holes than a single pier.
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Daneshfaraz, Rasoul, Amir Ghaderi, Maryam Sattariyan, Babak Alinejad, Mahdi Majedi Asl, and Silvia Di Francesco. "Investigation of Local Scouring around Hydrodynamic and Circular Pile Groups under the Influence of River Material Harvesting Pits." Water 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162192.

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Mining activities can endanger the stability of hydraulic structures. Numerical modeling of local scouring around hydrodynamic and circular bridge pile groups, due to the action of clear water conditions via non-cohesive sediment, was performed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, a large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model, and a van Rijn sedimentary model with FLOW-3D software. The pile groups were positioned upstream and downstream of a sand mining pit. The results showed that the scour depth around the downstream pile group was greater than that of the upstream one. Using hydrodynamic piers reduced the scour depth upstream of all piers and the material harvesting pit. The maximum reduction in scour depth was observed in front of the fifth pier, with a 29% reduction in scour depth. Additionally, for all models, as the material harvesting pit was moved downstream, the downstream turbulence was enhanced and stronger flow reversal and horseshoe vortices were detected in from of the downstream pile group. The flow patterns around the pile group showed that the presence of hydrodynamic piers in the upstream pile group leads to a decrease in the maximum flow velocity, whereas, when such piers were positioned in the downstream pile group, the velocity increases.
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Rashno, Emad, Amir Reza Zarrati, and Mojtaba Karimaei Tabarestani. "Design of riprap for bridge pier groups." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 47, no. 5 (May 2020): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0007.

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Stable riprap size and optimized extension of the riprap layer around double and triple piers along the flow direction are studied experimentally. Results showed that the critical riprap failure area and stable riprap size around the first pier remain unchanged with increasing pier spacing. In addition, the largest stable riprap should always be placed in front of the first pier in comparison with the remaining downstream piers. However, by increasing the pier spacing, stable riprap size around the second and third pier increased and approached that around the first pier. A relationship was developed for designing stable riprap size in pier groups. Based on this relationship, different riprap sizes are suggested for different zones around the pier group. Experiments showed that the critical zone around the piers includes only a small area and the rest of the riprap extent area can be protected with smaller riprap stones.
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Yuksel, Yalcin, Yesim Celikoglu, and Elif Sen. "Propeller jet flow scour around pile group supported piers." Ocean Engineering 239 (November 2021): 109889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109889.

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Chen, Hsin Hung, Ray-Yeng Yang, Ping-Chiao Kuo, and Hwung-Hweng Hwung. "PHYSICAL MODELING STUDY ON SCOUR AND SCOUR COUNTERMEASURE FOR SEA-CROSSING BRIDGE PIERS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 25, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.sediment.83.

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There are significant engineering challenges in placing the sea-crossing bridge piers in more or les shallow coastal waters because, as well as having to withstand storm-force waves and tidal currents, the bridge piers have to remain stable on a sea bed that may be continuously changing. One of the major challenges faced by designers is how to predict, and prevent, scour of the seabed sediments around the sea-crossing bridge piers. This paper describes a physical model study on scour and scour countermeasure for sea-crossing bridge piers. A 1:49 scale movable bed model tests were carried out in the Near-shore Wave Basin (NSWB, 27m x 19m) at the Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory, National Chang Kung University (NCKU), Tainan, Taiwan, with the sea-crossing bridge piers in the test area. Three series of physical model tests were performed in this study. The aim of the first test series is to investigate the maximum scour depth for the initial construction of bridge piers with only one pier model. Then the second test series were conducted to investigate the greatest magnitude of local scour and potential scour area in the sand bed around the sea-crossing bridge group piers with no scour protection. Based on the analysis from the former NSWB experimental results, the suitable scour countermeasure for sea-crossing bridge piers would be proposed and validated its function of preventing scour in the third test series.
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Pagliosa, Paulo Roberto, Mauricio Cantor, Fernando Scherner, Mariana Beatriz Paz Otegui, Aurea Luiza Lemes-Silva, Cintia Dalcuche Leal Martins, Giorgia Freitas Alves, Alessandra Fonseca, and Paulo Antunes Horta Jr. "Influence of piers on functional groups of benthic primary producers and consumers in the channel of a subtropical coastal lagoon." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 60, no. 1 (March 2012): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592012000100007.

