Journal articles on the topic 'Group 2 influenza A'
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Friesen, R. H. E., P. S. Lee, E. J. M. Stoop, R. M. B. Hoffman, D. C. Ekiert, G. Bhabha, W. Yu, et al. "A common solution to group 2 influenza virus neutralization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 1 (December 11, 2013): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319058110.
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Joyce, M. Gordon, Adam K. Wheatley, Paul V. Thomas, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Cinque Soto, Robert T. Bailer, Aliaksandr Druz, et al. "Vaccine-Induced Antibodies that Neutralize Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Viruses." Cell 166, no. 3 (July 2016): 609–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.043.
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Ekiert, D. C., R. H. E. Friesen, G. Bhabha, T. Kwaks, M. Jongeneelen, W. Yu, C. Ophorst, et al. "A Highly Conserved Neutralizing Epitope on Group 2 Influenza A Viruses." Science 333, no. 6044 (July 7, 2011): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1204839.
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Lahad, Amnon. "Small-group consensus process promoted influenza practice guidelines acceptance." ACP Journal Club 123, no. 2 (September 1, 1995): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/acpjc-1995-123-2-055.
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Du, Ruikun, Han Cheng, Qinghua Cui, Norton P. Peet, Irina N. Gaisina, and Lijun Rong. "Identification of a novel inhibitor targeting influenza A virus group 2 hemagglutinins." Antiviral Research 186 (February 2021): 105013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105013.
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Ende, Zachary S., Margarita Mishina, Robert Kauffman, Zhu Guo, Zhunan Li, Weiping Cao, Sean Ray, et al. "Expression and characterization of a monoclonal IgA isotype antibody against group 1 and group 2 influenza of the HV1-18 QxxV class." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 93.23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.93.23.
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Abstract Examining cross-reactive influenza-specific human monoclonal antibodies can inform the rational design of universal flu vaccines. The vast majority of monoclonal antibodies studied to-date are of the IgG isotype or cloned into IgG vectors for expression. However, IgA isotype antibodies are also of interest, especially given their increased concentrations in the respiratory tract where the influenza virus replicates. To acquire anti-influenza monoclonal antibodies that are of both IgG and IgA isotypes, we used a fluorescently labeled hemagglutinin (HA) for fluorescence-activated cell sorting on memory B cells 14 days post-influenza vaccination. We then sequenced paired heavy and light chains with the 10× Genomics platform and chose relevant sequences to synthesize for expression and characterization. An IgA1 antibody of the HV1-18 QxxV class demonstrated binding to both group 1 and group 2 HA subtypes in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Although Hemagglutinin inhibition assays were negative, neutralizing activity was positive in a microneutralization activity, at levels comparable to other published stalk-binding and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, FI6v3 and CR9114. By testing the antibody against a panel of HA mutants, we found that the antibody bound to a region of the HA stalk previously reported for IgG1 antibodies of this class. Studies are on-going, but thus far demonstrate a broadly cross-reactive and neutralizing IgA antibody that recognizes the HA stalk of both group 1 and group 2 influenza viruses.
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Liu, Lu, Raffael Nachbagauer, Lingyan Zhu, Yang Huang, Xinci Xie, Shan Jin, Anli Zhang, et al. "Natural H7N9 infection in humans boosts cross-group stalk-specific antibody responses broadly cross-reactive to heterosubtypic influenza hemagglutinins from both group 1 and group 2." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 125.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.125.18.
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Abstract Background The outbreak of novel avian H7N9 influenza virus infections in China in 2013 has demonstrated the continuing threat posed by zoonotic pathogens. To decipher the responses during natural infection will enlighten the vaccine development. Methods We assessed the induction of heterosubtypic cross-reactive antibodies induced by H7N9 infection against a large panel of recombinant hemagglutinins and neuraminidases by quantitative ELISA, and novel chimeric hemagglutinin constructs were employed to dissect the anti-stalk or head humoral response. Results H7N9 infection induced strong antibody responses against divergent H7 hemagglutinins. Interestingly, we also found the induction of antibodies against heterosubtypic hemagglutinins from both group 1 and group 2 and a boost in heterosubtypic neutralizing activity but not in hemagglutination inhibitory activity. Kinetic monitoring revealed that heterosubtypic binding/neutralizing antibody responses typically appeared and peaked earlier than intrasubtypic responses as stalk-specific memory responses. Conclusions Our results indicate cross-group binding and neutralizing antibody responses primarily targeting at stalk region could be elicited after influenza natural infection and probably with proper immunogen in the presence of preexisting responses. These data support our understanding of the breadth of the post-infection immune response that could inform the design of future, broadly protective influenza virus vaccines.
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Wu, Yan, Feng Gao, Jianxun Qi, Yuhai Bi, Lifeng Fu, Sankar Mohan, Yuhang Chen, et al. "Resistance to Mutant Group 2 Influenza Virus Neuraminidases of an Oseltamivir-Zanamivir Hybrid Inhibitor." Journal of Virology 90, no. 23 (September 21, 2016): 10693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01703-16.
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ABSTRACTInfluenza virus neuraminidase (NA) drug resistance is one of the challenges to preparedness against epidemic and pandemic influenza virus infections. NA N1- and N2-containing influenza viruses are the primary cause of seasonal epidemics and past pandemics. The structural and functional basis underlying drug resistance of the influenza virus N1 NA is well characterized. Yet drug resistance of the N2 strain is not well understood. Here, we confirm that replacement of N2 E119 or I222 results in multidrug resistance, and when the replacements occur together, the sensitivity to NA inhibitors (NAI) is reduced severely. Using crystallographic studies, we showed that E119 replacement results in a loss of hydrogen bonding to oseltamivir and zanamivir, whereas I222 replacement results in a change in the hydrophobic environment that is critical for oseltamivir binding. Moreover, we found that MS-257, a zanamivir-oseltamivir hybrid inhibitor, is less susceptible to drug resistance. The binding mode of MS-257 shows that increased hydrogen bonding interactions between the inhibitor and NA active site anchor the inhibitor within the active site and allow adjustments in response to active-site modifications. Such stability is likely responsible for the observed reduced susceptibility to drug resistance. MS-257 serves as a next-generation anti-influenza virus drug candidate and serves also as a scaffold for further design of NAIs.IMPORTANCEOseltamivir and zanamivir are the two major antiviral drugs available for the treatment of influenza virus infections. However, multidrug-resistant viruses have emerged in clinical cases, which pose a challenge for the development of new drugs. N1 and N2 subtypes exist in the viruses which cause seasonal epidemics and past pandemics. Although N1 drug resistance is well characterized, the molecular mechanisms underlying N2 drug resistance are unknown. A previous report showed that an N2 E119V/I222L dual mutant conferred drug resistance to seasonal influenza virus. Here, we confirm that these substitutions result in multidrug resistance and dramatically reduced sensitivity to NAI. We further elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying N2 drug resistance by solving crystal structures of the N2 E119V and I222L mutants and the dual mutant. Most importantly, we found that a novel oseltamivir-zanamivir hybrid inhibitor, MS-257, remains more effective against drug-resistant N2 and is a promising candidate as a next-generation anti-influenza virus drug.
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Margine, I., F. Krammer, R. Hai, N. S. Heaton, G. S. Tan, S. A. Andrews, J. A. Runstadler, et al. "Hemagglutinin Stalk-Based Universal Vaccine Constructs Protect against Group 2 Influenza A Viruses." Journal of Virology 87, no. 19 (July 31, 2013): 10435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01715-13.
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Corti, D., J. Voss, S. J. Gamblin, G. Codoni, A. Macagno, D. Jarrossay, S. G. Vachieri, et al. "A Neutralizing Antibody Selected from Plasma Cells That Binds to Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Hemagglutinins." Science 333, no. 6044 (July 28, 2011): 850–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1205669.
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Marjuki, Henju, Vasiliy P. Mishin, Ning Chai, Man-Wah Tan, Elizabeth M. Newton, John Tegeris, Karl Erlandson, et al. "Human Monoclonal Antibody 81.39a Effectively Neutralizes Emerging Influenza A Viruses of Group 1 and 2 Hemagglutinins." Journal of Virology 90, no. 23 (September 14, 2016): 10446–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01284-16.
