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Journal articles on the topic 'Group linkage'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Thorson, P. R., B. R. Hedges, and R. G. Palmer. "Genetic Linkage in Soybean: Linkage Group 14." Crop Science 29, no. 3 (May 1989): 698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1989.0011183x002900030032x.

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2

Hilliker, Arthur J., and Silvija N. Trusis-Coulter. "Analysis of the Functional Significance of Linkage Group Conservation in Drosophila." Genetics 117, no. 2 (October 1, 1987): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/117.2.233.

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ABSTRACT Linkage groups, as defined by chromosome arms in Drosophila melanogaster, appear to have remained largely intact within the genus Drosophila and, possibly, within the higher Diptera per se. We hypothesized that linkage group conservation might have a functional basis (possibly related to interphase chromosome arrangement). To test this hypothesis, a series of autosomal 2-3 translocations were synthesized, creating many new linkage groups. A total of 167 2-3 translocations were recovered, cytologically analyzed to determine their polytene chromosome breakpoints, and tested for homozygous viability and fertility. The breakpoints associated with homozygous viable translocations were randomly distributed throughout the genome, indicating that the linear continuity of the linkage groups could be disrupted quite extensively. Inter se complementation crosses between homozygous lethal translocations having similar breakpoints further confirmed this result, documenting that, at least with respect to homozygous viability, the linear integrity of the autosomal linkage groups was not of major functional significance. Fertility analysis of the homozygous translocations also indicated that sterility could not be a single major factor. Having concluded that linkage group conservation is not based on important functional interactions between specific linked chromosomal segments, or due principally to the sterility of new linkages, the problem of linkage group conservation remains unsolved. Several possible selective factors are discussed, principally segregational load and inbreeding depression, which may contribute to the elimination of new linkage rearrangements.

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3

Gao, Y., X. X. Hu, X. M. Deng, J. D. Feng, and N. Li. "Linkage mapping of theSCN8Agene to chicken linkage group E22C19W28." Animal Genetics 36, no. 3 (June 2005): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01302.x.

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4

Graf, J. D. "Genetic mapping in Xenopus laevis: eight linkage groups established." Genetics 123, no. 2 (October 1, 1989): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/123.2.389.

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Abstract Inheritance of alleles at 29 electrophoretically detected protein loci and one pigment locus (albinism) was analyzed in Xenopus laevis by backcrossing multiply heterozygous individuals generated by intersubspecies hybridization. Pairwise linkage tests revealed eight classical linkage groups. These groups have been provisionally numbered from 1 to 8 in an arbitrarily chosen order. Linkage group 1 includes ALB-2 (albumin), ADH-1 (alcohol dehydrogenase), NP (nucleoside phosphorylase), and ap (periodic albinism). Linkage group 2 contains ALB-1 and ADH-2, and probably is homeologous to group 1. Linkage group 3 comprises PEP-B (peptidase B), MPI-1 (mannosephosphate isomerase), SORD (sorbitol dehydrogenase), and mIDH-2 (mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase). Linkage group 4 contains GPI-1 (glucosephosphate isomerase) and EST-4 (esterase 4). Linkage group 5 contains GPI-2 and PEP-D (peptidase D). Linkage group 6 comprises ACP-3 (acid phosphatase), sME (cytosolic malic enzyme), and GLO-2 (glyoxalase). Linkage group 7 consists of sSOD-1 (cytosolic superoxide dismutase), GPD-2 (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), mME (mitochondrial malic enzyme), and the sex determining locus. Linkage group 8 includes FH (fumarate hydratase) and TRF (transferrin). Recombination frequencies between linked loci showed differences related to the genomic constitution (parental subspecies) and to the sex of the heterozygous parent. Independent assortment was observed between the duplicate ALB loci. This is true for the duplicate ADH, GLO, and MPI loci as well, supporting the view that these genes have been duplicated as part of a genome duplication that occurred in the evolutionary history of X. laevis. Comparative analysis of genetic maps reveals a possible conservation of several linkages from the Xenopus genome to the human genome.

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5

ZEVEREN, A., A. WEGHE, Y. BOUQUET, and H. VAREWYCK. "The porcine stress linkage group." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 105, no. 1-6 (January 12, 1988): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1988.tb00289.x.

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6

ZEVEREN, A., A. WEGHE, Y. BOUQUET, and H. VAREWYCK. "The porcine stress linkage group." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 105, no. 1-6 (January 12, 1988): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1988.tb00290.x.

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7

ZEVEREN, A., A. WEGHE, Y. BOUQUET, and H. VAREWYCK. "The porcine stress linkage group." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 105, no. 1-6 (January 12, 1988): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1988.tb00291.x.

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8

ZEVEREN, A., Y. BOUQUET, and A. WEGHE. "The porcine stress linkage group." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 105, no. 1-6 (January 12, 1988): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.1988.tb00315.x.

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9

Bu, Jianwei, Wei Liu, Zhao Pan, and Kang Ling. "Comparative Study of Hydrochemical Classification Based on Different Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Methods." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 9515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249515.

