Journal articles on the topic 'Group influence; status-confirmation model; behavioural'
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Gómez-Laplaza, Luis. "SOCIAL STATUS AND INVESTIGATORY BEHAVIOUR IN THE ANGELFISH (PTEROPHYLLUM SCALARE)." Behaviour 139, no. 11-12 (2002): 1469–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390260514726.
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AbstractThe response of juvenile angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) with different dominance ranks towards a potential predator and a nonthreatening novel stimulus was studied when in a group, to assess the influence of the social status on investigatory behaviour. Dominant fish showed a cautious predator inspection behaviour, often approaching the predator model from a relatively safe distance. In contrast, middle ranking fish inspected the predator model closely and the number and duration of the inspection visits to the area closest to the predator were greater than those of the other group members. Subordinate fish tended to avoid the potential predator, but showed the greatest interest in the novel harmless stimulus, investigating it more readily and for more time from the shortest distance than their companions. Dominant fish displayed a rather weak response towards the nonthreatening stimulus, exhibiting the shortest duration of investigation and the longest latency of approach. The response of intermediate ranking fish was more variable, existing little differences with that showed by any of the other fish categories in the parameters considered. The results indicate that dominance relationships within a group may affect behavioural decisions during investigatory behaviour, and suggest that individuals with different social status use different behavioural strategies dependent on the focal stimulus, possibly reflecting adaptive changes and physiological condition.
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Ong, Tze Xien Shelley, Chong Shyue Chuan, and Sia Bik Kai. "Modelling public intention to reduce Non-Revenue Water: An expanded version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 24, 2020): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v6i2.1267.
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The study aims to examine the public’s Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction behavioural intention in Malaysia. It attempts to expand the social-psychological behavioural model (i.e. the theory of planned behaviour (TPB)) by adding the constructs of environmental knowledge, environmental concern, the respondents’ gender, age group, ethnicity, marital status and education level to predict the public’s behavioural intention to engage in NRW reduction practices. A self-structured questionnaire with face-to-face interview was employed to gather responses from 800 citizens who are currently living in the state of Selangor, the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Pahang, and Johor. Following the subsequent hierarchical linear regression models, the final model has explained 51.3% of the variance in behavioural intention to engage in NRW reduction practices. The study’s findings identify that the factors of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, environmental knowledge, environmental concern, and gender significantly influence the NRW reduction intention. Moreover, the study reveals that ethnicity and education differences have significant influences on the expanded TPB in terms of NRW reduction. This study contributes to the existing theory and practice by providing useful insights about the attribution of environmental knowledge and environmental concern on the public’s NRW reduction intention.
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Ong, Tze Xien Shelley, Chong Shyue Chuan, and Sia Bik Kai. "Modelling Public Intention to Reduce Non-Revenue Water: An Expanded Version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour." Journal of Economic Info 7, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jei.v7i2.1440.
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The study seeks to determine the public’s Non-Revenue Water (NRW) reduction behavioural intention in Malaysia. It endeavours to expand the social-psychological behavioural model which is the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) by adding the determinants of environmental knowledge, environmental concern, the respondents’ gender, age group, ethnicity, marital status and education level to predict the public’s behavioural intention to engage in NRW reduction practices. A self-structured questionnaire with face-to-face interview was employed to gather responses from 800 citizens who are currently living in the state of Selangor, the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Pahang, and Johor. Following the subsequent hierarchical linear regression models, the final model has explained 51.3% of the variance in behavioural intention to take part in NRW reduction practices. The study’s findings identify that the factors of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, environmental knowledge, environmental concern, and gender significantly influence the NRW reduction intention. Moreover, the study reveals that ethnicity and education differences have significant influences on the expanded TPB in terms of NRW reduction. This study furthers to the present theory and experience by offering advantageous perception about the application of environmental knowledge and environmental concern on the public’s NRW reduction intention.
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Young, Lauren M., Sarah Gauci, Lizanne Arnoldy, Laura Martin, Naomi Perry, David J. White, Denny Meyer, et al. "Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with ‘Optimal’ and ‘Sub-Optimal’ Diets: A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial." Nutrients 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 5079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14235079.
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Background: Previous randomized controlled trials examining cognitive and mood effects of combination multivitamin supplements in healthy, non-clinical adults have reported mixed results. One purported explanation for this is that the dietary status of participants at the start of supplement interventions may influence the magnitude of the effect of supplementation. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effect of a multinutrient formula containing B group vitamins, Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba on memory, attention, mood and biochemical markers of nutrient status in middle-aged adults (M = 52.84 years, n = 141) with ‘optimal’ and ‘sub-optimal’ diets over 12 weeks. We hypothesised that active supplementation would differentially improve memory and attention in those with a ‘sub-optimal’ diet. Results: Mixed model, repeated measures analysis revealed that, in comparison to placebo, active treatment was associated with significant increases in B vitamin status (B1, B6, B12). Regarding behavioural outcomes there was no significant benefit to memory (F(1, 113.51) = 0.53, p = 0.470) nor attention (F(1,113.77) = 1.89, p = 0.171) in the whole cohort. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was a significant beneficial effect of supplementation on attentional performance in individuals with an ‘optimal’ diet prior to supplementation (F(1,57.25) = 4.94, p = 0.030). In the absence of a main effect of supplementation across the entire cohort, there were also a number of significant three-way interactions (treatment by time by diet group) detected in secondary outcomes including lower state anxiety and mental fatigue in those with an ‘optimal’ diet. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the cognitive benefit of B vitamin and herbal supplementation may be dependent on diet quality, supporting the concepts of ‘co-nutrient optimisation’ and interdependency of nutrients. This warrants further investigation. This study advocates characterising the diet of participants prior to supplementation as it may influence the effect of a nutraceutical intervention.
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Dwivedi, Rinshu, and Jalandhar Pradhan. "Does affordability matter? Examining the trends and patterns in health care expenditure in India." Health Services Management Research 33, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951484820923921.
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Background Absence of better financing mechanism results in higher out of pocket expenditure and catastrophe, which leads to impoverishment and poverty especially among low- and middle-income countries like India. This paper examines the major characteristics associated with the higher out of pocket expenditure and provides an insight from Andersen’s behavioural model that how predisposing, enabling and need factors influence the level and pattern of out of pocket expenditure in India. Methods Data has been extracted from three rounds of nationally representative consumer expenditure surveys, i.e. 1993–1994, 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 conducted by the Government of India. States were categorized based on regional classification, and adult equivalent scale was used to adjust the household size. Multiple Generalized-Linear-Regression-Model was employed to explore the relative effect of various socio-economic covariates on the level of out of pocket expenditure. Results The gap has widened between advantaged and disadvantaged segment of the population along with noticeable regional disparities among Indian states. Generalized-Linear-Regression-Model indicates that the most influential predisposing and enabling factor determining the level of out of pocket expenditure were age composition, religion, social-group, household type, residence, economic status, sources of cooking and lighting arrangements among the households. Conclusions Present study suggests the need for strengthening the affordability mechanism of the households to cope with the excessive burden of health care payments. Furthermore, special consideration is required to accommodate the needs of the elderly, rural, backward states and impoverishment segment of population to reduce the unjust burden of out of pocket expenditure in India.
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Ajitha, Soundararaj, and V. J. Sivakumar. "The moderating role of age and gender on the attitude towards new luxury fashion brands." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 23, no. 4 (September 19, 2019): 440–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-05-2018-0074.
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Purpose There is a significant growth in the consumption of new luxury fashion brands in developing price-sensitive markets like India. Not only does this growth demonstrate how the “new” luxury brands have become a success, but is also illustrative of the perception and practice of style and status among the middle classes. The purpose of this paper is to argue that the consumer’s attitude for buying a branded product entails the need for uniqueness and self-monitoring. It also contends that gender and age moderate the consumer’s attitude. Design/methodology/approach This study employed a self-monitored survey to collect the data from the customers of new luxury fashion retail brand stores in Chennai, India for empirical validation of the model. Data collected from 394 new luxury brands shoppers were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Findings The need for uniqueness and self-monitoring had significant positive influences on social-adjustive attitude and value-expressive attitude. However, the relationship between self-monitoring and value-expressive attitude was weak when compared to other relationships. Significant differences were seen in the strengths of the relationships between gender and age. Originality/value New luxury is significantly different from traditional luxury. Analyses regarding age group, gender and attitude can provide unique understanding related to new luxury trends, especially in a price sensitive and emerging market like India. This would help managers in segmenting the market based on consumer demographics, and devise strategies based on their characteristics to influence their attitudes and other behavioural patterns.
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Viphanphong, Wut, Phatcharawat Pattanachaidecha, and Tanpat Kraiwanit. "Good-deed behaviours for improving society based on the Wisdom Tree concept." Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 6, no. 4, special issue (2022): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv6i4sip11.
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Good deeds have been employed as instruments to propel society toward prosperity and fulfilment (Miller, 2019), while the Wisdom Tree model is an intriguing notion for discovering the optimal answer for a community with varied groupings of members (Utsahajit, 2017). Consequently, the study’s objectives are as follows: 1) to specify which good-deed behaviour is most important; 2) to apply the Wisdom Tree concept in categorising people in a society; 3) to investigate factors influencing the attitude toward doing good deeds, and 4) to determine which group of the population should be encouraged to do good deeds in order to drive good-deed promoting frameworks. Chi-square analysis was performed to compare collected data through a thousand samples. The findings indicate that the three highest-scoring good-deed behaviours (3G) include returning recovered lost objects to their rightful owner, abiding by laws and traffic regulations, and making timely loan payments. Student status, age, and education level influence the four categories when segmenting individuals based on the Wisdom Tree concept and the priority assigned to 3G behaviours. If a community wants to build social activities based on good deeds, the study suggests that the most valuable behaviours within the society should be investigated to determine their suitability
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Zegras, Christopher, Jae Seung Lee, and Eran Ben-Joseph. "By Community or Design? Age-restricted Neighbourhoods, Physical Design and Baby Boomers’ Local Travel Behaviour in Suburban Boston, US." Urban Studies 49, no. 10 (January 5, 2012): 2169–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011429485.
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This article analyses the travel behaviour, residential choices and related preferences of 55+ baby boomers in suburban Boston, USA, looking specifically at age-restricted neighbourhoods. For this highly auto-dependent group, do neighbourhood-related characteristics influence local-level recreational walk/bike and social activity trip-making? The analysis aims to discern community (for example, social network) versus physical (for example, street network) influences. Structural equation models, incorporating attitudes and residential choice, are used to control for self-selection and to account for direct and indirect effects among exogenous and endogenous variables. The analysis reveals modest neighbourhood effects. Living in age-restricted, as opposed to unrestricted, suburban neighbourhoods modestly increases the likelihood of residents being active (i.e. making at least one local recreational walk/bike trip) and the number of local social trips. Overall, the age-restricted community status has greater influence on recreational and social activity trip-making than the neighbourhood physical characteristics, although some community–neighbourhood interaction exists.
