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1
Ivkovic, Karen Marie-Jeanne, and kardami@optusnet com au. "Modelling Groundwater-River Interactions for Assessing Water Allocation Options." The Australian National University. Centre for Resources, Environment and Society, 2007. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080901.134545.
Full textAbstract:
The interconnections between groundwater and river systems remain poorly understood in many catchments throughout the world, and yet they are fundamental to effectively
managing water resources. Groundwater extraction from aquifers that are connected to river systems will reduce river flows, and this has implications for riverine ecosystem
health, water security, aesthetic and cultural values, as well as water allocation and water management policies more generally. The decline in river flows as a consequence
of groundwater extractions has the potential to threaten river basin industries and communities reliant on water resources.
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In this thesis the connectivity between groundwater and river systems and the impact that groundwater extractions have on river flows were studied in one of Australias most developed irrigation areas, the Namoi River catchment in New South Wales.
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Gauged river reaches in the Namoi River catchment were characterised according to three levels of information: 1) presence of hydraulic connection between aquifer-river
systems; 2) dominant direction of aquifer-river flux; and 3) the potential for groundwater extraction to impact on river flows. The methods used to characterise the river reaches included the following analyses: 1) a comparison of groundwater and river
channel base elevations using a GIS/Database; 2) stream hydrographs and the application of a baseflow separation filter; 3) flow duration curves and the percentage of
time a river flows; 4) vertical aquifer connectivity from nested piezometer sites; and 5) paired stream and groundwater hydrographs.
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The theoretical responses for gaining, losing and variably gaining-losing river reaches were conceptualised along with the processes that operate in these systems. Subsequently, a map was prepared for the Namoi River catchment river reaches
indicating aquifer-river connectivity and dominant direction of flux. Large areas of the Upper Namoi River catchment were found to have connected aquifer-river systems,
with groundwater extraction bores located in close proximity to the rivers. Accordingly, the potential for groundwater extraction to impact on river flows in these areas was
considered significant. The Lower Namoi was assessed as having mostly disconnected aquifer-river systems.
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In order to investigate the impacts of groundwater extraction on river flows in
connected aquifer-river systems, a simple integrated aquifer-river model entitled IHACRES_GW was developed for use at the catchment scale. The IHACRES_GW model includes a dynamic, spatially-lumped rainfall-runoff model, IHACRES, combined with a simple groundwater bucket model that maintains a continuous water
balance account of groundwater storage volumes for the upstream catchment area relative to the base of the stream, assumed to be the stream gauging station. The IHACRES_GW model was developed primarily: 1) to improve upon existing water
allocation models by incorporating aquifer-river interactions; 2) to quantify the impacts of groundwater extraction on river flows within unregulated, connected aquifer-river
systems; 3) to inform water policy on groundwater extraction; and 4) to be able to utilise the model in future integrated assessment of water allocations options at the catchment scale.
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The IHACRES_GW model was applied within the Coxs Creek subcatchment in order to test its validity. The model was used to simulate a range of extraction scenarios which enabled the impacts of groundwater extractions on river flows to be assessed. In
particular, the historical impacts of groundwater extraction on the timing, magnitude and frequency of baseflow events were quantified over a 15-year (1988-2003) simulation period. The IHACRES_GW model was also used to evaluate the implications of water sharing plans for the Coxs Creek subcatchment.
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A spatially-lumped modelling approach in the management of water resources has a number of limitations, including those arising from the lack of spatial considerations. However, it offers a number of advantages including facilitating a better understanding
of large-scale water management issues, assessing the impacts of water allocation and groundwater extraction on river flows at the catchment scale, and informing water sharing plans. In particular, this type of modelling approach lends itself to integrated
assessments of water allocation options in which hydrological, ecological and socioeconomic
data sets are combined, and where data is commonly aggregated to a larger scale of interest in response to the requirements of policy makers. The research findings from this thesis provide some insights into how to better manage the impacts of
groundwater extraction in connected aquifer-river systems.
2
Madlala, Tebogo Eugene. "Determination of groundwater-surface water interaction, upper Berg River catchment, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5331.