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Traditional methods for hydrochemical analyses are effective but less diversified, and are constrained to limited objects and conditions. Given their poor accuracy and reliability, they are often used in complement or combined with other methods to solve practical problems. Cluster analysis is a multivariate statistical technique that extracts useful information from complex data. It provides new ideas and approaches to hydrogeochemical analysis, especially for groundwater hydrochemical classification. Hierarchical cluster analysis is the most widely used method in cluster analysis. This study compared the advantages and disadvantages of six hierarchical cluster analysis methods and analyzed their objects, conditions, and scope of application. The six methods are: The single linkage, complete linkage, median linkage, centroid linkage, average linkage (including between-group linkage and within-group linkage), and Ward’s minimum-variance. Results showed that single linkage and complete linkage are unsuitable for complex practical conditions. Median and centroid linkages likely cause reversals in dendrograms. Average linkage is generally suitable for classification tasks with multiple samples and big data. However, Ward’s minimum-variance achieved better results for fewer samples and variables.

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10

Walters, S. Alan, Nischit V. Shetty, and Todd C. Wehner. "Segregation and Linkage of Several Genes in Cucumber." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 4 (July 2001): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.4.442.

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Gene linkage was investigated in 11 families using 18 genes in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The genes studied were B (black spine), B-3 (Black spine-3), B-4 (Black spine-4), bi (bitterfree cotyledons), Bt (bitter fruit), Bt-2 (bitter fruit-2), D (dull fruit skin), df (delayed flowering), de (determinate habit), F (female sex expression), gl (glabrous foliage), lh (long hypocotyl), ns (numerous spines), pm-h [powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea Schlecht.:Fr.) resistance expressed on the hypocotyl], ss (small spines), Tu (tuberculate fruit), u (uniform immature fruit color), and w (white immature fruit color). A major objective of this study was to measure linkages of genes for fruit bitterness (Bt and Bt-2), and spine color (B-3 and B-4) relative to previously studied loci: B, bi, D, de, df, F, gl, lh, ns, pm-h, ss, Tu, u, and w. The F2 progeny of LJ 90430 × PI 173889 segregated 13 bitter fruit: 3 nonbitter fruit, indicating that different genes are controlling fruit bitterness in these lines. Bt-2 is proposed as the gene controlling bitterness of fruit in LJ 90430. It is a separate locus from Bt, that causes bitter fruit in PI 173889. Several new gene linkages were found: bi—Bt, (Bt-2)—de, D—(Bt-2), D—ns, gl—F, ss—(Bt-2), Tu—(Bt-2), and u—(Bt-2). The Bt gene appears to be linked to bi and may be located on linkage group I. Bt-2 appears to be linked with several genes that could connect linkage groups I and IV. Bt-2 was linked to u, Tu, D, and ss, that are all on linkage group IV. Bt-2 was also found to be linked loosely to de, that is on linkage group I. No linkages were found between B-3 and B-4 and the genes evaluated in this study. Weak linkages (>25 cM) between several gene combinations [(Bt-2)-de, de—ns, de—ss, de—Tu, de—u, ns—F, and ss—F] provided more evidence that linkage group I and IV may be linked. Due to the weak linkages, more information needs to be obtained using larger populations and more markers to confirm these findings.

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11

Kuang, FengLei, Xia Wang, Ling Zhou, and YuanMing Zhang. "Linkage graph analysis: A linkage-group-based QTL synthesis analysis approach." Chinese Science Bulletin 56, no. 11 (April 2011): 1092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-010-4185-1.

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12

Bos, C. J., S. M. Slakhorst, A. J. M. Debets, and K. Swart. "Linkage group analysis in Aspergillus niger." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 38, no. 6 (March 1993): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00167138.

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13

Holmes, J. A., D. E. Johnson, and S. K. Dutcher. "Linkage group XIX of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has a linear map." Genetics 133, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/133.4.865.

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Abstract Linkage group XIX (or the UNI linkage group) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been reported to show a circular meiotic recombination map. A circular map predicts the existence of strong chiasma and chromatid interference, which would lead to an excess number of two-strand double crossovers during meiosis. We have tested this prediction in multipoint crosses. Our results are consistent with a linear linkage group that shows positive chiasma interference and no chromatid interference. Chiasma interference occurs both within arms and across the centromere. Of the original loci that contributed to the circular map, we find that two map to other linkage groups and a third cannot be retested because the mutant strain that defined it has been lost. A second reported unusual property for linkage group XIX was the increase in meiotic recombination with increases in temperature during a period that precedes the onset of meiosis. Although we observed changes in recombination frequencies in some intervals on linkage group XIX in crosses to CC-1952, and in strains heterozygous for the mutation ger1 at 16 degrees, we also show that our strains do not exhibit the previously observed patterns of temperature-sensitive recombination for two different pairs of loci on linkage group XIX. We conclude that linkage group XIX has a linear genetic map that is not significantly different from other Chlamydomonas linkage groups.