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Lindsay, Ana Cristina, Mary L. Greaney, Sherrie F. Wallington, and Julie A. Wright. "Easier said than done: a qualitative study conducted in the USA exploring Latino family child care home providers as role models for healthy eating and physical activity behaviours." BMJ Open 7, no. 11 (November 2017): e018219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018219.
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ObjectiveLatinos are the largest and most rapidly growing minority population group in the USA and are disproportionally affected by obesity and related chronic diseases. Child care providers likely influence the eating and physical activity behaviours of children in their care, and therefore are important targets for interventions designed to prevent childhood obesity. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of research examining the behaviours of family child care home (FCCH) providers and whether they model healthy eating and physical activity behaviours. Therefore, this study explored Latino FCCH providers’ beliefs and practices related to healthy eating, physical activity and sedentary behaviours, and how they view their ability to serve as role models for these behaviours for young children in their care.MethodsThis is a qualitative study consisting of six focus groups conducted in Spanish with a sample of 44 state-licensed Latino FCCH providers in the state of Massachusetts. Translated transcripts were analysed using thematic analyses to identify meaningful patterns.ResultsAnalyses revealed that Latino FCCH providers have positive beliefs and attitudes about the importance of healthy eating and physical activity for children in their care, but personally struggle with these same behaviours and with maintaining a healthy weight status. The ability of Latino FCCH providers to model healthy eating and physical activity may be limited by their low self-efficacy in their ability to be physically active, eat a healthy diet and maintain a healthy weight.ConclusionsInterventions designed to improve healthy eating and physical activity behaviours of children enrolled in FCCHs should address providers’ own health behaviours as well as their modelling of these health behaviours. Future research can build on the findings of this qualitative study by quantifying Latino FCCH providers’ eating and physical activity behaviours, and determining how these behaviours influence behaviours and health outcomes of children in their care.
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Kim, Jong-Hoon, Byoung-Jo Lee, Jae-Nam Bae, and Bong-Jin Hahm. "Relationship of oestrogen receptor status to depressive symptoms and quality of life in breast cancer patients." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 25, no. 5 (February 26, 2013): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2013.5.
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ObjectiveWe investigated the relationship of oestrogen receptor (ER) status to the severity of depressive symptoms and quality of life (QOL) impairment in breast cancer patients.MethodsSeventy-seven breast cancer patients with comorbid depression were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) for depression, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B). ER status was determined using immunohistochemical analysis.ResultsThe ER-positive group (n = 31) showed significantly higher scores compared with the ER-negative group (n = 46) on HAMD total (p = 0.04) and somatic anxiety factor (p = 0.004) scores as well as CGI-S score (p = 0.03). As for QOL measured with the FACT-B, a significantly higher score was found on the Functional Well-Being (FWB) subscale in the ER-positive group (p = 0.001). The relationships were further analysed using generalised linear models (GLM), after controlling for the influence of the current anti-oestrogen treatment. The analysis revealed that ER status was still significantly related to the FWB subscale score of the FACT-B (p = 0.04). However, the HAMD and CGI-S scores were no longer significantly related to ER status after the influence of anti-oestrogen treatment was controlled for.ConclusionThese results suggest that ER status, which is a well-known biological prognostic factor in breast cancer, may be related to the severity of certain aspects of depressive symptoms or QOL impairment, implying a role of the ER in affective and behavioural regulation. However, anti-oestrogen treatments significantly influence these relationships.
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Swarna Nantha, Yogarabindranath, Azriel Abisheg Paul Chelliah, Shamsul Haque, Gan Kim Yen, and Anuar Zaini Md. Zain. "The external realities of people with type 2 diabetes—Understanding disease perspective and self-management behaviour via Grounded Theory Approach." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): e0245041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245041.
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Background Qualitative strategies can uncover the relationship between the external realities of people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the barriers that are associated with disease self-management. Information from in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGD) can be used to devise psychological models that could potentially facilitate behaviour changes in people with T2D. We aim to identify salient factors that govern the external realities of people with T2D in relation to disease management. Methods A qualitative study was conducted at a regional primary care clinic in Malaysia using a Grounded Theory Approach. People with T2D were recruited through purposeful sampling to determine their living experiences with the disease. A total of 34 IDIs with 24 people with T2D and 10 health care professionals, followed by two FGDs with people with T2D, were conducted. Results Three major processes that arbitrate self-management practices include– 1) external reality, 2) internal reality, 3) mediators of behaviour. Within the context of external reality, three important sub-themes were identified—intrinsic background status, personal experience, and worldview. Lifestyle habits of persons with T2D play a central role in their disease management. Another common recurring concern is the issue of a low-quality food environment in the country. More importantly, individuals with T2D have a high degree of expectations for a more person-centered approach to their illness. Conclusions We identified modifiable and non-modifiable behavioural factors that influence the daily living environment of people with T2D. This information can be used to customize the management of T2D through targeted behavioural interventions.
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Jović, Željko, and Milena Lutovac Đaković. "Interbank Network as a Channel of Credit Contagion in Banks: Is Moral Hazard Transferable?" Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2022-0026.
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Abstract The objective of this research is to examine the inter-bank network of clients as a channel for credit risk transmission by groups of banks in Serbia characterized by different levels of credit risk (clusters). Two of the four observed groups of banks have experienced increase in NPLs through the channel of contagion spread in the interbank network. The spread of the infection through the banking network is a consequence of the impact of the economic connection among clients. The third group of banks (banks with high levels of credit risk) takes over the effects of systemic factors and transfers their influence to the second and the first group (banks with average and below-average credit risk level) through the banking network channel. There were different models of bank behaviour, from a group of banks that fully aligned their risk taking with risk capacity to a group of banks that exhibited an excessive risk propensity far beyond their own risk-taking capacity. There is also the confirmation that moral hazard was an important determinant of credit risk and an additional impulse to spread credit contagion.
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Uguru, Nkolika, Obinna Onwujekwe, Chibuzo Uguru, Udochukwu Ogu, Chinenye Okwuosa, and Chinyere Okeke. "Oral health-seeking behavior among different population groups in Enugu Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): e0246164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246164.
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Introduction This study investigates the oral health-seeking behaviour of households and its influence on demand for dental caries treatment services in Enugu state Nigeria. Methods A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was used to explore the oral health seeking pattern of 378 urban and 348 rural household respondents in Enugu state Nigeria. The study explored dental caries treatment-seeking, oral health behavior of respondents using the three dynamics of the Andersen and Newman health utilization model; predisposing, enabling and need factors. Findings Recommendations from community members (48.9%), severity of disease (22.1%), and cost of treatment (19.4%) all influenced where oral healthcare was first sought. Gender and type of occupation, influenced positive oral health-seeking behavior (p<0.05). The least poor socioeconomic status (SES) group, sought dental treatment in the private dental clinics, while the very poor and most poor SES groups used traditional healers, home treatment and patent medicine dealers more. Dental fillings and extractions were generally the most accessed treatment options for dental caries. The tendency for all the SES groups (especially the least poor), to choose tooth extraction more as a treatment option for dental caries was influenced by the oral health awareness level of respondents and the cost of dental fillings. (p<0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that interventions to create increased oral health awareness targeted at education on preventive strategies, appropriate time and place to seek oral health care and dental caries treatment, as well devising and implementing health financing options such as dental insurance would enable individuals to seek appropriate treatment for dental caries on time. In addition, it will reduce the proportion of people visiting unorthodox healthcare providers for their oral health problems or choosing cheaper but inappropriate treatment options.
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Ramakrishnan, Usha. "Unicef - Cornell Colloquium on Care and Nutrition of the Young Child - Planning." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. 4 (December 1995): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600403.
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The need to develop appropriate knowledge-based strategies to promote better care was the basis for the UNICEF-Cornell University Colloquium on care and nutrition of the young child. The first step was to develop a conceptual model that described the various factors that influenced the quality of care and the pathways through which care influenced the nutrition status of young children below three years of age. The direct care-related behaviours included breastfeeding, complementation, feeding during illness, health related behaviours, and psychosocial care. Several underlying factors at the household, community, and national level and the interactive process of care were also considered. The resource constraints and trends were child characteristics; caregiver factors, including time availability; psychological, health, and nutrition status; organizational resources; and modernization and urbanization. The triple-A process of assessment, analysis, and action was followed to identify, understand, and prioritize the key areas while planning for the Colloquium. Besides the focus and theme papers, case-studies from developing countries and working group sessions were also included.
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Hagemeister, Kerstin, Lisa Ernst, Pramod Kadaba Srinivasan, Hirokazu Tanaka, Kenji Fukushima, and René Tolba. "Severity assessment in pigs after partial liver resection: evaluation of a score sheet." Laboratory Animals 54, no. 3 (September 3, 2019): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023677219871585.
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Severity assessment in biomedical research is required by the European authorities. Therefore, a variety of score sheets are available. The first score sheets were designed and introduced by Morton and Griffith (M&G) in 1985, to assess pain and distress in animals. Score sheets are an important part of the 3R principles to evaluate the degree of severity in different studies. Here, we used a modified score sheet from M&G for severity assessment of 12 Aachen minipigs after partial liver resection for safety testing of a novel synthetic sealant (VIVO-107). The control group was treated with the clinical standard fibrin. Estimation of recovery status of both groups was performed from the day of surgery to postoperative day 7 using a score sheet. Included parameters were blood loss during the surgical procedure, general state, spontaneous behaviour and clinical results. Values from 0 to 20 were graded for each category and resulted in the degree of strain (DS) from DS0 to DS4. An increasing DS indicated higher severity. Suitability of the implemented score sheet was evaluated. Higher score points were documented almost exclusively as an outcome of the clinical results, influenced mainly by increased temperature in the fibrin treated control group, whereas, spontaneous behaviour had only slight influence and general state had no influence. The average score seven days after surgery was <2. The laparotomy, where the partial liver resection is a part, is rated as moderate severity in the EU Directive 2010/63, while the assessment done in the present study hints to a mild severity of the model in our hands.
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Ogbodoakum, Nnamdi, and Norhasni Zainal Abiddin. "Theory of Planned Behaviour and Readiness for Changes: Implication for Organisations." MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/mimbardik.v2i1.6019.