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ABSTRACT The pandemic threat posed by emerging zoonotic influenza A viruses necessitates development of antiviral agents effective against various antigenic subtypes. Human monoclonal antibody (hMAb) targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk offers a promising approach to control influenza virus infections. Here, we investigated the ability of the hMAb 81.39a to inhibit in vitro replication of human and zoonotic viruses, representing 16 HA subtypes. The majority of viruses were effectively neutralized by 81.39a at a 50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) of <0.01 to 4.9 μg/ml. Among group 2 HA viruses tested, a single A(H7N9) virus was not neutralized at 50 μg/ml; it contained HA 2 -Asp19Gly, an amino acid position previously associated with resistance to neutralization by the group 2 HA-neutralizing MAb CR8020. Notably, among group 1 HA viruses, H11-H13 and H16 subtypes were not neutralized at 50 μg/ml; they shared the substitution HA 2 -Asp19Asn/Ala. Conversely, H9 viruses harboring HA 2 -Asp19Ala were fully susceptible to neutralization. Therefore, amino acid variance at HA 2 -Asp19 has subtype-specific adverse effects on in vitro neutralization. Mice given a single injection (15 or 45 mg/kg of body weight) at 24 or 48 h after infection with recently emerged A(H5N2), A(H5N8), A(H6N1), or A(H7N9) viruses were protected from mortality and showed drastically reduced lung viral titers. Furthermore, 81.39a protected mice infected with A(H7N9) harboring HA 2 -Asp19Gly, although the antiviral effect was lessened. A(H1N1)pdm09-infected ferrets receiving a single dose (25 mg/kg) had reduced viral titers and showed less lung tissue injury, despite 24- to 72-h-delayed treatment. Taken together, this study provides experimental evidence for the therapeutic potential of 81.39a against diverse influenza A viruses. IMPORTANCE Zoonotic influenza viruses, such as A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) subtypes, have caused severe disease and deaths in humans, raising public health concerns. Development of novel anti-influenza therapeutics with a broad spectrum of activity against various subtypes is necessary to mitigate disease severity. Here, we demonstrate that the hemagglutinin (HA) stalk-targeting human monoclonal antibody 81.39a effectively neutralized the majority of influenza A viruses tested, representing 16 HA subtypes. Furthermore, delayed treatment with 81.39a significantly suppressed virus replication in the lungs, prevented dramatic body weight loss, and increased survival rates of mice infected with A(H5Nx), A(H6N1), or A(H7N9) viruses. When tested in ferrets, delayed 81.39a treatment reduced viral titers, particularly in the lower respiratory tract, and substantially alleviated disease symptoms associated with severe A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza. Collectively, our data demonstrated the effectiveness of 81.39a against both seasonal and emerging influenza A viruses.
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Hussain, Hamid. "Trends, patterns, and incidence rate of seasonal influenza among Dubai population and some associated factors, 2017-2-19." International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 7, no. 1 (April 13, 2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/109.
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Background: WHO estimates that seasonal influenza may result in 290 000-650 000 deaths each year due to respiratory diseases alone. In addition, affected more than 10% of total population annually worldwide, Seasonal influenza is highly contagious disease; spreads easily, with rapid transmission in crowded areas including schools and nursing homes. Objectives: To Study incidence rate, trends and patterns of seasonal influenza among Dubai population for the period 2017-2019, to Study some of the associated factors. Materials & Subjects: A retrospective records review study was carried out of convenience sample of 29158 confirmed seasonal influenza case reported in Emirate of Dubai for the period 2017-2019. All age groups, genders, nationalities, occupations, education and seasons were considered. Findings: The study showed that 53.42% of total seasonal influenza cases were among male groups in Dubai, almost 50% % of the cases were among age group less than 15 years old, and almost one quarter of cases were among the age group between 30-40 years old, the present study showed that 54.37% were among Asian groups, 14.59% of the seasonal influenza incidence in Dubai during 2017-2019 were among Emirati population and 18.79% were among Arabs groups .As per occupation, the study showed that 30.74% of total seasonal influenza cases were among students in Dubai, on the other hand the study revealed that 84.53% of the total seasonal influenza cases during 2017-2019 were handled at outpatient level, yet 15.47% were sever enough cases to be admitted and treated at inpatient facilities. Incidence rate per 100000 population were increased respectively from 2017 through out 2019 (168, 297,466). The study revealed as well that the rate as per nationality the seasonal influenza incidence rate in Dubai from 2017=2019 650/100000 among Jordanian living in Dubai,, almost 50% % of the cases were among age group less than 15 years old, and almost one quarter of cases were among the age group between 30-40 years old, the present study showed that 54.37% were among Asian groups, 14.59% of the seasonal influenza incidence in Dubai during 2017-2019 were among Emirati population and 19.71% were among Arabs groups . The study showed that 30.74% of total seasonal influenza were students in Dubai, 84.53% of the total seasonal influenza cases during 2017-2019 were managed at outpatient. yet 15.47% were sever enough cases to be admitted and treated at inpatient level of different health care facilities in Dubai. Incidence among Egyptian was 557/100000, while among Emirates, 325 /100000, Incidence rate of seasonal influenza 2017-2019 according to age distributions showed that 30.7%among students, and 7.8%among children preschool age, and 5.22%among housewives. The present study showed that the incidence rate of seasonal influenza in Dubai in 2017-2019 as per moth distributions was the highest, 21.4%in November followed by 18.2%in December, and the least was 2%in July. Conclusions: incidence rate of seasonal influenza in Dubai keep increasing during the last three years, the highest rates significantly come from children segment of population specially students and elderly group as well, the period from October to end of February of each years.
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D’Souza, Shanti, Xiaofei Shen, Ivan T. H. Fung, Longyun Ye, Marcy Kuentzel, Sridar V. Chittur, Yoichi Furuya, et al. "Compartmentalized effects of aging on group 2 innate lymphoid cell development and function." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 234.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.234.8.
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Abstract The effects of aging on innate immunity and the resulting impacts on immunosenescence remain poorly understood. Here, we report that aging induces compartmentalized changes to the development and function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), an ILC subset implicated in pulmonary homeostasis and tissue repair. Aging enhances bone marrow early ILC2 development through Notch signaling, but the newly generated circulating ILC2 are unable to settle in the lungs to replenish the concomitantly declining mature lung ILC2 pool in aged mice. Aged lung ILC2 are transcriptomically heterogeneous and functionally compromised, failing to produce cytokines at homeostasis and during influenza infection. They have reduced expression of Cyp2e1, a cytochrome P450 oxidase required for optimal ILC2 function. Transfer of lung ILC2 from young mice enhances resistance to influenza infection in old mice. These data highlight compartmentalized effects of aging on ILC and indicate that targeting tissue-resident ILCs might unlock therapies to enhance resistance to infections and diseases in the elderly.
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Sei, Clara J., Nimisha Rikhi, Rachmat Hidajat, Richard F. Schuman, Kevin Muema, Jasmine M. Mutunga, Luke T. Daum, and Gerald W. Fischer. "2752. Peptide Vaccines Utilizing Conserved Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, and Matrix Ectodomain Influenza Epitopes Demonstrate Functional Activity Against Group 1 and 2 Influenza Strains." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S969—S970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2429.
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Abstract Background Globally, prevention and control of seasonal influenza has faced many challenges in the selection of a vaccine composition that antigenically matches circulating viruses. A universal influenza vaccine approach that targets small conserved influenza virus epitopes/peptides such as the extracellular domain of Matrix 2 (M2e) and induces broadly reactive antibodies may be helpful for both seasonal influenza outbreaks and pandemics. Here we report the ability of two composite peptide vaccines, individually and in combination, to induce broadly reactive antibodies that have binding and functional activity across several contemporary influenza strains in Group 1 and 2. Methods Mice were immunized with peptide composite vaccines against Hemagglutinin (HA), Neuraminidase (NA) and M2e, individually and in combination. Peptide composite vaccines, conjugated to CRM were administered subcutaneously with adjuvant and at least two booster doses. Serum antibody titers were analyzed using an anti-influenza ELISA for binding activity to peptides and live influenza viruses (H3N2 and H1N1) and functional activity was evaluated in vitro using Microneutralization, Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI), and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. Results Mice given the peptide composite conjugate vaccines, individually and in combination, had strong humoral responses producing high serum anti-influenza titers post-booster immunization. Anti-influenza serum antibodies demonstrated functional activity against influenza A (H3N2 and H1N1) contemporary strains showing neutralization, HAI and ADCC activity. Conclusion Peptide conjugate vaccines were highly immunogenic in mice. Broadly reactive serum antibodies against the peptides and live influenza viruses were detected. These vaccines individually or in combination, induced antibodies that demonstrated functional activity against contemporary influenza strains in Group 1 and 2 and induced functional anti-influenza monoclonal antibodies. A vaccine that targets one or more HA, NA and M2e influenza epitopes may more closely approach the goal for a true universal influenza vaccine. In vivo protection studies are currently being designed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Chao, Chien-Ming, Chih-Cheng Lai, Hsuan-Fu Ou, Chung-Han Ho, Khee-Siang Chan, Chun-Chieh Yang, Chin-Ming Chen, and Wen-Liang Yu. "The Impacts of Aspergillosis on Outcome, Burden and Risks for Mortality in Influenza Patients with Critical Illness." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7110922.
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Previous studies have revealed higher mortality rates in patients with severe influenza who are coinfected with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) than in those without IPA coinfection; nonetheless, the clinical impact of IPA on economic burden and risk factors for mortality in critically ill influenza patients remains undefined. The study was retrospectively conducted in three institutes. From 2016 through 2018, all adult patients with severe influenza admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) were identified. All patients were classified as group 1, patients with concomitant severe influenza and IPA; group 2, severe influenza patients without IPA; and group 3, severe influenza patients without testing for IPA. Overall, there were 201 patients enrolled, including group 1 (n = 40), group 2 (n = 50), and group 3 (n = 111). Group 1 patients had a significantly higher mortality rate (20/40, 50%) than that of group 2 (6/50, 12%) and group 3 (18/11, 16.2%), p < 0.001. The risk factors for IPA occurrence were solid cancer and prolonged corticosteroid use in ICU of >5 days. Group 1 patients had significantly longer hospital stay and higher medical expenditure than the other two groups. The risk factors for mortality in group 1 patients included patients’ Charlson comorbidity index, presenting APACHE II score, and complication of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Overall, IPA has a significant adverse impact on the outcome and economic burden of severe influenza patients, who should be promptly managed based on risk host factors for IPA occurrence and mortality risk factors for coinfection with both diseases.
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Öztelcan Gündüz, Bahar, Erman Ataş, Bülent Ünay, and Halit Halil. "Evaluation of Influenza Patients Admitted in 2019–2020 Flu Season." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 17, no. 02 (January 3, 2022): 076–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1741003.
