Journal articles on the topic 'Group identity – Japan'
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1
Hirayama, Hisashi, and Kasumi K. Hirayama. "Individuality vs. Group Identity: A Comparison between Japan and the United States." Journal of International and Comparative Social Welfare 2, no. 1-2 (September 1985): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486838508412669.
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Rahwati, Wawat, Budi Mulyadi, and Feri Purwadi. "The Negotiation of Zainichi Identity and Resistance to Japanese Domination in Kazuki Kaneshiro Literary Text." IZUMI 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.9.2.155-165.
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This study discusses the identity negotiation and resistance of the Zainichi minority to Japanese domination as the majority group in the literary text by Kazuki Kaneshiro. Zainichi is Korean people who came and have settled in Japan before and during World War II. As a minority group in Japan, Zainichi often faces discrimination from Japanese people due to his identity. Issues regarding the issue of Zainichi's identity are a dominant theme raised in the literary work of Zainchi (Zainichi bungaku). One of the authors of Zainichi's literary works is Kazuki Kaneshiro who wrote a novel entitled Go in 2007. Go novel as a literary text of Zainichi will be used as research data to reveal how Zainichi's identity negotiations are articulated by Zainichi characters and how their resistance against Japanese domination as the majority community group. By using postcolonial studies and analyses the structure of the narrative text, this research can reveal the forms of identity negotiation and resistances dis-course represented by Zainichi characters. Identity negotiation is seen through using Japanese name by Zainichi characters while interacting with the Japanese and changing the nationality from Korean to Japanese. Meanwhile, physical violence, mimicry (imitation), a mockery of Japanese behaviours, and maintaining their identity and Korean culture as resistances to counter the Japanese domination in the novel Go.
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Furuhashi, Tadaaki. "Biological Male “Gender Identity Disorder” Is Composed of Essentially Distinguishable Core and Periphery Groups." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 13, no. 1 (2011): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.13.1.64.
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In Japan, greater numbers of people with gender identity disorders (GID) are seeking professional help. The aim of our study is to show the clinical significance of classifying them into two subgroups when we address biological males with GID. From January 2001 to August 2009, 27 biological male patients with GID were consecutively examined at a university hospital in a major city in Japan. We formulated patients’ own past history concerning their gender identity on the basis of their narratives presented in several interviews. The present study suggested that Japanese biological male patients with GID who have, since childhood, manifested a special longing for feminine clothes and behaviors, could be positioned as a “core group;” and, patients with an uncomfortable feeling about their own sex that did not appear until adolescence could be positioned as a “periphery group.” As a result of psychotherapy in our samples, while the “core group” patients did not waver in their conviction that “I am a woman,” the cross-gender identification eventually disappeared in the “periphery group.” Identifying these two subgroups proved to be of great importance in deciding the management strategy for biological males with GID.
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Wong, Shuk-fan Fanny, and Wai-sum Amy Lee. "The Three Epochs of Hong Kong Lolita Subculture: Cultural Hybridization and Identity Construction." IAFOR Journal of Cultural Studies 6, no. 1 (July 14, 2021): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijcs.6.1.05.
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Lolita is identified as a female oriented subculture phenomenon which came about in the 1990s in Harajuku, Japan. Youths in Hong Kong, because culturally and geographically in close proximity to Japan, will usually adapt their neighboring city Tokyo’s cultural movements. This paper explores the development, meaning, significance of Lolita phenomena in Hong Kong from the postmodern historical and socio-cultural points of view. By assembling and examining the ethnographic data from face-to-face interviewees and materials from online resources between 2014 and 2017, we reviewed and proposed that there are three major epochs of Lolita subculture development in Hong Kong. The study concludes that the changes in online practices over the past two decades lead to the transformation of Lolita identity within the group. It also indicates that the development of Hong Kong Lolita subculture shows a positive impact of cultural hybridization. Moreover, through the active practice on virtual platforms, the group creates an imagined community for the participants to share their beliefs and dreams freely.
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Greer, Tim. "Accomplishing multiethnic identity in mundane talk." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.22.3.02gre.
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This paper examines identity-related interaction in a group of teenagers at an international school in Japan, focusing particularly on the discursive accomplishment of multiethnic identity among so-called half-Japanese (or “haafu”) people. The study employs Conversation Analysis (CA) and Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA) to document three instances of mundane talk in which such multiethnic Japanese teenagers are ethnified through the use of various identity categories and their associated activities and attributes. The analysis demonstrates that multiethnic people use a variety of discursive practices to refute unwanted ethnification, including reworking the category, casting themselves in a different category and refusing to react to category-based provocations. Common to all three cases is the fundamental issue of how ethnicity becomes a resource for speakers in everyday conversation.
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Chung, Eun Bin. "Can Affirming National Identity Increase International Trust? Experimental Evidence from South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Nationals." International Studies Review 16, no. 1 (October 19, 2015): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-01601005.
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How can states with a history of conflict promote trust with one another? Distrust between South Korea-Japan and China-Japan aggravates security fears and limits institutional cooperation in the region. Existing studies support the promotion of a common, overarching identity (e.g. “Asian-ness”) over a strong sense of national belonging. Are salient national identities harmful or helpful for increasing trust between countries? Applying the psychological theory of group-affirmation to an international context and integrating experimental methods from behavioral economics, I aim to examine whether affirming national identities can increase trust of another country. In a novel experiment with South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese participants, I find that group-affirmed individuals reported higher levels of trust, measured by payments in a trust game.
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Korostelina, Karina, and Yuji Uesugi. "Japanese Perspective on Korean Reunification: An Analysis of Interrelations between Social Identity and Power." International Studies Review 21, no. 1 (October 19, 2020): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-02101003.
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The paper explores how experts in Japan assess and understand the process and consequences of the unification of the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea). Based on the theoretical framework of interrelations between social identity and power, this paper asks how Japanese experts frame the process of Korean unification and evaluate its impact on Japan. The data was collected in Tokyo, Japan, through 37 semi-structured and focus group interviews, then examining these interviews using phenomenological and critical discourse analysis. Analysis of data reveals the existence of four competing narratives rooted in the complex relations between meaning of identity, concepts of power, and Japanese policies toward the unification process. The paper expands the description of two narratives currently present in the existing literature, (1) threat and (2) peace, and introduces two new narratives, (3) democratic processes and (4) restorative justice. The final discussion explores how three groups of factors, (1) regional dynamics, (2) domestic policy, and (3) possible models of unification, influence the prevalence of a particular narrative as well as resulting policies of Japan toward Korean unification.
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Min, Pyong Gap. "A Comparison of the Korean Minorities in China and Japan." International Migration Review 26, no. 1 (March 1992): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600101.
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Approximately 1.8 million Koreans are settled in China and some 700,000 Koreans are located in Japan. The Korean minorities in two neighboring Asian countries make an interesting contrast in adjustment and ethnicity. Whereas the Koreans in China have maintained high levels of ethnic autonomy and positive ethnic identity, the Korean Japanese have lost much of their cultural repertoire and have suffered from negative ethnic identity. This paper provides a comparative analysis, explaining why the Koreans in two countries have made the different adjustments. It focuses on the basic differences in minority policy between China and Japan, the difference in the context of migration, the existence or absence of a territorial base, and the differential levels of influence from Korea. This comparative analysis is theoretically valuable because it has demonstrated that the physical and cultural differences between the majority group and a minority group are not necessary conditions for prejudice and discrimination against the minority group.
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KERSTEN, RIKKI. "Defeat and the intellectual culture of postwar Japan." European Review 12, no. 4 (October 2004): 497–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000432.