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ABSTRACT: An organisation’s long term survival in today’s challenging environment will depend on constant adaptation to changes in the environment. The majority of behavioural theories acknowledged individual as the central focus. Certain environmental or situational factors and applicable change-related processes have been recognised and studied as having significant influence in determining individual, group, and organisational behaviours. In the context of readiness for change, the theory of planned behaviour would be suitable in assessing the change supporting attributes of employees in achieving a strong readiness for change status. The connection between the theory of planned behaviour and individual readiness for change is that if a person has positive evaluation of change effort (attitude), supported by his close peers (subjective norm), and is confident that such change efforts will be undertaken successfully (perceived behavioural control), there will be improved motivation (intention) to actually engage in the change effort (readiness for change). This paper will discuss the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the readiness for change in organizations.KEY WORD: Readiness for Change; Attitude; Intention; Organisation; Human Resource Development. ABSTRAKSI: “Teori Tingkah-Laku Terancang dan Kesediaan untuk Berubah: Implikasi pada Organisasi”. Jangka hayat sesebuah organisasi dalam persekitaran yang mencabar hari ini bergantung kepada penyesuaian yang berterusan terhadap perubahan persekitaran. Kebanyakan teori tingkah-laku mengakui bahawa individu merupakan tumpuan utama dalam perubahan. Faktor persekitaran atau situasi tertentu dan proses yang berkaitan dengan perubahan juga telah diiktiraf dan dikaji sebagai mempunyai pengaruh yang besar dalam menentukan tingkah-laku individu, kumpulan, dan organisasi. Dalam konteks kesediaan untuk berubah, teori tingkah-laku terancang adalah sesuai dalam menilai perubahan sifat-sifat pekerja dalam menentukan kesediaan mereka yang kukuh untuk berubah. Hubungan antara teori tingkah-laku terancang dan kesediaan untuk berubah adalah berkaitan dengan: seseorang mempunyai penilaian positif terhadap usaha untuk berubah (sikap), disokong pula oleh rakan-rakannya yang rapat (norma subjektif), dan yakin bahawa usaha perubahan tersebut dilaksanakan dengan jayanya (kawalan tingkah-laku) dan motivasi yang ditambah baik (niat) akan benar-benar terlibat dalam usaha perubahan (kesediaan untuk berubah). Artikel ini menerangkan tentang Teori Tingkah-Laku Terancang dan kesediaan organisasi untuk berubah.KATA KUNCI: Kesediaan untuk Berubah; Sikap; Niat; Organisasi; Pembangunan Modal Insan. About the Authors: Nnamdi Ogbodoakum is a Ph.D. Student at the Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies UPM (Putra University of Malaysia) in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Assoc. Prof. Dato Dr. Norhasni Zainal Abiddin is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Professional Development and Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies UPM, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. E-mail: nonie@upm.edu.myHow to cite this article? Ogbodoakum, Nnamdi Norhasni Zainal Abiddin. (2017). “Theory of Planned Behaviour and Readiness for Changes: Implication for Organisations” in MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN: Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan, Vol.2(1) March, pp.1-18. Bandung, Indonesia: UPI [Indonesia University of Education] Press, ISSN 2527-3868 (print) and 2503-457X (online).Chronicle of the article: Accepted (November 29, 2016); Revised (January 25, 2017); and Published (March 30, 2017).
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TEN BRUGGENCATE, TINA, KATRIEN G. LUIJKX, and JANIENKE STURM. "When your world gets smaller: how older people try to meet their social needs, including the role of social technology." Ageing and Society 39, no. 8 (April 10, 2018): 1826–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000260.
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ABSTRACTSocial needs are important basic human needs. When social needs are not fulfilled, it can lead to mental and physical health problems. In an ageing society, meeting the social needs of older adults is important to sustain their wellbeing and quality of life. Social technology is used by younger people attempting to fulfil social needs. The aim of this study is to understand the social needs of older people and the role of social technology in fulfilling these needs. Using this information we will uncover opportunities for (technological) interventions. We conducted a qualitative explorative field study by interviewing 19 community-dwelling older adults. The participants were selected by professional care-givers with the help of a list of criteria for people at risk of social isolation or loneliness. Semi-structured interviews were held, using a topic list covering the following topics: social networks, social support, connectedness, neighbourhood, activities and hobbies, as well as use of and experiences with social technology. After thematic analysis, inductive codes were attached to quotations relevant to the research question. The results were described in four sections: (a) social needs and relationships; (b) the influence of life history and personality; (c) possibilities and barriers to meet social needs; and (d) use of and attitude towards social technology. The results indicate that the group of participants is heterogeneous and that their social needs and the way they try to meet these are diverse. The Social Production Functions Theory of Successful Aging (SPF-SA) was found to be a useful basis for interpreting and presenting the data. Social needs such as connectedness, autonomy, affection, behavioural confirmation and status are important for the wellbeing of older people. Although the need for affection is most easy to fulfil for older people, it looks like satisfaction of the need for behavioural confirmation and status are in some cases preferred, especially by the male participants. Resources such as relationships, activities, personal circumstances and social technology can help meet social needs. Where there is a lack of (physical) resources such as health problems, reduced mobility, death of network members, fear of rejection and gossip, and poor financial circumstances, meeting social needs can be more difficult for some older people. Social technology now plays a modest role in the lives of older people and in fulfilling their social needs. Because of its potential and its role in the lives of younger people, social technology can be seen as a promising resource in the satisfaction of social needs. However, since it is yet unknown how and to what extent the use of social network technologies, such as Facebook, can be beneficial for older people, more research in this area is needed. Based on our findings, we conclude that the world of older individuals is getting smaller. The loss of resources,e.g.the loss of one's health and mobility, may make it more difficult for an older person to connect with the world outside, which may result in a smaller social network. We therefore suggest that interventions to support older adults to meet their social needs may focus on two aspects: supporting and improving the world close by and bringing the world outside a little bit closer.
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Jelic, Marija, and Irena Stojkovic. "Family and intellectual abilities of adolescents as the factors of adolescents’ prosocial behaviour." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 48, no. 1 (2016): 48–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1601048j.
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Previous studies have offered important findings on the frequency of negative forms of social behaviour in children with intellectual disabilities and typically developing children. However, there is a lack of studies dealing with the link between the prosocial behaviour of youth and family variables. The aim of the conducted research was to study the degree of connection of the quality of parenting and the level of intellectual development of adolescents with the prosocial behaviour of adolescents. The sample consisted of 416 respondents, aged 12 to 18, divided into two groups. One group comprised 210 adolescents (130 typically developing adolescents and 80 adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities) without parental care, and the other group included 206 adolescents (130 typically developing adolescents and 76 adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities) with parental care. For the assessment of prosocial behaviour we used the subscale Prosocial behaviour from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaires - SDQ. The results have confirmed that, regardless of intellectual status, young people without parental care exhibited prosocial behaviour significantly less frequently than young people with parental care. The findings are discussed within the context of the starting model. The concluding part of the paper points to the fact that cognitive deficits are not a limiting factor in the development of prosocial behaviour of adolescents with mild intellectual disabilities and that further research is needed on the influence of environmental factors on the exhibition of prosocial behaviour in adolescents.
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Conradt, Larissa. "Models in animal collective decision-making: information uncertainty and conflicting preferences." Interface Focus 2, no. 2 (December 14, 2011): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2011.0090.
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Collective decision-making plays a central part in the lives of many social animals. Two important factors that influence collective decision-making are information uncertainty and conflicting preferences. Here, I bring together, and briefly review, basic models relating to animal collective decision-making in situations with information uncertainty and in situations with conflicting preferences between group members. The intention is to give an overview about the different types of modelling approaches that have been employed and the questions that they address and raise. Despite the use of a wide range of different modelling techniques, results show a coherent picture, as follows. Relatively simple cognitive mechanisms can lead to effective information pooling. Groups often face a trade-off between decision accuracy and speed, but appropriate fine-tuning of behavioural parameters could achieve high accuracy while maintaining reasonable speed. The right balance of interdependence and independence between animals is crucial for maintaining group cohesion and achieving high decision accuracy. In conflict situations, a high degree of decision-sharing between individuals is predicted, as well as transient leadership and leadership according to needs and physiological status. Animals often face crucial trade-offs between maintaining group cohesion and influencing the decision outcome in their own favour. Despite the great progress that has been made, there remains one big gap in our knowledge: how do animals make collective decisions in situations when information uncertainty and conflict of interest operate simultaneously?
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Silva, Antonio S., and Ruth Mace. "Cooperation and conflict: field experiments in Northern Ireland." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1792 (October 7, 2014): 20141435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1435.
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The idea that cohesive groups, in which individuals help each other, have a competitive advantage over groups composed of selfish individuals has been widely suggested as an explanation for the evolution of cooperation in humans. Recent theoretical models propose the coevolution of parochial altruism and intergroup conflict, when in-group altruism and out-group hostility contribute to the group's success in these conflicts. However, the few empirical attempts to test this hypothesis do not use natural groups and conflate measures of in-group and unbiased cooperative behaviour. We conducted field experiments based on naturalistic measures of cooperation (school/charity donations and lost letters' returns) with two religious groups with an on-going history of conflict—Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. Conflict was associated with reduced donations to out-group schools and the return of out-group letters, but we found no evidence that it influences in-group cooperation. Rather, socio-economic status was the major determinant of cooperative behaviour. Our study presents a challenge to dominant perspectives on the origins of human cooperation, and has implications for initiatives aiming to promote conflict resolution and social cohesion.
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Malmqvist, Jessica, Volkert Siersma, Hanne Thorsen, Bruno Heleno, Jakob Fraes Rasmussen, and John Brodersen. "Did psychosocial status, sociodemographics and smoking status affect non-attendance in control participants in the Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial? A nested observational study." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e030871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030871.
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ObjectivesWe investigated if psychosocial status, sociodemographics and smoking status affected non-attendance in the control group in the randomised Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial (DLCST).Design and settingThis study was an observational study nested in the DLCST. Due to large non-attendance in the control group in the second screening round we made an additional effort to collect questionnaire data from non-attenders in this group in the third screening round. We used a condition-specific questionnaire to assess psychosocial status. We analysed the differences in psychosocial status in the third and preceding rounds between non-attenders and attenders in the control group in multivariable linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographics and smoking status reported at baseline. Differences in sociodemographics and smoking status were analysed with χ2tests (categorical variables) and t-tests (continuous variables).Primary outcome measurePrimary outcome was psychosocial status.ParticipantsAll control persons participating in the third screening round in the DLCST were included.ResultsNon-attenders in the third round had significantly worse psychosocial status than attenders in the scales: ‘behaviour’ 0.77 (99% CI 0.18 to 1.36), ‘self-blame’ 0.59 (99% CI 0.14 to 1.04), ‘focus on airway symptoms’ 0.22 (99% CI 0.08 to 0.36), ‘stigmatisation’ 0.51 (99% CI 0.16 to 0.86), ‘introvert’ 0.56 (99% CI 0.23 to 0.89) and ‘harms of smoking’ 0.35 (99% CI 0.11 to 0.59). Moreover, non-attenders had worse scores than attendees in the preceding screening rounds. Non-attenders also reported worse sociodemographics at baseline.ConclusionsNon-attenders had a significantly worse psychosocial status and worse sociodemographics compared with attenders. The results of our study contribute with evidence of non-response and attrition driven by psychosocial status, which in turn may be influenced by the screening intervention itself. This can be used to adjust cancer screening trial results for bias due to differential non-attendance.Trial registration numberClinicaltrials.gov Protocol Registration System (NCT00496977).