Full textAbstract:
>Magister Scientiae - MScThe present study investigated the application of a multi-method approach to determine groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interactions to quantify and characterize the quality of water resources in a fractured rock aquifer system in upper catchment of the Berg River (G10A). Demonstrating methods for improved understanding of groundwater and surface water interactions is important for informing development of strategies that ensure effective utilization and management of water resources. Applying a single method to inform innovative strategies for water resources has proved futile. The current study shows how the use of several methods can provide the basis for devising practical strategies for water resource utilization and management. The three methods were applied as follows: First, the base flow separation was used whereby the Chapman and Lynne & Hollick digital filter algorithms were applied to time-series streamflow data from four stream gauging stations in the catchment. The computation from algorithms on three sites (gauging stations) showed that the mean Base Flow Index (BFI) value ranged between 7%-8% for the 2012-2014 periods. This means that discharges from subsurface water storages dominate stream flows throughout the study period. Secondly, the quality of groundwater and surface water was sampled using standard methods. Piper Diagrams generated on Aquachem™ software and radial charts were used to identify the predominant hydrochemical facies. Results showed that Na-Cl was the predominant GW and SW water-type. This means that both GW and SW are mainly influenced by recharging surface water as well as interaction occurring between the rock matrices and infiltrating water. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to evaluate the factors controlling GW and SW chemistry in the upper Berg River catchment and the results showed that GW and SW are influenced by natural processes. Two main factors (a. & b.) were extracted which explained 71.8% of the variation in both GW and SW physicochemical parameters. These factors include water-rock interactions and the recharge of surface water. Cluster Analysis extracted four major clusters that grouped sites with similar physicochemical characteristics together. Finally, differential stream gauging was applied to a 600m reach above the Berg River Dam. Three 200m sub-reaches were used to compute differences in flows between sub-reaches. Stream flow at each sub-reach was estimated using mass balance equations with electrical conductivity measurements during instant salt tracer injection tests. Results indicated that during both the wet season (high flow) dry season (low flow), the river continuously lost water to the subsurface. This was demonstrated by the 0.91m³/s and 2.24m³/s decrease in stream flow along the 600m reach. Dry season flow decreases were less than wet season flow decreases, indicated by markedly lower flow loss in respect to the wet season. This confirms results of the analysis of base flow separation, which indicated that discharges from subsurface storages dominate stream flows during low flow periods. The differential stream gauging approach did not provide distinct points along the selected stream reach where GW-SW interaction occurred; rather it provided a holistic representation of seasonal flow variations along the selected reach. This study showed that upper Berg River catchment is dependent on discharges from subsurface water storages to maintain dry season flows. Furthermore, this study showed that infiltration of surface water and discharge of subsurface water transfers the respective chemical signature of the contributor, meaning that the transfer of water of suitable quality will reduce contamination in the receiving water body (i.e. surface water). Transfer of water between subsurface and surface water contributed an average of 8% of the gauged flows in the catchment between 2012 and 2014, suggesting that the groundwater recharge process dominates this catchment.
3
Foglia, Laura. "Alternative groundwater models to investigate river-aquifer interactions in an environmentally active alpine floodplain /." Zürich : ETH, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16799.
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Simpson, Scott. "Modeling Stream-Aquifer Interactions During Floods and Baseflow: Upper San Pedro River, Southeastern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193338.
Full textAbstract:
Streams and groundwaters interact in distinctly different ways during flood versus base flow periods. Recent research in the Upper San Pedro River using isotopic and chemical data shows that (1) near-stream, or 'riparian,' groundwater recharged during high streamflow periods is a major contributor to streamflow for the rest of the year, and (2) the amount of riparian groundwater derived from this flood recharge can vary widely (10-90%) along the river. Riparian groundwater in gaining reaches is almost entirely basin groundwater, whereas losing reaches are dominated by prior streamflow.This description of streamflow gives rise to the questions of (1) how much flood recharge occurs at the river-scale, and (2) subsequently, what is the relative importance of flood recharge and basin groundwater in maintaining the hydrologic state of the riparian system. To address these questions, a coupled hydrologic-solute model was constructed for 45 km of the Upper San Pedro riparian system.
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Wickham, Matthew Prior 1959. "The geochemistry of surface water and groundwater interactions for selected Black Mesa drainages, Little Colorado River basin, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192063.