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In this article, I examine how defeat in war has shaped intellectual discourse in postwar Japan, particularly intellectual debates on war guilt. Known as ‘war responsibility debates’ in Japanese, the disconnection that is imposed on national identity by defeat has led to a number of different responses from Japanese opinion leaders and scholars. Implicit in these responses is a desire to restore fundamental continuity, either by revising the appraisal of war, or by making guilt the unifying element in a transwar national identity. Defeat is the crux of the issue around which intellectuals have had to navigate in their quest for a continuous history for postwar Japan. This article considers the contributions made to this debate by Maruyama Masao, a pioneering thinker on political thought in postwar Japan; by the scholars in the Science of Thought Research Group in their study of political apostasy (tenkō) and the more recent advent of revisionist historians in the ‘Liberal School of History’ group. I conclude that this ongoing debate should itself be regarded as a positive phenomenon, as it continues to presume a basic link between the war and accountability that is fundamental to the integrity of Japan's postwar democracy.
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Dimitrova, Radosveta, Kai Hatano, Kazumi Sugimura, and Laura Ferrer-Wreder. "The Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory in Adolescent Samples." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no. 5 (September 2019): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000456.
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Abstract. This study tested the factorial structure and equivalence of identity as measured by the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI; Rosenthal, Gurney, & Moore, 1981 ) in 2,666 adolescents ( Mage = 16.53, SD = 1.50, 55% girls) in the United States and Japan. The EPSI Identity Scale is a widely used measure of the Eriksonian conceptualization of personal identity (i.e., individual self-knowledge, synthesis, and consistency) and is measured with two factors: identity confusion and synthesis. A bi-factor model for the EPSI had a better fit than a single- and two-factor model. Moreover, the EPSI results showed configural and partial metric equivalence, but did not show scalar equivalence across samples. Future cross-national research with adolescents from the United States and Japan may investigate correlates between identity, as measured by the EPSI, with other measures of interest. However, group comparisons among these samples may be ill advised due to a lack of scalar equivalence.
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Limsiritong, Thanapum, Tomoyuki Furutani, and Karnjira Limsiritong. "From a deadlock conflict of multiracial to Exploratory Factors Analysis on nationality decision making of Thai-Japanese multiracial group in Thailand." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(25).
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Identity value and nationality status are the sensitive issues which could lead to country problems. Also, Society awareness, racism, and discrimination to traveler, refugee, migrant, and multiracial are the major problems of international community. Mostly, there are few countries have revealed the data of this group in official report such as Thailand and Japan because of the complexity of national act ,policies and also the characteristic of society awareness meanwhile the number of people in this group tends to increase parallel with the number of long-stay tourist, refugee to international marriage. According to Tokyo Legal Affair Bureau is not allowed people to have dual nationality. The decision of their nationality will be forced indirect by law at age of 22 years old. According to Japan Times 2019 surveyed from 1,449 multiracial Japanese recipients in Japan, 76.8% refused to renounce citizenship, 76.8 using two passports, and 93.2% asking to change of nationality act. These issues could impact from the top to down country structure and international conflict as well. Keywords: multiracial,factor,nationality
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Fukui, Eriko, Takashi Uchino, Masunari Onozaka, Takashi Kawashimo, Momoko Iwai, Youji Takubo, Akiko Maruyama, et al. "The Mental Health of Young Return Migrants with Ancestral Roots in Their Destination Country: A Cross-Sectional Study Focusing on the Ethnic Identities of Japanese–Brazilian High School Students Living in Japan." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111858.
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Background: The number of young Japanese Brazilians, who are return migrants with Japanese ancestral roots, is increasing rapidly in Japan. However, the characteristics of their mental health and the relation between mental health and a complex ethnic identity remains unclear. Methods: This cross-sectional study compared 25 Japanese–Brazilian high school students with 62 Japanese high school students living in the same area. Research using self-report questionnaires on mental health, help-seeking behavior tendencies, and ethnic identity was conducted. The Japanese–Brazilian group was also divided into high and low ethnic identity groups, and their mental health conditions were compared. Results: The Japanese–Brazilian group had significantly poorer mental health conditions and lower ethnic identities than the Japanese group and were less likely to seek help from family members and close relatives. Among the Japanese Brazilians, those with low ethnic identity had significantly poorer mental health than those with high ethnic identity. Conclusions: Young Japanese Brazilians may face conflicts of ethnic identity that can disturb their mental health. To build an inclusive society, the establishment of community services to support mental health and to help return migrants develop their ethnic identity is essential.
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Anbäcken, Els-Marie, Kayoko Minemoto, and Miwa Fujii. "Expressions of Identity and Self in Daily Life at a Group Home for Older Persons With Dementia in Japan." Care Management Journals 16, no. 2 (June 2015): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1521-0987.16.2.64.
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This study focuses on expressions of identity and self among residents at a group home for older persons with dementia in Japan—a study, which started as an explorative study on spirituality—and how residents make meaning of life. Although aware of stages of dementia illness and briefly commenting on these, the analysis does not make any specific point of it. This article views dementia from a sociocultural perspective and is based on participant observations at a group home with 19 residents, combined with interviews with 6 of them. Two central concepts for the study are discussed and drawn on in the analysis: ie, meaning home and family, and dementia and boke, senility. The study examines how the group home is ie and concludes that it is “home enough” in the sense that one’s identity and self are honored here. The old word boke represents a state in which one has “given up” any attempts to keep one’s mental health. This concept was used by some residents to mark the line between those who were “helpless” with boke and those who could manage by themselves without boke. Identities are analyzed in different terms: as profession, as feeling secure, as being physically close, in social interactions, and as being cared for properly also after death. The analysis of self and identity showed that contentment in life was expressed in various ways, as a whole or as a patchwork with light and dark colors, and that it is still in process. Here, the supportive but discreet scaffolding of staff seems to matter. Life is lived until death, and the farewell ceremonies are analyzed as existential closures for many—and for life finalized here at Ie, the group home.
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McDonald, Brent Douglas. "Learning Masculinity through Japanese University Rowing." Sociology of Sport Journal 26, no. 3 (September 2009): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.26.3.425.
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This article is based on a larger ethnographic project that examines the construction of gendered identity within a Japanese men’s rowing club. For members, notions of masculinity and Japanese identity converge to the point of naturalization. The embodied experience of being a rower is underpinned by the cultural artifacts of hierarchy, social positioning, and group membership. Membership in university rowing clubs somatizes and naturalizes the valued characteristics associated with salary-man identity (duty, loyalty, self-sacrifice, mental and physical endurance) to the point of common sense. The resultant masculine identity is congruent with forms of hegemonic masculinity that are critical for successful employment in company-centered Japan.
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Rozman, Gilbert. "Japan's Images of China in the 1990s: Are They Ready for China's ‘Smile Diplomacy’ or Bush's ‘Strong Diplomacy’?" Japanese Journal of Political Science 2, no. 1 (May 2001): 97–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109901000159.
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Both the US and China are pressing Japan to tilt its foreign policy in their direction. Japan's response depends on views of China, which turned negative as assumptions proved incorrect. Early expectations were challenged in 1990–94, despite hopes of becoming a bridge between the US and China, and were dashed from 1995. The struggle among four schools of thought intensified. The full engagement group lost the most ground. The predominantly engagement, potential threat group was attacked as the mainstream, but it survived as the best option for global political leverage. The predominantly containment, possible engagement group gained as China allowed rising nationalism to target Japan. The full containment group also gained, boosted by Japanese nationalism anxious to rationalize the war era. More than reacting to Chinese or US actions, Japanese views are driven by instability in national identity. The US should be wary of encouraging containment of China because of its impact on rising Japanese nationalism.
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Kingsberg, Miriam. "Becoming Brazilian to Be Japanese: Emigrant Assimilation, Cultural Anthropology, and National Identity." Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, no. 1 (December 19, 2013): 67–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417513000625.