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Artificial habitats have become common in coastal areas worldwide and may influence the structure and functioning of benthic ecosystems. We analyze the influence of piers on the benthic morphofunctional groups of rocky seaweeds and of soft bottom macrofauna in the channel of Conceição Lagoon (southern Brazil). The main impact is a reduction in the luminosity available for photosynthetic activity which is directly related to a decrease in the biomasses of sediment microphytobenthos and of more highly structured macroalgae life-forms. Contrary to expectations, the morphotypes of potentially high biomass productivity, such as articulated coralline, corticated and leathery macroalgae, were in general less abundant and the low biomass foliose and filamentous macroalgae occurred in reference areas but not under the piers. The piers' effects on motile epifauna and infauna functional groups were site-specific and probably related to the general reduction in primary producer organisms in the new habitats. The discretely motile infauna was the only functional group able to thrive under the piers due to their reduced motility and fragile morphological structures, being benefited by the shelter provided by the artificial habitats. Our results showed that the piers might have a negative effect on the base-trophic level organisms responsible for bottom-up controls.
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Shi, Liang Hong, Chuan Bao Feng, Tong Gang Zhang, Shang Dian Sha, You Wei Su, Sheng Wei Du, and Gang Zhu. "Deformation Monitoring of Railway Bridge Group Influenced by Construction of Metro Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1810.

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With the development of the high-speed railway (HSR) and metro, the metro crossing the HSR in operation usually happened in metropolis. Considering the stability of railway bridge foundation is very critical to the safety of HSR in operation, it is very important to monitor the influence of the construction of metro tunnel. The no.6 metro line of Nanjing city is crossing the railway bridge group, including three HSR lines, Beijing-Shanghai HSR, Nanjing-Anqing intercity railway, and Shanghai-Wuhan-Chengdu railway. A real-time deformation system using sensors with high accuracy and wireless network is designed to monitor the bridge piers, which are adjacent to the metro tunnel and may be affected in the bridge group. The tilt and settlement of bridge piers and horizontal displacement of pier head are considered in this system. The monitoring results show the feasibility of the system and grantee the operation and bridge engineerings safety.
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Rahimi, Ebrahim, Kourosh Qaderi, Majid Rahimpour, and Mohammad Mehdi Ahmadi. "Effect of Debris on Piers Group Scour: An Experimental Study." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 4 (April 2018): 1496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-2002-y.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GROUP OF PIERS"

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Ozkeskin, Asli. "Settlement Reduction And Stress Concentration Factors In Rammed Aggregate Piers Determined From Full- Scale Group Load Tests." Phd thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605153/index.pdf.

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Despite the developments in the last decades, field performance information for short aggregate pier improved ground is needed for future design and to develop a better understanding of the performance of the short (floating) aggregate piers. A full-scale field study was performed to investigate the floating aggregate pier behavior in a soft clayey soil. Site investigations included five boreholes and sampling, four CPT soundings, and SPT and laboratory testing. The soil profile consisted of 8m thick compressible clay overlying weathered rock. Four large plate load test stations were prepared. A rigid steel footing having plan dimensions of 3.0m by 3.5m were used for loading. Four 65cm diameter reaction piles and steel cross beams were used to load the soil in each station. First test comprised of loading the untreated soil up to 250 kPa with increments, and monitoring the surface settlements. Moreover, distribution of settlements with depth is recorded by means of deep settlement gages installed prior to loading. Other three tests were conducted on clay soil improved by rammed aggregate piers. In each station, seven stone columns were installed, having a diameter of 65cm, area ratio of 0.25, placed in a triangular pattern with a center to center spacing of 1.25m. The length of the columns were 3m, 5m in the two station resembling floating columns, and 8m in the last station to simulate end bearing columns to observe the level of the improvement in the floating columns. Field instrumentations included surface and deep settlement gages, and load cell placed on a aggregate pier to determine distribution of the applied vertical stress between the column and the natural soil , thus to find magnitude of the stress concentration factor, n , in end bearing and floating aggregate piers. It has been found that, the presence of floating aggregate piers reduce settlements, revealing that major improvement in the settlements takes place at relatively short column lengths. It has been also found that the stress concentration factor is not constant, but varies depending on the magnitude of the applied stress. The magnitude of stress concentration factor varies over a range from 2.1 to 5.6 showing a decreasing trend with increasing vertical stress.
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Lemme, Nathan A. "Effectiveness of Compacted Fill and Rammed Aggregate Piers for Increasing Lateral Resistance of Pile Foundations." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2393.