Full textAbstract:
Surface water and groundwater interactions involve complex physical processes that are not easily measured in most natural systems. Many of these processes can be indirectly evaluated by examining the geochemistry of the hydrologic system. In this investigation, a geochemical approach to investigating surface water and groundwater interactions is applied to perennial reaches of selected Black Mesa drainages in northeastern Arizona. The drainages, Moenkopi Wash and Dinnebito Wash, receive groundwater discharging from the regional Naquifer. Groundwater within the confined portion of the N-aquifer is chemically and isotopically distinct from that in the unconfined portion. Water in the majority of the confined N-aquifer exhibits a depleted δD and δ¹⁸O composition, a consequence of recharge under an earlier paleo climate. The small changes observed in chemical composition of baseflow along the streamcourse can be explained by chemical interaction with channel alluvium or minor exchange with groundwater from the alluvium.
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Naugler, Trudy Lynn. "Groundwater - surface water interactions in the Salmon River Watershed, BC : integrating spectroscopy, isotopes, water quality, and land use analyses." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31782.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the sources and pathways of water pollutants is critical for protecting freshwater resources. Relationships between water quality and land use can be obscured by variable land use, seasonal variability, and interactions between surface water and groundwater. This research combines the tools of fluorescence spectroscopy, nitrate stable isotopes and water chemistry to better understand land use impacts on water quality. The Hopington aquifer, one of the most vulnerable aquifers in the Lower Fraser Valley, is a source of drinking water for the Township of Langley. This aquifer is also responsible for maintaining the summer stream flow in the Salmon River, a productive Coho salmon stream. Elevated nitrates in both ground and stream water are a concern. Twelve stream sites and eleven groundwater wells were sampled during 2006 to try and "fingerprint" different water sources. Samples were analyzed for: uv-visible absorbance, fluorescence, DOC, nutrients (ammonium, nitrate, ortho-phosphate), chloride, trace elements, and nitrate-isotopes (δ¹⁸0 and δ¹⁵N). The combination of these tools provided a more detailed look at the groundwater - surface water interactions and helped track pollutants within the system. Nitrate concentrations in the Salmon River increase where it cuts through the Hopington aquifer; concentrations peak in August when groundwater makes up the greatest proportion of the stream flow. Humic-like fluorescence was able to measure this groundwater influence because groundwater has much lower fluorescence. Nitrate isotopes showed that inorganic fertilizers were not a dominant source, but that soil N, septic tank leakage, and manure were possible sources. Stream sites influenced by groundwater had an isotopic fingerprint similar to nearby wells, showing that the nitrate source(s) were the same. A GIS-based land use analysis suggested that agricultural land use was having the greatest impact on local water quality, especially on surface waters in the wet season. Protein-like fluorescence showed potential as a tool for pollution monitoring and should be explored further.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Sprenger, Christoph [Verfasser]. "Surface-groundwater interactions associated with river bank filtration in Delhi (India) : investigation and modelling of hydraulic and hydrochemical processes / Christoph Sprenger." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1026069564/34.
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Fleming, Brandon J. "Effects of anthropogenic stage fluctuations on surface water/ground water interactions along the Deerfield River, Massachusetts." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/226/.
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Holmes, Stuart W. "Investigation of Spatial and Temporal Groundwater Thermal Anomalies at Zanesville Municipal Well Field, Ohio: Implications for Determination of River-Aquifer Connectivity Using Temperature Data." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1462026430.
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Grapes, Timothy Rupert. "Groundwater-river interaction in a chalk catchment : the River Lambourn, UK." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4036/.
Full textAbstract:
Chalk streams are of high ecological value and are dependent upon groundwater discharge to support flows. This study investigates chalk stream-aquifer interaction, focusing on a near-natural catchment; the River Lambourn of the West Berkshire Downs. The topographic catchment of the Lambourn is 234km², principally underlain by Upper Chalk. The river has a perennial length of c.16km, and a 7.5km seasonal section. Temporal dynamics of the recharge-storage-discharge sequence are investigated using linear regression techniques to identify the lag between recharge and discharge. The effective maximum duration of groundwater flow is 9.1 months, which is used with regional hydraulic gradients to calculate a bulk (interfluve) hydraulic conductivity of 114m/d (using Sy=1%), suggesting that interfluve permeability has been historically underestimated. Spatial flow accretion on the Lambourn is defined from 12 reaches (each 1-2km long), exhibiting mean accretion rates between -0.019 and 0.211 cumecs/km. The accretion rate profile approximates a sinusoidal pattern (λ=12km) suggesting a catchment scale litho-structural control. However, local topography and lithology also exert influence. High accretion rate reaches are associated with major dry valley intersections and elevated valley floor permeability, whilst the presence of Chalk Rock at shallow depths restricts local accretion.