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AbstractAssimilation makes new members of a group by changing particular characteristics of non-members to reflect the fundamentals of collective belonging. Gaining the qualities for inclusion in one community typically involves losing at least some features that confer acceptance in another. However, scholars have generally not acknowledged assimilation as a process of loss. In part, this gap bespeaks a larger tendency to overlook the influence of emigration on national identity in population-exporting states (compared to the vast literature on immigration and national identity in population-receiving countries). This article analyzes discourses of assimilation concerning Japanese emigrants as a case study of how the ways in which members are understood to leave the national community delimits the bases of belonging for those who remain. Historically, Japanese ideologies of assimilation have been most contested in Brazil, where the largest Japanese diaspora in the West sought to reconcile patriotism and the expectations of the Japanese government with local nation-building agendas. After World War II, many emigrants and their descendants in Brazil refused to acknowledge Japan's surrender. This crisis inspired the first study of the Japanese diaspora ever conducted by a Japan-based social scientist. Izumi Seiichi's work in cultural anthropology helped to build Japan's new identity as a “peace state.” Subsequent generations of Japanese scholars continued to study the assimilation of the diaspora, recategorized as “Nikkei,” as a foil for “Japaneseness.” Their ethnic conception of national membership remains influential today, even as Japan transitions from a population exporter to a land of immigrants, including the Nikkei.
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Maki, Fumihiko. "My urban design of fifty years." Ekistics and The New Habitat 73, no. 436-441 (December 1, 2006): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200673436-44192.
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Professor Maki was a member of the faculty of the School of Architecture at Washington University from 1956 to 1963. Graduated from Tokyo University in 1952 with a Bachelors degree in Architecture and Engineering, he then received a Masters in Architecture from Cranbrook Academy of Arts in Bloomfield Hills , Michigan in 1953 and a Masters in Architecture from Harvard in 1954. In 1958 he was the recipient of a $10,000 International Graham Foundation Fellowship. He is the designer of Steinberg Hall at Washington University and auditoriums at Nagoya University and Chiba University in Japan. He is also one of the founders of the "Metabolism" group in Japan, as well as having done work with the well known architectural group, 'Team 10." In 1964 he was Associate Professor of Architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design. The text that follows is an edited version of the 2005 C.A.Doxiadis Lecture delivered on 19 September at the international symposion on "Globalization and Local Identity, " organized jointly by the World Society for Ekistics and the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan, 19-24 September, 2005.
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Srimulyani, Eka. "Indonesian Muslim Diaspora in Contemporary South Korea: Living as Religious Minority Group in Non-Muslim Country." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.9733.
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The process of migration and cross border mobility occurs for a number of reason or background such as politics, economics, education and so forth has made a number of Muslim leave their homeland to another countries. Due to this migration, a significant number of Muslims becomes a diasporic communities in other countries and sometimes lives as religious minority group in non-Muslim country. It is reported that one third of Muslims in the world live as minority in a number of countries both in the West and also in some Asian countries such as India, Japan, South Korea, etc. In general, the existing academic discourse and publication has focused more Muslim in the West, and overlooked the Muslims minority in Eastern countries which is also considered as non-Muslim land such as Japan, South Korea, and such. This article discusses the Muslim minorities in South Korea, with a specific focus on Indonesian Muslim as it made up a significant number of Muslim in South Korea recently. Their challenge, balancing their personal identity and loyal citizenship as well as integration issues will also discussed from fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) of minorities (fiqh al-aqaliyyat) point of view.
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Arrington, Celeste L. "Hiding in Plain Sight: Pseudonymity and Participation in Legal Mobilization." Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 2 (May 10, 2018): 310–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414018774356.
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How and when do people participate in sustained collective action via the courts? Previous research highlights group identity or resources and political opportunities but overlooks civil procedural rules’ effects beyond the courtroom. This article explores how rules regarding privacy shape individuals’ decisions about sustained participation. Fears of exposing one’s identity deter participation, especially in the context of public trials. Yet, a paired comparison of litigation by victims of hepatitis C-tainted blood products in Japan and Korea reveals that court-supervised privacy protections, which were available in Japan but not in Korea, facilitate plaintiffs’ participation inside and outside the courtroom. They ease plaintiff recruitment and enhance claimants’ credibility. Counterintuitively, they also let claimants strategically shed pseudonymity to send a costly signal about their commitment to the cause. Theorizing “pseudonymous participation” as an understudied mode of activism between full exposure and anonymity demonstrates that seemingly technical aspects of law have significant political consequences.
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Takahashi, Mana. "When the law is silent: stigma and challenges faced by male sex workers in Japan." International Journal of Law in Context 17, no. 3 (September 2021): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552321000409.
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AbstractThis study considers how invisibility under the law can lead to stigmatisation. It examines how legal silence affects the stigmatisation process and the identity of male sex workers in Japan. Since male sex work is currently not recognised under Japanese law, male sex workers are not subject to control, regulation, punishment or protection. However, the number of male sex workers in Japan is increasing. Many studies have noted that male sex workers may experience double stigmatisation – referring to the stigma associated with homosexuality and the stigma associated with commercial sex. Male sex workers in Japan, however, may face an additional stigma caused by the fact that the law essentially ignores their existence. This paper draws on fieldwork interviews to show how the silence of the law can exacerbate the marginalisation and disempowerment of a vulnerable social group.
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Sumi Cho. "The Political Practice through Play and Transformation of Collective Gay Identity in an Okinawan Dance Coterie Group in Osaka, Japan." Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 23, no. 1 (March 2016): 175–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.18107/japs.2016.23.1.007.
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Balgoa, Nelia G. "Filipino English Teachers in Japan: “Nonnativeness” and the Teaching and Learning of English." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 10, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1002.06.
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A feature of the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Program, which aims to internationalize Japan and to improve the English-speaking ability of its students, is the hiring of Assistant Language Teachers (ALTs) who are described by the Japanese government as native-level speakers of English working in Japanese classrooms. By using critical applied linguistic which focuses on questions of power, difference, access and domination in the use of the English language (Pennycook, 2001), this paper examines the motivations of the Filipino teachers as ALTs, the processes of international teacher recruitment and how their 'nonnativeness' reconfigure their identity as nonnative English speaker teachers (NNESTs) and Filipino migrants. Data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions of Filipino ALTs and Japanese teachers show that English is both motivation and vehicle for migration and settlement for the Filipino teachers. “Nonnativeness” requires from them reconfiguration of their identity which entails them to sound native, counteract perceived forms of discrimination and assess their roles in the spread and use of English. This “nonnativeness” is a repudiation of their skills and qualifications as English teachers thus, paving the way for an interrogation of language ideologies, and of linguistic and racial identities.
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Mackie, Joanne, Ellena Higgins, Grant A. Chambers, Len Tesoriero, Ramez Aldaoud, Geoff Kelly, Wycliff M. Kinoti, Brendan C. Rodoni, and Fiona E. Constable. "Genome Analysis of Melon Necrotic Spot Virus Incursions and Seed Interceptions in Australia." Plant Disease 104, no. 7 (July 2020): 1969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-19-0846-re.
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Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) was detected in field-grown Cucumis melo (rockmelon) and Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) plants in the Sunraysia district of New South Wales and Victoria, Australia, in 2012, 2013, and 2016, and in two watermelon seed lots tested at the Australian border in 2016. High-throughput sequencing was used to generate near full-length genomes of six isolates detected during the incursions and seed testing. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomes suggests that there have been at least two incursions of MNSV into Australia and none of the field isolates were the same as the isolates detected in seeds. The analysis indicated that one watermelon field sample (L10), the Victorian rockmelon field sample, and two seed interception samples may have European origins. The results showed that two isolates (L8 and L9) from watermelon were divergent from the type MNSV strain (MNSV-GA, D12536.2) and had 99% nucleotide identity to two MNSV isolates from human stool collected in the United States (KY124135.1, KY124136.1). These isolates also had high nucleotide pairwise identity (96%) to a partial sequence from a Spanish MNSV isolate (KT962848.1). The analysis supported the identification of three previously described MNSV genotype groups: EU-LA, Japan melon, and Japan watermelon. To account for the greater diversity of hosts and geographic regions of the MNSV isolates used in this study, it is suggested that the genotype groups EU-LA, Japan melon, and Japan watermelon be renamed to groups I, II, and III, respectively. The divergent isolates L8 and L9 from this study and the stool isolates from the United States formed a fourth genotype group, group IV. Soil collected from the site of the Victorian rockmelon MNSV outbreak was found to contain viable MNSV and the virus vector, a chytrid fungus, Olpidium bornovanus (Sahtiyanci) Karling, 18 months after the initial MNSV detection. This is a first report of O. bornovanus from soil sampled from an MNSV-contaminated site in Australia.