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Compacted fill and rammed aggregate piers (RAPs) were separately installed adjacent to a 9-ft by 9-ft by 2.5-ft driven pile foundation founded in soft clay. The compacted fill used to laterally reinforce an area of 11 ft by 5 ft by 6 ft deep adjacent to the pile cap was clean concrete sand. The thirty-inch diameter RAPs were installed in three staggered rows to a depth of 12.5 ft below the ground surface adjacent to the pile cap to test the increase in lateral resistance afforded by their installation. The foundation was laterally loaded and load, displacement, and strain readings were recorded. The results of this testing were compared with similar tests performed with virgin soil conditions. The total lateral capacity of the pile foundation increased by 5 percent or14 kips due to compacted fill placement against the face of the pile cap. The passive force acting only on the pile cap decreased from 54 kips in the virgin case to 30 kips after installation of the compacted fill, a decrease of about 45 percent. The total lateral capacity of the pile foundation that was retrofit with RAPs was increased by 18 percent or 52 kips as compared to an identical pile cap in virgin clay. The passive force acting on the pile cap at 1.5 inches of pile cap displacement was determined to be approximately 50 kips, showing a slight decrease in passive resistance as compared to the tests performed on virgin soil. Both reinforcement techniques reduced pile head rotation and the bending moments in the shallow portions of the piles.
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Metsänen, Toni Tapio [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Oestreich, Martin [Gutachter] Oestreich, and Warren E. [Gutachter] Piers. "Metal-catalyzed generation of main-group electrophiles : mechanisms and applications / Toni Tapio Metsänen ; Gutachter: Martin Oestreich, Warren E. Piers ; Betreuer: Martin Oestreich." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1156012031/34.

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Andersen, Paul Joseph Walsh. "Performance of a full-scale Rammed Aggregate Pier group in silty sand based on blast-induced liquefaction testing in Emilia-Romagna, Italy." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8530.

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To investigate the liquefaction mitigation capability of Rammed Aggregate Piers® (RAP) in silty sand, blast liquefaction testing was performed at a soil profile treated with a full-scale RAP group relative to an untreated soil profile. The RAP group consisted of 16 piers in a 4x4 arrangement at 2 m center-to-center spacing extending to a depth of 9.5 m. Blasting around the untreated area induced liquefaction (ru ≈1.0) from 3 m to 11 m depth, producing several large sand boils, and causing settlement of 10 cm. In contrast, installation of the RAP group reduced excess pore water pressure (ru ≈0.75), eliminated sand ejecta, and reduced average settlement to between 2 to 5 cm when subjected to the same blast charges. Although the liquefaction-induced settlement in the untreated area could be accurately estimated using the CPT-based settlement approach proposed by Zhang et al. (2002), settlement in the RAP treated area was significantly overestimated with the same approach even after considering RAP treatment-induced densification. Analyses indicate that settlement after RAP treatment could be successfully estimated from elastic compression of the sand and RAP acting as a composite material. The composite reinforced soil mass, surrounded by liquefied soil, transferred load to the base of the RAP group inducing settlement in the non-liquefied sand below the group. This test program identifies a mechanism that explains how settlement was reduced for the RAP group despite the elevated ru values in the silty sands that are often difficult to improve with vibratory methods.
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Szydlik, Linda (Linda L. ). "The Effects of Career Group Counseling on the Self-Concept of At-Risk High School Students as Measured by the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277630/.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of career group counseling in raising the self-concept of at-risk high school students. The following subgroups were represented in the sample: male and female students, white and non-white ethnic groups, and students from sophomore, junior, and senior classifications. Two groups of students in the Lewisville Independent School District meeting the criteria for at-risk as defined by House Bill 1010 were administered a pretest and posttest using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. The experimental group was from the Lewisville Learning Center. The control group was students enrolled in the Coordinated Vocational Academic Education (CVAE) classes at Lewisville High School. A treatment sample of 25 students received career group counseling. A nontreatment sample of 25 students did not receive any group counseling. The t-test for independent samples was used to analyze the data. The pretests for the experimental and control groups showed no significant difference at the .05 level. The treatment sample received 30 hours of group counseling in the Fall semester of 1994. At the end of 30 hours of counseling a posttest was administered to the treatment sample and to the control sample. The t-test for independent samples was used to analyze the data. While career group counseling appeared to impact the students in the experimental group, the limitations of sample size and population may have effected the results. The treatment was significant at the .05 level and the null hypothesis was rejected. The findings showed that career group counseling was not an effective tool for increasing positive self-concept. It is concluded that self-concept was not effectively enhanced through group interaction conducted by the school system in this study. Further research is recommended.
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Kuruoglu, Ozgur. "A New Approach To Estimate Settlements Under Footings On Rammed Aggregate Pier Groups." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609733/index.pdf.

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This study uses a 3D finite element program, calibrated with the results of a full scale instrumented load test on a limited size footing, to estimate the settlement improvement factor for footings resting on rammed aggregate pier groups. A simplified 3D finite element model (Composite Soil Model) was developed, which takes into account the increase of stiffness around the piers during the ramming process. Design charts for settlement improvement factors of square footings of different sizes (B = 2.4m to 4.8m) resting on aggregate pier groups of different area ratios (AR = 0.087 to 0.349), pier moduli (Ecolumn = 36MPa to 72MPa), and with various compressible clay layer strengths (cu = 20kPa to 60kPa) and thicknesses (L = 5m to 15m) were prepared using this calibrated 3D finite element model. It was found that, the settlement improvement factor increases as the area ratio, pier modulus and footing pressure increase. On the other hand, the settlement improvement factor is observed to decrease as the undrained shear strength and thickness of compressible clay and footing size increase. After using the model to study the behaviour of floating piers, it was concluded that, the advantage of using end bearing piers instead of floating piers for reducing settlements increases as the area ratio of piers increases, the elasticity modulus value of the piers increases, the thickness of the compressible clay layer decreases and the undrained shear strength of the compressible clay decreases.
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Kfoury, Dimitry. "Calcul de Schubert affine et formules de Pieri." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0215.