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Abstract Objective Influenza viruses are among the most common respiratory pathogens for all age groups, and may cause seasonal outbreaks. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical characteristics of influenza cases in the 2019–2020 flu season and to study the risk factors for hospital admission and complications. Methods This was a retrospective study in 251 children (group 1: nonhospitalized; group 2: hospitalized) with influenza in the 2019–2020 flu season. Data on demographic features, influenza type, complaints, complications, and hospitalization length were collected and recorded. Results Influenza A was detected in 199 (79.3%) patients, and influenza B was detected in 52 (20.7%); 43.4% of patients were girls and 56.6% were boys. The mean age of the patients was 3.91 ± 3.3 years (16 days to 18 years). A total of 52 (20.7%) patients were hospitalized. The age of the patients in group 2 was lower than that in group 1 (3.1 vs. 4.2 years, p = 0.03). Group 2 patients were more likely to have creatine kinase (CK) elevation, febrile seizures, and physical examination abnormalities. Group 2 patients were also more likely to have influenza A. Patients with febrile seizures, chronic diseases, abnormal physical examination findings, developed complications, and additional drug use apart from oseltamivir in the treatment were also more likely to require hospitalization. Conclusion Infants and children with chronic diseases, history of febrile seizures, complications, and the use of drugs other than antiviral drugs should be carefully evaluated in case they need hospitalization. Increasing vaccination rates, initiation of antiviral treatment for selected patients, and close monitoring of patients in risk groups can decrease morbidity and mortality. Myalgias are a common complaint in patients with acute influenza infection. Previous studies suggest CK measurement be part of the work-up for the hospitalized patient with acute influenza infection.
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Nikolaeva, S. V., Yu N. Khlypovka, E. K. Shushakova, N. A. Meshkova, D. A. Khavkina, P. V. Chukhliaev, and T. A. Ruzhentsova. "Features of influenza’s course in combination with other viruses in children." Medical alphabet, no. 32 (December 16, 2021): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2021-32-7-9.
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The objective. To evaluate the frequency and laboratory characteristics of pneumonia in children when influenza is combined with other respiratory viruses.Materials and methods. We examined 72 children aged 1 month to 17 years who were hospitalized in a specialized hospital in 2017–2019 with influenza type A (72 %) or B (28 %). The main group included 36 patients who had a laboratory-confirmed combination of influenza with other respiratory viruses, and the comparison group included 36 cases in which influenza was the only pathogen detected.Results. The analysis of the frequency of complications showed that in the main group, pneumonia developed significantly more often – in 22 % (8 children), and in the comparison group – in 6 % (2 children, p < 0.05).Conclusions. 1) The combination of influenza with other respiratory viruses is a risk factor for the development of pneumonia in children. 2) There are no significant changes in the indicators of clinical blood analysis in pneumonia developing against the background of influenza, including in combination with other respiratory viruses.
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Matsumoto, Kazuhiro, Wakaba Fukushima, Saeko Morikawa, Masashi Fujioka, Tohru Matsushita, Megumi Kubota, Yoshina Yagi, et al. "Influence of Prior Influenza Vaccination on Current Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Children Aged 1 to 5 Years." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121447.
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Background: Although annual influenza vaccination is an important strategy used to prevent influenza-related morbidity and mortality, some studies have reported the negative influence of prior vaccination on vaccine effectiveness (VE) for current seasons. Currently, the influence of prior vaccination is not conclusive, especially in children. Methods: We evaluated the association between current-season VE and prior season vaccination using a test-negative design in children aged 1–5 years presenting at nine outpatient clinics in Japan during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 influenza seasons. Children with influenza-like illness were enrolled prospectively and tested for influenza using real-time RT-PCR. Their recent vaccination history was categorized into six groups according to current vaccination doses (0/1/2) and prior vaccination status (unvaccinated = 0 doses/vaccinated = 1 dose or 2 doses): (1) 0 doses in the current season and unvaccinated in prior seasons (reference group); (2) 0 doses in the current season and vaccinated in a prior season; (3) 1 dose in the current season and unvaccinated in a prior season; (4) 1 dose in the current season and vaccinated in a prior season; (5) 2 doses in the current season and unvaccinated in a prior season, and (6) 2 doses in the current season and vaccinated in a prior season. Results: A total of 799 cases and 1196 controls were analyzed. The median age of the subjects was 3 years, and the proportion of males was 54%. Overall, the vaccination rates (any vaccination in the current season) in the cases and controls were 36% and 53%, respectively. The VEs of the groups were: (2) 29% (95% confidence interval: −25% to 59%); (3) 53% (6% to 76%); (4) 70% (45% to 83%); (5) 56% (32% to 72%), and (6) 61% (42% to 73%). The one- and two-dose VEs of the current season were significant regardless of prior vaccination status. The results did not differ when stratified by influenza subtype/lineage. Conclusion: Prior vaccination did not attenuate the current-season VE in children aged 1 to 5 years, supporting the annual vaccination strategy.
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Zhirnov, O. P., N. O. Bokova, E. I. Isaeva, I. V. Vorobeva, T. E. Konakova, and N. A. Malyshev. "Therapeutic effect of aerosol form of aprotinin against Influenza." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases 19, no. 6 (December 15, 2014): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/eid40817.
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There was studied the therapeutic efficacy ofinhalations ofaerosolform ofaprotinin delivered by a propellant in the metered-dose inhaler (MDI). This clinical trial was performed during the winter-spring outbreak caused with pandemic Influenza H1N1pdmO9. Aprotinin (a natural antiprotease low molecular weight polypeptide from bovine lungs) is known to be an antiviral drug, which inhibits influenza virus proteolytic activation accomplished by host respiratory proteases. Patients inhaled 2 aerosol doses of aprotinin (160 Kallikrein-inhibiting Units (KIU)) each 2 hours for 5 days. In comparison group, patients were treated with Ingavirin (a synthetic peptidoamine with unknown antiviral target), 90 mg per dayfor 5 days. On day 2 after treatment viral loads in naso-pharyngeal washes were determined. In aprotinin patients about the tenfold decrease of viral load was determined in comparison to Ingavirin patients. Duration of clinical symptoms, such as rhinorrhea, weakness, headache, sore throat, cough, chest pains, fever, in aprotinin group was 1 -2 days shorter then in Ingavirin group. No side effects neither patient discomfort were revealed in aprotinin group of patients. MDI, containing aprotinin as an active substance, can be recommended as a drug against Influenza caused by different viruses, including seasonal H1 N1, H3N2, swine-like H1 N1 pdmO9, and avian-like H7N9 viruses.
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Editorial, Article. "Influenza and ARVI: challenges and solutions." Medical Council, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-2-68-75.
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ARVI and influenza are one of the topical problems of pediatrics, which is due to the high level of morbidity in the child population, a significant incidence of severe and complicated forms of disease, especially in young children. In the structure of infectious pathology in children, this group of diseases still retains its leading position, accounting for up to 70% of all registered cases. Almost every child annually and more than once endures ARVI or flu episodes. This group of infections causes significant economic damage both to the household budget and the national budget as a whole. In order to improve the provision of medical care for children, improve the qualifications of pediatricians and share experience of the Department of Pediatrics named after Academician G.N. Speranskiy RMACPE (Head of Department Dr. of Sci. (Med), Professor I.N. Zakharova), a scientific and practical seminar «Influenza and acute respiratory infections 2018/2019: challenges and solutions» was held. Within the framework of the event, supported by «Valenta Pharm», specialists considered a number of topical issues, including vaccine prophylaxis and treatment of ARVI and influenza, taking into account modern epidemiological, microbiological and virological data. The seminar participants paid special attention to the validity of antiviral therapy in children, in particular, such drug as Ingavirin®.
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Chioato, A., E. Noseda, S. D. Felix, M. Stevens, G. Del Giudice, S. Fitoussi, and A. Kleinschmidt. "Influenza and Meningococcal Vaccinations Are Effective in Healthy Subjects Treated with the Interleukin-1β-Blocking Antibody Canakinumab: Results of an Open-Label, Parallel Group, Randomized, Single-Center Study." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 12 (October 20, 2010): 1952–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00175-10.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of influenza and meningococcal vaccines in healthy subjects exposed to the anti-interleukin-1β (anti-IL-1β) monoclonal antibody canakinumab. This was an open-label, parallel group, randomized, single-center study of healthy subjects (aged 18 to 45 years). At baseline, antibody (Ab) titers were measured and subjects were randomized (1:1) to a single 300-mg canakinumab dose administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or received no treatment (control group). After 2 weeks, subjects were treated with inactivated, unadjuvanted influenza and conjugated group C meningococcal (MenC) vaccines, administered intramuscularly (i.m.). The primary efficacy variable was the response (≥2-fold increase in Ab titer in ≥2 of 3 influenza virus strains) after 4 weeks in subjects treated with canakinumab compared to the control group. Secondary efficacy variables were the antibody response to vaccines at different thresholds and time points. Fifty-one of 112 subjects screened were randomized to canakinumab (n = 25) or the control group (n = 26). Antibody responses to vaccinations measured against different influenza virus strains and one MenC strain at 4 weeks were comparable in the canakinumab and control groups. The primary efficacy variable, the response to influenza vaccination (≥2-fold increase in Ab titer in ≥2 of 3 serotypes) at 4 weeks, was shown in 24/25 subjects in the canakinumab group compared to 25/25 subjects in the control group. Antibody responses remained comparable in the two groups at the different time points assessed. Headache was the most frequently reported adverse event. No deaths or serious adverse events were reported during the study. We concluded that a single dose of 300 mg canakinumab s.c. does not affect the induction or persistence of antibody responses after vaccination with unadjuvanted influenza or alum-adjuvanted MenC vaccines in healthy subjects.