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Curtis, Tyrone J., Nigel Field, Soazig Clifton, and Catherine H. Mercer. "Household structure and its association with sexual risk behaviours and sexual health outcomes: evidence from a British probability sample survey." BMJ Open 8, no. 12 (December 2018): e024255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024255.
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ObjectivesEconomic and social changes over the last 20 years have led to changes in the living situations of young people in Britain. A person’s home-life context might influence their sexual behaviour, with implications for their sexual healthcare needs; we investigated this hypothesis.MethodsBritain’s third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles, a probability sample survey undertaken in 2010–2012, interviewed 15 162 men and women aged 16–74 years in Britain (with 3869 aged 16–24 years). We examined household structure by gender and age group. We then focused on sexually experienced young people (aged 16–24 years), and used multivariable models to explore associations between household structure, sexual risk behaviours and sexual health outcomes, independent of confounders including age, relationship status, employment and area of residence.ResultsYoung people were most likely to be living with parents (women 57.1% (95% CI 54.5% to 59.6%) and men 68.7% (95% CI 65.4% to 71.8%)) or non-relatives (women 10.5% (95% CI 8.5% to 12.9%) and men 12.6% (95% CI 10.1% to 15.6%)). Among the 81.3% of young people who were sexually experienced, compared with young women living with parents (reference category), young women living alone or with non-relatives had a higher likelihood of reporting ≥2 sexual partners (adjusted OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.03 to 2.31); 1.76 (95% CI 1.03 to 3.00), respectively). Women living alone were also more likely to have had unsafe sex (2.04 (95% CI 1.38 to 3.02)). Despite these differences in sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk, there was no difference in sexual healthcare-seeking behaviour. Young men and women living with partners reported lower levels of sexual risk behaviours.ConclusionsOur study suggests household structure may influence the sexual behaviour of young people in Britain. Given changes in their living arrangements, the role of household structure in sexual health research should be further investigated, and also considered as a possible marker for STI risk in clinical consultations.
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Siddiqui, Rehana. "The Impact of Socio-economic Factors on Fertility Behaviour: A Cross-country Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i2pp.107-128.
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International comparisons of fertility behaviour are based on two crucial assumptions. First, it is assumed that the response of fertility rates to socio-economic factors is similar across different age-cohorts of female population in the reproductive age-group. Second, it is assumed that country-specific effects do not influence the parameter estimates of the fertility model. Recent availability of cross-country data for a number of years allows us to pool data for more than 100 countries for the period 1955–1985 and estimate the fertility model. The results show that the impact of socio-economic factors differs across different age-cohorts; particularly, the negative impact of improvements in female status on the fertility rates is higher among the younger age-cohorts. Similarly, our results show that cross-country differences affect fertility rates significantly. However, the differences tend to diminish as countries become more developed. These results indicate that not only cross-country differences but also the changes in age-composition of female population should be taken into account in formulating the policies to control fertility and population growth. Furthermore, improvements in female literacy turn out to be the most effective tool to control population growth.
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Nel, J., and T. Raleting. "Gender differences in low-income non-users’ attitude towards Wireless Internet Gateway cellphone banking." South African Journal of Business Management 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v43i3.474.
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Globally the adoption of cellphone banking is proceeding more slowly than anticipated. To address this managerial dilemma, the aim of this paper is to investigate the moderating effect of gender on low-income non-users’ attitude formation towards Wireless Internet Gateway (WIG) cellphone banking. An understanding of whether and to what extent gender moderates the formation of attitude can assist marketing managers in developing more effective marketing strategies to enhance adoption. The originality of the research is that it investigates gender differences in WIG-cellphone banking adoption behaviour of low-income non-users of this type of cellphone banking application. Literature on technology adoption, self-efficacy, facilitating conditions, risk and cost is reviewed to provide theoretical support for inclusion of the constructs in the conceptual model and to develop gender difference hypotheses. To assess the moderating effect of gender, a multi-group analysis with SmartPLS is conducted. The results of the multi-group analysis indicate that for males the influences of Usefulness on Attitude, Facilitating conditions on Self-efficacy and Ease of use, and Cost on Usefulness are stronger than for females and significantly different. On the other hand, the influences of Ease of use on Attitude, Self-efficacy on Ease of use and Facilitating conditions on Perceived usefulness are stronger for females than males and significantly different. These results may also be useful to marketing managers of other text-based mobile self-services. Furthermore, more confirmation for the determinants of Usefulness and Ease of use in a private usage and mobile service context is presented.
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Kabo, Felichism. "The architecture of network collective intelligence : correlations between social network structure, spatial layout and prestige outcomes in an office." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1753 (July 2, 2018): 20170238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0238.
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A social network represents interactions and knowledge that transcend the intelligence of any of its individual members. In this study, I examine the correlations between this network collective intelligence , spatial layout, and prestige or status outcomes at the individual and team levels in an organization. I propose that spatially influenced social cognition shapes which individuals become members of prestigious teams in organizations, and the prestige perception of teams by others in the organization. Prestige is a pathway to social rank, influence and upward mobility for individuals in organizations. For groups, perceived prestige of work teams is related to how team members identify with the group and with their collaborative behaviours. Prestige enhances a team's survivability and its access to resources. At the individual level, I ran two-stage Heckman sample selection models to examine the correlation between social network position and the number of prestigious projects a person is a member of, contingent on the association between physical space and social ties and networks. At the team level, I used linear regressions to examine the relationship among network structure, spatial proximity and the perceived prestige or innovativeness of a project team. In line with my hypotheses, for individuals there is a significant correlation between physical space and social networks, and contingent on that, between social network positions and the number of prestigious projects that a person is a member of. Also in accordance with my hypotheses, for teams there is a significant correlation between network structure and spatial proximity, and perceived prestige. While cross-sectional, the study findings illustrate the importance of considering the spatial domain in examinations of how network collective intelligence is related to organizational outcomes at the individual and team levels. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Interdisciplinary approaches for uncovering the impacts of architecture on collective behaviour’.
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Molleman, Lucas, Alan N. Tump, Andrea Gradassi, Stefan Herzog, Bertrand Jayles, Ralf H. J. M. Kurvers, and Wouter van den Bos. "Strategies for integrating disparate social information." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1939 (November 25, 2020): 20202413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2413.
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Social information use is widespread in the animal kingdom, helping individuals rapidly acquire useful knowledge and adjust to novel circumstances. In humans, the highly interconnected world provides ample opportunities to benefit from social information but also requires navigating complex social environments with people holding disparate or conflicting views. It is, however, still largely unclear how people integrate information from multiple social sources that (dis)agree with them, and among each other. We address this issue in three steps. First, we present a judgement task in which participants could adjust their judgements after observing the judgements of three peers. We experimentally varied the distribution of this social information, systematically manipulating its variance (extent of agreement among peers) and its skewness (peer judgements clustering either near or far from the participant's judgement). As expected, higher variance among peers reduced their impact on behaviour. Importantly, observing a single peer confirming a participant's own judgement markedly decreased the influence of other—more distant—peers. Second, we develop a framework for modelling the cognitive processes underlying the integration of disparate social information, combining Bayesian updating with simple heuristics. Our model accurately accounts for observed adjustment strategies and reveals that people particularly heed social information that confirms personal judgements. Moreover, the model exposes strong inter-individual differences in strategy use. Third, using simulations, we explore the possible implications of the observed strategies for belief updating. These simulations show how confirmation-based weighting can hamper the influence of disparate social information, exacerbate filter bubble effects and deepen group polarization. Overall, our results clarify what aspects of the social environment are, and are not, conducive to changing people's minds.
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Pan, Xiang, Yibo Gao, Lupei Jiang, Pengyu Deng, Jin He, Tian Xia, Aoyu Zhang, and Yanfeng Zhang. "Study on the Status of Scientific Fitness Literacy of Rural Left-Behind Minors and the Influence of Family Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010249.
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There are a large number of 6.97 million left-behind children in China at the end of August 2018. Left-behind children exhibit many psychologically unhealthy behavioural disorders. This study aimed to compare the differences in scientific fitness literacy (SFL) between rural left-behind and general minors, and to analyze the factors affecting the SFL of left-behind minors in the family environment. A random stratified sampling was conducted among minors aged 3–18 in rural areas of China, and 2239 valid samples were obtained. The questionnaire is based on the SFL part and the family environment part of the China National Fitness Activity Status Survey, except for the SFL part of the children’s questionnaire does not contain the attitude dimension, the questionnaires of several other age groups contain three dimensions: attitude, skills, and habits. The SFL of general children and adolescents was higher than that of left-behind children and adolescents, and in the sub-dimensions, children’s attitudes and adolescents’ skills and habits differed greatly, with the general minors having better performance. The SFL showed a significant increasing trend with age in the general minors but the difference between children and adolescents in the left-behind minors was not significant. The scores of habituation in left-behind minors increased with age group, and the scores of the general minors group did not vary much between age groups. In the multiple regression analysis for the left-behind minors, it was found that left-behind young children were less influenced by family environment on SFL score, and children’s SFL was more influenced by family environment. A separate analysis of the 7–9 and 10–12-year-old groups revealed that factors such as parental support and encouragement influenced SFL with different weights, and the importance of parents rotated, while the number of sporting goods in the family was important in all four age models. For the left-behind minors with a large amount in China, the role of the family environment in their SFL cannot be ignored, and the promotion of this literacy should be carried out in a targeted manner.
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Williams, Susan L., Quyen To, and Corneel Vandelanotte. "What is the effectiveness of a personalised video story after an online diabetes risk assessment? A Randomised Controlled Trial." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): e0264749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264749.