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이지연. "A study of Korean Residents in Japan through the Documentary “Our School” – Focusing on the Identity of Korean Permanent Residents in Japan and the Meaning of the Ethnic Group." Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences 14, no. 2 (October 2013): 23–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15818/ihss.2013.14.2.23.
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Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. "Northern Lights: The Making and Unmaking of Karafuto Identity." Journal of Asian Studies 60, no. 3 (August 2001): 645–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2700105.
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In the context of the japanese colonial empire, debates about colonial identity have tended to focus on the relationship between Japanese rulers and non-Japanese colonial subjects. The main problems for analysis have been the development of assimilationist and/or discriminatory policies toward colonized peoples, and the way in which the colonized—Koreans, Taiwanese, Micronesians, and others—resisted or adapted to the pressures of those policies. It is perhaps for this reason that rather little scholarly work has been published, in Japanese or in English, about the history of the Japanese colony of Karafuto, which was, after all, overwhelmingly a settler colony. By the mid-1930s, the colony had just over three hundred thousand inhabitants, of whom the vast majority were recent migrants from Japan, though official statistics also record the presence of some two hundred Russians, around two thousand indigenous people—mostly Ainu, Uilta and Nivkh—and almost six thousand Koreans, a group whose numbers were to grow very rapidly from the late 1930s to the mid-1940s. Very recently, however, increasing attention has begun to be directed to the complex, contested, and paradoxical process of identity formation amongst various groups of Japanese colonizers, especially amongst those Japanese who were born or brought up in the colonies (Kawamura 1994; 2000; Tomiyama 1997; Young 1998; Tamanoi 2000). In this context, Karafuto—as a predominantly settler colony—has a particularly interesting story to tell.
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Takahashi, Masaharu, Tsutomu Nishizawa, Akira Yoshikawa, Shin Sato, Norio Isoda, Kenichi Ido, Kentaro Sugano, and Hiroaki Okamoto. "Identification of two distinct genotypes of hepatitis E virus in a Japanese patient with acute hepatitis who had not travelled abroad." Journal of General Virology 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-8-1931.
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Two distinct hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates, designated HE-JI3 and HE-JI4, were identified in a single patient with acute hepatitis in Japan, who had not travelled abroad. The HEV load of HE-JI3 at admission was 102 copies/ml, but that of HE-JI4 was tenfold higher at 103 copies/ml. The viraemia of HE-JI4 persisted for up to 16 days from admission, whereas HE-JI3 disappeared at 9 days after admission. The entire nucleotide sequence of the HE-JI4 isolate and partial nucleotide sequences of open reading frames (ORFs) 1 and 2 of the HE-JI3 isolate were determined. The full-length nucleotide sequence of HE-JI4 consisted of 7171 nucleotides excluding the poly(A) tail and contained ORF1 encoding 1684 amino acids, ORF2 encoding 671 amino acids and ORF3 encoding 114 amino acids. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the HEV genomes indicated that HE-JI4 was most closely related to an HEV isolate (T1) of genotype IV with the same strategy for translation of ORF2 and ORF3, but which differed from it by 16·5% over the entire genome. The HE-JI3 isolate showed the highest nucleotide identity (88·6–95·1%) to the genotype III HEVs, having higher identity to human and swine HEV isolates from the United States (US1, US2 and swUS1) than to those reported thus far from Japan (JRA1 and swJ570). The two co-infecting strains of HE-JI3 and HE-JI4 identified from the single patient shared only 80·1% nucleotide identity. These results indicate that multiple genotypes of HEV co-circulate in Japan, and that genotype IV comprises a remarkably heterogeneous group of HEVs.
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Arfani, Junita Widiati, and Ayami Nakaya. "Meanings of International High School Education in Indonesia and Japan." Journal of Research in International Education 18, no. 3 (December 2019): 310–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475240919890223.
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The study on which this article is based aimed to discover the meanings of international education at the high school level from the perspective of students and parents in Japan and Indonesia. Two research questions are addressed: How do Indonesia and Japan balance their international education policy in relation to the need to foster globally competent workers, global citizenship, and nation-building? What are the respective meanings of international education for students and parents? A policy analysis was undertaken based on documents as well as class observations, and individual and group interviews with international education students and parents. The study found that while both the Indonesian and Japanese governments have attempted to build human capital with global competence and national identity, they have utilized different strategies. While Indonesian and Japanese students and parents found similar meanings in university preparation, there were different meanings regarding national language usage, social responsibility, self-identification, life after university, and neo-colonialism.
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Han, Enze. "From domestic to international: the politics of ethnic identity in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia." Nationalities Papers 39, no. 6 (November 2011): 941–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2011.614226.
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This paper examines two contrasting cases of ethnic-group political activism in China – the Uighurs in Xinjiang and the Mongols in Inner Mongolia – to explain the former's political activism and the latter's lack thereof. Given similar challenges and pressures, how can we explain the divergent patterns in these two groups’ political behavior? This paper forwards the argument that domestic factors alone are not sufficient to account for differences in the groups’ political behavior. Instead, international factors have to be included to offer a fuller and satisfactory explanation. The paper illustrates how three types of international factors – big power support, external cultural ties, and Uighur diaspora community activism – have provided opportunities and resources to make the Uighur political activism sustainable. In Inner Mongolia, its quest for self-determination reached the highest fervor in the early half of the twentieth century, particularly with the support of imperial Japan. However, since the end of WWII, Inner Mongolia has not received any consistent international support and, as a result, has been more substantially incorporated into China's geopolitical body.
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Wake, Naoko. "Surviving the Bomb in America." Pacific Historical Review 86, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 472–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2017.86.3.472.
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This article explores the little-known history of Japanese American survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. By focusing on this particular group of survivors with a careful attention to their layered citizenship, national belonging, and gender identity, the article makes important connections between the history of the bomb and the history of immigration across the Pacific. U.S. survivors were both American citizens and immigrants with deep ties to Japan. Their stories expand our understanding of the bomb by taking it out of the context of the clash between nations and placing it in the lives of people who were not within a victors-or-victims dichotomy. Using oral histories with U.S. survivors, their families, and their supporters, the article reveals experiences, memories, and activism that have connected U.S. survivors to both Japan and the United States in person-centered, relatable ways. Moreover, the article brings to light under-explored aspects of Asian America, namely, significant intersections of former internees’ and bomb survivors’ experiences and the role of older women’s agency in the making of Asian American identity. In so doing, the article destabilizes the rigidly nation-bound understanding of the bomb and its human costs that has prevailed in the Pacific region.
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Nakai, Ryosuke, Takeshi Naganuma, Nozomi Tazato, Sho Morohoshi, and Tomomi Koide. "Cell Plasticity and Genomic Structure of a Novel Filterable Rhizobiales Bacterium that Belongs to a Widely Distributed Lineage." Microorganisms 8, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091373.