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Worakijthamrong, Surin. "Groundwater-River Interaction in the Context of Interbasin Transfer." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526010.
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Porter, Sandra. "Groundwater/surface water interaction in the Raisin River watershed, near Cornwall, Ontario." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10133.
Full textAbstract:
A field study was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to understand the interaction of groundwater and surface water in the Raisin River watershed, near Cornwall, Ontario. The Raisin River lies within an agricultural region which relies heavily on groundwater use. The regional groundwater supply is predominantly from a limestone aquifer which underlies various surficial deposits (primarily glacial till). Groundwater movement appears to be in a southeasterly direction, towards the St. Lawrence River. Seepage meters, mini-piezometers, and a falling head permeameter were used to (i) measure the flux of groundwater into (positive seepage) or out (negative seepage) of the Raisin River, and (ii) measure the hydraulic conductivity of the Raisin River sediments. Measurements were made at thirteen sites within the watershed. To identify the source of groundwater and study processes of streamflow generation during storm runoff, surface water, groundwater, and rainwater samples were collected for environmental isotopes (oxygen-18 and deuterium). Raisin River discharge data were also analysed. Seepage measurements and hydraulic conductivities exhibit significant variability. The coefficients of variation for seepage measurements ranged from 20.3 to 392%, and for hydraulic conductivity from 0 to 161%, depending on the site. Seepage flux ranges from $2.23\times10\sp{-6}$ to $\rm{-}9.82\times10\sp{-9}m\sp3m\sp{-2}s\sp{-1},$ and hydraulic conductivity ranges from 10$\sp{-6}$ to 10$\sp{-9}$ ms$\sp{-1}$ (a negative seepage flux indicates groundwater flow from the aquifer to the river). Environmental isotope analyses indicate that meteoric water is the source of local groundwater with a mean residence time of approximately 4 months. After a storm event, groundwater composed 63% of total stream discharge. The peak response in the river is approximately two days after a storm event. These variables indicate that groundwater/surface water relationships should be taken into account if decisions are made with respect to water quality or quantity. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Lovell, Daniel Martin. "Conjunctive management of groundwater and surface water in the Upper Ovens River Valley /." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/5724.
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Jahnke, Philip, and Philip Jahnke. "Modeling of groundwater flow and surface/groundwater interaction for the San Pedro River Basin from Fairbank to Redington, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626882.
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Cameron, Stewart Graham. "A hydrogeological study of the interaction between Avon River baseflow and shallow groundwater, Christchurch, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8023.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between shallow groundwater levels and Avon River baseflow upstream of Gloucester Street has been investigated. Avon River baseflow is supplied by shallow groundwater-fed springs. Historical and anecdotal information indicate that since European settlement of the Christchurch area in the 1850's, Avon River baseflow has declined. The baseflow decline is attributed to the progressive lowering of the Christchurch area watertable which has caused downstream migration of headwater spring positions and a reduction in spring discharge. Prior to this study minimal historical Avon River flow data existed, and a quantitative estimation of the decline in
baseflow is not possible. A management plan for maintaining acceptable baseflow levels in the Avon River is currently being developed by the Canterbury Regional Council. The aim of this study was to provide information on the relationship between Avon River baseflow and shallow groundwater levels to aid baseflow management.
The Christchurch groundwater system is characterised by a watertable aquifer that overlies a series of layered confined aquifers. Direct groundwater discharge into the Avon River is considered to be from both the watertable aquifer and upper most confined aquifer. Groundwater was found to enter the river system by two different mechanisms; seepage through stream bed gravel and artesian spring discharge.
Groundwater seepage through streambed gravel occurs where the stream channel intersects the watertable aquifer. Artesian springs occur where water-bearing gravels are overlain by between approximately 1 to 10 m of finer-grained confining sediment.
Artesian spring water is thought to flow from both the watertable aquifer and the uppermost confined aquifer. Pipes through the confining sediment connect the spring vent to the underlying water-bearing gravels. When the hydraulic head of the underlying gravel aquifer is above the stream stage artesian spring flow will occur.
