Academic literature on the topic 'Group B streptococcus;ureaplasmas;integrated study'

This study forms part of the development of an integrated genotyping system for Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus, GBS) that can be used to study the population genetics of the organism and the pathogenesis and epidemiology of GBS disease. In recent previous studies, two sets of markers, the capsular polysaccharide synthesis (cps) gene cluster and surface protein antigen genes, have been used to assign molecular serotypes (MS) and protein-gene profiles (PGP) to more than 200 isolates. In the present study, five mobile genetic elements (MGE) have been used as a third set of markers, to characterize further 194 invasive isolates, recovered from blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Of these, 97 % contained one or more of the five MGE, the distribution of which was related to MS and PGP, as illustrated by MS III, which is divisible into four serosubtypes with different combinations of the MGE (or none). Fifty-six different genotypes and eight genetic clusters were identified, each with different combinations of the three sets of molecular markers. Five predominant genotypes (Ia-1, Ib-1, III-1, III-2 and V-1) contained 62 % of the isolates and five of the eight genetic clusters contained 92 % of the isolates. The 17 CSF isolates were relatively widely distributed between 10 genotypes and across seven of the eight clusters. Further study is needed to determine whether these genotypes or clusters share common markers of increased virulence. In future, comparison of invasive with colonizing strains of GBS may elucidate the significance of these findings.

Aim: To investigate the prevalence of common aerobic gram positive and gram negative bacteria, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Chlamydia trachomatis in symptomatic and asymptomatic Greek patients and to determine antibiotic resistance profiles. Methods: This retrospective study included a total of 316 adult men examined at the Assisted Reproduction Department of IASO- Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic in Athens, Greece. Sperm have been collected and proceed to culture and antibiotic sensitivity at the Central Laboratories following a standard protocol. Results: Twelve inappropriate out of 316 samples were excluded from the study. Out of the remaining 304 sperm samples 111 (37.5 %) were positive. Antibiotic sensitivity testing detected resistances to some commonly used antibiotics such as b-lactams and the quinolones. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis were the most frequently isolated bacteria (45%), followed by Enterobacteriaceae (40%) and Enterococci 12.6%. The majority of 45 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, were Escherichia coli (31 strains/68%) corresponding to 27.9% of the total number of positive cultures. One infection to Chlamydia trachomatis was detected by an immunochromatic rapid test, one Candida sp, one Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two M. hominis and three Streptococcus group B. Escherichia coli were resistant to b lactams in about 38.7% due to b-lactamase, and 22.5%, 9.6%, 6.4%, were resistant to nitrofurantoin, sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin respectively. Enterococci have shown resistance due to b-lactamase and PBP 5 alteration/hyperproduction. Ureaplasmas were resistant to the fluoroquinolones tested ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, at 72.2% and 62.3% respectively. Conclusion: Carriage of bacteria in sperm is controversial for its contribution in sperm quality and fertility. In our IVF unit, we follow a protocol of isolation and antibiotic profiling of bacteria from sperm culture regardless of their concentration in sperm and giving the numbers/ml. This helps doctors to distinguish carriage or infection and to decide about potential therapy. Given the antibiotic resistances shown by this study, the importance of culture against empiric therapy in assisted reproduction patients is also clearly demonstrated.

Streptococci manifest their pathogenic properties by reducing the overall resistance of the organism or individual tissues.Purpose of the work: isolation, identification and study of the biological properties of isolates isolated from the foal.A pure culture was obtained, morphological, cultural and biochemical properties were studied.For the subsequent identification of streptococci to species, two api 20 Strep test systems (BIOMERIEUX, France) were used. To determine the serological group of streptococci, a latex agglutination test was used using a kit for diagnosing streptococci of groups A, B, C, D, F, and G (OXOID, UK).Laboratory methods of diagnostics for the identification of causative agents of streptococcosis and their species differentiation have been studied. Virulent Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus caused abscesses in the area of the elbow joint of the foal. Isolation of bacterial cultures was carried out by the bacteriological method. Isolated Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus had the fermentation of a number of carbohydrates: sorbitol, there was no splitting of lactose, tregolose. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus hydrolyzed esculin, no D-ribose fermentation was noted. However, the fermentation of carbohydrates is not a stable and clear sign, therefore it is not used for differentiation and identification of streptococci.When inoculated on blood agar with 5% sheep blood after cultivation for 24 hours at 37 0C, small gray-white colonies were found, surrounded by a wide transparent zone of beta-hemolysis. Catalase test is negative.As a result, it was found that the isolated culture belongs to the species Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus belonging to group C according to Lancefield.Modern laboratory diagnostics requires an integrated approach to identification, which includes bacteriological and serological methods - polyphase analysis. When identifying streptococci, the determination of their serological group according to Lancefield is of great importance. For this purpose, a latex agglutination reaction is convenient using a kit for diagnosing streptococci of groups A, B, C, D, F and G (OXOID, UK), coagglutination "Streptotest A, B, C, D, G" (AQUAPAST).