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Rhizobiales bacterium strain IZ6 is a novel filterable bacterium that was isolated from a suspension filtrate (<0.22 µm) of soil collected in Shimane Prefecture, western Japan. Additional closely related isolates were recovered from filterable fractions of terrestrial environmental samples collected from other places in Japan; the Gobi Desert, north-central China; and Svalbard, Arctic Norway. These findings indicate a wide distribution of this lineage. This study reports the cell variation and genomic structure of IZ6. When cultured at lower temperatures (4 °C and 15 °C), this strain contained ultra-small cells and cell-like particles in the filtrate. PacBio sequencing revealed that this chromosome (3,114,641 bp) contained 3150 protein-coding, 51 tRNA, and three rRNA genes. IZ6 showed low 16S rRNA gene sequence identity (<97%) and low average nucleotide identity (<76%) with its closest known relative, Flaviflagellibacter deserti. Unlike the methylotrophic bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in related genera, there were no genes that encoded enzymes for one-carbon-compound utilization and nitrogen fixation in the IZ6 genome; the genes related to nitrate and nitrite reductase are retained and those related to the cell membrane function tend to be slightly enriched in the genome. This genomic information helps elucidate the eco-physiological function of a phenotypically heterogeneous and diverse Rhizobiales group.
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Park, Joonha, John W. Berry, and Mohsen Joshanloo. "Japanese people's attitudes toward acculturation and intercultural relations." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 16 (January 2022): 183449092210909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/18344909221090996.
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Dealing with cultural diversity is one of the key challenges in contemporary societies, with Japan being no exception. However, relatively little is known about how minority group members are viewed by members of the dominant group. The current paper presents a study that evaluated three hypotheses that are related to these issues with a survey of 210 Japanese adult participants. The study also examines moderating roles of national identities in acculturation expectations and psychological functioning in the dominant group. Perceived security about the society in terms of national culture, and personal conditions in a multicultural society predict the most tolerant form of acculturation expectation. This association is mediated by one's multicultural ideology. Although acculturation expectations are not predictive of psychological functioning, particular national identity (i.e., internationalism) alleviates the negative effect of the closest form of expectation (exclusion) on psychological problems. The study implies the need for analysis on culture-specific constructs of multicultural society in perceptions and attitudes in the dominant group in Japanese society.
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WILLIAMS, MARK. "Shiina Rinzō: imaging hope and despair in occupation Japan." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 66, no. 3 (October 2003): 442–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x03000314.
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With defeat in the Pacific War in 1945, the very notion of ‘community’ (as described by Benedict Anderson) in Japan was under threat, the future of the nation dependent, as never before, on the response of the international community. Viewed in a different light, however, the slate was clean—the possibilities, indeed the need, for revised terms of reference for this ‘imagined community’ now of paramount importance. The ensuing attempts to define the parameters of the emerging national identity were far-reaching and multi-faceted, seeking as they did to encompass the memories of loss and devastation through the realm of everyday culture as well as through political discourse. The focus of this paper will be on the contribution to this radical reassessment of the relationship between the nation and the individual made by the group of authors collectively known as the Sengoha (après guerre literary coterie). More specifically, I shall be examining the novellas, Shin'ya no shuen (The midnight banquet, 1947) and Eien naru josho (The eternal preface, 1948), two early texts by the author, Shiina Rinzō, arguably the most representative Sengoha writer, for evidence of the extent to which this literature helped to shape and modify the ‘imagined community’ of Japan.
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Bai, Xuechunzi, Varun Gauri, and Susan T. Fiske. "Cosmopolitan morality trades off in-group for the world, separating benefits and protection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (September 27, 2021): e2100991118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100991118.
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Global cooperation rests on popular endorsement of cosmopolitan values—putting all humanity equal to or ahead of conationals. Despite being comparative judgments that may trade off, even sacrifice, the in-group’s interests for the rest of the world, moral cosmopolitanism finds support in large, nationally representative surveys from Spain, the United Kingdom, Germany, China, Japan, the United States, Colombia, and Guatemala. A series of studies probe this trading off of the in-group’s interests against the world’s interests. Respondents everywhere distinguish preventing harm to foreign citizens, which almost all support, from redistributing resources, which only about half support. These two dimensions of moral cosmopolitanism, equitable security (preventing harm) and equitable benefits (redistributing resources), predict attitudes toward contested international policies, actual charitable donations, and preferences for mask and vaccine allocations in the COVID-19 response. The dimensions do not reflect several demographic variables and only weakly reflect political ideology. Moral cosmopolitanism also differs from related psychological constructs such as group identity. Finally, to understand the underlying thought structures, natural language processing reveals cognitive associations underlying moral cosmopolitanism (e.g., world, both) versus the alternative, parochial moral mindset (e.g., USA, first). Making these global or local terms accessible introduces an effective intervention that at least temporarily leads more people to behave like moral cosmopolitans.
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Bebenroth, Ralf, and Yasmin Nur Nahar. "Emerging Market versus Western Expatriates in Japan during the Covid-19 Pandemic." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 13, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 406–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2022.13.86.
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In this paper, the term “EMex” is coined to refer to emerging market expatriates who had to adjust to working and living in Japan during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Social Identity Theory is applied together with the Grounded Theory to develop a more nuanced picture of how EMex coped with the adjustment process. We found that EMex were confronted with various challenges, some of which were somewhat similar, while others were quite different compared to those experienced by the Western expatriates. All the interviewees in this study spent most of their assignment duration in Japan at their home office. Occasionally, when EMex were allowed to go to their office, they were assigned to special projects with international teams, and so they did not have any contact with non-English speaking local (Japanese) managers. Like Western expatriates, they also missed in-person meetings with their workmates at the office; in spite of their IT literacy, they also faced challenges conducting online meetings from their home office. EMex were not given housing allowance, and this added to the difficulty in adjusting to living in Japan compared to Western expatriates. Moreover, their motivations and perspectives of the future differed from those of Western managers, who had a more secure future with their company. Also EMex faced out-group categorization issues by host-country nationals (HCNs) even if some of them planned to extend their stay in Japan after their assignment ended.
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KOWNER, ROTEM. "‘LIGHTER THAN YELLOW, BUT NOT ENOUGH’: WESTERN DISCOURSE ON THE JAPANESE ‘RACE’, 1854–1904." Historical Journal 43, no. 1 (March 2000): 103–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x9900895x.
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During the half century (1854–1904) which followed the opening of Japan's ports, Westerners scrutinized the rediscovered archipelago and attempted to classify its inhabitants within their racial system. Despite the claim for ‘scientific’ objectivism, Western racial views of the Japanese were largely dictated by contemporary political and moral attitudes toward Japan. Hence, writings on the Japanese ‘race’ reflected not only the racial knowledge of the period but also the asymmetry between the West and Japan. These writings embodied a genuine discourse: they were propounded in texts, historically located, and displayed a coherent system of meaning. Critically, the Western discourse regarding the identity of the Japanese people aimed to maintain, and even produce, power relations between the colonial powers and the local population, and as such it exerted ideological influence on both Western readers and the Japanese. The present article traces this racial discourse, and attempts to explain the rapid transformation of the image of the Japanese people from an almost unknown racial entity to a national group Westerners perceived as a major racial threat.
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Burhani, Ahmad Najib. "IDENTITAS DAN KESARJANAAN: MELINTASI BATAS DALAM STUDI TENTANG AHMADIYAH DI INDONESIA." Harmoni 16, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32488/harmoni.v16i2.15.
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Who is more authoritative in researching certain religious minorities, insider or outsider? How to apply the concept of ‘detachment’, ‘neutrality’, and ‘bracketing’ in studying religious groups officially declared by majority of ulama and mainstream religious organizations as deviant cults like Ahmadiyah? And how would the various concepts, methods, and scientific theories, such as ‘going native’ and ‘participant observation’ be applied in the field? How to negotiate between faith and science, our identity as part of religious mainstream and orthodox group in studying communities deemed ‘heretic’? How does researcher’s identity as a non-Ahmadi affect his research and judgment about Ahmadiyah? This paper intends to discuss the author’s experience in studying Ahmadiyah, in applying various theories and academic principles in the study of this community, and how to behave towards individual conflicts and controversies surrounding Ahmadiyah issues. This paper is based on seven-year experience of living with, studying, and participating in the activities of Ahmadiyah in Indonesia, Singapore, Japan, India, England, and the United States.
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Rapley, Ian. "When global and local culture meet." Language Problems and Language Planning 37, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.37.2.04rap.