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14

Rayner-Canham, Geoff. "Periodic patterns: the Group (n) and Group (n + 10) linkage." Foundations of Chemistry 15, no. 2 (October 18, 2012): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10698-012-9169-6.

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15

Thorson, Katherine R., Oana D. Dumitru, Wendy Berry Mendes, and Tessa V. West. "Influencing the physiology and decisions of groups: Physiological linkage during group decision-making." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 24, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430219890909.

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Many of the most important decisions in our society are made within groups, yet we know little about how the physiological responses of group members predict the decisions that groups make. In the current work, we examine whether physiological linkage from “senders” to “receivers”—which occurs when a sender’s physiological response predicts a receiver’s physiological response—is associated with senders’ success at persuading the group to make a decision in their favor. We also examine whether experimentally manipulated status—an important predictor of social behavior—is associated with physiological linkage. In groups of 5, we randomly assigned 1 person to be high status, 1 low status, and 3 middle status. Groups completed a collaborative decision-making task that required them to come to a consensus on a decision to hire 1 of 5 firms. Unbeknownst to the 3 middle-status members, high- and low-status members surreptitiously were told to each argue for different firms. We measured cardiac interbeat intervals of all group members throughout the decision-making process to assess physiological linkage. We found that the more receivers were physiologically linked to senders, the more likely groups were to make a decision in favor of the senders. We did not find that people were physiologically linked to their group members as a function of their fellow group members’ status. This work identifies physiological linkage as a novel correlate of persuasion and highlights the need to understand the relationship between group members’ physiological responses during group decision-making.

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16

Hu, J., J. Sadowski, T. C. Osborn, B. S. Landry, and C. F. Quiros. "Linkage group alignment from four independent Brassica oleracea RFLP maps." Genome 41, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-007.

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A Brassica oleracea linkage map was constructed from an F2 population of 69 individuals with sequences previously mapped independently in three linkage maps of this species. These were the maps published by Kianian and Quiros (1992), Landry et al. (1992), and Camargo et al. (1997). The base map developed in this study consisted of 167 RFLP loci in nine linkage groups, plus eight markers in four linkage pairs, covering 1738 cM. Linkage group alignment was also possible with a fourth map published by Ramsay et al. (1996), that contained loci in common with the map of Camargo et al. (1997). Common sequences across the mapping populations served to align most of the linkage groups of the independently developed maps. In general, consistent linear order among markers was maintained, although often the distances between markers varied from map to map. A linkage group in the map of Landry et al. carrying a clubroot resistance QTL and consisting of markers from two other linkage groups, was found to be rearranged. This was not surprising, considering that the resistance gene was introgressed from Brassica napus. The extensively duplicated nature of the C genome was revealed by 19 sequences detecting duplicated loci within chromosomes and 17 sequences detecting duplicated loci between chromosomes. The variation in mapping distances between linked loci pairs on different chromosomes demonstrated that sequence rearrangement is a distinct feature of this genome. Although the consolidation of all linkage groups in the four B. oleracea maps compared was not possible, the present work served to add a considerable number of markers to corresponding linkage groups. Some of the chromosome segments in particular, were enriched with many markers that may be useful for future gene tagging or cloning. It will be possible in the future to complete the consolidation of all four maps as new loci are added to each map.Key words: cole crops, Cruciferae, molecular markers, linkage maps.

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17

Schloss, J. A., and H. B. Croom. "Normal Chlamydomonas nuclear gene structure on linkage group XIX." Journal of Cell Science 100, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.100.4.877.

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The unusual Chlamydomonas linkage group XIX-called the uni linkage group for the uni mutants that lack one of the paired flagellae of wild-type cells—has been reported to be physically located exclusively at the basal bodies. To learn whether the structure of genes on this linkage group differs from the structure of nuclear genes in this organism, we determined the primary structure of a gene that maps to linkage group XIX. This analysis reveals the presence of nine intervening sequences; the nucleotides at exon/intron boundaries conform with nuclear gene intron junction sequences. Also typical for C. reinhardtii nuclear genes are the position and sequence of the putative polyadenylation signal. These findings suggest that transcripts from linkage group XIX are likely to be processed in the nucleus. The open reading frame, which displays weak but easily detected Chlamydomonas codon bias, potentially encodes a protein similar to a membrane anchor for cytoskeletal proteins. The observation that expression of this gene is regulated during interphase and in gametes is not consistent with the hypothesis that linkage group XIX may be expressed only during mitotic and meiotic processes.

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18

Larsen, Bodil, Gordon Johnson, Erna Logkem, RonaldMichael Newton, and William Pryse-Phillips. "Additions to the myotonic dystrophy linkage group." Clinical Genetics 15, no. 6 (April 23, 2008): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb00835.x.

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19

Sokoloff, Alexander, Robert F. Ferrone, John D. Chaney, Jerry Braden, and Ricardo J. Muñoz. "Linkage studies in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). XII. A revision of linkage group II." Genome 29, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-005.