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Les formules de Pieri sont des formules qui permettent de comprendre la structure d'algèbre de cohomologie de la Grassmannienne (affine) ou même celle des variété de Drapeaux. Plusieurs sont déjà établies dans quelques types et cas particuliers. Cependant ce problème reste encore ouvert pour la plupart des cas affines, en particulier pour trouver des formules de Pieri dans "H^*(\mathcal{G}r_G)" en types "B", "C" et "D".Dans cette thèse, même si on généralise quelques résultats pour un groupe de Weyl affine non-tordu général, on explore principalement les types A et C.Dans la variété de drapeaux de type A affine, on trouve une formule pour la multiplication, dans l'algèbre de cohomologie d'une variété de drapeaux, d'un élément de la base "\xi^w" par un autre (spécial) qu'on appellera ''crochet''. On montre ce résultat en utilisant la formule de Pieri donnée par Lam et al dans \cite{insertion}.En type C affine, on propose une conjecture pour une formule de Pieri en Cohomologie, en montrant qu'elle est valide en degré 1 et ''presque'' tous les cas du degré 2. On la vérifie aussi, en testant de nombreux exemples à l'aide de l'ordinateur.En Homologie, on redémontre, en utilisant une nouvelle stratégie simplifiée, la formule de Pieri en type C \cite{lam2010schubert}. Cette nouvelle approche pourrait éventuellement être utilisée dans le but d'établir des formules en types exceptionnels.Dans les variétés de drapeaux de dimension finie, on trouve aussi une majoration des coefficients de Littlewood-Richardson et on la généralise, en tout type, pour des classes particulières qu'on appellera ''petites classes de Schubert''
Pieri's formulas are a gateway to understanding the algebra structure of the (affine) Grassmannian or even that of Flag varieties. Several are already established in a few particular types and cases. However, this problem remains open for most affine cases, especially to find Pieri formulas in "H (\mathcal{G}r_G)" in types "B", "C" and "D".In this thesis, even if some results are generalized for non-twisted affine Weyl groups, we mainly explore types A and C. In the flag variete of affine type A, we find a formula for multiplying, in the cohomology algebra of a flag variety, one element of the base "\xi^w" by another (special) element that will be called ''crochet''. This result is shown using the Pieri formula given by Lam et al in \cite{insertion}. In the affine Type "C", we propose a conjecture for a Pieri formula in Cohomology, showing that it is valid in degree "1" and "almost" all cases of degree "2". It is also checked, by testing many examples using the computer.In Homology, the Pieri formula in type C \cite{lam2010schubert}, is re-demonstrated, using a new simplified strategy. This new approach could eventually be used to establish formulas of exceptional types.In the finite dimensional flag varieties, we find an upper bound for the littlewood-Richardson's coefficients and generalize it, in all types, to particular classes that will be called ''small Schubert classes''
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Ozalp, Murat Can. "Experimental Investigation Of Local Scour Around Bridge Pier Groups." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615594/index.pdf.

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It is an important task that design engineers in practice predict the local scour around bridge piers as accurately as possible because excessive local scour around bridge piers unbalance and demolish the bridges. Many equations have been proposed previously by various researchers, based on their experimental findings, but no general method has been developed so far due to the complexity of the topic. In the present study two new bridge pier groups were employed to investigate the inclination effect of the most upstream and downstream piers on the local scours around all piers. Total of 72 experiments have been conducted with 3 inclination angles, one of which representing the vertical case, each experiment lasting 6 hours, under uniform flow and clear-water conditions for a range of water depths and flow velocities on the uniform bed material. It is clearly observed and measured that the amount of local scour reduces substantially by the effect of inclination in the group piers, especially the reduction in the scour around the most upstream pier is found notable. Based on the experimental data, regression analyses are made and an empirical scour depth equation is developed for each individual pier in the pier groups studied. Comparisons with the similar studies performed by other researchers have been made and the results discussed.
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Leclerc, Marc-Antoine. "Homogeneous Projective Varieties of Rank 2 Groups." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23558.