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In the 1920s Aomori prefecture, a rural part of northern Japan, a group of Esperanto clubs emerged as a sub-part of a “local arts movement”. This movement was an attempt to counter a perception of underdevelopment through the cultivation of local arts and culture together with a simultaneous engagement with global and transnational ideas such as Esperanto. By studying this unexpected manifestation of internationalism (as well as debates regarding the local/global relationship) it is argued that Esperanto represented a cosmopolitan world view that retained explicit respect for local and cultural differences, a “rooted cosmopolitanism”. This enabled the residents of Aomori to imagine an alternative to the process of modern nation building in which their local identity was seen as a remnant of an undesirable past.
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FREEMAN, M. A. "X-cell parasites in the European dab Limanda limanda are related to other X-cell organisms: a discussion on the potential identity of this new group of parasites." Parasitology 136, no. 9 (June 24, 2009): 967–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009006507.
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SUMMARYUnusual tumour-like pathologies caused by mysterious cells termed ‘X-cells’ have been reported from numerous fish groups worldwide. After nearly 100 years of research, the tumour-like growths have recently been shown to be caused by a protozoan parasite. In the present study, histopathology and small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences are used to assess whether the X-cell parasite infecting Atlantic dab Limanda limanda L. is distinct from the X-cell parasite infecting Japanese flounder and goby, and to determine their systematic position within the protists. SSU rDNA from Scottish dab was 89·3% and 86·7% similar to Japanese X-cell sequences from flounder and goby respectively, indicating that the parasite infecting dab in the Atlantic is distinct from the Pacific species. Histological studies revealed significant gill pathology and demonstrated the precise location of the parasites within the gill tissues using specific in situ hybridization probes. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the X-cell parasites from Scotland and Japan form a monophyletic group within the Myzozoa, and are basal alveolates. However, ultrastructure of X-cells from dab fails to confirm this systematic placement.
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Hidayat, Debra, and Z. Hidayat. "Anime as Japanese Intercultural Communication: A Study of the Weeaboo Community of Indonesian Generation Z and Y." Romanian Journal of Communication and Public Relations 22, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21018/rjcpr.2020.3.310.
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Acculturation today does not only occur due to direct physical interaction between two different cultural groups, but rather, it is due more to online interaction. Cultural interaction also raises the imitation of the visual aspects of popular commodities, such as films being cultural products. This study aims to explore subcultures and identity communication built and maintained in the weeaboo fandom community outside of Japan. It also analyzes the daily experiences of individuals in interacting within the community and outside of it. This study uses a qualitative phenomenological approach through detailed observation, in-depth interviews, and analysis of community interactions on social media. Because weeaboo’s scope is anime fans in various countries other than Japan, the sources and participants of this study were drawn mainly from Indonesia. The results showed that the weeaboo subculture arose between millennials and generation Z anime lovers. These cohorts began to recognize anime and form communities from childhood with those with the same habits, so similar characters and preferences emerge. Acculturation occurs in contiguity between two primary cultures where a new culture is born. In the context of anime, there is acculturation between Japanese culture (home culture) with the culture of a different country, as anime fans in the community do their routines and habits differently from the anime home country (Japan) in the host country (outside Japan). This study found that the weeaboo subculture of Indonesian Generation Z and Y is shaped by acculturation in intercultural communication such as in language, expressions, fashion, accessories, make-up, hairstyle, cuisine, group attitudes, values, and natural and cultural preferences of Japanese destinations. Based on the findings, further research can continue to analyze other aspects that are affected by the weeaboo community, such as international relations, economic aspects, and the Japanese tourism industry.
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Koerner, Jane, Satoshi Shiono, Seiichi Ichikawa, Noriyo Kaneko, Hiroyuki Tsuji, Toshio Machi, Daisuke Goto, and Tetsuro Onitsuka. "Factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse and age among men who have sex with men who are gay bar customers in Osaka, Japan." Sexual Health 9, no. 4 (2012): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11081.
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Background HIV infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) are increasing in Japan. Method: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire among clients of a gay bar in Osaka was used to analyse the relationship between age and unprotected anal sex (UAI). Results: The highest rate of UAI was reported among those aged ≥45 (73.3%), followed by the ≤24 (60.7%), 25–34 (56.3%) and 35–44 (54.0%) age groups (P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, UAI was related to sex with six or more sexual partners among those aged ≤24 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 4.88; confidence interval (CI), 1.21–19.74), bisexual identity (AOR, 2.47; CI, 1.06–5.76) and drug use (AOR, 0.49; CI, 0.26–0.93 for no drug use) in the 25–34 age group, and no lifetime HIV testing in the 35–44 age group (AOR, 2.57; CI, 1.40–4.74). Condom purchasing and condom carrying were protective of UAI in 25–34, 35–44 and ≥45 age groups. Conclusion: Programs promoting condom use are needed for younger and older MSM.
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Izotova, Nadezda N. "DRINK OF THE GODS IN EVERYDAY AND HOLYDAY JAPANESE CULTURE." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 39 (2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/39/3.
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The subject of research is sake – traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage. The purpose of the arti-cle is to determine the role of sake in Japanese culture, to identify the ideas, national stereotypes, and a system of values behind it. The relevance of the study is determined by the symbolic value of gastro-nomic culture as a means of identifying an ethnic group. The national cuisine of any nation is formed under the influence of various factors: natural and geographical features of the area, type of civilization, and fundamental cultural values. Its analysis allows us to come closer to understanding more global issues of identity formation, preservation and translation of cultural heritage, and features of national thinking. Due to its semiotic functions, food can serve as a symbol in various life situations. Using a specific set of products endowed with cultural meaning, the nation retains its original features. Thus, gastronomic culture reveals traits of a national character and contributes to the preservation of cultural identity. Sake is a ritual beverage with a thousand-year history, a concentrate of cultural meanings that identify a person and society in their inextricable relationship. For centuries it has been part of the life of almost every person in Japan, has inspired forms of conduct and ways of thinking because of its importance in rites commemorating everything from birth to death. Sake is more than a drink taken to enjoy. It also serves a vital social purpose at the defining moments in life. The author has analyzed sake as a sacred beverage, mentioned in the ancient Japanese Chroni-cles, showed its close connection with Shinto rituals, determined the role in the everyday and festive culture of the Japanese. Belief in the divine nature of sake is rooted in ancient myths and legends. Tolerant attitude towards the drunk in Japan also goes back to ancient rituals. Turning to literary sources and Japanese phraseology made it possible to significantly expand the research base and to reveal the totality of ideas about sake in the worldview of native Japanese speakers. The main methods of work are conceptual and contextual analysis, lingvocultural commentary, implemented in the methods of classification and systematization of material. Аnalysis of numerous examples made it possible to explicate the spiritual, sacred significance of sake, to conclude that in the Japanese worldview it is more than just an alcoholic drink, it is associated with ideas that encompass the entire sphere of a person’s life: life, death, work, family, generational communication, change of seasons. As a cultural marker sake carries culturally significant information and serves as the most important means of understanding cultural identity.
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Dong, Jian-Bao, Wei Zhu, Frank R. Cook, Yoshitaka Goto, Yoichiro Horii, and Takeshi Haga. "Identification of a novel equine infectious anemia virus field strain isolated from feral horses in southern Japan." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047498-0.
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Although equine infectious anemia (EIA) was described more than 150 years ago, complete genomic sequences have only been obtained from two field strains of EIA virus (EIAV), EIAVWyoming and EIAVLiaoning. In 2011, EIA was detected within the distinctive feral Misaki horse population that inhabits the Toi-Cape area of southern Japan. Complete proviral sequences comprising a novel field strain were amplified directly from peripheral blood of one of these EIAV-infected horses and characterized by nucleotide sequencing. The complete provirus of Miyazaki2011-A strain is 8208 bp in length with an overall genomic organization typical of EIAV. However, this field isolate possesses just 77.2 and 78.7 % nucleotide sequence identity with the EIAVWyoming and EIAVLiaoning strains, respectively, while similarity plot analysis suggested all three strains arose independently. Furthermore, phylogenetic studies using sequences obtained from all EIAV-infected Misaki horses against known viral strains strongly suggests these Japanese isolates comprise a separate monophyletic group.