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Background Online risk assessment tools for type 2 diabetes communicate risk information to motivate individuals to take actions and reduce their risk if needed. The impact of these tools on follow-up behaviours (e.g., General Practitioner (GP) visits, improvement in health behaviours) is unknown. This study examined effectiveness of a personalised video story and text-based message on GP and health professional visitations and health behaviours, of individuals assessed as ‘high risk’ following completion of the online Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool (AUSDRISK). Methods A Randomised Controlled Trial (conducted between October 2018 and April 2019) included 477 participants with a high score (≥12). The control group received a text-based message (TM) and the intervention group received both the text-based message and a personalised video story (TM+VS) encouraging them to take follow-up action. Participants reported follow-up actions (one- and three months), and physical activity (PA), dietary behaviours and body weight (baseline, one and three months). Generalized Linear Mixed Models and chi-squared tests were used to test differences in outcomes between groups over time. Results The intervention was not more effective for the TM+VS group compared to the TM only group (p-values>0.05 for all outcomes). More participants in the TM only group (49.8% compared to 40.0% in the VS+TM group) visited either a GP or health professional (p = 0.18). During the 3-month follow-up: 44.9% of all participants visited a GP (36.7%) and/or other health professional (31.0%). Significant improvements were found between baseline and three months, in both groups for weekly physical activity, daily fruit and vegetable intake and weight status. Conclusions Messages provided with online diabetes risk assessment tools to those with high-risk, positively influence GP and health professional visitations and promote short-term improvements in health behaviours that may contribute to an overall reduction in the development of type 2 diabetes. Trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry; ACTRN12619000809134.
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Fossum, Sturla, John Kjøbli, May Britt Drugli, Bjørn Helge Handegård, Willy-Tore Mørch, and Terje Ogden. "Comparing two evidence-based parent training interventions for aggressive children." Journal of Children's Services 9, no. 4 (December 9, 2014): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-04-2014-0021.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the changes in externalising behaviour for young aggressive children differ between two evidence-based parent training (PT) programmes after treatment. The treatment formats between these programmes differ, and the authors were particularly interested in whether this influenced the results for participants with co-occurring problems (child variables such as heightened levels of attention and internalising problems, and parental variables such as marital status and education) and the consequent additional risk of poorer treatment outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – A comparison of the individual treatment programme “Parent Management Training – Oregon model” (PMTO) and the group intervention programme “The Incredible Years” (IY) basic training sessions. Outcomes were explored in matched samples from two earlier Norwegian replication studies. The participants were matched on pre-treatment characteristics using a quasi-experimental mis-matching procedure. Findings – There were no significant differences between the two interventions in parent ratings of externalising behaviours and the lack of differing effects between the two treatments remained when the co-occurring risk factors were introduced into the analyses. Research limitations/implications – The participants were matched on pre-treatment characteristics using a quasi-experimental mis-matching procedure. Practical implications – A possible implication of these findings is that parents should be allowed to choose the treatment format of their preference. Further, individual PT may be more appropriate in rural settings with difficulties in forming group interventions. Social implications – Treatment effects did not differ between these two evidence-based interventions. Originality/value – To the best of the knowledge independent comparisons of two evidence-based PT interventions are not previously conducted.
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Sadykova, Gulora A., Kh U. Rakhmatullaev, R. Sh Mavlyan-Khodjaev, Z. S. Zalyalova, and Yu Kh Tadjikhodjaeva. "THE INFLUENCE OF OZONE THERAPY ON THE MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH PURULENT INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS IN THE EXPERIMENT." Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 16, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1681-3456-2017-16-3-137-140.
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We have created the experimental model of chronic inflammation of lungs by means of prolonged mechanical irritation of the bronchi in 30 outbred rats and studied the morphological changes in the lung tissue of these animals rats in three series of experiments. Each rat was given an intraperitoneal injection of an ozonised saline solution produced by a «Binafsha» ozonator. The objective of the study was to compare a control group of healthy animals and the group of experimental animals with chronic purulent pneumonia. The prolonged irritation of the respiratory tract in experimental animals was found to induce the structural changes in the tissues of the lungs characteristic of chronic purulent inflammation. The course of treatment with the ozonised saline solution in healthy animals with experimentally modelled chronic purulent inflammation of the lungs did not have a negative impact on the general condition and the behaviour of the animals. The treatment of experimental chronic inflammation of lungs caused by prolonged mechanical irritation of the respiratory tract resulted in the improvement of the morphological status of the laboratory animals, but the purulent inflammation process failed to be completely resolved after the treatment which needs to be taken into consideration in the clinical practice.
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Amissah-Arthur, Maame-Boatemaa, Anna Gyaban-Mensah, Vincent Boima, Ernest Yorke, Dzifa Dey, Vincent Ganu, and Charles Mate-Kole. "Health-seeking behaviour, referral patterns and associated factors among patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases in Ghana: A cross-sectional mixed method study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 12, 2022): e0271892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271892.
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Background Challenges exist in the diagnosis and management of autoimmune rheumatic diseases in low and middle income countries due to factors, such as poverty and under-resourced healthcare infrastructure. Furthermore, other contributory factors such as societal, cultural and religious practices influence health seeking behaviour which has a bearing on access and delivery of healthcare. Objectives To examine the health seeking behaviour and referral patterns of Ghanaian patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases and assess the associated factors that influence these. Method A cross-sectional study using an explanatory sequential mixed method design was carried out in a Rheumatology clinic at a national referral centre. 110 participants were purposively recruited for the quantitative phase. The qualitative phase comprised 10 participants for in-depth interviews and 10 participants for a focus group discussion. Analysis using descriptive statistics, t-tests and logistic regression models were performed. Transcripts generated from the interviews and focused group discussion were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Median duration from onset of symptoms until seeking help was 1 week (IQR = 12); from seeking help until obtaining a final diagnosis was 12 months (IQR = 33). Multiple factors determined the choice of first facility visited, X2 (12, N = 107) = 32.29, p = .001. Only twenty-one participants (19.6%) had knowledge of their disease prior to diagnosis. Education predicted prior knowledge [OR = 2.6 (95% CI = .66–10.12), p < .021]. Unemployed participants had increased odds of seeking help after a month compared to those who were employed [Odds ratio = 2.60 (95% CI = 1.14–5.90), p = .02]. Knowledge of autoimmune rheumatic diseases was low with multiple causative factors such as biomedical, environmental and spiritual causes determining where patients accessed care. Forty (36.4%) participants utilised complementary and alternative treatment options. Conclusion We observed that knowledge about autoimmune rheumatic diseases among Ghanaian patients was low. Patients sought help from numerous medical facilities, traditional healers and prayer camps often contributing to a delay in diagnosis for most patients. This was influenced by individual perceptions, cultural beliefs and socioeconomic status. Active awareness and educational programmes for the public and healthcare workers are required, as well as strategic planning to integrate the biomedical and traditional care services to enable earlier presentation, accurate diagnosis and better clinical outcomes for the patients.
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Raihani, N. J. "Hidden altruism in a real-world setting." Biology Letters 10, no. 1 (January 2014): 20130884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0884.
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Concerns for reputation can promote cooperative behaviour. Individuals that behave cooperatively stand to benefit if they gain in influence, status or are more likely to be chosen as interaction partners by others. Most theoretical and empirical models of cooperation predict that image score will increase with cooperative contributions. Individuals are therefore expected to make higher contributions when observed by others and should opt to make contributions publicly rather than privately, particularly when contributions are higher than average. Here, however, I find the opposite effect. Using data from an online fundraising website, I show that donors are more likely to opt for anonymity when making extremely low and extremely high donations. Mid-range donations, on the other hand, are typically publicized. Recent work has shown that extremely generous individuals may be ostracized or punished by group members. The data presented here suggest that individuals may hide high donations to avoid these repercussions.
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Catalán-Latorre, Ana, Amparo Nácher, Virginia Merino, Octavio Díez, and Matilde Merino Sanjuán. "A preclinical study to model taurine pharmokinetics in the undernourished rat." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 7 (March 23, 2018): 826–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518000156.
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AbstractMalnutrition is a common feature of chronic and acute diseases, often associated with a poor prognosis, including worsening of clinical outcome, owing, among other factors, to dysfunction of the most internal organs and systems affecting the absorption, metabolism and elimination of drugs and nutrients. Taurine is involved in numerous biological processes and is required in increased amounts in response to pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to describe the behaviour of taurine in well-nourished (WN) rats and to analyse the influence of protein–energy undernutrition on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of taurine, using a PK model. Wistar rats were randomly distributed into two groups, WN and undernourished (UN), and taurine was administered intravenously or orally at different doses: 1, 10 and 100 mg. Population pharmacokinetic modelling of plasma levels was performed using the NONMEM 7.2 program. Several distribution and absorption models were explored in combination with dose and/or time covariate effects. Covariates such as nutritional status, serum albumin, body weight and score of undernutrition were used. A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model with zero-order endogenous formation, passive absorption, first-order kinetics distribution and non-linear elimination with parallel Michaelis–Menten excretion and reabsorption processes best described taurine pharmacokinetics. Undernutrition acted as a covariate reducing theVmaxof the active elimination process. Data analysis showed linear absorption and distribution, and non-linear elimination processes for taurine. Elimination of taurine was reduced in UN animals, suggesting that the reabsorption process via the secretion transporter was modified in that group.
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Hamilton-Ekeke, Joy-Telu, and John Moses. "School and Home Influence on Alcohol Consumption Among School Children in Nigeria." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 5, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v5i1.20.
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The purpose of the study is to ascertain if school variable (peer group pressure) and home variables (family history of alcohol consumption, socio-economic status of the family, attitude of parent towards alcohol drinking and cultural norms/festivity) lead to alcohol consumption among adolescents and proffer solution to the social menace of alcohol consumption among secondary school children. The study was a descriptive research design with mixed methods of data collection involving questionnaire and interview schedule. A sample of 100 students out of a population of 130 students and 180 students each of the mid-class (SS 2 and JS 2) of the senior and basic secondary schools respectively were involved in the study. Four hypotheses were posited and tested using Chi-square and statistical decisions made. The instruments for the study were questionnaire and interview schedule with a reliability coefficient of 0.78 using Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient. It was found that parents are the major source of alcohol supply for many young Nigerians and children are often first introduced to alcohol in the family - home. Parents who drink alcohol are more likely to exhibit permissiveness towards alcohol use in their adolescent children. Based on the findings from this study, it could be concluded that children aged 10-16 years in Yenagoa metropolis of Nigeria, indulged in alcohol consumption regularly and in high quantity which is not good for their health. It is necessary that parents should present themselves as suitable role models in – order to guide their children against anti-social behaviours.
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Mes’kova, Ekaterina S., Elena P. Murtazina, and Yuliya A. Ginzburg-Shik. "Kinematic Profiles of Human Goal-Directed Actions in Different Social Contexts (Review)." Journal of Medical and Biological Research 10, no. 4 (November 10, 2022): 380–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z120.