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Root systems are a fundamental concept in the theory of Lie algebra. In this thesis, we will use two different kind of graphs to represent the group generated by reflections acting on the elements of the root system. The root systems we are interested in are those of type A2, B2 and G2. After drawing the graphs, we will study the algebraic groups corresponding to those root systems. We will use three different techniques to give a geometric description of the homogeneous spaces G/P where G is the algebraic group corresponding to the root system and P is one of its parabolic subgroup. Finally, we will make a link between the graphs and the multiplication of basis elements in the Chow group CH(G/P).
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Nazariha, Mehrdad. "Design relationships for maximum local scour depth for bridge pier groups." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9989.

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An investigation of local scour at pier groups has been conducted with the aim of developing design recommendations and scour depth prediction equations for the bridge pier groups. A comprehensive series of steady uniform flow experiments was performed on groups of 2, 3, 4, and 6 model piers. All tests were conducted under clear-water scour conditions. Parameters governing local scour depth around bridge piers include: flow characteristics, sediment properties, and pier size and shape. The effects of these parameters on the maximum local scour depth for a single pier (D$\sb{\rm s}$), have been thoroughly investigated in the past. However, when design criteria developed for single piers are applied directly to pier groups, this approach ignores the following important group effects: (1) sheltering, (2) reinforcement, and (3) horse-shoe vortex (HSV) compression. Furthermore, the group effects will alter with changes in pier spacing, S, and flow angle of attack, $\beta$. This study, which investigates the local scouring process for the aforementioned groups of model bridge piers, and presents design relationships for predicting the corresponding maximum local scour depths, is an attempt to address this limitation in current design practice. Initially the local scour was examined for five different single pier diameters (0.0127 m, 0.018 m, 0.025 m, 0.033 m and 0.05 m). Having established single pier relationships, groups of 2, 3, 4, and 6 equally spaced piers were examined, while altering alignment to the flow and separation distances. For piers in line with the flow direction, downstream piers are sheltered by the upstream ones resulting in reducing scour depth around downstream piers. This effect diminishes with the increasing $\beta$ if there is only one row of piers i.e., 2 and 3 pier groups. In the case of 2 rows of piers aligned to the flow direction (i.e., 4- and 6-pier groups), there is a specific range of $\beta$ in which downstream piers are exposed to the flow. As $\beta$ increases, depending on pier spacing, the piers of one row may shelter the downstream piers of the other row. The reinforcement effect is significant only for small ratios of pier spacing/ pier diameter (S/d) when $\beta \le$ 10$\sp0$. In these ranges of S/d and $\beta$, the front piers are scoured more than that of a single pier. Moreover, the score depth of downstream piers, which are less than that of a single pier, increases with increasing S/d. The compressed (HSV) arms affect the local scour depth significantly if piers are staggered and S/d $\le$ 5. In this range of S/d, the HSV arms are intensified, resulting in a deeper scour hole. However, this effect also becomes insignificant with increasing S/d. The data obtained for each pier group were analysed, using a multiple regression model, to develop local scour depth prediction equations for the front, middle, and rear piers. The regression model includes two important dimensionless parameters ($\beta$ and S/d) associated with group effects, as regressors. The proposed prediction equations estimated the observed data and similar-type published data reasonably well, within marginal errors. From a general practical view-point, the number of prediction equations was reduced to two equations for all pier groups: one for the front piers and the second one for the downstream piers (i.e. combined middle and rear piers).
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Books on the topic "GROUP OF PIERS"

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A, Brown D., National Cooperative Highway Research Program., National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials., eds. Static and dynamic lateral loading of pile groups. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 2001.

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Gauli, Piero. Piero Gauli: Opere e documenti di "Corrente" con inediti 1939-1943. [Italy]: Severgnini, 1998.

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Piero Manzoni e ZERO: Una regione creativa europea. Milano: Electa, 2014.

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Les pieds sur terre, la tête dans les étoiles: Sur les pas du fondateur du Groupe SOS. Paris: Rue de l'Echiquier, 2013.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. Audits Division. Port Commission: Concession audit of D&G Company LLC (Lou's Pier 47). San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2001.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Division. Port Commission: Concession audit of D&G Company LLC dba Lou's Pier 47. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2005.

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Division, San Francisco (Calif ). Office of the Controller City Services Auditor. Port Commission: Concession audit of The Pollack Group, Ltd. dba Nick's Lighthouse. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2005.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. Audits Division. Port Commission: Concession audit of the Pollack Group, Ltd., doing business as Nick's Lighthouse. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2002.

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Division, San Francisco (Calif ). Office of the Controller Audits. Port Commission: Concession audit of Eleanor Silver. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2001.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. Audits Division. Port Commission: Concession audit of Fisherman's Grotto. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "GROUP OF PIERS"

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Voskoboinick, Andrey, Vladimir Voskoboinick, Vladimir Turick, Oleksandr Voskoboinyk, Dmytro Cherny, and Lidia Tereshchenko. "Interaction of Group of Bridge Piers on Scour." In Advances in Computer Science for Engineering and Education III, 3–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55506-1_1.