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Data are presented to show the linkage relationships of a number of genes in linkage group II of Tribolium castaneum and a revised map of this linkage group is presented bearing eight well-established points. Some of these points were establishable with the aid of an accidental inversion induced by gamma irradiation. Five additional mutants are also in this linkage group as a result of the revision, but their relative position needs to be established through additional linkage studies. The linkage map suggests the presence of two gene clusters, one affecting the eye color and morphology and the other including homeotic mutants that affect the morphology of the maxillary and labial palps, the thorax, and the abdominal sternites. Data are presented to show that the frequency of recombination for a number of segments in linkage group II is not equal in the two sexes. The literature bearing on the evolution of the karyotype in Tribolium is reviewed, and it is concluded, on the basis of the present evidence, that it is linkage group II and not linkage group IX that became translocated to the X and Y chromosome in a T. castaneum like ancestor to produce the much larger neo-X and neo-Y chromosomes of T. confusum. Key words: Tribolium, linkage, gamma irradiation.

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20

Johnson, D. E., and S. K. Dutcher. "Molecular studies of linkage group XIX of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: evidence against a basal body location." Journal of Cell Biology 113, no. 2 (April 15, 1991): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.113.2.339.

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Linkage group XIX (also known as the UNI linkage group) in the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, exhibits a number of unusual properties that have lead to the suggestion that it represents a basal body-associated chromosome. To begin a molecular analysis of this linkage group, we have identified DNA sequences from it and used them to determine the copy number of linkage group XIX within the cell. We find that linkage group XIX is present in the same copy number per cell as nuclear linkage groups in both haploid and diploid strains. We also find that the copy number of linkage group XIX is unchanged in mutants lacking basal bodies. We conclude that there is no convincing evidence that linkage group XIX localizes to the basal bodies of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells.

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21

Kirichenko, V. V., and V. N. Popov. "GENETICS OF ISOZYMES AND ANALYSIS OF ISOZYMES LINKAGE AND MORPHOLOGICAL LOCI IN SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.) / GENETICA DE ISOFERMENTOS Y EL ACOMPLAMIENTO DE LÓCUSES MORFOLOGICOS E ISOFERMENTICOS EN GIRASOL / GENETIQUE DES ISOFERMENTS ET LIAISON DES LOCUS MORPHOLOGIQUES ET CEUX-CI D’ISOFERMENTS AU TOURNESOL." helia 23, no. 33 (December 2000): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia.2000.23.33.65.

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SUMMARY The genetics of anodal esterase (Est), cathodal esterase (cEst), cathodal acid phosphatase (cAcp) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) has been studied in mature seeds and leaves (genetics of cAcp and Mdh has not been studied in leaves) of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). A total of ten loci (four loci of anodal esterase, two loci of cathodal esterase, three loci of malate dehydrogenase and one locus of cathodal acid phosphatase) have been identified and described. Five esterase loci (Est1, Est2, Est3, Est4, cEst5), three malate dehydrogenase loci and one locus of cathodal acid phosphatase are expressed in seeds. Three esterase loci (Est2, cEst5 and cEst6) are expressed in leaves. The analysis of linkage between these loci has been made. Two linkage groups have been found. The sequence of the loci in the first linkage group was Mdh2-Est1- Est2-Est3-cEst5. In the second linkage group it was Est4-cAcp1. Linkages have been analyzed between three isoenzymatic loci expressed in leaves and between two loci controlling morphological traits (branched stem and male fertility restoration). The linkage between morphological traits and isoenzymatic loci has not been revealed. It has been revealed in Br-Rf pair.

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22

Tsyganov, Viktor E., Sergey M. Rozov, Maggie Knox, Aleksey U. Borisov, Tomas N. Ellis, and Igor A. Tikhonovich. "Fine localization of the sym31 locus in pea linkage group III." Ecological genetics 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen10127-33.

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Analysis of joint inheritance of symbiotic locus sym31 and 12 molecular and morphological markers of pea linkage group III was performed. The linkage between symbiotic locus sym31 and 11 analyzed markers was observed. Using theAntMap software,adetailed genetic map of the sym31 locus was constructed and its fine position in linkage group III was determined.

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23

Welker, Dennis L. "LINKAGE ANALYSIS OF NYSTATIN RESISTANCE MUTATIONS IN DICTYOSTELIUM DISCOIDEUM." Genetics 113, no. 1 (May 1, 1986): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.1.53.

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ABSTRACT Earlier linkage analyses of nystatin resistance loci in Dictyostelium discoideum tentatively mapped the nysB and nysC loci to the previously unmarked linkage group V. The data presented here establishes that nysB maps to linkage group VI and that nysC maps to linkage group IV. The third nystatin resistance locus, nysA, maps to linkage group II.

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24

Weller, G. L., and G. G. Foster. "Genetic maps of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina: linkage-group correlations with other dipteran genera." Genome 36, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-068.

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Linkage data and revised genetic maps for 72 autosomal loci in Lucilia cuprina are presented. Comparison of the linkage relationships of biochemically and morphologically similar mutations in Ceratitis capitata, Drosophila melanogaster, and Musca domestica supports the hypothesis that the major linkage elements have survived relatively intact during evolution of the higher Diptera. The relationship of the linkage groups of the mosquito Aedes aegypti to these species is less clear.Key words: Lucilia, Drosophila, Musca, Ceratitis, linkage maps.