Tributary baseflow and shallow groundwater data were collected for the 11 month period, February 1992 to January 1993. In addition, baseflow was separated from the
Avon River flow record. Available flow data indicate that mean A von River baseflow at Gloucester Street from 1980 to 1992 was approximately 1700 1/s. In March 1993
Avon River baseflow was 50% of that in March 1980. Large rainfall events in late-August 1992 caused Avon River baseflow in January 1993 to increase to approximately 77% of the March 1980 value.
Regression analysis established a relationship between both hydraulic head in the upper most confined aquifer and unconfined watertable levels, to Avon River baseflow (R² > 0.8). The flow hydrograph showed that the daily abstraction of shallow groundwater from beneath the catchment caused an associated reduction in flow. Seasonal fluctuations in spring discharge and baseflow were found to be greater in the western tributaries than the eastern tributaries. This is attributed to the greater seasonal fluctuation of shallow groundwater levels in the western area of the catchment than in the eastern area. From available data the peak in seasonal groundwater levels occurred throughout the study area during the period of 24-27 October 1992. No observable time delay occurred between the seasonal peaks in shallow groundwater levels and Avon River baseflow at Gloucester Street.
In order to sustain acceptable rates of Avon River baseflow, shallow groundwater levels need to be maintained in areas of the catchment were groundwater enters the river. As a first step, the Canterbury Regional Council has placed restrictions on the abstraction of groundwater in areas where springs occur. The information presented in this study on the relationship between shallow groundwater levels and Avon River baseflow confirms the need for management of shallow groundwater levels in areas where groundwater contributes to baseflow. To ascertain the effectiveness of remedial measures continued monitoring of A von River baseflow and shallow groundwater levels are necessary.
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Banda, Vincent Santos Dzulani. "Assessing hydrogeological characteristics to establish influence of aquifer-river interaction in non-perennial river systems, Heuningnes catchment." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7007.
Full textAbstract:
>Magister Scientiae - MScOver half of total flows in the global river network are composed of non-perennial rivers. This indicates the importance of non-perennial river systems in supporting the biodiversity. It has been established that groundwater is one of the elements that control the flow regimes and classification (whether perennial or not) of a river system. However, the use of hydrogeological characteristics to establish the influence of groundwater on non-perennial river systems remain to be widely unpublished. This study, therefore, intends to conceptualize and explain the role of hydrogeological characteristics in non-perennial rivers, using the Heuningnes catchment in the Western Cape Province of South Africa as a case study. The study has argued that thorough characterization of aquifers is essential in order to adequately establish the extent of aquifer-river connectivity and how groundwater influences flows and chemical loading in non-perennial river systems. The study has three objectives namely: (i) to determine the aquifer characteristics (ii) to characterise the aquifer-river interaction and (iii) to conceptualize the groundwater flow system. Records review, field, analytical and laboratory-based methods were used to collect and interpret geological, groundwater level, pumping test, hydro-chemical and environmental stable isotopic data in order to characterise groundwater occurrence, flow system and its interaction with the rivers of the study area. Water samples were taken from groundwater, surface water and rainfall during both dry and wet periods. Results show that the study area has a topography-controlled water table with shallow depth to groundwater levels ranging on average from 3 - 10 m, which result into largely a local groundwater flow system. Transmissivity values determined from constant rate pumping test range between 0.17 and 1.74 m2/day. Results exhibit that the low transmissivity values are associated with the weathered nature of the Table Mountain sandstone and the unfractured Bokkeveld shale formations. Hydrochemical data results indicate that both groundwater and river samples in the upstream part of the study area are characterised as fresh water with TDS values of less than 1000 mg/l while the downstream part has saline waters with TDS ranging from 2000 – 35000 mg/l. Results also show that Na-Cl is the dominant water composition for both groundwater and river water. The order of major ion dominance is similar for the two water sources, with concentration ranges from high to low in the order of Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+ and Cl->SO42->HCO3- for cations and anions respectively. The similar patterns and trends in salinity and major ion data suggest the connectivity between the aquifer and the river. Environmental stable isotope data indicate river samples in upstream areas having depleted δ18O (-4.3 to -5.12‰) and δ2H (-22.9 to -19.3‰) signatures similar to groundwater indicating a stable and continuous groundwater contribution to the river flows. Meanwhile, high evaporative enrichment of δ18O (1.13 to 7.08‰) and δ2H (38.8 to 7.5‰) is conceived in river samples