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Benedetti, Carolina, and Nantel Bergeron. "Fomin-Greene Monoids and Pieri Operations." In Algebraic Monoids, Group Embeddings, and Algebraic Combinatorics, 305–38. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0938-4_14.

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Badry, Pallavi, and D. Neelima Satyam. "The Effect of the L/D Ratio of Pile Group Using the Equivalent Pier Method Including Interaction." In Advances in Analysis and Design of Deep Foundations, 157–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61642-1_13.

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Johnston, Michael. "The Proliferation of Scribes, I." In The Middle English Book, 157–85. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192871770.003.0007.

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Abstract Chapter 6 argues that a comprehensive examination of dialectal and provenance evidence shows that most Middle English manuscripts were made in relative proximity to their first owners. The chapter begins by considering dialectal evidence of multi-scribe manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales, the English works of Richard Rolle, Speculum vitae, The Prick of Conscience, and Piers Plowman. When scribes collaborate, dialectal evidence shows that they tend to come from the same region as one another. The chapter then considers provenance evidence from the same group of manuscripts, arguing that, when such evidence survives, it most often points to the same region as the manuscript’s dialect.
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Taber, Douglass. "Best Synthetic Methods: Functional Group Protection." In Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0012.

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Benzyl esters are easily deprotected by hydrogenolysis. It is often observed, however, as exemplified by the conversion of 1 to 2 reported (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 406) by Hironao Sajiki of Gifu Pharmacutical University, that alkene hydrogenation can be carried out selectively. Fernando Albericio of the University of Barcelona has developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 3304) a family of thiophene-based esters 3 that can be removed with acid in the presence of t-butyl esters, and that are stable to the removal of FMOC groups. Vassiliki Theodorou of the University of Ioannina has found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 8230) that esters were rapidly saponified by methanolic NaOH in solvent CH2Cl2. Specific oligosaccharide synthesis depends heavily on the use of orthogonal methods for alcohol protection and deprotection. This is illustrated by the work (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 1008) of Carolyn R. Bertozzi of the University of California, Berkeley, who deployed p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl (DMB), p-chlorobenzyl (PCB) and p-iodobenzyl (PIB) ethers to enable construction of a disaccharide, by way of 9. Piers R. J. Gaffney of Imperial College London has reported (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 1836) a practical preparation of the ether 11, that should make this symmetrical protecting group more readily available. George W. J. Fleet of the University of Oxford and Sigthur Petursson of the University of Akureyri have found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 2196) that diphenyl diazomethane 14, easily prepared from benzophenone, reacted under neutral conditions with primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols to form the benzyhydryl ethers. Harsh conditions have often been employed to remove aryl methyl ethers such as 16. Wei Wang of the University of New Mexico and Wenhu Duan of the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica have developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2008, 49, 4054) a simple protocol to effect this transformation, by heating the ether to reflux in DMF in the presence of iodocyclohexane 17. Dithianes such as 19 have often been deprotected with stoichiometric heavy metals. Andreas Kirschning of Leibniz Universität Hannover has devised (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 2018) a set of three anionic resins, charged, respectively, with I(O2CCF3 )2 - , HCO3 -, and S2O3 - . Exposure of 19 to the three resins in sequence delivered the very sensitive ketone 20.
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"Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation." In Urban and Community Fisheries Programs: Development, Management, and Evaluation, edited by James Sweatman, Marcos J. De Jesus, and Paul Thomas. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874042.ch3.

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<em>Abstract.—</em>In 1991, Florida expanded its pilot urban fishery project in Jacksonville to include programs in Tampa, Orlando (Fish Orlando), and South Florida. Goals of the expansion were to increase fishing license sales and create more fishing opportunities for urban residents. While fishing license sales did not show an increase over time, Florida did increase angling opportunities by introducing 40 managed urban waters around the state. Partnerships were incorporated into all management aspects of these bodies of water, including regulations, stocking programs, habitat enhancement, access and promotions. Maintenance agreements were made with local governments to ensure appropriate conditions for anglers and the fisheries at managed sites. Several unique accomplishments were defined by partnerships throughout the programs, including boat rentals sponsored by Bass Pro Shops, Orlando, award-winning piers built by a civic group in Tampa, and a wastewater facility supplying unused raceways to grow out channel catfish in Jacksonville. Critical components in successful Florida partnerships were long-term planning, realistic expectations, clear communication, and partners assuming ownership of the program.
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Webster, Nancy, and David Shirley. "Changing of the Guard." In A History of Brooklyn Bridge Park. Columbia University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231171229.003.0007.