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25

Nguyen Quynh, Mai. "THE LINKAGE BETWEEN UNIVERSITY AND INDUSTRY." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i4.1541.

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This research was conducted to evaluate types, strength and benefits of linkages between university and industry in Ho Chi Minh City. Data was collected from both universities and businesses. We received 138 responses from faculties and centers of 26 universities (out of 30 universities surveyed) and 120 responses from 120 businesses in manufacturing, service and trading. The study identified three prevalent types of the linkage in training and technology transfer, which are: (1) Industry supports university in training; (2) University provides training and technology transfer for industry; and (3) Industry provides technological facilities for university. The level of this collaboration was found to be average in the universities group and weak in the businesses group. The benefits of collaboration are divided into two groups, namely benefits in training and benefits in research. The result also showed there is significant correlation between the strength and benefits of the linkage.

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26

Cano, J. M., M.-H. Li, A. Laurila, J. Vilkki, and J. Merilä. "First-generation linkage map for the common frog Rana temporaria reveals sex-linkage group." Heredity 107, no. 6 (May 18, 2011): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2011.39.

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27

Darcy, P. K., Z. Wilczynska, and P. R. Fisher. "Phototaxis genes on linkage group V inDictyostelium discoideum." FEMS Microbiology Letters 111, no. 1 (July 1993): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06371.x.

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28

Northrup, Hope, ArthurL Beaudet, WilliamE O'Brien, GailE Herman, RichardA Lewis, and MarilynS Pollack. "LINKAGE OF TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS TO ABO BLOOD GROUP." Lancet 330, no. 8562 (October 1987): 804–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92543-8.

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29

Zelinski, T., H. Kaita, M. Lewis, G. Coghlan, S. Philipps, E. Belcher, PJ McAlpine, G. Coopland, and P. Wong. "The Colton blood group locus. A linkage analysis." Transfusion 28, no. 5 (September 1988): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1537-2995.1988.28588337331.x.

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30

Coghlan, Gail, Hiroko Kaita, Elizabeth Belcher, Sylvia Philipps, and Marion Lewis. "Evidence for Genetic Linkage between theKELandYTBlood Group Loci." Vox Sanguinis 57, no. 1 (July 1989): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1423-0410.1989.tb04991.x.

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31

Wan, Yihong, Hongjian Liu, Changgong Li, and Thomas J. Schmidhauser. "Genome Analysis on Linkage Group VI ofNeurospora crassa." Fungal Genetics and Biology 21, no. 3 (June 1997): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fgbi.1997.0988.

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32

Bhulal, Vipan Kumar, and Sandesh Kumari. "Self-help group and Women Empowerment through Bank linkage- An impact study of Himachal Pradesh." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1048–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd10894.

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33

Seversike, Thomas M., Jeffery D. Ray, Jeffry L. Shultz, and Larry C. Purcell. "Soybean molecular linkage group B1 corresponds to classical linkage group 16 based on map location of the lf 2 gene." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 117, no. 2 (April 8, 2008): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-008-0759-6.

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34

Perkins, David D., Robert L. Metzenberg, Namboori B. Raju, Eric U. Selker, and Edward G. Barry. "REVERSAL OF A NEUROSPORA TRANSLOCATION BY CROSSING OVER INVOLVING DISPLACED rDNA, AND METHYLATION OF THE rDNA SEGMENTS THAT RESULT FROM RECOMBINATION." Genetics 114, no. 3 (November 1, 1986): 791–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.3.791.

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ABSTRACT In translocation OY321 of Neurospora crassa, the nucleolus organizer is divided into two segments, a proximal portion located interstitially in one interchange chromosome, and a distal portion now located terminally on another chromosome, linkage group I. In crosses of Translocation x Translocation, exceptional progeny are recovered nonselectively in which the chromosome sequence has apparently reverted to Normal. Genetic, cytological, and molecular evidence indicates that reversion is the result of meiotic crossing over between homologous displaced rDNA repeats. Marker linkages are wild type in these exceptional progeny. They differ from wild type, however, in retaining an interstitial block of rRNA genes which can be demonstrated cytologically by the presence of a second, small interstitial nucleolus and genetically by linkage of an rDNA restriction site polymorphism to the mating-type locus in linkage group I. The interstitial rDNA is more highly methylated than the terminal rDNA. The mechanism by which methylation enzymes distinguish between interstitial rDNA and terminal rDNA is unknown. Some hypotheses are considered.

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Hawkins, Leigh K., Fenny Dane, Tom Kubisiak, Bill Rhodes, and Bob Jarrett. "Genome Mapping in Citrullus Lanatus Populations Segregating for Fusarium Wilt Resistance." HortScience 35, no. 4 (July 2000): 558C—558b. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.4.558c.