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The review analyses studies into the influence of social factors on the kinematic profiles (velocity, amplitude, trajectory, grip aperture and other characteristics) of human actions. Laboratory models of human joint sensorimotor activity in different social contexts are described, exemplified by reach kinematics, complementary actions, sensorimotor communication, imitation tasks and motor interference tasks. Research into the influence of the goals of interaction (cooperation, competition, communication) and the presence of an observer on the kinematic profiles of human movements is analysed. Further, the paper demonstrates the role of social factors in the performance of complementary actions and describes the effect of the mutual influence of the physical requirements of the task and social context on the kinematic profile of movements. Results are presented showing that co-actors modulate their actions to eliminate ambiguity of their motor intentions for the other person (sensorimotor communication). Contextual factors influencing the degree of motor interference and imitative behaviour are described, such as: the type of stimuli observed, co-agent’s status, group membership, and neurotypicality of the subjects. The possibility of reducing the effect of visuomotor interference by presenting incongruent actions as interdependent components of an overall activity plan is shown. In addition, neurophysiological mechanisms of interpersonal coordination are described. It is concluded that findings on human movement patterns in different social contexts can be used to increase teamwork efficiency in various professional fields, rehabilitate people with movement disorders, optimize working conditions, and improve human interactions with robotic systems.
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Lindsay, Ana Cristina, Gabriela Vasconcellos de Barros Vianna, Carlos André Moura Arruda, Amanda De Sá Melo Alves, Maria Helena Hasselmann, Márcia MT Machado, and Mary L. Greaney. "Brazilian immigrant fathers’ perspectives on child’s eating and feeding practices: a qualitative study conducted in the United States." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 17 (June 24, 2020): 3211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020001123.
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AbstractObjectives:Brazilians comprise a rapidly growing immigrant Latino group in the USA, yet little research has focused on health issues affecting Brazilian children in immigrant families. As increasing evidence is documenting fathers’ influential role in their children’s eating behaviours and ultimately weight status, the current study sought to explore the Brazilian immigrant fathers’ perspectives and practices related to child’s feeding practices and their preschool-aged children’s eating.Design:Qualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted in Portuguese by native Brazilian research staff using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed thematically using a hybrid approach that incorporated deductive and inductive analytical approaches.Setting:Massachusetts.Participants:Twenty-one Brazilian immigrant fathers who had at least one child aged 2–5 years.Results:Results revealed fathers’ awareness of the importance of healthy eating for their children, their influence as role models and their involvement in feeding routines of their preschool-aged children. Moreover, fathers were receptive to participating in family interventions to promote their children’s healthy eating. Nearly all fathers reported wanting to learn more and to do ‘what’s right’ for their children.Conclusions:The current study provides new information about Brazilian immigrant fathers’ views about factors influencing their children’s healthy eating behaviours and paternal feeding practices. Future research should quantify fathers’ feeding styles and practices and solicit fathers’ input in the design of culturally appropriate family interventions targeting the home environment of preschool-aged children of Brazilian immigrant families.
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Cadri, Abdul, Bonyo Abdul Aziz Nagumsi, Alberta Twi-Yeboah, Linda Darko Yeboah, Augustine Adomah-Afari, Maria Goretti Ane-Loglo, and Richard Gyan Aboagye. "Facilitators and Barriers to Health Seeking among People Who Use Drugs in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana: An Exploratory Study." BioMed Research International 2021 (August 21, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2868953.
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Drug use is one of the global public health issues, and its accompanying disorders have consequences on people’s mental, physical, and environmental health. Nevertheless, the majority of people who use drugs have never been treated for drug dependence and other health conditions whilst others discontinue their treatment for drug use disorder. Using the health belief model, the study aimed at exploring facilitators and barriers to health-seeking among people who use drugs in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana. A descriptive study design was used, employing a qualitative approach. In-depth interviews were conducted with a total of 22 participants, including two key informants (male and female). The first group of participants was recruited from the ghetto (an area in the municipality where people who use drugs are usually located). The other group of participants was recruited using hospital-based records. The interview data were transcribed, coded, and analysed for the generation of themes with the aid of Nvivo version 12 pro. The results showed that people who use drugs face health challenges such as drug dependence, malaria, lungs and breathing complications, cardiovascular complications, and skin complications. People who use drugs experienced poor perceived quality of life and low health status. Health-seeking behaviours of interviewees were influenced by the perceived benefit, perceived severity, cues to action, among others. Multiple sources of healthcare were used by the people who use drugs. Whereas ease of communication, perceived severity, benefit, among others were facilitators to their health-seeking behaviours, cost, dwindling social support, lack of knowledge of the condition, and fear of arrest by law enforcement agencies also served as barriers to seeking healthcare at the orthodox health facilities. This paper suggests a holistic approach to help improve the health and health-seeking behaviours of people who use drugs. The researchers wish to indicate that an earlier version of this manuscript has been presented at the University of Ghana as a thesis.
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Timmer, A. "‘Health paradox’ and former Soviet Union immigrants: towards an integrated theoretical framework." Ukrainian Society 78, no. 3 (October 29, 2021): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2021.03.009.
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This study examines the critical mechanisms explaining the health outcomes of such understudied social group as immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU), including Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus, among other countries. Literature on the ‘health paradox’ suggests that immigrants from various countries enjoy better health than their native-born counterparts. Importantly, however, this trend does not seem to exist among FSU immigrants, especially those residing in the United States. In addition, while research studies find that socioeconomic status (SES) is the fundamental cause of health and illness among native-born individuals, higher SES does not appear to be the health-protective factor among the FSU group, likely due to their unique experiences and beliefs. Consequently, a new model is necessary to provide a more nuanced explanation of health outcomes of immigrants from FSU countries. Drawing on medical sociology and epidemiology literature, first, this paper outlines unique factors that explain health of FSU immigrants and argues that particular attention should be paid to acculturation, its sources, and the mechanisms through which it affects health. Specifically, differential levels of acculturation shape the degree to which FSU immigrants engage in risky behaviours, hold unique beliefs, access health care, and cope with stressors, which, in turn, influences their physical and mental health. Second, hypotheses are proposed based on the new model to be tested by future studies and third, unique interactive effects on health outcomes are discussed including such factors as SES, gender, country of origin, and other social structural factors. Overall, this paper contributes theoretically to medical sociology, epidemiology, social psychology, and global studies by outlining the novel model conceptualizing immigration and health relationships among one of the fastest-growing immigrant groups in contemporary society.
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Salau, Jennifer, and Joachim Krieter. "Instance Segmentation with Mask R-CNN Applied to Loose-Housed Dairy Cows in a Multi-Camera Setting." Animals 10, no. 12 (December 15, 2020): 2402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122402.
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With increasing herd sizes came an enhanced requirement for automated systems to support the farmers in the monitoring of the health and welfare status of their livestock. Cattle are a highly sociable species, and the herd structure has important impact on the animal welfare. As the behaviour of the animals and their social interactions can be influenced by the presence of a human observer, a camera based system that automatically detects the animals would be beneficial to analyse dairy cattle herd activity. In the present study, eight surveillance cameras were mounted above the barn area of a group of thirty-six lactating Holstein Friesian dairy cows at the Chamber of Agriculture in Futterkamp in Northern Germany. With Mask R-CNN, a state-of-the-art model of convolutional neural networks was trained to determine pixel level segmentation masks for the cows in the video material. The model was pre-trained on the Microsoft common objects in the context data set, and transfer learning was carried out on annotated image material from the recordings as training data set. In addition, the relationship between the size of the used training data set and the performance on the model after transfer learning was analysed. The trained model achieved averaged precision (Intersection over union, IOU = 0.5) 91% and 85% for the detection of bounding boxes and segmentation masks of the cows, respectively, thereby laying a solid technical basis for an automated analysis of herd activity and the use of resources in loose-housing.
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Melnick, Emily M., Karen Thomas, Charlotte Farewell, Jennie Quinlan, Deanna LaFlamme, Diane Brogden, Sharon Scarbro, and Jini E. Puma. "Impact of a nutrition education programme on preschool children’s willingness to consume fruits and vegetables." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 10 (April 28, 2020): 1846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019005032.
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AbstractObjective:To evaluate the impact of a preschool-based nutrition education programme consisting of twelve ‘hands on’ nutrition education lessons delivered during the school year on young children’s willingness to consume fruits and vegetables.Design:Quasi-experimental, pre-post design including the collection of plate waste evaluation data at the start and end of the 2015–2016 school year within two groups: (1) randomly selected classrooms receiving the intervention and (2) within conveniently sampled preschool classrooms not receiving the intervention serving as a comparison group.Setting:Centre-based preschool programmes serving low-income families in the Denver metro area.Participants:Three- to five-year-old children in preschool classrooms participating in the intervention during the 2015–2016 school year (n 308) and children enrolled in comparison classrooms (n 215).Results:Repeated-measures logit models assessed whether increases in the odds of consuming small samples of fruits and vegetables between Time 1 (pre-intervention) and Time 2 (post-intervention) were different for children within the intervention group compared with the comparison group. Analyses showed that the change over time in consumption of the three vegetable samples varied by intervention status with greater change occurring among children within the intervention group (edamame: P = 0·001; cauliflower: P ≤ 0·0001 and red pepper: P ≤ 0·0001). Unlike vegetables, the change over time in consumption of the two fruit samples was not different between children within the intervention and comparison groups.Conclusions:An experiential-learning nutrition education programme can positively influence eating behaviours of low-income preschoolers in a centre-based setting by increasing willingness to consume vegetables.
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Méndez-Hernández, Pablo, Libia Darina Dosamantes-Carrasco, Carole Siani, Romain Pierlot, Margarita Martínez-Gómez, Berenice Rivera-Paredez, Laura Cervantes-Popoca, et al. "Mealtime habits and risk of developing the metabolic syndrome or insulin resistance among Mexican adults." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 10 (November 15, 2016): 1824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516003329.
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AbstractMeals are an important source of food intake, contributing to body weight and health status. Previous studies have examined the relationship between isolated mealtime behaviours and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to examine the influence over time of ten interrelated mealtime habits on the risk of developing the MetS and insulin resistance (IR) among Mexican adults. We conducted a prospective cohort study with a sample of 956 health workers. The Mealtime Habits Quality (MHQ) scale is based on four mealtime situations (availability of time to eat, distractions while eating, environmental and social context of eating, and familiar or cultural eating habits), which were used to assess the participants’ MHQ at the baseline (2004–2006) and follow-up (2010–2012) evaluations. The MetS was assessed using criteria from the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). IR was defined using the homoeostasis model assessment. Crude and adjusted relative risks were calculated to estimate the relationship between MHQ and the risk of developing the MetS or IR. Participants classified in the lower MHQ category had an 8·8 (95 % CI 3·1, 25) and 11·1 (95 % CI 3·4, 36·1) times greater risk of developing the MetS (using the NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria, respectively), and an 11·2 times (95 % CI 3·9, 31·5) greater likelihood of developing IR, compared with those in the higher MHQ group. This prospective study reveals that individuals who engaged in more undesirable than recommended mealtime behaviours had a >10-fold risk of developing the MetS or IR.