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Dhumad, Bushra Qasim, and Safa Ibrahim Jaber. "Mutation Occurrence in Tor2 Gene in Patients with SARS COV-2 in Association with H. Influenza Infection." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2368.
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SARS COV-2is a very dangerous virus that has led to many deaths. H. Influenzais a bacteria that causes many infections inside the human body, such as pneumonia. In this study, a total of (60)blood samples were taken from patients infected with SARS COV-2shared with H. Influenza infection who attended Ibn-Al-Baladi Hospital/Baghdad city during the period from 15th January to 1st December 2021. Venous blood samples were also taken from (60) healthy individuals as a control group. The results showed that the distribution rate of the SARS COV-2 IgG and H. influenza IgG among the male patients was twice44 (73.3%)more than the distribution rate among female patients. The prevalence of SARS COV-2 IgG and H. influenza IgG was shown to be the highest among the age group (>51) years, followed by the age group (21-30) years. The cases of SARS COV-2and H. influenza infections among the studied patients according to residency were shown to be almost equal among rural and urban residents 30,30 (49.2%,50.8%) respectively. Regarding the relationship between SARS COV-2 IgG and H. influenza IgG and CRP levels, the mean level of CRP in the patients was (73.72±17.05) and in the the controls was (8.71±1.12), while the mean level of H. influenza IgG in the patients was (1.05±0.23) and in the control group was (0.3±0.02), whereas the mean level of SARS COV-2 IgG was (7.00±2.15) in the patients andwas (0.35 ±0.19) in the controls with a highly significant differences (HS).The number and percentage of patients with positive SARS COV-2 and H. influenza IgG was 38(95.0%) who had high levels of GOT up to 65 U/L, while 2(50%) of those patients had GOT >65 U/L, while the Negative infections with SARS COV-2 IgG, H. influenza IgG 17(85.0%) had up 65 U/L and 3(15.0 %) had>65 U/L level (P =0.03).In addition, high levels of GPT, Alkaline phosphates, urea and creatinine were recorded among patients groups when compared with the healthy controls.
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McCarthy, Kevin R., Akiko Watanabe, Masayuki Kuraoka, Khoi T. Do, Charles E. McGee, Gregory D. Sempowski, Thomas B. Kepler, Aaron G. Schmidt, Garnett Kelsoe, and Stephen C. Harrison. "Memory B Cells that Cross-React with Group 1 and Group 2 Influenza A Viruses Are Abundant in Adult Human Repertoires." Immunity 48, no. 1 (January 2018): 174–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2017.12.009.
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Kumar, P., R. Trebbien, P. C. Leutscher, L. Strandbygaard, and C. Rasmussen. "FRI0525 INFLUENZA VACCINATION COMPLIANCE AND RESPONSE IN AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASE PATIENTS: A COHORT STUDY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 862.1–862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1754.
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Background:Patients diagnosed with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) have higher risk of developing infections due to immunological dysfunction and immunosuppressive treatments. Current guidelines recommend annual influenza vaccination to reduce infection risk in this group of patients. However, vaccination response in these patients is uncertain.Objectives:To study influenza vaccination compliance and response in a Danish AIIRD patient population.Methods:AIIRD patients on biological treatment ± synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) in our department of rheumatology and registered in the Danish Rheumatology database (DANBIO) were included in the current study. The patients were encouraged to be vaccinated against influenza in the 2018/19 winter season. Status of influenza vaccination for the period of 1.9.2018 to 31.12.2018 was reviewed in each patient using the Danish Vaccination Register (DDV) and Danish Electronic Medicine Module (FMK). Patient data were collected by review of the medical files. Serum samples from each patient were collected on two occasions: 1) from 1.6.2017 to 15.5.2018 (before vaccination) and 2) from 1.11.2018 to 1.3.2019 (after vaccination), respectively. Antibody titers against the three antigens included in the trivalent 2018/2019 seasonal influenza vaccine were measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay followed by determination of geometric mean titers (GMT).Results:Among a total of 226 study eligible AIIRD patients, 111 (49%) had been influenza vaccinated. In the remaining group of 115 (51%) non-vaccinated patients, 50 were randomly contacted by telephone to ensure the accuracy of DDV registration. All 50 confirmed non-vaccinated status. Median age of vaccinated group was 65 years while of non-vaccinated group was 57 years (p≤0.00001). Median GMT increased from 10 to 22 in the group of vaccinated patients versus from 6 to 10 in the group of non-vaccinated patients (p<0.0001). GMT increased ≥2-fold in 79 (71%) of 111 influenza vaccinated in comparison to 60 (52%) of 115 non-vaccinated patients (p≤0.003). Among influenza vaccinated patients, median age of responders (≥2-fold increase in GMT) was 66 years versus non-responders 63 years (p=0.3). In the influenza vaccinated group, ≥2-fold increase in GMT was seen in 51 (73%) of 70 patients receiving methotrexate compared to 28 (68%) of 41 in patients not receiving methotrexate (p=0,6).Conclusion:Only half of the patients were compliant to the vaccination recommendations in the 2018/2019 influenza season despite the information campaign. Response rate of influenza vaccination (≥2-fold GMT increase) was 71% in AIIRD patients receiving immunosuppressive treatments. In contrast to other studies, concurrent methotrexate treatment did not attenuate serological response of influenza vaccination. We are still exploring the causes of increased influenza antibody titers in non-vaccinated group.References:[1] Kapetanovic MC, Kristensen LE, Saxne T, et al. Impact of anti-rheumatic treatment on immunogenicity of pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in patients with arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014;16:R2.[2] Hua C, Barnetche T, Combe B, et al. Effect of methotrexate, anti-tumor necrosis factor α, and rituximab on the immune response to influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res 2014;66:1016–26.[3] Furer V, et al. 2019 update of EULAR recommendations for vaccination in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;79:39–52. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215882Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Zhdanov, K. V., R. F. Khamitov, V. V. Rafalsky, M. P. Mikhaylusova, Yu S. Shapovalova, R. A. Oseshnyuk, and D. N. Alpenidze. "The use of antiviral drug based on technologically processed antibodies to interferon-γ, CD4 receptor and histamine in the treatment of influenza in adults: results of a multicenter open-label randomized comparative trial with oseltamivir." Infekcionnye bolezni 19, no. 1 (2021): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2021-1-39-57.
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Objective. A multicenter open-label randomized controlled clinical trial was aimed to compare the efficacy of the study drug (SD) containing technologically processed affinity purified antibodies (high dilutions) to IFN-γ, CD4 receptor and histamine (Ergoferon) with oseltamivir, and evaluate the influence of SD on the antiviral immune response in adults with seasonal influenza. Patients and methods. 184 outpatients aged 18–70 with confirmed influenza of mild/moderate severity were included and randomized into 2 groups (in a 1:1 ratio). Patients received SD (Group 1, n = 92) or oseltamivir (Group 2, n = 92), according to the instructions for medical use for 5 days. As the primary endpoint, the percentage of patients with recovery/improvement was assessed (according to the data of the patient's diary on days 2–7 and according to the clinical examination on days 3 and 7). Additionally, the duration and severity of influenza symptoms, the percentage of patients with virus elimination (according to RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal samples), the percentage of patients with complications, the percentage of patients prescribed antipyretic drugs, the change in concentration of T cell (IL-2, IL-18, IFN-γ) and B cell antigen-specific (IL-4, IL-16) immune response regulators in serum, the leukocyte phenotypes on days 1, 3 and 7 were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using a “Non-Inferiority” design (or no less efficiency/safety). Intention-to-Treat (ITT) analysis data are presented. Results. According to patients’ self-assessment, 53.3% of patients in Group 1 recovered/improved on the 6th day in the morning and 65.2% – in the evening (vs. 53.3% and 57.6% in Group 2, respectively). There were 73.9% recovered/ improved patients on the 7th day in the morning (vs. 67.4% in Group 2). A generalized analysis showed that the treatment results in both groups were comparable (p < 0.0001). According to objective medical examination, 79.3% of patients in the SD group and 74.0% of patients in the Оseltamivir group recovered/improved on the 7th day (p < 0.0001). The antiviral efficacy of SD was not inferior to oseltamivir, which was confirmed by comparable periods of virus elimination, duration and severity of fever and other influenza symptoms. A moderate activating effect of SD on the immune system was evaluated. A significant, compared to oseltamivir, increase in the concentration of IL-2 and IL-4 on the 3rd day of treatment (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04 vs. the oseltamivir group), and IFN-γ on the 3rd and the 7th days (p = 0.012 and p < 0.0001, respectively, vs. the oseltamivir group). No stimulating effect of SD on the growth and differentiation of immune cells was found. Conclusion. SD is effective and safe in the treatment of patients with influenza. The therapeutic and antiviral efficacy of SD is comparable to that of oseltamivir. The antiviral activity of SD affects the interferon system and the concentration of the cytokines IL-2 and IL-4, regulators of the T and B cell immune response. At the same time, there is no significant stimulation of interferon production with further development of hyporeactivity. Key words: influenza, oseltamivir, therapy, cytokines, Еrgoferon
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Szilagyi, Peter G., Stanley Schaffer, Cynthia M. Rand, Nicolas P. N. Goldstein, Mary Younge, Michael Mendoza, Christina S. Albertin, et al. "Text Message Reminders for Child Influenza Vaccination in the Setting of School-Located Influenza Vaccination: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Clinical Pediatrics 58, no. 4 (January 2, 2019): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922818821878.