ABSTRACTMosaic tetracycline resistance determinants are a recently discovered class of hybrids of ribosomal protectiontetgenes. They may show different patterns of mosaicism, but their final size has remained unaltered. Initially thought to be confined to a small group of anaerobic bacteria, mosaictetgenes were then found to be widespread. In the genusStreptococcus, a mosaictetgene [tet(O/W/32/O)] was first discovered inStreptococcus suis, an emerging drug-resistant pig and human pathogen. In this study, we report the molecular characterization of atet(O/W/32/O) gene-carrying mobile element from anS. suisisolate.tet(O/W/32/O) was detected, in tandem withtet(40), in a circular 14,741-bp genetic element (39.1% G+C; 17 open reading frames [ORFs] identified). The novel element, which we designated 15K, also carried the macrolide resistance determinanterm(B) and an aminoglycoside resistance four-gene cluster includingaadE(streptomycin) andaphA(kanamycin). 15K appeared to be an unstable genetic element that, in the absence of recombinases, is capable of undergoing spontaneous excision under standard growth conditions. In the integrated form, 15K was found inside a 54,879-bp integrative and conjugative element (ICE) (50.5% G+C; 55 ORFs), which we designated ICESsu32457. An ∼1.3-kb segment that apparently served as theattsite for excision of the unstable 15K element was identified. The novel ICE was transferable at high frequency to recipients from pathogenicStreptococcusspecies (S. suis,Streptococcus pyogenes,Streptococcus pneumoniae, andStreptococcus agalactiae), suggesting that the multiresistance 15K element can successfully spread within streptococcal populations.

Objective This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of vertically transmitted sepsis (VS) and nosocomial sepsis (NOS) in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates (birth weight ≤ 1,500 g) over the past 22 years in Spain. Study Design This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected VS and NOS in neonates from 1996 to 2018 in the 44 neonatal units integrated in the Spanish Neonatal Network Grupo Castrillo. Results A total of 2,676 episodes of VS were recorded in 2,196,129 live births (LBs; 1.2/1,000 LBs) over the study period (1996–2018). The incidence declined from 2.4 to 1 to 1.2/1,000 LBs (p < 0.0001). Of the 2,676 episodes, 95.7% were early onset (≤72 hours) and 4.3% cases late onset VS. Group B streptococcus (GBS) (33.1%) and E. coli (29.3%) were the most frequently isolated pathogen. The GBS incidence declined significantly from 1.25 to 0.21/1,000 LBs (p < 0.0001). E. coli incidence showed a significant increase trend in VLBW infants (p < 0.05). The global mortality per 1000 LBs decreased from 0.21 to 0.13/1,000. A total of 7,036 episodes of NOS involving 5,493 VLBW infants were registered over 20,935 neonatal admissions (NAs) in the study period (2006–2018). The incidence was 26.2 per 100 NAs. The median postnatal age at onset was 13 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 9–23 days). Around 80% of cases occurred in infants with a central line in place. Gram positive (GP) bacteria accounted for 66.2% with Staphylococcus epidermidis as the most frequently isolated pathogen, gram negative (GN) bacteria entailed 27.4%, and fungi 6.2%. Klebsiella sp. was the most common GN isolated and Candida albicans the most prevalent fungus. The overall mortality was 8.3%. Conclusion The causative pathogen of neonatal sepsis may change over time and between countries, therefore a national surveillance network based on a consensus definition could be essential to provide accurate information. Key Points

Dental caries is one of the major health problems in Indonesia. Data from Indonesian Basic Health Research in 2013, 2015 and 2018 showed a consistent increase in the prevalence of dental caries in 12-year-old schoolchildren: 43.4%, 53.2%, and 65.5%, respectively. More detailed results at 5 years of age show that 67.3% suffer from severe dental caries with a number (def-t) of more than 6, but only 10% get dental treatment. To overcome this problem, sufficient number of dentist is necessary. Data from the Indonesian Medical Council shows that one dentist serves about 9000 residents, therefore, every year a total of 1700 new dentists take the Hippocratic oath to carry out health services throughout Indonesia. Other than the number of dentists, dental caries prevention programs need to be developed.1 High-tech dentistry for curative treatment such as CAD/CAM to support the installation of dental implants, veneers, root canal treatment technology, and orthodontic treatment are very attractive to dentists practicing in urban areas.2 Other than curative treatment is considered as an instant treatment, curative treatment also benefits both the patient and the dentist since it is supported by high technology and