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Tells the story of a change in the BBPC’s leadership and their successful advocacy effort to incorporate the area between the Brooklyn and Manhattan bridges into the future park. Further south, planning begins on the piers area of the park with the hiring of an elite architectural firm to plan and oversee construction of the Park, publication of General Project Plan providing the general public with the first glimpse of what the actual Park might involve, disillusion and dissent among some early supporters and other citizen groups, and the beginnings of some negative media coverage of the Park.
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Bryant, Jan. "Encounter One: Pier Paolo Pasolini and Italo Calvino." In Artmaking in the Age of Global Capitalism, 42–45. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474456944.003.0006.

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Through the letters of Pasolini and Calvino, this chapter delves into the different political paths that they each took. While Pasolini wrote of his disappointment with his age and politics, Calvino by this stage has withdrawn from political life to become part of the French structuralist group, Oulip. In recognition of the voids that open up between text and world, the group’s investigations into the structures of language systems aligns with what has been called ‘the linguistic turn’ in late 20th century European philosophy. Pasolini considers that such a move is a deflection from directly approaching the inequalities of class. In return, Calvino censures Pasolini for making films because they are so far from slow reading and reflection. [118]
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Ohara, Sabine Ursula, Ashley D. Milton, and Tia D. Jeffery. "Local Food and Fitness." In Changing Urban Landscapes Through Public Higher Education, 144–69. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3454-9.ch007.

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The 11th Street Bridge Park is an ambitious project that will connect Washington DC Wards 6 and 8 by replacing a retired bridge across the Anacostia River. The new 11th Street Bridge will be the city's first elevated public park built on the piers of the old bridge. The Bridge Park will feature local food, recreation, health, and the arts. The UDC College of Agriculture, Urban Sustainability, and Environmental Sciences (CAUSES) is a key partner in the project and has worked with community groups to anchor the bridge park through community gardens, food production workshops, and nutrition classes. Over 200 raised bed gardens have been built, and Ward 6 and 8 residents have learned to grow and prepare food. While the Bridge Park builds a physical bridge, the community work of CAUSES brings the social and cultural aspects of the project into focus. This chapter describes the transformative work of empowering urban residents to grow food and to use their local expertise in collaboration with CAUSES land-grant specialists to improve their economic condition and adopt healthier lifestyles.
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Paranhos, Kátia Rodrigues. "Companhia Teatro Moderno de Lisboa (TML): engagement, resistance and cultural creation in the 1960s." In DEVELOPMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/devopinterscie-081.

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Social theatre and politically engaged theatre are two designations that gained acceptance amid a lively debate that went on throughout the late 19th century and consolidated in the 20th century. Its turning point lay in the structure of the relations between theatre and politics or even between theatre and propaganda. This text addresses what resistance and political-cultural protest meant to Grupo Teatro Moderno de Lisboa (TML), from Lisbon/Portugal, in the 1960s, based on the interviews and discourses about their collective creation processes, theoretical research, and social intervention. According to many interpreters, the Group broke with the theater establishment of 1960 and came out as one generation's great movement. It only lasted for 4 years, from 1961 to 1965. During this time, TML staged theatrical texts by Carlos Muniz, Dostoyevsky, Miguel Mihura, John Steinbeck, Luiz Francisco Rebello, William Shakespeare, and José Carlos Pires. These artists made up and remade different universes according to their purposes and wishes. By reading the above authors' texts in the 1960s, these Portuguese artists gave new meanings to the present and to the past itself – recalling here Brecht's "past and present in one". The political and aesthetic issues in the plays were updated through debates between the theater group and the audience —quite a difficult task in a period when a political-cultural protest against the "Estado Novo" dictatorship was increasingly strong and constant, and in which official censorship, always vigilant against heterodox artistic manifestations, was stifling. Being active in the politically engaged theater then meant looking for different staging places and other points of view on the years of lead. Utilizing its actions, it is a ground principle, and its practices, TML would sow the seeds of the independent theatre group movement, having taken the first steps in the pathway toward an intervention theater that, later on, these groups took upon themselves to continue with. Despite adversities, theatrical experiments that go against the grain of prevailing thoughts are still tenaciously current on the agenda. Doing theater amid commercial pressure is, undoubtedly, a form of provocation, of insubordination to the "hit parade" market, to which Comuna – Teatro Pesquisa, Teatro da Cornucópia, O Bando, Casa da Comédia, A Barraca, the Évora Culture Center and SeivaTrupestill resort.
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Conference papers on the topic "GROUP OF PIERS"

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SIDEK, FARIDAH JAFFAR, and ZUHILMI ISMAIL. "SCOUR INVESTIGATION AROUND A GROUP OF TWO PIERS." In Proceedings of the 13th IAHRߝ;APD Congress. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776969_0087.

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Bai, Yu, Zhongbao Wang, Yuwei Meng Meng, Hongmei Liu, and Shaojun Fang. "A Compact Dual-Band Negative Group Delay Circuit with Independently Adjustable Characteristics." In 2021 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers53385.2021.9694695.