from downstream areas. Ionic ratios and isotope-salinity relationships suggest that groundwater chemistry is derived from sea sprays, evaporation and dissolution of Bokkeveld shale host rock. Geological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental stable isotope data were used to develop a conceptual hydrogeological model which explains the role of groundwater in non-perennial river systems. Results indicate that the North East – South West fault on the north-eastern part of the study area seem to act as a conduit to groundwater flow thereby supplying water to the upstream rivers while the East -West fault in the northern part seem to act as a barrier to groundwater flow resulting into a hydraulic discontinuity between upstream and downstream areas. Meanwhile, the relatively low conductive formation in the downstream areas coupled with a relatively low hydraulic gradient (0.000843) suggests there is slow Darcian groundwater flows resulting in less flushing and high salinization of groundwater. Eventually, in the downstream part of the study area there is slow and minimal groundwater discharge to the rivers resulting into groundwater failing to maintain the river flows and pools. In general, rivers of the study area largely gain water from groundwater although the amount of groundwater discharge varies from one river segment to another in both upstream and downstream parts. The conceptual model has led to the development of a proposed optimum management of non-perennial rivers including the effects of groundwater abstraction on the river flows.
2022-09-01
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Donelan, Jack E. "Groundwater-Surface Water Interaction in the Kern River| Estimates of Baseflow from Dissolved Radon Analysis and Hydrograph Separation Techniques." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10841176.
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Geochemical mixing methods utilizing 222Rn and chloride and statistical hydrograph separation techniques were carried out in an attempt to understand baseflow dynamics in a section of the Kern River in the Sierra Nevada of Southern California. 222Rn has become a valuable tool for evaluating groundwater inflow to a river, particularly when groundwater and surface water have similar major ion geochemistry. When using geochemical methods it is important to minimize uncertainty through comparison with separate tracers and techniques, though this is complicated in this setting. Snow melt discharge and regulation of natural river flow cause hydrograph-based techniques to suffer from inaccuracies. Geochemical mixing using major ions and stable isotopes are complicated by the chemical similarity between surface water and groundwater. 222Rn is a powerful tool to elucidate this relationship in this setting if major uncertainties, like rate of radon degassing and parafluvial and hyporheic radon production can be constrained.
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Tien, Anh Tho. "The influence of climate variability on hydrological processes and surface and groundwater hydrochemistry : the tropical upper roper river catchment, Northern Territory, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/44150/1/Anh_Tien_Thesis.pdf.
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The Upper Roper River is one of the Australia’s unique tropical rivers which have been largely untouched by development. The Upper Roper River catchment comprises the sub-catchments of the Waterhouse River and Roper Creek, the two tributaries of the Roper River. There is a complex geological setting with different aquifer types. In this seasonal system, close interaction between surface water and groundwater contributes to both streamflow and sustaining ecosystems. The interaction is highly variable between seasons.
A conceptual hydrogeological model was developed to investigate the different hydrological processes and geochemical parameters, and determine the baseline characteristics of water resources of this pristine catchment.
In the catchment, long term average rainfall is around 850 mm and is summer dominant which significantly influences the total hydrological system. The difference between seasons is pronounced, with high rainfall up to 600 mm/month in the wet season, and negligible rainfall in the dry season. Canopy interception significantly reduces the amount of effective rainfall because of the native vegetation cover in the pristine catchment. Evaporation exceeds rainfall the majority of the year. Due to elevated evaporation and high temperature in the tropics, at least 600 mm of annual rainfall is required to generate potential recharge.
Analysis of 120 years of rainfall data trend helped define “wet” and “dry periods”: decreasing trend corresponds to dry periods, and increasing trend to wet periods. The period from 1900 to 1970 was considered as Dry period 1, when there were years with no effective rainfall, and if there was, the intensity of rainfall was around 300 mm. The period 1970 – 1985 was identified as the Wet period 2, when positive effective rainfall occurred in almost every year, and the intensity reached up to 700 mm. The period 1985 – 1995 was the Dry period 2, with similar characteristics as Dry period 1. Finally, the last decade was the Wet period 2, with effective rainfall intensity up to 800 mm. This variability in rainfall over decades increased/decreased recharge and discharge, improving/reducing surface water and groundwater quantity and quality in different wet and dry periods.