relatively easy to perform. Preventive treatment is becoming less popular and the short-term impact of the treatment is not felt.3The individual preventive treatment method is stuck to old technology that is slow to develop, while community empowerment method is stuck to conservative health education method. The advancement in information technology service is still not much help to preventive treatment.4 If there is no preventive treatment innovation, then in 2023, the prevalence of dental caries in children aged 12 years old will reach to 79.2%. It means 80 out of 100 Indonesian children in their growth and development period will suffer from dental caries and bear all the consequences of other diseases due to dental caries, such as malnutrition, growth and development disorders, and other infectious diseases.5 Dental caries during mixed dentition stage can cause disruption in arrangement of the teeth (malocclusion) and will result in disturbances in masticatory and aesthetic functions. The more severe tooth and the oral disorder will reduce the immunity and increase the susceptibility to the disease.6,7 Advances in artificial intelligence in the detection of dental caries in the oral cavity are not enough to suppress the growth of the prevalence of dental cariesVarious high technologies in the early detection of dental caries have been carried out, but the impact has not been significant. Fluorescence laser technology has been used to measure bacterial products in carious lesions (DIAGNOdent), whereas fiber-optic technology has been used to detect the initial area of demineralization, cracks, or fractures, and to provide a quantitative characterization of the caries process (Digital Imaging Trans Illumination Fiber-Optic (DIFOTI) ).8–10 Demineralization of human enamel can also be detected by quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF).11 Changes in electrical impedance between normal enamel and tooth structure and demineralized enamel can be measured by Electronic Caries Monitor (ECM).12In fact, high-tech tools have not been used optimally in everyday dental practice because dentists and patients are more interested in curative treatment. Surveys have shown that patients have no intention to maintain their dental health routinely and continuously. Dental caries is considered a temporary disease that can heal itself or with the help of a dentist. Dental caries is considered not a serious threat to general health. Technological advances in efforts to prevent dental disease have not been enough to suppress the growth of the prevalence of dental cariesFluoride is believed to be able to prevent dental caries by inhibiting the demineralization of the crystal structure in the teeth and increase remineralization. The enamel surfaces that are mineralized with fluoride are more resistant to acid attack.13,14 Topographic occlusal fissures of teeth are more susceptible to dental caries because of the contours that are more likely a place for plaque accumulation. This occlusal fissure conditions can be protected by filling the fissure with flowing composite material so that the surface of the occlusal becomes morphologically stronger. Xylitol and Sorbitol have been developed to be used as sugar substitutes to reduce the risk of caries. It prevents the sucrose molecule from binding to Streptococcus mutans, thus inhibiting metabolism.15 Sorbitol also reduces the ability of adhesion and the number of Streptococcus mutans. Since dental caries is an infectious microbiological disease, vaccine technology has also been applied in the prevention of dental caries. Experimental studies have succeeded in strengthening the effectiveness of vaccines against Streptococcus mutans.16 The form of the vaccines is protein, recombinant or synthetic peptides, protein-carbohydrate conjugates, as well as DNA-based vaccines. However, none of these vaccines appear on the market due to difficulties in inducing and maintaining high levels of antibodies in oral fluids. Current research is still ongoing for clinical applications. The prevention of dental caries is not possible to be done effectively if understanding the risks and benefits of dental caries prevention, the norm of dental maintenance in the community, and the ease of its implementation are still not integrated to raise the awareness of the community and dental service providers. Evidence-based dentistry regarding the prevention of dental and oral diseases in the community as well as in private clinic and hospital settings need to be socialized. Research that emphasizes the development of basic biological sciences in efforts to prevent dental caries is absolutely necessary, as well as clinical application research and evidence-based effectiveness of drugs or materials for dental caries prevention must be developed.17 Likewise, community empowerment research to improve