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Half of US school children receive influenza vaccine. In our previous trials, school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) raised vaccination rates by 5 to 8 percentage points. We assessed whether text message reminders to parents could raise vaccination rates above those observed with SLIV. Within urban elementary schools we randomized families into text message + SLIV (intervention) versus SLIV alone (comparison). All parents were sent 2 backpack notifications plus 2 autodialer phone reminders about SLIV at a single SLIV clinic. Intervention group parents also were sent 3 text messages from the school nurse encouraging flu vaccination via either primary care or SLIV. Among 15 768 children at 32 schools, vaccination rates were text + SLIV (40%) and SLIV control (40%); 4% of students per group received influenza vaccination at SLIV. Text message reminders did not raise influenza vaccination rates above those observed with SLIV alone. More intensive interventions are needed to raise influenza vaccination rates.
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MORISHITA, T., E. NOBUSAWA, S. LUO, K. SATO, S. NAKAJIMA, and K. NAKAJIMA. "Analysis of the host-specific haemagglutination of influenza A(H1N1) viruses isolated in the 1995/6 season." Epidemiology and Infection 119, no. 3 (December 1997): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268897008248.
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Two phenotypes of human influenza A(H1N1) virus are currently circulating in Japan. One (group 1) agglutinates both chicken and goose red blood cells (CRBC and GRBC), the other (group 2) agglutinates GRBC but not CRBC. In the 1995/6 season, group 2 viruses accounted for 70% of the H1N1 viruses isolated in MDCK cells. The 1995/6 viruses were located on two branches of the genetic tree. One branch contained both group 1 and group 2 viruses and the other branch contained only group 2 viruses. Group 2 viruses had aspartic acid at residue 225 in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, the key amino acid residue for group 2 phenotype. The HA protein of group 1 viruses had a change from aspartic acid to asparagine at residue 225 and the expressed HA protein of these viruses adsorbed CRBC. Serial passage of group 2 viruses in MDCK cells or embryonated chicken eggs caused these viruses to gain the ability to agglutinate CRBC. MDCK-adapted viruses had the same amino acid sequences of HA polypeptide as the original ones, but egg-adapted viruses had changed amino acid sequences. The expressed HA protein from one egg-adapted virus that originally belonged to group 2 adsorbed CRBC.
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Nishimura, Hidekazu, Akira Suzuki, Oshi Watanabe, Kikuyoshi Yoshida, Kazuo Akiyama, Yoshio Koyanagi, Yasuhiko Hayakawa, Shigeki Moriizumi, and Katumi Mizuta. "An attempt of a pandemic planning by a local group for 2 years: the Miyagi Pandemic Influenza Study Group in Sendai, Japan." International Congress Series 1263 (June 2004): 818–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.01.026.
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Reemers, Sylvia, Denny Sonnemans, Linda Horspool, Sander van Bommel, Qi Cao, and Saskia van de Zande. "Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy—The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030501.
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Vaccination is an effective tool to limit equine influenza virus (EIV H3N8) infection, a contagious respiratory disease with potentially huge economic impact. The study assessed the effects of antigenic change on vaccine efficacy and the need for strain update. Horses were vaccinated (V1 and V2) with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza, group 2, FC1 and European strains) or a carbomer-adjuvanted, modified vector vaccine (ProteqFlu, group 3, FC1 and FC2 HA genes). Serology (SRH, HI, VN), clinical signs and viral shedding were assessed in comparison to unvaccinated control horses. The hypothesis was that group 2 (no FC2 vaccine strain) would be less well protected than group 3 following experimental infection with a recent FC2 field strain (A/equi-2/Wexford/14) 4.5 months after vaccination. All vaccinated horses had antibody titres to FC1 and FC2. After challenge, serology increased more markedly in group 3 than in group 2. Vaccinated horses had significantly lower total clinical scores and viral shedding. Unexpectedly, viral RNA shedding was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 3. Vaccination induced protective antibody titres to FC1 and FC2 and reduced clinical signs and viral shedding. The two tested vaccines provided equivalent protection against a recent FC2 EIV field strain.
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Zheng, Jing-Quan, Cheng-Hsin Lin, Chun-Chao Chen, Yuan-Feng Lin, Chun-Chih Chiu, Tsung Yeh Yang, Min-Huei Hsu, et al. "Role of Annual Influenza Vaccination against Lung Cancer in Type 2 Diabetic Patients from a Population-Based Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 15 (August 1, 2021): 3434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153434.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are at a higher risk for developing lung cancer due to immune dysfunction and chronic inflammation. They also have increased morbidity and mortality related to influenza, and it is recommended that they receive an annual influenza vaccination. In this study, we evaluate whether influenza vaccination could reduce the incidence of lung cancer in DM patients. This cohort study included DM patients (≥55 years old) between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2012 by using the Taiwan Health Insurance Database. Cox proportional hazard regression method was used to compare the relation between the influenza vaccination and lung cancer incidence after adjusting for potential confounders. Sub-group analyses were done according to vaccination status (unvaccinated, total number of vaccinations: 1, 2–3, ≥4) and evaluated the dose-dependent effects on lung cancer events. Among 22,252 eligible DM patients, 7860 (35.32%) received an influenza vaccination and 67.68% (14392) did not receive an influenza vaccination. Lung cancer incidence was significantly lower in the vaccinated group versus the unvaccinated group (adjusted HR 0.77; 95% CI 0.62–0.95, p < 0.05). Significant protective effects were observed among male sex (adjusted HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.55–0.94, p < 0.05) and 55–64 year (adjusted HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.40–0.94, p < 0.05) and ≥75 year (adjusted HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.42–0.92, p < 0.05) age groups, respectively. A dose-dependent protective effect was noted with a significant protective effect in those that received ≥4 vaccinations (adjusted HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.29–0.61, p < 0.001). In sub-group analysis, elder patients with ≥65 years of age were significantly protected from ≥4 vaccinations (adjusted HR 0.37; 95% CI 0.23–0.62, p < 0.001 in 65–74 years and adjusted HR 0.31; 95% CI 0.15–0.66, p = 0.002 in ≥75 years group, respectively). Male sex with ≥4 vaccinations had a significantly lower risk of lung cancer (adjusted HR 0.35; 95% CI 0.21–0.57, p < 0.001). Patients with comorbid conditions that received ≥4 vaccinations were also protected, and was especially significant among those with CCI ≥ 3 (adjusted HR 0.38; 95% CI 0.18–0.80, p = 0.009) as compared to 1 and 2–3 vaccination groups, including those with hypertension (adjusted HR 0.35; 95% CI 0.22–0.57, p < 0.001). This population-based cohort study demonstrated that annual influenza vaccination significantly reduced the lung cancer risk in DM patients and specifically demonstrates that a higher number of vaccinations is related with a more protective effect. Whether this is due to vaccine booster effects on anti-tumor immune regulation among DM patients still needs to be explored.
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Tharu, Bhikhari P. "The average peak time and intensity of seasonal influenza may vary by age: a study of laboratory confirmed influenza." Journal of Infection Prevention 21, no. 5 (June 10, 2020): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177420921916.
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Background: Seasonal influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory illness that exerts a severe impact on human life year-round. Yet, very few studies have been conducted to investigate its peak timing for different age groups. Objective: To evaluate the average peak calendar time and intensity for the incidence of SI for different age groups. Methods: The study uses laboratory-confirmed Influenza data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the USA with age groups 2, 11, 34, 57 and 65 years during 2009–2018 for the analysis. A non-parametric method of estimation of a circular probability distribution called likelihood cross-validation method has been utilised. Results: The average peak date of incidence for age groups 2 and 11 is around the last week of December. However, the date shifts to the last week of January to the first week of February for other groups. Age groups 65 and 2 years experienced the most severe impact among all. Discussion: The average peak time for SI incidence is between the last week of December to January with a single peak time for every age group. However, the incidence seems to develop an additional moderate peak time for age group 65.
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Tonouchi, Keisuke, Yu Adachi, Saya Moriyama, Kaori Sano, Koshiro Tabata, Keigo Ide, Haruko Takeyama, Tadaki Suzuki, and Yoshimasa Takahashi. "Stereotyped B-cell response that counteracts antigenic variation of influenza viruses." International Immunology 32, no. 9 (June 6, 2020): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxaa038.
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Abstract Influenza A subtypes are categorized into group 1 and group 2 based on the hemagglutinin (HA) sequence. Owing to the phylogenetic distance of HAs in different groups, antibodies that bind multiple HA subtypes across different groups are extremely rare. In this study, we demonstrated that an immunization with acid-treated HA antigen elicits germinal center (GC) B cells that bind multiple HA subtypes in both group 1 and group 2. The cross-group GC B cells utilized mostly one VH gene (1S56) and exhibited a sign of clonal evolution within GCs. The 1S56-lineage IgGs derived from GC B cells were able to bind to HA protein on the infected cell surface but not to the native form of HA protein, suggesting the cryptic nature of the 1S56 epitope and its exposure in infected cells. Finally, the 1S56-lineage IgGs provided protection against lethal infection in an Fc-dependent manner, independent of the virus-neutralizing activity. Thus, we identified 1S56-lineage antibodies as a unique stereotype for achieving cross-group influenza specificity. The antigens exposing the 1S56 epitope may be good candidates for broadly protective immunogens.