The stream discharge follows the rainfall pattern. In the wet season, the aquifer is replenished, groundwater levels and groundwater discharge are high, and surface runoff is the dominant component of streamflow. Waterhouse River contributes two thirds and Roper Creek one third to Roper River flow. As the dry season progresses, surface runoff depletes, and groundwater becomes the main component of stream flow. Flow in Waterhouse River is negligible, the Roper Creek dries up, but the Roper River maintains its flow throughout the year. This is due to the groundwater and spring discharge from the highly permeable Tindall Limestone and tufa aquifers.
Rainfall seasonality and lithology of both the catchment and aquifers are shown to influence water chemistry. In the wet season, dilution of water bodies by rainwater is the main process. In the dry season, when groundwater provides baseflow to the streams, their chemical composition reflects lithology of the aquifers, in particular the karstic areas. Water chemistry distinguishes four types of aquifer materials described as alluvium, sandstone, limestone and tufa. Surface water in the headwaters of the Waterhouse River, the Roper Creek and their tributaries are freshwater, and reflect the alluvium and sandstone aquifers. At and downstream of the confluence of the Roper River, river water chemistry indicates the influence of rainfall dilution in the wet season, and the signature of the Tindall Limestone and tufa aquifers in the dry. Rainbow Spring on the Waterhouse River and Bitter Spring on the Little Roper River (known as Roper Creek at the headwaters) discharge from the Tindall Limestone. Botanic Walk Spring and Fig Tree Spring discharge into the Roper River from tufa. The source of water was defined based on water chemical composition of the springs, surface and groundwater.
The mechanisms controlling surface water chemistry were examined to define the dominance of precipitation, evaporation or rock weathering on the water chemical composition. Simple water balance models for the catchment have been developed.
The important aspects to be considered in water resource planning of this total system are the naturally high salinity in the region, especially the downstream sections, and how unpredictable climate variation may impact on the natural seasonal variability of water volumes and surface-subsurface interaction.
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Vionnet, Leticia Beatriz, and Thomas Maddock. "Modeling of Ground-Water Flow and Surface/Ground-Water Interaction for the San Pedro River Basin Part I Mexican Border to Fairbank, Arizona." Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614152.
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Many hydrologic basins in the southwest have seen their perennial streamflows
turn to ephemeral, their riparian communities disappear or be jeopardized, and their
aquifers suffer from severe overdrafts. Under -management of ground -water exploitation
and of conjunctive use of surface and ground waters are the main reasons for these
events.
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Zlatos, Caitlan McEwen. "Using Geochemical Tracers to Determine Aquifer Connectivity, Flow Paths, and Base-Flow Sources: Middle Verde River Watershed, Central Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193443.
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Combining geochemical data with physical data produces a powerful method for understanding sources and fluxes of waters to river systems. This study highlights this for river systems in regions of complex hydrogeology, shown here through the identification and quantification of base-flow sources to the Verde River and its tributaries within the middle Verde River watershed. Specifically, geochemical tracers (major solutes, stable and radioactive isotopes) characterize the principal aquifers (C, Redwall-Muav, and Verde Formation) and provide a conceptual understanding of the hydrologic connection between them. For the surface-water system, PCA is utilized to identify potential base-flow sources to the Verde River on a several-kilometer scale. Solute mixing diagrams then provide relative inputs of these sources, and when combined with stream discharge, allow for quantification of water sources. The results of this study provide an improved conceptual model that reveals the complexity of groundwater-surface water exchanges in this river basin.
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Yitbarek, Baye Andarge. "Hydrogeological and hydrochemical framework of complex volcanic system in the Upper Awash River basin, Central Ethiopia : with special emphasis on inter-basins groundwater transfer between Blue Nile and Awash rivers." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Yitbarek-Baye-Andarge/2009-Yitbarek-Baye-Andarge-These.pdf.