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Wang, Zhongbao, Yu Bai, Zheng Fu, Hongmei Liu, and Shaojun Fan. "A Compact Negative-Group-Delay Branch-line Coupler with Equal Power Division." In 2021 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers53385.2021.9695148.

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Low, K. L., M. Z. Mat Jafri, and Sohail A. Khan. "Group Velocities and Resonance State in Metallic Photonic Crystals." In 2018 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS-Toyama). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/piers.2018.8597741.

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Sun, X. Y., R. Wen, J. W. Lu, S. X. Sun, Z. He, and D. Z. Ding. "Blind Source Separation of Adjacent Group Targets Based on Coupling Scattering Center Removal." In 2023 Photonics & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers59004.2023.10221488.

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Jin, Haiyan, Yuliang Zhou, Yong Mao Huang, and Shuai Ding. "General condition to achieve negative group delay transmission in coupled resonator structure." In 2017 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Fall (PIERS - FALL). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers-fall.2017.8293639.

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He, Qi-Fang, Qun Zhang, Ying Luo, Feng Zhu, and Li Sun. "Group target micro-Doppler feature extraction via bessel basis decomposition and sparse recovery." In 2017 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Fall (PIERS - FALL). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers-fall.2017.8293339.

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Sahu, Chitrangini, and TI Eldho. "Comparison of Hydrodynamic Characteristics around Different Group of Circular Bridge Piers over Plane Rigid Bed." In Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress From Snow to Sea. Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/iahr-39wc252171192022335.

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Parr, Alfred D. "A Laboratory Study of Sediment Transport in Free Surface Flow." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77336.

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This paper discusses an undergraduate fluid mechanics laboratory session. The lab allows the students to observe various sediment transport phenomena in a hands-on manner. The experiments are performed in a glass-walled, tilting sediment flume. The following sediment transport phenomena are created and observed by the students — bed load, suspended load, bed forms (ripples, dunes, antidunes...), surface waves over various bed forms and local scour at flow obstructions including bridge piers and abutments. Students are able to observe local scour using PVC pipes for bridge piers and dimension lumber for abutment scour. Since the flume is 12.2-m long, a large group of students can spread out along both sides of the flume to observe bed forms and to perform local scour tests.
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Wissmann, Kord J., David J. White, and Evert Lawton. "Load Test Comparisons for Rammed Aggregate Piers and Pier Groups." In Geo-Denver 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40916(235)19.

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Reports on the topic "GROUP OF PIERS"

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Han, Fei, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, Mehdi Marashi, Timothy Wells, and Mir Zaheer. Verification of Bridge Foundation Design Assumptions and Calculations. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317084.

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The Sagamore Parkway Bridge consists of twin parallel bridges over the Wabash River in Lafayette, IN. The old steel-truss eastbound bridge was demolished in November 2016 and replaced by a new seven-span concrete bridge. The new bridge consists of two end-bents (bent 1 and bent 8) and six interior piers (pier 2 to pier 7) that are founded on closed-ended and open-ended driven pipe piles, respectively. During bridge construction, one of the bridge piers (pier 7) and its foundation elements were selected for instrumentation for monitoring the long-term response of the bridge to dead and live loads. The main goals of the project were (1) to compare the design bridge loads (dead and live loads) with the actual measured loads and (2) to study the transfer of the superstructure loads to the foundation and the load distribution among the piles in the group. This report presents in detail the site investigation data, the instrumentation schemes used for load and settlement measurements, and the response of the bridge pier and its foundation to dead and live loads at different stages during and after bridge construction. The measurement results include the load-settlement curves of the bridge pier and the piles supporting it, the load transferred from the bridge pier to its foundation, the bearing capacity of the pile cap, the load eccentricity, and the distribution of loads within the pier’s cross section and among the individual piles in the group. The measured dead and live loads are compared with those estimated in bridge design.
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Raja, Rameez Ali, Mustafa Kilic, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, and Fei Han. Implementation Study: Continuous, Wireless Data Collection and Monitoring of the Sagamore Parkway Bridge. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317367.

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This report presents, in detail, the development and implementation of a wireless solar powered DAQ system for continuous real-time monitoring of the Sagamore Parkway Bridge using the data collected from strain gauges installed in the bridge pier and its foundation piles. The data analysis showed that there is no significant change in the load-settlement response of the bridge pier 3 years after its construction. The pile cap contribution in carrying the total load carried by the bridge pier is significant (about 20%). The hourly ambient temperature trends match with the incremental bending moments measured on the bridge pier and the piles. The daily temperature cycles also affected the load transferred between the piles within the pile group. The water level fluctuations of the Wabash River impacted the total load carried by the pier, such that a rise in water level resulted in slight drop in the total load carried by the bridge pier due to buoyant forces. The overall results of the bridge monitoring showed that the bridge has performed well since its construction.
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