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Kogure, Toshiaki, Naoyuki Harada, Yuko Oku, Takeshi Tatsumi, and Atsushi Niizawa. "The Observation of Humoral Responses after Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Japanese Oriental (Kampo) Medicine: An Observational Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/320542.
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Objective. The efficacy of influenza vaccination in patients treated with Japanese Oriental (Kampo) Medicine is unknown. The objectives of this study were to observe the efficacy of influenza vaccination in RA patients treated with Kampo.Methods. Trivalent influenza subunit vaccine was administered to 45 RA patients who had received Kampo. They were divided into 2 groups: RA patients treated without MTX (“without MTX group”) and treated with MTX (“with MTX group”). Antibody titers were measured before and 4 weeks after vaccination using hemagglutination inhibition assay.Results. Geometric mean titers (GMTs) of anti-influenza antibodies significantly increased for all influenza strains. Response to the influenza vaccination in RA patients treated with Kampo was not lower than that of healthy subjects and the response in the “with MTX group” had a tendency to be higher than that in RA patients treated with MTX in the previous study. There was no significant difference in the GMT after 4 weeks between the “with MTX group” and the “without MTX group.” A decreased efficacy in both seroprotection and seroconversion was not found in the “with MTX group.”Conclusion. These observations may open the way for further clinical trials to establish the efficacy for the influenza vaccination in RA patients treated with Kampo.
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Ajejas Bazán, María Julia, Ramón Del Gallego-Lastra, Cristina Maria Alves Marques-Vieira, Candelas López-López, Silvia Domínguez-Fernández, Milagros Rico-Blázquez, and Francisco Javier Pérez-Rivas. "Vaccine Coverage against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in Health Sciences Students during COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020159.
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Vaccination against influenza and SARS-CoV-2 is recommended in health sciences students to reduce the risk of acquiring these diseases and transmitting them to patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate how the pandemic influenced the modification of influenza vaccination coverage during the 2019/2020 and 2021/2022 campaigns and to analyze the vaccination coverage against SARS-CoV-2 in health sciences students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of the Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry of the Complutense University of Madrid. A questionnaire was administered in two stages, the first, Q1, before the start of the pandemic, where we analyzed influenza coverage during the 2019/2020 campaign and a second, Q2, 18 months after the start of the pandemic where we analyzed influenza coverage during the 2021/2022 campaign and coverage against SARS-CoV-2. A total of 1894 students (58.78% of the total of those enrolled) participated. Flu vaccination coverage increased from 26.7% in Q1 to 35.0% in Q2 (p < 0.05), being higher in the age group older than 21 years, who studied nursing, were in their fourth year and lived with people at risk. Vaccination coverage against SARS-CoV-2 was very high (97.8%), especially in students vaccinated against influenza. Coverage of the influenza vaccine in health sciences students increased from 2019–2020 to 2021–2022, being higher in the age group older than 21 years, who studied nursing, were in their first and fourth year and lived with people at risk. Coverage of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in health sciences students was very high, especially in those vaccinated against influenza.
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GRAN, J. M., B. IVERSEN, O. HUNGNES, and O. O. AALEN. "Estimating influenza-related excess mortality and reproduction numbers for seasonal influenza in Norway, 1975–2004." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 11 (March 25, 2010): 1559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810000671.
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SUMMARYInfluenza can be a serious, sometimes deadly, disease, especially for people in high-risk groups such as the elderly and patients with underlying, severe disease. In this paper we estimated the influenza-related excess mortality in Norway for 1975–2004, comparing it with dominant virus types and estimates of the reproduction number. Analysis was done using Poisson regression, explaining the weekly all-cause mortality by rates of reported influenza-like illness, together with markers for seasonal and year-to-year variation. The estimated excess mortality was the difference between the observed and predicted mortality, removing the influenza contribution from the prediction. We estimated the overall influenza-related excess mortality as 910 deaths per season, or 2·08% of the overall deaths. Age-grouped analyses indicated that the major part of the excess mortality occurred in the ⩾65 years age group, but that there was also a significant contribution to mortality in the 0–4 years age group. Estimates of the reproduction number R, ranged from about 1 to 1·69.
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Tarrasa, Giancarlo Hernán Cristerna, Martha Ramiro Mendoza, Francisco Javier Otero Mendoza, and Eduardo Arias de la Garza. "#29: Clinical Evaluation of Pediatric Patients with Respiratory Symptoms with Confirmed and Negative Influenza in a Third-level Pediatric Center in Mexico City." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 10, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2021): S23—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa170.075.
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Abstract Background Influenza virus is responsible for 3 to 5 million cases every year with an estimated mortality in children around 0.15 deaths per 100,000 population. Mexico reported in the 2018–2019 Influenza season 7,210 confirmed cases with 811 deaths (11%) with AH1N1 the most frequent type with 67% of the cases and 88% of the deaths. Clinical assessment of children with influenza is difficult because of the overlap of symptoms between other viral diseases so we evaluated the severity of respiratory symptoms in influenza-positive and -negative children to attain better clinical assessment of influenza cases. Methods We evaluated 846 children less than 18 years old who were screened for influenza in the emergency department at our hospital by using the WHO Influenza Like Disease (ILD) definition between epidemiological week 40 up to week 20 of the 2018–2019 influenza season. Clinical characteristics, evolution and comorbidities were assessed between positive and negative influenza test. Influenza was confirmed by RT–PCR of a nasal swab. Both χ 2 test and t-test were used for statistical analysis of both groups. Results Of the 846 children evaluated for ILD, 177 were positive and 669 were negative for influenza virus. 53.6% of the positive group and 52.2% of the negative group were male, mean ages were 5.25 years and 3.73 years, respectively (P < 0.0001) with 55% and 73.9% less than 5 years old, respectively. 75.7% of the positive group had severe disease defined as hypoxemic pneumonia and 78.6% of the negative group. Statistically significant differences in clinical evaluation were observed regarding frequency of fever, cough, sore throat, chills, myalgias, arthralgias, malaise, conjunctivitis and sudden onset of symptoms. Also, in the positive group there was higher probability of having a positive close contact (6.8%) case than in the negative group (2.5%) (P = 0.005). Cardiopathy, immunosuppression and cancer were the most frequent comorbidities in the influenza group. Four percent of the influenza-positive group and 5% of the negative group were vaccinated. Influenza types were 55.4% AH1N1pdm09, 35% B (29% Yamagata, 22.6% Victoria, 48.4% undetermined) and 9% of AH3. Two deaths were reported in the influenza-positive group. Conclusions Influenza can produce a severe disease in children, especially with those with co-morbidity; therefore, careful evaluation of respiratory symptoms, contact history to ILD, and highly sensitive diagnostics will accurately diagnose influenza. Patients with severe influenza should be promptly treated with antivirals and isolated to decrease intrahospital transmission.
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Hu, Zenglei, Ya Huang, Jiangyan Zhao, Jiao Hu, Shunlin Hu, and Xiufan Liu. "Expression and characterization of a recombinant broadly-reactive monoclonal antibody against group 1 and 2 influenza viruses." Protein Expression and Purification 192 (April 2022): 106046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2022.106046.
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Li, Zhanping, Zhimin Wan, Tuofan Li, Quan Xie, Haiwei Sun, Hongjun Chen, Guangchen Liang, Hongxia Shao, Aijian Qin, and Jianqiang Ye. "A novel linear epitope crossing Group 1 and Group 2 influenza A viruses located in the helix A of HA2 derived from H7N9." Veterinary Microbiology 228 (January 2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.002.
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Kordyukova, Larisa V., Marina V. Serebryakova, Anton A. Polyansky, Ekaterina A. Kropotkina, Andrei V. Alexeevski, Michael Veit, Roman G. Efremov, Irina Yu Filippova, and Lyudmila A. Baratova. "Linker and/or transmembrane regions of influenza A/Group-1, A/Group-2, and type B virus hemagglutinins are packed differently within trimers." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1808, no. 7 (July 2011): 1843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.03.005.
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Prokopeva, E. A., K. A. Sharshov, A. A. Romanovskaya, I. A. Sobolev, O. G. Kurskaya, E. I. Soloveva, L. V. Shestopalova, A. V. Zaykovskaya, A. Yu Alekseev, and A. M. Shestopalov. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PATHOGENICITY OF INFLUENZA A(H5N1) AND A(H1N1)pdm09 VIRUSES IN MICE." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-2-38-44.
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Aim. Compare the degree of pathogenicity of newly emerging influenza virus strains with pandemic potential by experimental infection of BALB/c mice with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus and mouse adapted pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Materials and methods. The first group of BALB/c mice (n=24) were infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in a dose of 5 LD50, and the second group (n=24) were infected with mouse adapted pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus at a dose of 5 LD50. Determination of LD50 and TCID50 were performed by virological methods. Morphological changes in internal organs (lung, brain, liver, kidney, spleen) were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Results. Virologic analysis showed that both strains are highly lethal for mice. Microscopic examination revealed the development of interstitial pneumonia in the lungs and generalization of infection in the internal organs. Conclusion. In both groups of BALB/c mice experimentally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) and mouse adapted pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus were revealed the development of a highly lethal disease in the form of respiratory pneumonia. It is noted, different mechanisms of pathological process: in case of infection with mouse adapted pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus firstly developed bronchitis, which quickly exacerbated by the development of alveolitis, while in case of infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) immediately developed alveolitis. On the 6th day after infection recorded the development of generalized infection in mice of both experimental groups.