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Bühler, Andreas, Thorsten Zenz, Dirk Winkler, Raymonde Busch, Kirsten Fischer, Anna Fink, Clemens Wendtner, et al. "IGHV-Mutation Status, IGHV-Gene Usage and Chromosomal Aberrations In CLL: Pooled Analysis within First-Line Clinical Trials of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG)." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 3609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.3609.3609.
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Abstract Abstract 3609 Introduction: IGHV mutation status and genomic aberrations are of independent prognostic importance in CLL. Furthermore IGHV-gene usage showed prognostic value for distinct subgroups (e.g. VH3-21). While the introduction of chemoimmunotherapy (i.e. FCR) has led to remarkable improvement of outcome in CLL, it is unclear which of the known genetic markers retain their prognostic value. We therefore performed a pooled analysis of first-line CLL patients from 3 prospective clinical trials of the GCLLSG namely “CLL2M” (R-Bendamustine) “CLL4” (F vs. FC) and “CLL8” (FC vs. R-FC) to evaluate those genetic markers in a large, well characterized CLL cohort. Material and Methods: Genetic characterization was performed in a central laboratory (Ulm). IGHV data was available for 1063 patients. Genomic aberrations (FISH) were generated for 1053 patients. After pooling genetic data from the outlined GCLLSG first-line trials we investigated the impact of IGHV mutation status and VH gene usage within the hierarchical model of genomic abnormalities (deletion 13q (del(13q)) single (n=353), trisomy 12 (n=115), deletion 11q (del(11q)) (n=229), deletion 17p (del(17p)) (n=73)) concerning, progression free survival (PFS events= PD/death) and overall survival (OS). Median follow-up was 39.1 months. Results: For the del(13q) patients, with 56 % carrying a mutated IGHV gene, we found a significant difference in PFS and OS between the del(13q)/IGHV mutated and the IGHV unmutated subgroup (PFS: p-value 0.002; HR: 1.596; OS: p-value 0.002; HR: 2.15; median PFS mut./70.5 months vs. unmut./41.5 months). In the trisomy 12 subgroup 35 % of patients showed a mutated IGHV whereas 65 % showed an unmutated IGHV. For the trisomy12/IGHV unmutated subgroup we could detect a trend towards a shorter PFS and OS compared to the trisomy12/IGHV mutated group although this was not statistically significant (PFS: p-value 0.059; HR: 1.784; OS: p-value 0.079; HR: 3.05; median PFS not reached vs. 36.8 months). In the del(11q) subgroup 17 % were IGHV mutated, whereas 83 % were unmutated. For none of the clinical endpoints (PFS, OS) a significant difference between the 11q-/IGHV mutated group and the 11q-/IGHV unmutated group could be detected (PFS: p-value 0.451; OS: p-value 0.64; median PFS 32.7 months for both subgroups). Finally among the del(17p) pts. with 23 % IGHV-mutated cases we could not find any difference in PFS or OS among the IGHV-mutated or unmutated subgroup (PFS: p-value 0.995; HR: 0.998; OS: p-value 0.584; HR: 0.80, median PFS 8.8 vs. 9.6 months). In contrast to previous findings we detected no significant difference in clinical behaviour of the mutated VH3-23 subgroup in comparison to all non-VH3-23 mutated cases with regard to PFS and OS within the CLL8 cohort. (median PFS not reached vs. 59.7 months). For unmutated VH1-69 cases no significant differences concerning the clinical endpoints in comparison to all non-VH1-69 unmutated cases were detected. Finally the 66 VH3-21 patients in the pooled data set showed a PFS and OS which was surprisingly more comparable to that of IGHV-mutated cases (PFS: p-value 0.488; OS: p-value 0.467; median PFS 51.9 months for VH3-21 vs. 63.6 months for mutated non-VH3-21). However, stereotyped HCDR3 motifs have not been considered in this analysis. Conclusions: The current data were derived from pooled subgroup analyses based on genomic aberrations among patients enrolled in 1st line treatment trials (i.e. patients requiring treatment). It revealed a differential influence of IGHV-mutation status and gene usage in the different genomic subgroups. This might hint to different biological behaviour apart from postulated mechanisms like B cell receptor mediated antigen drive and could also be reflected by differences in clinical course. The impact of VH3-21 usage and potentially other VH genes appears to be less pronounced in this cohort. The prognostic role of distinct IGHV-genes must be further evaluated in different clinical situations also considering stereotyped B-cell receptors. Disclosures: Bühler: Roche Pharma: Consultancy, Research Funding. Zenz:Roche: Honoraria; Boehringer: Honoraria; GSK: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Winkler:Roche Pharma AG: Consultancy, Research Funding. Fischer:Roche Pharma AG: Consultancy. Fink:Roche Pharma AG: Consultancy. Wendtner: Celgene, BayerSchering, Roche, Mundipharma: Consultancy, Honoraria. Eichhorst:Roche Pharma AG: Consultancy. Edelmann:Roche Pharma AG: Consultancy, Research Funding. Hallek:Roche Pharma AG: Consultancy. Stilgenbauer:Roche, Bayer, Celgene, GSK, Amgen, Mundipharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding.
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Zwierko, Teresa, Anna Nowakowska, Wojciech Jedziniak, Marek Popowczak, Jarosław Domaradzki, Joanna Kubaszewska, Mariusz Kaczmarczyk, and Andrzej Ciechanowicz. "Contributing Factors to Sensorimotor Adaptability in Reactive Agility Performance in Youth Athletes." Journal of Human Kinetics 83, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0067.
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Abstract Sensorimotor adaptability facilitates adjusting behaviour for changing environmental stimuli to maintain appropriate goal-directed motor performance. Its effectiveness is associated with perceptual-cognitive modulation. As the factors affecting it are still not completely known, the aim of our study was therefore to analyse the association between selected variables (demographic, training, anthropometric, genetic) and sensorimotor adaptation in reactive agility tasks in youth team-sport athletes. The study group consisted of 85 youth athletes (aged 12.61 ± 0.98 years). Based on an initial evaluation, participants were divided into faster and slower agility groups. The resultant differences between change of direction speed tests and reactive agility tests provided the REAC-INDEX as a dependent variable. The independent variables were as follows: gender, calendar age, body mass, height, BMI, maturity offset, training status and the BDNF rs6265 polymorphism. Multiple linear regression showed that the maturity offset (ß = 0.269; p = 0.012) and calendar age (ß = -0.411; p < 0.001) significantly contributed to the REAC-INDEX of all participants (R2 = 0.13). In the slower group, the c.196G BDNF allele had a significant influence (ß = -0.140; p = 0.044) on the REAC-INDEX. The best predictive model comprised female gender (ß = 0.799; p < 0.001), maturity offset (ß = -0.586; p < 0.001) and training experience (ß = -0.225; p = 0.009), contributing to 49% of RA variance. Sensorimotor adaptability is mainly dependent on gender and age, and can be improved through systematic sports training. The BDNF rs6265 polymorphism may be considered a contributing factor to SA variability in the initial stages of training, although polymorphism-related differences blurred as the effect of participation in sports training increased.
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Du, Jinglin, Xue Yang, Mingsheng Chen, and Zhonghua Wang. "Socioeconomic determinants of out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure among middle-aged and elderly adults based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e024936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024936.
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ObjectiveOut-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure (OOPPE) is a considerable burden for middle-aged and elderly adults due to their high prevalence of diseases, insufficient income and absence of medical insurance in China. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of OOPPE among Chinese middle-aged and elderly adults.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey conducted in 2015. The Andersen behavioural health model was used to select the factors. Binary multivariable logistic and generalised linear regressions were both applied to examine the determinants of OOPPE.ResultsOf the respondents, 15.28%, 5.20% and 51.35% reported an OOPPE for outpatient services, inpatient services and self-medication, respectively. The OOPPE for outpatient services, inpatient services and self-medication was US$6.66, US$17.93 and US$15.32, respectively. Increased age significantly influenced the likelihood of OOPPE, and older people (aged >65 years) had lower OOPPE for outpatient services. Having health insurance significantly reduced the likelihood of OOPPE for outpatient and inpatient services but increased OOPPE for self-medication. In general, compared with the low-income group, higher income groups had a significantly lower likelihood of having an OOPPE, and when they did the amounts were less. Generally, middle-aged and elderly people with poor self-reported health status, limitation of daily activities, and critical or chronic diseases had a significantly higher likelihood of having an OOPPE and at a significantly higher amount.ConclusionPolicy-making efforts should focus on reducing self-medication OOPPE and alleviating its associated socioeconomic determinants to ease the economic burden of diseases among middle-aged and elderly adults in China.
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James, Maeghan E., Nikoleta Odorico, Sarah A. Moore, Kathleen A. Martin Ginis, Rebecca L. Bassett-Gunter, and Kelly P. Arbour-Nicitopoulos. "Parent Support Is Related to Physical Activity among Children and Youth with Disabilities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the National Physical Activity Measurement (NPAM) Study." Disabilities 2, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/disabilities2030032.
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Physical activity (PA) among children and youth with disabilities (CYD) has been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Parent PA support and parent PA modelling (i.e., parents engaging in PA themselves) have been shown to be associated with PA in CYD. However, parents’ influence on the PA behaviours of CYD during the pandemic remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parent PA support and parent PA modelling (i.e., parent moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA)) and the PA behaviours of CYD. It was hypothesized that higher levels of parent PA support and parent PA modelling would significantly relate to both child MVPA and child PA at any intensity. An online survey was sent to parents of CYD in November 2020 (i.e., during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada) that assessed the MVPA and total PA (any intensity), parent PA support (e.g., encouraging PA, providing transportation for PA), and parent MVPA. Separate linear regression models assessed the relationships between parent PA support and parent PA modelling with (a) child MVPA and (b) child PA at any intensity. Parent and child age, child gender and disability group, marital status, and household type were controlled for in all analyses. A total of 86 parents (Mage = 43 years, SD = 5.9; 93% mothers) of CYD (Mage = 11 years, SD = 3.3; 20% girls; 77% with a developmental disability) completed the survey. Parent PA support was significantly associated with child MVPA (β = 0.30, CI = 0.067–0.438, p = 0.008) but not child PA at any intensity. No significant relationship was shown between parent PA modelling and either child MVPA or child PA at any intensity. Findings suggest that parent PA support, but not parent PA modelling, was associated with PA in CYD, at least during the acute period of the pandemic. Greater efforts must be directed towards developing effective parent PA support interventions to reduce the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on PA in CYD.
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Musembi, Mwaka Samuel, Dr Samuel O. Onyuma, and Dr James N. Kung’u. "Investor Characteristics and Their Effect on Investment Decisions among Public University Workers in Kenya." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 8, no. 2 (May 28, 2022): p179. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n2p179.