the mindset of preventing oral and dental diseases, norms of dental prevention in the community, and the presence of facilities and methods need to be deepened and supported with adequate artificial intelligence technology. It can be concluded that: Research in Regenerative Dentistry, Clinical and Evidence-based Dentistry, and Dental Public Health and Primary Health Care will direct the promotion of promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative treatment for effective efforts to prevent dental caries and its consequences. Dr. Darmawan Setijanto, drg., M.Kes. (DDS., MPH)Dean of Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga REFERENCES1. National Institute of Health Research and Development of Ministry of Health Indonesia. Main Result of Basic Health Research 2018.; 2018.2. Sriram S, Shankari V, Chacko Y. Computer Aided Designing / Computer Aided Manufacturing in Dentistry ( CAD / CAM ) – A Review. Int J Curr Res Rev. 2018;10(20):20-24.3. Bennadi D, Reddy V, Thummala NR. Preventive and curative measures adopted by dentists to combat occupational hazards – a cross sectional study Innovare Preventive And Curative Measures Adopted by Dentists to Combat Occupational Hazards – A Cross Sectional Study. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2016;7(10):415-418.4. Janssens B, Vanobbergen J, Petrovic M, Jacquet W, Schols JMGA, Visschere L De. The impact of a preventive and curative oral healthcare program on the prevalence and incidence of oral health problems in nursing home residents. PLoS One. 2018:1-13.5. Sicca C, Bobbio E, Quartuccio N, Nicolò G, Cistaro A. Prevention of dental caries : A review of effective treatments. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016;8(5):604-610. doi:10.4317/jced.528906. Rapeepattana S, Thearmontree A, Suntornlohanakul S. Etiology of Malocclusion and Dominant Orthodontic Problems in Mixed Dentition: A Crosssectional Study in a Group of Thai Children Aged 8–9 Years. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2019;9:383-389. doi:10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD7. Zou J, Meng M, Law CS, Rao Y, Zhou X. Common dental diseases in children and malocclusion. Int J Oral Sci. 2018;( January):1-7. doi:10.1038/s41368-018-0012-38. Ahlund K, Holbrook WP, Verdier B De, Tranæus S. Approximal Caries Detection by DIFOTI : In Vitro Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy / Efficacy with Film and Digital Radiography. Int J Dent. 2012;2012:1-8. doi:10.1155/2012/3264019. Kouchaji C. Comparison between a laser fluorescence device and visual examination in the detection of occlusal caries in children. Saudi Dent J. 2012;24(3-4):169-174. doi:10.1016/j.sdentj.2012.07.00210. Gimenez T, Braga MM, Raggio DP, Deery C, Ricketts DN, Mendes FM. Fluorescence-Based Methods for Detecting Caries Lesions : Systematic Review , Meta-Analysis and Sources of Heterogeneity. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.006042111. Wu J, Donly ZR, Donly KJ, Hackmyer S. Demineralization Depth Using QLF and a Novel Image Processing Software. Int J Dent. 2010:1-7. doi:10.1155/2010/95826412. Bansode P V, Pathak SD, Wavdhane MB, Kale D. Diagnosing Dental Caries : An Insight. J Dent Med Sci. 2018;17(7):17-23. doi:10.9790/0853-170707172313. Kanduti D, Sterbenk P, Artnik B. Fluoride : A review of Use and Effects on Health. Mater Sociomed. 2016;28(2):133-137. doi:10.5455/msm.2016.28.133-13714. Chen F, Wang D. Novel technologies for the prevention and treatment of dental caries : a patent survey. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2011;20(5):681-694. doi:10.1517/13543771003720491.Novel15. Shwetha R, Vivek S. Effect of dentifrices containing sorbitol , combination of xylitol and sorbitol on salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus counts in 14-15 year old children : a randomized trial. Int J Clin Trials. 2017;4(4):184-190.16. Arora B, Setia V, Kaur A, Mahajan M, Sekhon HK, Singh H. Dental Caries Vaccine : An Overview. Indian J Dent Sci. 2018:121-125. doi:10.4103/IJDS.IJDS17. Santosh HN, Nagaraj T, Bose A, Sinha P, Mahalaksmi IP. Evidence-based dentistry : A new dimension in oral health. J Adv Clin Res Insights. 2014;1:114-119. doi:10.15713/ins.jcri.29