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Gittelman, Rachel M., Erik Yusko, Catherine M. Sanders, Marissa Vignali, Adrian McDermott, and Harlan Robins. "Detection and tracking of public, broadly neutralizing antibodies against group 1 and group 2 Influenza A viruses in healthy donors and post-seasonal flu vaccine." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 73.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.73.4.
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Abstract Influenza A viruses form two diverse clades that co-circulate and cause seasonal infections each year. This diversity has made it challenging to develop a universal flu vaccine that effectively targets epitopes across both clades. One approach to developing a universal flu vaccine is to identify broadly neutralizing antibodies that can be reproducibly elicited across individuals by novel immunogens or immunogens specifically designed to enhance these sequences. These public antibodies may represent common and accessible routes to protection against influenza in the general population. Next generation sequencing can be used to monitor vaccine trials for the presence of these sequences. In this work, we leverage Adaptive Biotechnologies’ IGH sequence database and immunoSEQ® assay to track and characterize a set of recently identified public IGH motifs that are capable of neutralizing group 1 and group 2 flu viruses1. We first characterized the incidence and basal frequency of these motifs in blood from 3 healthy individuals, as well as bone marrow from 97 patients following immune reconstitution. Next, we monitored clonal expansion and contraction of these motifs in 15 healthy subjects immediately prior to, and at days 3, 7, 14, 28, and 120 post seasonal flu vaccination. Finally, we placed these motifs within the broader context of immune response following seasonal flu vaccination through additional deep sequencing of the IGH and TCRB loci in these subjects. These data show that immunoSequencing can be used as a highly quantitative and sensitive tool to track the production and maintenance of specific antibody sequences.
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Watanabe, Aripuanã Sakurada Aranha, Emerson Carraro, João Manuelo Grisi Candeias, Maria Rita Donalísio, Élcio Leal, Celso Francisco Hernandes Granato, and Nancy Bellei. "Viral etiology among the elderly presenting acute respiratory infection during the influenza season." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 44, no. 1 (February 2011): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86822011000100005.
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INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common illness in all individuals. Rhinoviruses have been reported as the etiology of more than 50% of respiratory tract infections worldwide. The study prospectively evaluated 47 elderly individuals from a group of 384 randomly assigned for acute respiratory viral infections (cold or flu) and assessed the occurrence of human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus (hMPV) in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Forty-nine nasal swabs collected from 47 elderly individuals following inclusion visits from 2002 to 2003 were tested by GenScan RT-PCR. HRV-positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: No sample was positive for influenza A/B or RSV. HRV was detected in 28.6% (14/47) and hMPV in 2% (1/47). Of 14 positive samples, 9 isolates were successfully sequenced, showing the follow group distribution: 6 group A, 1 group B and 2 group C HRVs. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of HRV during the months of the influenza season requires further study regarding HRV infection impact on respiratory complications among this population. Infection caused by HRV is very frequent and may contribute to increasing the already high demand for healthcare during the influenza season.
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Ammari, Tawfiq, Sangseok You, and Lionel P. Robert Jr. "Alternative Group Technologies and Their Influence on Group Technology Acceptance." American Journal of Information Systems 6, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajis-6-2-1.
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Comeaux, Christy, Arangassery Rosemary Bastian, Els De Paepe, Edmund Omoruyi, Wouter Haazen, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Cynthia Strout, Benoit Callendret, and Jerald Sadoff. "2775. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Seasonal Influenza Vaccine and Ad26.RSV.preF Vaccine With and Without Co-Administration: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2a Study in Adults Aged ≥ 60 Years." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2452.
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Abstract Background Influenza and RSV can cause respiratory tract infections leading to severe illness, hospitalization and mortality in at-risk populations, particularly the elderly. The seasonality of influenza and RSV present the potential to co-administer vaccines. This study aimed to demonstrate the non-inferiority of co-administration of the experimental RSV vaccine Ad26.RSV.preF with an influenza vaccine (Fluarix) vs. Fluarix alone in terms of immunogenicity against influenza. Methods This was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 2a study (NCT03339713) in healthy adults ≥60 years old. Volunteers were randomized 1:1 to receive Fluarix + 1 × 1011 vp Ad26.RSV.preF on Day 1 and placebo on Day 29 (Group 1), or Fluarix + placebo on Day 1 and 1 × 1011 vp Ad26.RSV.preF on Day 29 (Group 2). Blood samples were taken prior to each vaccination and at Day 57. The primary endpoints were geometric mean titers (GMTs) of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers against Fluarix strains (A/Michigan, A/Hong Kong, B/Brisbane and B/Phuket) and the safety and tolerability of Ad26.RSV.preF administered with or without Fluarix. A key secondary endpoint was neutralizing antibody titers to RSV A2. Results Volunteers (N = 180) were included in Group 1 (n = 90) or Group 2 (n = 90). Most volunteers were white (89%) and female (63%), with a median age of 65 years. Both groups exhibited an increase from baseline in HI antibody response on Day 29. The 95% one-sided upper confidence limit of all GMT ratios were below the non-inferiority margin of 2. The frequency of solicited adverse events (AE) after Ad26.RSV.preF vaccination was similar with and without influenza co-administration. Solicited AEs were mainly of Grade 1 and 2 and of transient duration. Most unsolicited AEs were considered unrelated to the study vaccination and were Grade 1 or 2. There were no serious AEs related to the study vaccine and there were no discontinuations due to AEs. RSV neutralizing antibody titers 29 days post- Ad26.RSV.preF immunization were similar in both groups (1404, Group 1; 1690, Group 2). Conclusion Co-administration of Ad26.RSV.preF with Fluarix was non-inferior to Fluarix alone in terms of immunogenicity against influenza and had an acceptable tolerability profile. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Park, Jin Kyun, Min Ah Lee, Eun Young Lee, Yeong Wook Song, Yunhee Choi, Kevin L. Winthrop, and Eun Bong Lee. "Effect of methotrexate discontinuation on efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised clinical trial." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 76, no. 9 (May 3, 2017): 1559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211128.
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ObjectiveTo investigate whether temporary discontinuation of methotrexate (MTX) improves the efficacy of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsIn this prospective randomised parallel-group trial, patients with RA taking stable dose of MTX were randomly assigned at a ratio of 1:1:1:1 to continue MTX (group 1), suspend MTX for 4 weeks before vaccination (group 2), suspend MTX for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after vaccination (group 3) or suspend MTX for 4 weeks after vaccination (group 4). All participants were vaccinated with trivalent influenza vaccine containing H1N1, H3N2 and B-Yamagata. The primary outcome was frequency of satisfactory vaccine response (≥4-fold titre increase 4 weeks postvaccination). Secondary endpoints included fold change in antibody titres from baseline.ResultsThe per-protocol population consisted of 199 patients (n=54, 44, 49 and 52 in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively). Group 3 achieved higher satisfactory vaccine response against all three antigens than group 1 (51.0% vs 31.5%, p=0.044). The anti-H3N2 antibody fold increase (95% CI) was significantly higher in groups 3 and 4 (12.2 (8.4 to 17.5), p <0.001 and 10.0 (6.8 to 14.8), p=0.043, respectively) than group 1 (5.9 (4.3 to 8.1)). The anti-B-Yamagata antibody responses of groups 3 and 4 were higher (4.7 (3.3 to 6.7), p=0.048; 6.1 (4.2 to 8.8), p <0.001, respectively) than group 1 (2.9 (2.2 to 3.8)). RA flare occurred in 24.1%, 21.2%, 34.1% and 38.8% in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively (p=NS).ConclusionsTemporary MTX discontinuation improves the immunogenicity of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with RA.Trial registrationTrial registration number is:www.clinicaltrials.gov,NCT02748785.
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Pervoushina, Yu V., V. V. Gorbunov, and S. A. Lukyanov. "Cardiovascular complications in patients with severe pneumonia with influenza A/H1N1 / 09." Сибирский научный медицинский журнал 41, no. 4 (August 26, 2021): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/ssmj20210407.
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Aim of the study was to analyze the frequency and nature of cardiovascular complications in influenza A/H1N1/09 in Zabaykalsky Krai from 2018 to 2019. Material and methods. 86 cases of severe influenza A/H1N1/09 were analyzed. Results. The patients were divided into 2 groups, comparable by gender and age. The first group consisted of patients with cardiovascular complications of influenza A/H1N1 / 09 (41 people). The second group consisted of patients without complicated flu (45 people). The average age of patients in the first group was 60 ± 13.7 years. According to the ECG results, sinus tachycardia with a heart rate of 94 ± 14.2 beats/min was dominant, in combination with various rhythm and conduction disorders: supraventricular extrasystole – in 5 (12 %) patients, acute (paroxysmal) atrial fibrillation – in 19 (46 %), ventricular extrasystole – in 7 (17 %), complete right and left bundle branch block – in 7 (17 %) and 7 (17 %), respectively, atrioventricular block of the 1st degree – in 1 (2 %) patients. Long QT syndrome was revealed in 5 patients (12 %). The severe cardiovascular system complications were: myopericarditis in 2 (5 %) people, decompensation of chronic heart failure in 4 (10 %) people, pulmonary embolism in 1 (2 %), acute myocardial infarction in 11 (27 %). The mortality rate in this group was 12 (29 %) cases from hospitalized patients. The average age of patients in the second group was 58 ± 14.1 years. According to the ECG results, sinus tachycardia with a heart rate of 91 ± 9.4 beats/min was detected in 98 % of cases, 3 (7 %) patients had complete left bundle branch block, 1 (2 %) patient had atrial fibrillation. No other rhythm or conduction disturbances were detected. No organic heart pathology was detected in this group of patients. The mortality rate was 5 (11 %) people. Conclusion. The analysis of 86 cases showed that elderly patients with a heavy premorbid background prevailed. The severe cardiovascular system complications were mainly represented by cardiac arrhythmias and the development of acute myocardial infarction. The fatal outcome occurred on the 8th-22nd day from the onset of the disease. The presence of cardiovascular complications doubles the mortality rate.