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Investment decision has become part of individuals’ lives in the in recent days. People invest in insurance policies, fixed deposits, shares, equities, real estate, mutual funds, and government securities among others. Universities are the peak of knowledge hence the community expects that workers in such institutions be in the frontline in making informed investment decisions. Although the university staff work in the same environment, it has not yet been established how their different investor characteristics affect their investment decisions. There is scanty information on the moderating effect of mobile borrowing on the relationship between investors’ risk attitude, demographic profile, and socio-economic status on investment decisions. This study investigated the effect of the investor characteristics on investment decision. The objectives of the study were to; assess the effect of investor risk attitude on investment decision among public university workers in Kenya, test the effect of the investor demographic profile on investment decisions among public university workers in Kenya, and determine the effect of socio-economic status on investment decision among public university workers in Kenya. Finally, the study examined the moderating effect of mobile borrowing on the effect of investor risk attitude and socio-economic status on investment decision among public university workers in Kenya. Capital Asset Pricing Model, Efficient Markets Hypothesis, Prospect Theory and Behavioural Finance Theory guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design with a target population of 2075 workers from the sampled Public Universities in Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was employed from which a sample of 336 was used. Further, the study used primary data sources through a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered using google forms. Data was analysed with the aid of SPSS version 26 software and Microsoft excel. Charts, tables, graphs, and figures were used to present the results. The results of the study indicated that risk attitude played the biggest role in investment decision-making since it explained 41.7 percent of investment decision. In addition, all the demographic factors influenced the choice of investment. The results also showed that investors in the age of 31-40 were willing to diversify their investments unlike the other age groups. Mobile borrowing was found to moderate the relationship between investment decision and its predictors. The study recommends that a similar study is conducted once the government operationalises the mobile lending control. Since workers between 31-40 years were found to have a much higher affinity for risk and investment, the government should consider targeting civil servants and other professionals in this age group by providing them with investment incentives.
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Giuliani, Massimo, Francesca Rollo, Maria Fenicia Vescio, Barbara Pichi, Alessandra Latini, Maria Benevolo, Raul Pellini, Antonio Cristaudo, and Maria Gabriella Dona'. "Oral human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected MSM: the OHMAR prospective cohort study." Sexually Transmitted Infections 96, no. 7 (January 30, 2020): 528–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-054301.
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ObjectiveWe aimed to assess incidence and clearance of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the respective risk factors in HIV-infected and uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM).MethodsOral rinse and gargles were collected semiannually from 244 MSM (103, 42.2% HIV-infected). HPV-DNA testing was performed with the Linear Array HPV Genotyping test. A Markov model was used for estimation of incidence, clearance and risk factor analysis.ResultsIncidence rates for any HPV were 21.2 and 15.0×1000 person-months in HIV-infected and uninfected MSM, respectively. The respective figures for high-risk HPVs were 10.7 and 6.5×1000 person-months. The clearance rate was 4–12 times higher than the respective incidence rate. HIV-infected MSM with >95 lifetime oral sex partners showed increased incidence of any HPV (adjusted HR, aHR: 8.46, 95% CI 1.89 to 37.92). Condomless oral sex appeared the strongest predictor for incident infection by high-risk HPVs in this group (aHR: 13.40, 95% CI 2.55 to 70.53). Those aged >46 years (aHR: 0.30, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.74) and those with nadir CD4+ T count of <200 cells/mm3 (aHR: 0.14, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.75) displayed a significantly reduced clearance of any and high-risk HPVs, respectively. HIV-uninfected MSM aged >46 years had increased risk of acquiring any HPV (aHR: 3.70, 95% CI 1.30 to 10.52) and high-risk HPV (aHR: 5.33, 95% CI 1.06 to 26.68). Any HPV clearance declined in those with more than six recent oral sex partners (aHR: 0.18, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.65).ConclusionsAcquisition of oral HPV infection in MSM seems to occur rarely, whereas clearance seems to be a frequent event. Oral HPV natural history in these at-risk subjects is differently influenced by age and sex behaviour, depending on HIV status.
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Bouhnik, Anne-Déborah, Marie Préau, Emmanuelle Vincent, Maria Patrizia Carrieri, Hervé Gallais, Gérard Lepeu, Jean-Albert Gastaut, Jean-Paul Moatti, and Bruno Spire. "Depression and Clinical Progression in HIV-Infected Drug Users Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy." Antiviral Therapy 10, no. 1 (January 2005): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350501000103.
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Objective To disentangle the impact of adherence from that of injecting drug status and depressive syndrome on HIV clinical progression in a cohort of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV patients infected through drug use. Design MANIF 2000 is a French cohort of HIV-infected drug users with scheduled medical visits every 6 months. Only patients enrolled in the MANIF 2000 cohort who had a CD4 cell count >200 cells/μl at HAART initiation were selected. The follow-up period included all post-HAART initiation visits. Methods HIV clinical progression was defined as either AIDS-related death or reaching a CD4 level <200 cells/μl. Adherence was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire and a structured face-to-face interview. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score at each visit. Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate crude and adjusted relative hazards and 95% confidence intervals and thus identify independent predictors of clinical progression. Results Of the 305 HAART-treated patients in the cohort, 243 had CD4 cell count >200 cells/μl at HAART initiation. At the first visit after HAART initiation, median CD4 cell count was 466 cells/μl and 45% had undetectable viral load. Injecting drug users accounted for 17% of the study group. Over the follow-up period, 32 patients experienced HIV clinical progression. Probable depression was encountered in 46% of patients and non-adherence in 31% of the sample. After adjustment on baseline CD4 cell count, predictors of clinical progression were: having a higher level of cumulative non-adherence over the follow-up period [HR (95% CI)=1.2 (1.1–1.3) per 10% increase] and having a high score of depressive symptoms following HAART initiation [HR (95% CI)=5.3 (2.21–3.0)]. Conclusions: Although depressive syndrome is known to influence non-adherence behaviours that are amongst the major reasons for clinical progression, it is also a predictor of clinical progression in HIV-infected intravenous drug users on HAART, independently of non-adherence behaviours. HIV care providers should be more sensitive to depressive symptoms in order to detect them early and supply HIV patients with specific care. Further research is needed to determine whether treating depressive symptoms may improve adherence and thus delay disease progression and mortality.
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Tulloch, A. D., A. S. David, and G. Thornicroft. "Exploring the predictors of early readmission to psychiatric hospital." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 23, 2015): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796015000128.
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Background.Aims of this study are to explore the associations of readmission to psychiatric hospital over time, to develop a statistical model for early readmission to psychiatric hospital and to assess the feasibility of predicting early readmission.Method.The sample comprised 7891 general psychiatric discharges in South London, taken from a large anonymised repository of electronic patient records. We initially explored time to readmission using Cox regression – this included investigation of time-dependent effects. Subsequently, we used logistic regression to create a predictive model for 90-day readmission. We investigated the effect on readmission of a set of variables that included demographic variables, diagnosis and legal status during the index admission, previous service use, housing variables and individual item scores on the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) at admission and at discharge.Results.Fifteen per cent of those discharged were readmitted within 90 days. Cox regression demonstrated that the estimated baseline hazard of readmission declined steeply after discharge and that the effects of several predictors, especially diagnosis, changed over time – most notably, personality disorder was associated with increased readmission relative to schizophrenia at the time of discharge, but did not significantly differ by 1-year postdischarge. In the logistic regression, increased readmission was associated with personality disorder diagnosis; shorter length of the index admission (excepting zero length admissions); number of discharges in the preceding 2 years; and having a high score at discharge on the HoNOS overactive and aggressive behaviour item, cognitive problems item or hallucinations and delusions items. Detention under Section 3 or a forensic section of the Mental Health Act during the index admission was associated with reduced readmission. The coefficient of discrimination for the logistic regression, which is equivalent to r2, was 0.04 and the estimated area under the receiver operating curve was 0.65.Conclusions.The association found between early readmission and personality disorder diagnosis merits further investigation, as does the possible trade-off between reduction in length of stay and increased readmission. Other novel findings such as the associations found with HoNOS item scores also merit replication. As with previous studies, we found that the rate of readmission declines steeply after hospital discharge, so that the period immediately subsequent to discharge is a period of comparatively high risk. However, prediction of early readmission within this high-risk group remains challenging – it seems most likely that many unmeasured influences operate subsequent to the time of discharge.
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Zhai, Donghui, Giuseppina Schiavone, Ilse Van Diest, Elske Vrieze, Walter DeRaedt, and Chris Van Hoof. "Ambulatory Smoking Habits Investigation based on Physiology and Context (ASSIST) using wearable sensors and mobile phones: protocol for an observational study." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e028284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028284.
Full textAbstract:
IntroductionSmoking prevalence continues to be high over the world and smoking-induced diseases impose a heavy burden on the medical care system. As believed by many researchers, a promising way to promote healthcare and well-being at low cost for the large vulnerable smoking population is through eHealth solutions by providing self-help information about smoking cessation. But in the absence of first-hand knowledge about smoking habits in daily life settings, systems built on these methods often fail to deliver proactive and tailored interventions for different users and situations over time, thus resulting in low efficacy. To fill the gap, an observational study has been developed on the theme of objective and non-biased monitoring of smoking habits in a longitudinal and ambulatory mode. This paper presents the study protocol. The primary objective of the study is to reveal the contextual and physiological pattern of different smoking behaviours using wearable sensors and mobile phones. The secondary objectives are to (1) analyse cue factors and contextual situations of smoking events; (2) describe smoking types with regard to users’ characteristics and (3) compare smoking types between and within subjects.Methods and analysesThis is an observational study aimed at reaching 100 participants. Inclusion criteria are adults aged between 18 and 65 years, current smoker and office worker. The primary outcome is a collection of a diverse and inclusive data set representing the daily smoking habits of the general smoking population from similar social context. Data analysation will revolve around our primary and secondary objectives. First, linear regression and linear mixed model will be used to estimate whether a factor or pattern have consistent (p value<0.05) correlation with smoking. Furthermore, multivariate multilevel analysis will be used to examine the influence of smokers’ characteristics (sex, age, education, socioeconomic status, nicotine dependence, attitudes towards smoking, quit attempts, etc), contextual factors, and physical and emotional statuses on their smoking habits. Most recent machine learning techniques will also be explored to combine heterogeneous data for classification of smoking events and prediction of craving.Ethics and disseminationThe study was designed together by an interdisciplinary group of researchers, including psychologist, psychiatrist, engineer and user involvement coordinator. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethical review board of UZ Leuven on 18 April 2016, with an approval number S60078. The study will allow us to characterise the types of smokers and triggering events. These findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed articles.