Group B streptococcus (GBS, S. agalactiae) and human ureaplasmas (U. parvumand U. urealyticum) are two clinically and phylogenetically related, potential perinatal pathogens. Their relationships between genotypes and pathogenesis of GBS and ureaplasma infection were still not well understood, one of the reason is that both of them are still short of a very practical genotyping system. In the study, to solve the above problem we developed genotyping systems for the organisms (the second section). For human ureaplasmas, based on four genes/gene clusters (rRNAgene clusters, the elongation factor Tu genes, urease gene complexes and multiplebanded antigen genes), we designed many primer pairs suitable for developing species identification assays for the two newly established human ureaplasma species (U. parvum and U. urealyticum). Further, based on the heterogeneity of ureaplasma multiple banded antigen gene (which contains species- and serovar-specific regions), we developed genotyping methods for each ureaplasma species.For GBS, based on three sets of molecular markers (capsular polysaccharidesynthesis gene clusters, surface protein antigen genes and mobile genetic elements),we developed a genotyping system. The primary evaluation of the genotyping systems showed that the genotyping systems were practical alternative assays for the conventional serotyping and they will be useful to further explore the relationships between genotypes and pathogenesis of GBS and ureaplasma infection. In the study, we introduced novel data and tools into GBS and ureaplasma studies especially from genomic- and bioinformatics-based molecular microbiology(the third section). For two newly established human ureaplasma species, based on the U. parvum serovar-3 genome, and using the above four important genes/geneclusters, we exposed some interesting problems in the understanding of newureaplasma taxonomy especially in the post genomic era. For GBS, we studied the two published full genomes and exposed some new problems or possible future new research fields. In particular we found the two finished and one ongoing GBS genomes were all non-typical and suggest that future genomic project had better have genetic population structure viewpoint. Finally, we suggested that integrated studies of the two potential or conditional perinatal pathogens, from the viewpoint of evolution, would provide a new understanding angle of the pathogenesis of the two organisms. Studies suggested that during coevolution, human ureaplasmas(especially U. parvum) became friendlier than their ancestors to their human host (by losing most of its virulence genes); however, GBS tried to increase its invasive abilities (by getting more virulence genes) to fight against the human host attack.

Group B streptococcus (GBS, S. agalactiae) and human ureaplasmas (U. parvumand U. urealyticum) are two clinically and phylogenetically related, potential perinatal pathogens. Their relationships between genotypes and pathogenesis of GBS and ureaplasma infection were still not well understood, one of the reason is that both of them are still short of a very practical genotyping system. In the study, to solve the above problem we developed genotyping systems for the organisms (the second section). For human ureaplasmas, based on four genes/gene clusters (rRNAgene clusters, the elongation factor Tu genes, urease gene complexes and multiplebanded antigen genes), we designed many primer pairs suitable for developing species identification assays for the two newly established human ureaplasma species (U. parvum and U. urealyticum). Further, based on the heterogeneity of ureaplasma multiple banded antigen gene (which contains species- and serovar-specific regions), we developed genotyping methods for each ureaplasma species.For GBS, based on three sets of molecular markers (capsular polysaccharidesynthesis gene clusters, surface protein antigen genes and mobile genetic elements),we developed a genotyping system. The primary evaluation of the genotyping systems showed that the genotyping systems were practical alternative assays for the conventional serotyping and they will be useful to further explore the relationships between genotypes and pathogenesis of GBS and ureaplasma infection. In the study, we introduced novel data and tools into GBS and ureaplasma studies especially from genomic- and bioinformatics-based molecular microbiology(the third section). For two newly established human ureaplasma species, based on the U. parvum serovar-3 genome, and using the above four important genes/geneclusters, we exposed some interesting problems in the understanding of newureaplasma taxonomy especially in the post genomic era. For GBS, we studied the two published full genomes and exposed some new problems or possible future new research fields. In particular we found the two finished and one ongoing GBS genomes were all non-typical and suggest that future genomic project had better have genetic population structure viewpoint. Finally, we suggested that integrated studies of the two potential or conditional perinatal pathogens, from the viewpoint of evolution, would provide a new understanding angle of the pathogenesis of the two organisms. Studies suggested that during coevolution, human ureaplasmas(especially U. parvum) became friendlier than their ancestors to their human host (by losing most of its virulence genes); however, GBS tried to increase its invasive abilities (by getting more virulence genes) to fight against the human host attack.