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Derkach, Andrii. "Immune homeostasis of a woman after the influenza in early pregnancy." Perinatology and reproductology: from research to practice 2, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.52705/2788-6190-2022-01-2.
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A successful pregnancy requires an optimally tuned and well-regulated balance between immune activation and embryonic antigen tolerance. Natural killers NK lymphocytes play a key role in these processes. The objective: to study the characteristics of the immunity of pregnant women after influenza in the early stages of gestation on the basis of determining NK-cytotoxicity. Materials and methods. We examined 120 women who contracted influenza in the first trimester of pregnancy: the main group – 68 patients with placental dysfunction, the comparison group – 52 pregnant women without signs of placental insufficiency. The cytotoxicity of natural killers was assessed by flow cytometry. Statistical processing was performed using the methods of variation statistics (Mann-Whitney test and Fisher’s test) odds ratio (OR). Results. Women with placental insufficiency after influenza in early pregnancy are characterized by both increased and decreased NK-cytotoxicity, which increases the risk of placental insufficiency several times (from 2.87 to 5.03 per OR, depending on one indicator or a combination thereof). The factor “deviation from the norm of both indicators” has the greatest prognostic value (OR=5.03; 95% CI: 1.38–18.32; p<.05). At the same time, the increase, which indicates a high pro-inflammatory potential and potentially damaging effects of NK cells, has a higher prognostic value than the decrease: among women with placental insufficiency, the proportion with significantly higher levels of NK cytotoxicity was highest: 18 (26.5%) 5 (9.6%) patients of the comparison group (p<0.05). Conclusions. Excessive inflammatory response in combination with increased NK cytotoxicity, has a damaging effect on the endothelium, and reduced immune responses, causes a longer course of influenza and insufficient immune control of trophoblast invasion. That is, in pregnant women after influenza, transmitted in the early stages, there are violations of immune regulation, which when combined with possible violations of hormonal regulation, cause the formation of placental dysfunction and a high frequency of perinatal complications.
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Tataridis, Dimitrios, George Fytas, Antonios Kolocouris, Christos Fytas, Nicolas Kolocouris, George B. Foscolos, Elizaveta Padalko, Johan Neyts, and Erik De Clercq. "Influence of an additional 2-amino substituent of the 1-aminoethyl pharmacophore group on the potency of rimantadine against influenza virus A." Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17, no. 3 (February 2007): 692–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.092.
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Kang, Chang Kyung, Hang-Rae Kim, Kyoung-Ho Song, Bhumsuk Keam, Seong Jin Choi, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Eu Suk Kim, et al. "Cell-Mediated Immunogenicity of Influenza Vaccination in Patients With Cancer Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 11 (June 1, 2020): 1902–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa291.
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Abstract Background We assessed cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses of influenza vaccination in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which remain elusive. Methods Vaccine-elicited CMI responses in patients receiving ICIs or cytotoxic agents were investigated by flow cytometry. Polyfunctional cells were defined as T cells that express 2 or more of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and CD107a. An adequate CMI response was defined as an increase of polyfunctional T cells against both H1N1 and H3N2 strains. Results When comparing ICI (n = 11) and cytotoxic chemotherapy (n = 29) groups, H1N1-specific IL-4 or IFN-γ–expressing CD4+ T cells, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, or CD107a-expressing CD8+ T cells, H3N2-specific IFN-γ–expressing CD4+ T cells, and CD107a-expressing CD8+ T cells were more frequent in the ICI group. Fold changes in polyfunctional H3N2-specific CD4+ (median, 156.0 vs 95.7; P = .005) and CD8+ (155.0 vs 103.4; P = .044) T cells were greater in the ICI group. ICI administration was strongly associated with an adequate CMI response for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (P = .003). Conclusions CMI responses following influenza vaccination were stronger in the ICI group than in the cytotoxic chemotherapy group. Influenza vaccination should be strongly recommended in patients with cancer receiving ICIs.
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Ghandili, Susanne, Christian Niederwieser, Katja Weisel, Carsten Bokemeyer, Walter Fiedler, and Franziska Modemann. "A Comparative Outcome Analysis of COVID-19 and Influenza Infection in Patients with Hematological Malignancies." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-147438.
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Abstract Introduction: Patients with hematological malignancies and concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection suffer from a more severe course of their infection than patients without underlying concomitant disease. Similar observations have been made for concomitant influenza infections. The aim of this retrospective study is to compare the clinical courses of COVID-19 and seasonal influenza in patients with hematological malignancies. Methods: In this retrospective, single center analysis all patients with hematological malignancies aged 18 years and older were included with a laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 or influenza A or B infection who were admitted or were already under treatment at the Department of Oncology and Hematology or at the Department of Stem Cell Transplantation at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany, between January 2012 and January 2021. Primary and secondary endpoints of this study are the rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and virus-associated 30- and 90-day mortalities. The retrospective data collection was performed in accordance with local legal requirements and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Council of Hamburg. Results: A total of 79 patients were included in this study. 29 patients had laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 50 patients had influenza A or B infection. 69% in the COVID-19 group and 68% in the influenza group were male. Median age in the COVID-19 group were 59 years vs 58.5 years in the influenza group. Distribution of hematological malignancies in the COVID-19 group was as follows: 59% had acute leukemia (AL), 24% malignant lymphoma, 14% multiple myeloma (MM) and 3% myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). 89% of the patients with concomitant SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis were currently under treatment with chemotherapy, CD20 or CD38 antibody-therapy, underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) or received CAR-T-cells shortly before (< 2 months) or during SARS-CoV-2 positivity. In the influenza group, 60% had AL, 8% lymphoma, 24% MM and 8% MDS or myeloproliferative neoplasm. 84% of these patients were under treatment with chemotherapy, CD33-, CD38- or SLAMF7-directed antibodies or underwent allogeneic SCT shortly before or during infection with seasonal influenza. At the time of infection, 41% of all SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were in refractory or relapsed setting compared to 42% in the influenza group whereas 28% in the COVID-19 and 36% in the influenza cohort were in complete remission. At the time of SARS-CoV-2 detection 38% of patients had grade IV neutropenia (defined as neutrophil count <0.5 x 10 9/L) with a median duration of 3.5 days which is comparable to 33% of patients and a median neutropenia duration of three days in the influenza group. The incidence of ARDS was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group compared to the influenza group (48% vs. 14%, p = 0.001). Furthermore, virus infection related 30-day and 90-day mortality was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group (28% vs. 8%, p = 0.026 and 41% vs. 12%, p = 0.005). In the COVID-19 group, a duration of aplasia ≥ 7 days had no negative impact on 90-day mortality or development of an ARDS (p = 0.599 and 0.982 respectively) whereas in the patients infected with influenza A or B, an aplasia ≥ 7 days had a negative impact on 90-day mortality and development of ARDS (p < 0.001 each). Conclusion: Based on our results, we conclude that comparable to the general population, infections with SARS-CoV-2 result in a significantly higher rate of ARDS and a significantly higher 30- and 90-day mortality compared to influenza A or B infections in patients with underlying hematological malignancies. Disclosures Weisel: Adaptive: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; GSK: Consultancy, Honoraria; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Honoraria; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding. Bokemeyer: Gilead Sciences: Research Funding; Bayer Schering Pharma: Consultancy; Merck Serono: Consultancy, Other: Travel accomodation ; AOK Health insurance: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Agile Therapeutics: Research Funding; ADC Therapeutics: Research Funding; Abbvie: Research Funding; GSO: Consultancy; Lilly/ImClone: Consultancy; Amgen: Research Funding; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding; BerGenBio: Research Funding; Blueprint Medicine: Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Eisai: Research Funding; Gylcotope GmbH: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Research Funding; Inside: Research Funding; IO Biotech: Research Funding; Isofol Medical: Research Funding; Janssen-Cilag: Research Funding; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Travel accomodation; Merck KGaA: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria, Research Funding; Merck Sharp Dohme: Consultancy, Honoraria; AstraZeneca: Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Honoraria, Other: Travel accomodation, Research Funding; Bayer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Karyopharm Therapeutics: Research Funding; Lilly: Research Funding; Millenium: Research Funding; MSD: Research Funding; Nektar: Research Funding; Rafael Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Springworks Therapeutics: Research Funding; Taiho Pharmaceutical: Research Funding; Pfizer: Other. Fiedler: Novartis: Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Daiichi Sanyko: Consultancy, Other: Meeting attendance, Preparation of information material; Stemline: Consultancy; Servier: Consultancy, Other: Meeting attendance, Preparation of information material; MorphoSys: Consultancy, Honoraria; Jazz: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Meeting attendance, Preparation of information material; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Ariad/Incyte: Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Meeting attendance, Preparation of information material, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Meeting attendance, Preparation of information material. Modemann: Teva: Other: Travel accomodation; Novartis: Other: Travel accomodation; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Other: Travel accomodation; Gilead: Other: Travel accomodation; Incyte: Other: Travel accomodation; Servier: Honoraria, Other: Travel accomodation; Pfizer: Other: Travel accomodation; Amgen: Other: Travel accomodation; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Abbvie: Honoraria, Other: Travel accomodation.