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Kimura, Fumihiko, Ken Sato, Shinichi Kobayashi, Takashi Ikeda, Hiroki Torikai, Yukiko Ohsawa, Hitoshi Ohto, Makoto Hirokawa, and Kazuo Motoyoshi. "Impacts of ABO-Blood Type Incompatibility on Outcome of Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplantation through the Japan Marrow Donor Program." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.173.173.
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Abstract ABO incompatibility between donor and recipient is not a barrier for successful allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but conflicting data still exist concerning its influence on transplant outcome, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), relapse, and survival. We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent UR-BMT through the Japan Marrow Donor Program between January 1993 and September 2005, with complete data on ABO-blood group compatibility, age, and gender in donors and recipients. A total of 4,970 patients were transplanted with marrow from ABO-matched (M; n=2,513, 50.6%), major incompatible (MA; n=1,254, 25.2%), minor incompatible (MI; n=1,081, 21.8%), and bidirectional incompatible donors (IA; n=122, 2.5%), and were followed up over a median period of 325 days. Among these four groups, excluding age, there was no significant difference in the gender of patients and donors, number of transplantations, conditioning regimen, GVHD prophylaxis, and performance status before transplantation by the likelihood ratio test. The 5-year overall survival of any ABO-incompatible group was significantly lower compared to an identical group (Wilcoxon test, p<0.0001); the estimates for each group were 50.0% (M), 44.7% (MA), 46.7% (MI), and 41.3% (IA). Even in HLA-matched transplantation (n=2,608), a similar difference in overall survival was observed among the four groups (p=0.0124). In ABO-mismatched transplantation, the processing of bone marrow is necessary to prevent hemolysis of donor or recipient red blood cells as a result of the infusion of ABO-incompatible red blood cells or plasma contained within it. This procedure may reduce the number of hematopoietic stem cells. In fact, the mean number of total infused cells in each group was 3.10 (M), 1.52 (MA), 2.87 (MI), and 1.33 (IA) x108 per patient body weight (kg), with a significant difference in 4,210 patients in which data on the infused cell number were available (M; n=2,310, MA; n=996, MI; n=802, IA; n=102). To examine whether the difference in overall survival depended on the transplanted cell number, we used time-dependent Cox proportional hazards modeling to compare identical and major incompatible groups in terms of overall survival. Whereas the disease (standard and high-risk malignant disease, and benign disease; p=0.0000), patient age (p=0.0000), and ABO compatibility (p=0.0311) were elucidated to be significant risk factors, the number of infused cells was not (p=0.0603). Engraftment of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets were significantly delayed in major ABO mismatch in comparison with ABO identity (p<0.0001). Univariate analysis revealed a small but significant difference in the rate of grade III and IV GVHD among the four groups (p=0.0204). Patients with major and minor ABO incompatibility had a higher incidence of severe GVHD compared to ABO identity (21.9%, 20.4% vs 16.2%). There was no significant difference in GVHD of the skin and gut, but major and minor mismatch developed a higher incidence of moderate to severe hepatic GVHD compared to ABO match (p<0.0001, p=0.0010, respectively). ABO incompatibility had no significant effect on relapse, but the incidence of rejection was significantly higher with ABO-incompatible transplantation (p=0.0219).
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Coletta-Filho, H. D., M. A. Takita, M. L. P. N. Targon, and M. A. Machado. "Analysis of 16S rDNA Sequences from Citrus Huanglongbing Bacteria Reveal a Different “Ca. Liberibacter” Strain Associated with Citrus Disease in São Paulo." Plant Disease 89, no. 8 (August 2005): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0848.
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Citrus huanglongbing (HLB, ex greening) is one of the most serious and destructive citrus diseases in the world. It is caused by a phloem-limited and nonculturable bacterium, “Candidatus Liberibacter”. The disease occurs in some Asian and African countries and recently has been reported in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal (r)DNA of the HLB bacteria from orchards in São Paulo revealed the presence of two distinct strains of “Ca. Liberibacter”. One of them, named LSg1 (Liberibacter sequence group 1), was 100% identical to strains from Japan (GenBank accessions AB038369 and AB008366), the Asian forms of the bacteria. The other, LSg2, is genetically distant from the Asian (96.1 to 96.3% identity) and African (95.8 to 96.1% identity) strains. Comparison of the 16S rDNA sequences from the LSg2 and the Asian strain revealed the presence of INDELs and point mutations. Specific primers designed for this Brazilian Liberibacter strain revealed that it is more widely distributed throughout the São Paulo orchards compared with the LSg1 strain. The HLB symptoms caused by both strains are almost identical and, interestingly, both strains were found in the same sample, revealing mixed infection in a citrus plant.
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Bull, Jonathan. "Karafuto Repatriates and the Work of the Hakodate Regional Repatriation Centre, 1945–50." Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 4 (May 15, 2018): 788–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418761213.
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This article demonstrates how discourse about those repatriated from Japan’s former colonial empire was constructed in early postwar Japan. US Occupation planning assumed that a repatriate had a ‘home’ to return to from which he or she could make a ‘new’ start. Aware that repatriation was more complex, Japanese officials tried to respond more flexibly but met with little success until an intensifying Cold War rivalry prompted US officials to intervene in repatriate affairs due to a concern that communist ideology might appeal to repatriates. Hokkaido officials’ response to the Cold War imperative for a more nuanced policy toward repatriates from Karafuto (Sakhalin) was to promote a narrative of the ‘Karafuto repatriate’. Intended by officials to help Karafuto repatriates ‘resettle’ in postwar Hokkaido, this narrative harked back to aspects of the settler identity promoted by colonial officials in the 1930s and early 1940s. In addition, using a rare set of notes from officials’ group interviews with repatriates, this article analyses the importance of settler identity for repatriates’ coming to terms with the transition from Karafuto to Sakhalin to Hokkaido. Hokkaido officials' and Karafuto repatriates’ interpretations of regional connections were crucial for reintegrating in trans-war, post-imperial society.
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Hoshino, Kazumi, Winston Tseng, and Kei Kamide. "Transnational Caregiving for Older Adults and Caregivers’ Wellness in Japanese Americans during the Pandemic." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 985–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3542.
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Abstract Global migration has greatly affected intergenerational family support beyond national borders, in particular adult children’s transnational family caregiving for elderly parents. Specifically, the COVID-19 pandemic has largely influenced transnational caregiving due to the travel restrictions. Transnational caregiving for older adults includes adult children’s periodical returning to their home country and/or adult children’s caregiving for their parents in their settled country. The goal of this study was to identify trajectories between adult children’s transnational caregiving for their parents and caregivers’ wellness in Japanese Americans before and during the pandemic. We conducted semi-structured interviews with Japanese Americans 40 to 59 years of age (N=20) in California before the lockdown and during the increasing number of patients infected with the Delta variant. The qualitative data analysis showed some Japanese Americans periodically returned to Japan to provide caregiving for their parents before the pandemic, while others didn’t. However, the former group currently relied on their families in their home country more than before. The limitations led to not only distress over uncertainty but also release from a strong sense of reciprocity and filial responsibility, by changing from physical support to emotional and financial support via online. They also enhanced cultural identity as Japanese Americans, by thriving from discrimination against Asian Americans. Thus, our findings demonstrate important factors that impacted on transnational caregiving and caregivers' wellness, including cultural identity, family norms, beliefs and practices of intergenerational support, social and historical contexts, financial remittance, ICT use, and healthcare policies among the underrepresented populations across the Pacific.