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A linkage map was constructed of the watermelon genome using F2 and F2:3 populations segregating for resistance to race 1 and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON 1 and 2). Sixty-four percent of the RAPD primers used in the parents and F1 detected polymorphism. In the F2, 143 polymorphic bands were scored, 60% of which exhibited the expected 3:1 segregation ratio. A 113 cM linkage map was constructed using Mapmaker version 3 and LOD of 4. DNA pools of Fusarium wilt resistant or susceptible F2:3 lines were created and bulked segregant analysis was used to detect molecular markers linked to FON 1 or FON 2 resistance. Four individuals per line were used to confirm linkages and construct an F2:3 linkage map. One large linkage group was detected in both generations. A large proportion of the RAPD and SSR markers were unlinked and many showed segregation distortion. Single-factor ANOVA for each pairwise combination of marker locus and resistance or morphological trait was conducted. RAPD markers with putative linkages to FON 1 and FON 2 and several morphological traits were detected.

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Bassett, Mark J., and Kafui Awuma. "Is the P Gene in Common Bean Located in Linkage Group VII?" Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 5 (September 1988): 753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.5.753.

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Abstract Linkage tests in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were made between black-seeded lines carrying the marker genes round leaf (rnd) and stipelless lanceolate leaf (sl) and the white-seeded lines ‘Miami’ and ‘Inepuisable’ and an induced mutant for white seed, 3-254. The crosses ‘Miami’ × ‘Inepuisable’ and ‘Miami’ × 3-254 were made to test for allelism of the white seed genes in these lines. ‘Miami’ was found to be allelic to ‘Inepuisable’ and 3-254 at the white seed locus (presumed to be P). Furthermore, there was no indication of linkage between the white seed locus and the markers rnd and sl. These results contradict expectations of linkage of P with rnd and sl based on previously published linkage maps and indicate that the present map position of P is incorrect.

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37

Gooding, R. H., B. M. Rolseth, and S. A. Tarimo. "Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). XIII. Mapping the locus for tetrazolium oxidase in linkage group I and refinement of the linkage group II map." Genome 30, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g88-142.

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The locus for tetrazolium oxidase, To, is mapped at 4.3 ± 1.3 recombination units from the locus for arginine phosphokinase, Apk, in linkage group I, and the distance between the eye color locus, sal, and Apk is confirmed to be about 39.5 ± 3.2 recombination units. In linkage group II the loci for aldehyde oxidase, Ao, and for two esterases are arranged in the order Ao Est-1 Est-2 with 3.5 ± 1.2 recombination units separating Ao and Est-1 and 8.3 ± 1.8 recombination units separating Est-1 and Est-2.Key words: Glossina morsitans, tetrazolium oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, esterases, linkage maps.

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38

Hong, Lin. "Analysis on Kinematic Characteristics Relevant to Three-R Bar Group." Applied Mechanics and Materials 63-64 (June 2011): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.63-64.115.

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Three R bar group as a typical mechanism of a linkage is studied. Analysis method is based on the theory of kinematics and the method of mathematics. After deriving of relevant kinematic equations, detail analysis about positions, velocities, accelerations, and angles, angular velocities, angular accelerations of bars as well as other kinematics parameters of three R bar group to be searched can be obtained in the paper. Relationships between known and unknown parameters of three R bar group have been determined according to different working states of three R bar group. The method presented in the paper provides a feasible and more efficient method for the analysis of kinematic characteristics of plane linkages.

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39

Zwick, Michael S., M. Nurul Islam-Faridi, Don G. Czeschin, Rod A. Wing, Gary E. Hart, David M. Stelly, and H. James Price. "Physical Mapping of the liguleless Linkage Group in Sorghum bicolor Using Rice RFLP-Selected Sorghum BACs." Genetics 148, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 1983–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/148.4.1983.

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Abstract Physical mapping of BACs by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to analyze the liguleless (lg-1) linkage group in sorghum and compare it to the conserved region in rice and maize. Six liguleless-associated rice restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to select 16 homeologous sorghum BACs, which were in turn used to physically map the liguleless linkage group in sorghum. Results show a basic conservation of the liguleless region in sorghum relative to the linkage map of rice. One marker which is distal in rice is more medial in sorghum, and another marker which is found within the linkage group in rice is on a different chromosome in sorghum. BACs associated with linkage group I hybridize to chromosome It, which was identified by using FISH in a sorghum cytogenetic stock trisomic for chromosome I (denoted It), and a BAC associated with linkage group E hybridized to an unidentified chromosome. Selected BACs, representing RFLP loci, were end-cloned for RFLP mapping, and the relative linkage order of these clones was in full agreement with the physical data. Similarities in locus order and the association of RFLP-selected BAC markers with two different chromosomes were found to exist between the linkage map of the liguleless region in maize and the physical map of the liguleless region in sorghum.

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40

Dawson, Peter S., and Kelly L. Berends. "Linkage of the reindeer and alate prothorax loci and sex differences in recombination frequency in linkage group IX of Tribolium castaneum." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, no. 3 (June 1, 1985): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-041.