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Mee, Peter T., Andrew R. Weeks, Peter J. Walker, Ary A. Hoffmann, and Jean-Bernard Duchemin. "Detection of Low-Level Cardinium and Wolbachia Infections in Culicoides." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 18 (July 6, 2015): 6177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01239-15.
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ABSTRACTBacterial endosymbionts have been identified as potentially useful biological control agents for a range of invertebrate vectors of disease. Previous studies ofCulicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species using conventional PCR assays have provided evidence ofWolbachia(1/33) andCardinium(8/33) infections. Here, we screened 20 species ofCulicoidesforWolbachiaandCardinium, utilizing a combination of conventional PCR and more sensitive quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. Low levels ofCardiniumDNA were detected in females of all but one of theCulicoidesspecies screened, and low levels ofWolbachiawere detected in females of 9 of the 20Culicoidesspecies. Sequence analysis based on partial 16S rRNA gene andgyrBsequences identified “CandidatusCardinium hertigii” from group C, which has previously been identified inCulicoidesfrom Japan, Israel, and the United Kingdom.Wolbachiastrains detected in this study showed 98 to 99% sequence identity toWolbachiapreviously detected fromCulicoidesbased on the 16S rRNA gene, whereas a strain with a novelwspsequence was identified inCulicoidesnarrabeenensis. Cardiniumisolates grouped to geographical regions independent of the hostCulicoidesspecies, suggesting possible geographical barriers toCardiniummovement. Screening also identifiedAsaiabacteria inCulicoides. These findings point to a diversity of low-level endosymbiont infections inCulicoides, providing candidates for further characterization and highlighting the widespread occurrence of these endosymbionts in this insect group.
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Li, Rong (Aries). "Wartime Storytelling and Mythmaking: Interpreting and Remembering the Flying Tigers in the United States, 1941–1945." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 27, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 347–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-27040003.
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Abstract This article investigates the storytelling and mythmaking about the American Volunteer Group (avg), popularly known as the Flying Tigers, in the United States during World War ii. The avg was an aircrew of discharged U.S. military pilots and mechanics that China hired to assist in its war against Japan. Although this group was in combat for only seven months, its exploits became legendary in the United States. Based on examination of newspaper reports, magazine articles, Hollywood movies, popular biographies, and declassified documents, this article shows that Americans interpreted the avg’s service as proof of U.S. benevolence and superiority. It demonstrates that wartime stories about the avg helped many Americans regain confidence and assure their identities as racially and technologically superior people after enduring the shock of Pearl Harbor and Japan’s advance in Asia and Pacific. In this mythmaking process, Americans marginalized both the harmful impact of the avg personnel’s misconduct and the important contributions Chinese made to the avg. This article not only challenges the “Good War” image of World War ii in U.S. popular memories, but also seeks to contribute to the broader scholarly understanding of how popular memories of a nation’s overseas interventions affect its identity.
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Duarte, L. M. L., M. A. V. Alexandre, D. Gobatto, E. W. Kitajima, and R. Harakava. "First Report of Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus on Russell Prairie Gentian in Brazil." Plant Disease 98, no. 2 (February 2014): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-13-0653-pdn.
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In November 2012, plants of Russell prairie gentian (Eustoma grandiflorum, Lisianthus russellianus) were collected from a commercial greenhouse in Atibaia, SP, Brazil, displaying necrotic spots on leaves and necrosis on stems, followed by generalized systemic necrosis. Disease symptom incidence was estimated at 10%. Preliminary electron microscopy observations of negatively stained leaf extracts prepared from those lesions revealed the presence of a large number of spherical tospovirus-like, approximately 100 nm in diameter. Samples of infected leaves were ground in 0.01 M phosphate buffer containing 0.5% sodium sulphide and mechanically inoculated in six plants of each species of Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum cv. White Burley, N. megalosiphon, N. debneyii, Datura stramonium, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, and E. grandiflorum. All inoculated plants displayed local lesions 4 to 5 days after inoculation, while N. debneyii and D. stramonium showed systemic symptoms, typical of Tospovirus infection. In addition, E. grandiflorum reproduced the original symptoms. Total RNA was extracted from infected E. grandiflorum and D. stramonium, and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed using universal primers BR60 and BR65 (2) targeting conserved regions of the nucleocapsid gene (N). The amplification products of approximately 450 bp were purified, cloned, and sequenced. The unknown virus was identified as Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV-Lis) based on host range and nucleotide sequence (Genbank Accession No. KC894721) and showed 99% identity with a CSNV chrysanthemum isolate from Japan (AB600872). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using nine homologous CSNV sequences available in GenBank classified CSNV-Lis into a monophyletic group formed by chrysanthemum isolates from Japan and China while a Japanese lisianthus isolate was separately clustered. CSNV is a member of the genus Tospovirus (Bunyaviridae) and was first reported on chrysanthemum in Brazil (1) and later in the Netherlands, Slovenia, United Kingdom, and Japan (3). Despite scattered recent reports of CSNV, the simultaneous production of chrysanthemum and lisianthus crops along the year by Brazilian farmers has contributed to the virus maintenance in the field. The high identity between Brazilian and Japanese isolates of CSNV suggest a possible reintroduction of the virus through exchange of vegetative propagating material. References: (1) L. M. L. Duarte et al. J. Phytopathol. 143:569, 1995. (2) M. Eiras et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 26:170, 2001. (3) K. Momonoi et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 77:142, 2011.
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Kurniawan, Sandyka, and Sidik Jatmika. "Japan's Challenges on Muslim Friendly Tourism to Attract Muslim Tourists 2013-2019." Journal of Islamic World and Politics 5, no. 2 (November 12, 2021): 313–3325. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v5i2.9833.
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AbstractTourism is now day is part of the modern lifestyle. Infrastructure, technology, and information make it easier for individuals and groups to go abroad. It cannot be denied that individual or group in their travel carries an identity and need. In Islam, Islam has a role in tourism, because Islam for Muslims is a lifestyle. Tourism in Islam is also known as halal tourism which is a new phenomenon and a new business opportunity in the world of tourism which targets Muslim tourists as a market. Japan is a non-Muslim country and is not based on Islamic values, of course it will be a challenge and something new for Japan in understanding halal tourism. Japan is well known for its services, products and facilities, which is a non-Muslim country, do Japan preparing for halal tourism well, considering that Japan wants to introduce itself as the world's best tourist destination and as the host for the 2021 Olympics. using qualitative methods, observation and literature study. The final results of this study are expected to provide awareness of the importance of tourist destinations that are friendly to Muslims, as well as provide new economic opportunities and opportunities in the tourism sector.AbstrakPariwisata sekarang hari adalah bagian dari gaya hidup modern. Dukungan infrastruktur, teknologi, informasi semakin memudahkan mobilitas individu maupun kelompok. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa individu atau kelompok ini dalam perjalanannya membawa suatu identitas dan juga kebutuhan. Dalam agama Islam, Islam memiliki peranan dalam wisata, karena agama Islam bagi umat Muslim adalah sebuah gaya hidup. Pariwisata dalam Islam dikenal juga sebagai pariwisata halal yang merupakan fenomena baru dan peluang bisnis baru dalam dunia pariwisata yang menargetkan wisatawan muslim sebagai pasar. Jepang adalah negara Non-Muslim dan tidak berlandaskan nilai-nilai Islam, tentunya akan menjadi tantangan dan hal yang baru bagi Jepang dalam memahami pariwisata halal. Jepang dikenal baik dalam pelayanan, produk dan fasilitas, tentunya memunculkan pertanyaan apakah Jepang yang merupakan negara Non-Muslim ini mempersiapkan dengan baik pariwisata halal, mengingat Jepang ingin mengenalkan dirinya sebagai destinasi wisata terbaik dunia serta sebagai tuan rumah untuk Olimpiade 2021. Dalam penulisan ini penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif, observasi dan studi pustaka. Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kesadaran akan pentingnya destinasi wisata yang ramah bagi umat Islam, serta memberikan peluang dan peluang ekonomi baru di bidang pariwisata.