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Reindeer (Rd), an autosomal dominant mutant in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is located in linkage group IX. Recombination between Rd and alate prothorax occurs more frequently in males than in females. Linkage group IX appears to be the third linkage group for which recombination frequency is greater in males for one region and in females for another region of the chromosome.Key words: Tribolium, linkage.

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Castiglioni, P., P. Ajmone-Marsan, R. van Wijk, and M. Motto. "AFLP markers in a molecular linkage map of maize: codominant scoring and linkage group ditsribution." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99, no. 3-4 (August 1999): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051253.

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Pham, J. L., J. C. Glaszmann, R. Sano, P. Barbier, A. Ghesquière, and G. Second. "Isozyme markers in rice: genetic analysis and linkage relationships." Genome 33, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 348–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-054.

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Segregations of rice isozymes made it possible to ascertain the genetic control of 13 enzymes by 30 loci. In addition to numerous cases of independence, several linkages were observed. Got-2 and Enp-1 were localized on chromosome 3 and a linkage group composed of Pox-3, Pox-4, and Est-1 was identified. Inconsistencies of recombination rates between linked loci among different crosses were noted. Several cases of distorted segregations and pseudolinkages were recorded. The relationships between these results and the study of genome organization in cultivated rice are discussed.Key words: Oryza, isozyme, genetic analysis, segregation distortion, linkage.

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43

Johnson, S. L., D. Africa, S. Horne, and J. H. Postlethwait. "Half-tetrad analysis in zebrafish: mapping the ros mutation and the centromere of linkage group I." Genetics 139, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 1727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.4.1727.

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Abstract Analysis of meiotic tetrads is routinely used to determine genetic linkage in various fungi. Here we apply tetrad analysis to the study of genetic linkage in a vertebrate. The half-tetrad genotypes of gynogenetic diploid zebrafish produced by early-pressure (EP) treatment were used to investigate the linkage relationships of two recessive pigment pattern mutations, leopard (leo) and rose (ros). The results showed that ros is tightly linked to its centromere and leo maps 31 cM from its centromere. Analysis of half-tetrads segregating for ros and leo in repulsion revealed no homozygous ros individuals among 32 homozygous leo half-tetrads--i.e., a parental ditype (PD) to nonparental ditype (NPD) ratio of 32:0. This result shows that ros is linked to leo, a mutation previously mapped to Linkage Group I. Investigation of PCR-based DNA polymorphisms on Linkage Group I confirmed the location of ros near the centromere of this linkage group. We propose an efficient, generally useful method to assign new mutations to a linkage group in zebrafish by determining which of 25 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based centromere markers shows a significant excess of PD to NPD in half-tetrad fish.

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van der Lee, Theo, Andrea Robold, Antonino Testa, John W. van’t Klooster, and Francine Govers. "Mapping of Avirulence Genes in Phytophthora infestans With Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers Selected by Bulked Segregant Analysis." Genetics 157, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.3.949.

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Abstract In this study we investigated the genetic control of avirulence in the diploid oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight on potato. The dominant avirulence (Avr) genes matched six race-specific resistance genes introgressed in potato from a wild Solanum species. AFLP markers linked to Avr genes were selected by bulked segregant analysis and used to construct two high-density linkage maps, one containing Avr4 (located on linkage group A2-a) and the other containing a cluster of three tightly linked genes, Avr3, Avr10, and Avr11 (located on linkage group VIII). Bulked segregant analysis also resulted in a marker linked to Avr1 and this allowed positioning of Avr1 on linkage group IV. No bulked segregant analysis was performed for Avr2, but linkage to a set of random markers placed Avr2 on linkage group VI. Of the six Avr genes, five were located on the most distal part of the linkage group, possibly close to the telomere. The high-density mapping was initiated to facilitate future positional cloning of P. infestans Avr genes.

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45

Tajerin, Tajerin, Risna Yusuf, Sastrawidjaja Sastrawidjaja, and Asnawi Asnawi. "KETERKAITAN SEKTOR PERIKANAN DALAM PEREKONOMIAN INDONESIA: PENDEKATAN MODEL INPUT-OUTPUT." Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 2, no. 1 (July 25, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v2i1.5860.

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Keterkaitan sektor perikanan dalam perekonomian nasional akan menentukan peran strategis sektor tersebut dalam pembangunan perikanan dan pemulihan perekonomian nasional. Untuk itu telah dilakukan kajian mengenai keterkaitan sektor perikanan ”dalam arti luas” dengan menggunakan metode analisis keterkaitan ke belakang (backward lingkage) dan ke depan (forward lingkage) berdasarkan pendekatan model input output. Data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah data sekunder dari table input output tahun 1990, 1995 dan 2000. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa selama periode 1990-2000, secara rata-rata keterkaitan sektor perikanan dalam perekonomian nasional masih relatif lemah dengan indeks keterkaitan berkisar sebesar 0,46-1,10. Kecenderungan penguatan keterkaitan ke belakang terjadi pada perikanan darat, sedangkan penguatan keterkaitan ke depan terjadi pada industri pengolahan dan pengawetan ikan. Selain itu, keterkaitan antara kelompok perikanan primer (perikanan laut dan perikanan darat) dan kelompok perikanan sekunder (industri pengeringan dan penggaraman ikan dan industri pengolahan dan pengawetan ikan) lebih mencerminkan keterkaitan ke depan berupa aliran pasokan komoditas ikan untuk bahan baku. Namun keterkaitan itu masih relatif lemah dan cenderung semakin lemah. Tittle: Fisheries Sector Linkages in The National Economy: An Input-Output Approach.Fisheries sector linkage in National Economy will determine the strategic roles of the sector for its development and National Economic recovery. In line with this, a study was conducted to determine backward and forward linkage of the sector using input output model approach. Secondary data were used, that are input output tables of the year 1990, 1995 and 2000. The results of the study showed that during the period of 1990 - 2000, the average linkage of these sector in National economy are relatively weak with the index of linkage approximately of 0,46 - 1,10.Stronger backward linkage was observed in inland fisheries, while stronger forward linkage demonstrated on industrial fish processing and preservation. The linkage of primary fisheries group (sea and inland fisheries) to the secondary fisheries group (industrial fish processing) indicating the forward linkage such as fish supply as raw materials. However, the linkage is relatively weak.

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46

Musial, J. M., K. S. Aitken, J. M. Mackie, and J. A. G. Irwin. "A genetic linkage map in autotetraploid lucerne adapted to northern Australia, and use of the map to identify DNA markers linked to resistance to Phytophthora medicaginis." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, no. 4 (2005): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04317.

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Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora medicaginis, is a major limitation to lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) production in Australia and North America. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in resistance to P. medicaginis were identified in a lucerne backcross population of 120 individuals. A genetic linkage map was constructed for tetraploid lucerne using 50 RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA), 104 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers, and one SSR (simple sequence repeat or microsatellite) marker, which originated from the resistant parent (W116); 13 markers remain unlinked. The linkage map contains 18 linkage groups covering 2136.5 cM, with an average distance of 15.0 cM between markers. Four of the linkage groups contained only either 2 or 3 markers. Using duplex markers and repulsion phase linkages the map condensed to 7 homology groups and 2 unassigned linkage groups. Three regions located on linkage groups 2, 14, and 18, were identified as associated with root reaction and the QTLs explained 6–15% of the phenotypic variation. The research also indicates that different resistance QTLs are involved in conferring resistance in different organs. Two QTLs were identified as associated with disease resistance expressed after inoculation of detached leaves. The marker, W11-2 on group 18, identified as associated with root reaction, contributed 7% of the phenotypic variation in leaf response in our population. This marker appears to be linked to a QTL encoding a resistance factor contributing to both root and leaf reaction. One other QTL, not identified as associated with root reaction, was positioned on group 1 and contributed to 6% of the variation. This genetic linkage map provides an entry point for future molecular-based improvement of lucerne in Australia, and markers linked to the QTLs we have reported should be useful for marker-assisted selection for partial resistance to P. medicaginis in lucerne.

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47

Lu, Yun Hai, Geneviève Gagne, Bruno Grezes-Besset, and Philippe Blanchard. "Integration of a molecular linkage group containing the broomrape resistance gene Or5 into an RFLP map in sunflower." Genome 42, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-135.

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A linkage group containing the Or5 gene conferring resistance to Orobanche cumana race E, as well as 5 SCAR markers and 1 RAPD marker has been recently identified in sunflower. A SCAR marker RTS05, mapped 5.6 cM proximal to the Or5 locus, was analysed in an F2 population for which the segregation data of 80 RFLP markers (GIE cartisol - Phase II, France) were available. An association was found between the SCAR marker RTS05 and an RFLP marker S009 (32.1 cM, LOD = 4.7) that had been mapped to the linkage group 17 of the GIE Cartisol RFLP map. Another RFLP marker S010, tightly linked to S009 (0.0 cM) in the same linkage group, was screened in the F2 population that had been previously used for the Or5 linkage map identification. S010 was found to be significantly linked to all 5 SCAR markers as well as to the single RAPD marker with a LOD > 3.0 in each case. This RFLP marker was mapped between two SCAR markers and was situated at 35.1 cM from the resistance gene with a LOD = 2.7. These results showed that the Or5 linkage group could be integrated with the linkage group 17 of the GIE Cartisol RFLP map.Key words: Helianthus, Orobanche, RFLP, SCAR, linkage map.

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Hedges, B. R., J. M. Sellner, T. E. Devine, and R. G. Palmer. "Assigning Isocitrate Dehydrogenase to Linkage Group 11 in Soybean." Crop Science 30, no. 4 (July 1990): 940–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000040037x.

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Schmutz, S. M., J. S. Moker, V. Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, D. Zemke, J. Sampson, F. Lingaas, S. Dunner, and G. Dolf. "DCT and EDNRB map to DogMap linkage group L07." Animal Genetics 32, no. 5 (October 2001): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2001.0730d.pp.x.

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50

Culleton, R. "Linkage group selection: Rapid gene discovery in malaria parasites." Genome Research 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.2866205.

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