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Une approche utilisant plusieurs méthodes convergentes a été mise en oeuvre pour étudier le cadre hydrogéologique du système aquifère volcanique fracturé et complexe du bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash situé sur le bord du Rift éthiopien. L'écoulement des eaux souterraines et les mécanismes de recharge des différents aquifères ont été étudiés à l'aide de méthodes conventionnelles de terrain, de l'hydrochimie, de l'hydrologie isotopique et de la modélisation numérique des flux souterrains. Des relations lithohydrostratigraphiques ont été établies à partir des logs lithologiques de forages exploratoires profonds. Les résultats montrent un modèle d'écoulement et des caractéristiques hydrauliques des différents aquifères volcaniques très complexes. La corrélation litho-hydrostratigraphique indique que l'aquifère basaltique inférieur, constitué de scories poreuses et perméables, est continu tout le long depuis le Nil Bleu jusqu'à la zone étudiée. L'analyse de la variation temporelle et spatiale des échantillons d’eau provenant d'endroits différents a révélé des interactions nettes entre l'eau souterraine et l'eau superficielle. De nouvelles évidences des transferts d'eau inter-bassins sont apparues. Deux aquifères basaltiques régionaux (l'aquifère supérieur et l'aquifère inférieur) ont été identifiés, montrant des signatures hydrochimiques et isotopiques bien distinctes. Dans la partie sud de la zone étudiée, l'aquifère supérieur et l'aquifère inférieur forment un système aquifère régional non confiné. Dans les parties nord et centrale du bassin au contraire, il apparaît que les deux systèmes sont séparés par un aquiclude régional, donnant lieu par endroits à des puits artésiens. Les eaux souterrainex provenant des puits d'exploration profonds (plus de 250 m) pénétrant l'aquifère basaltique inférieur et des puits situés au sud se sont révélées modérément mineralisées (TDS 400-650 mg/l), avec une composition isotopique stable, relativement moins enrichie et avec presque pas de tritium. Par contre, l'aquifère supérieur superficiel a une concentration ionique moins importante, davantage enrichie isotopiquement. Les résultats des différentes méthodes montrent clairement qu'il existe un transfert d'eau souterraine du nord du bassin adjacent du Nil Bleu vers le bassin supérieur du fleuve Awash. Les résultats convergent également pour attester de l'origine commune de la recharge et de la continuité hydraulique de l'aquifère basaltique inférieur exploité par des forages. Ceci peut avoir des implications pratiques capitales car l'existence d'importantes ressources d'eau souterraine en profondeur peut résoudre les problèmes d'approvisionnement de nombreuses villes, y compris la capitale, Addis Ababa. Ces résultats pourront aussi contribuer à mettre à jour d'autres aquifères régionaux le long des limites du rift dans des zones ayant une structure hydrogéologique similaire à celle du bassin supérieur du fleuve AwashIntegrated approach has been used to investigate the hydrogeological framework of a complex fractured volcanic aquifer system in the Upper Awash river basin located at the western shoulder of the Ethiopian rift. The groundwater flow system and mechanism of recharge of different aquifers have been studied using conventional hydrogeological field investigations, hydrochemistry, isotope hydrology and numerical groundwater flow modeling techniques. Litho-hydrostratigraphic relationships were constructed from lithologic logs obtained from exploratory drilling of deep boreholes. The result indicates quite complex flow pattern and hydraulic characteristics of the different volcanic aquifers. The litho-hydrostratigraphic correlation indicates that the permeable and porous scoraceous lower basaltic aquifer is extended laterally all the way from the Blue Nile Plateau to the study area. . The analysis of the temporal and spatial variation of water samples from different places revealed clear undwater-surface water interactions. New evidences have also emerged on the inter-basin groundwater transfer. Two distinct regional basaltic aquifers (Upper and lower) are identified showing distinct hydrochemical and isotopic signatures. In the southern part of the study area the upper and lower aquifers form one unconfined regional aquifer system. In the northern and central part of the basin, it appears that the two systems are separated by regional aquiclude forming confined aquifers, in places with artesian wells. The groundwater from the deep exploratory wells (>250m) tapping the lower basaltic aquifer and wells located in the south were found to be moderately mineralized (TDS: 400-600 mg/l), with relatively depleted stable isotope composition and with almost zero tritium. In contrast, the upper shallow aquifer has lesser ionic concentration, more isotopically enriched. Evidences from the different methods clearly indicate inter-basin groundwater transfer from the Blue Nile basin to the Upper Awash basin. The evidences also converge to testify common origin of recharge, presence of hydraulic connectivity for systems tapping the lower basaltic aquifer. This has enormous practical implication in finding large groundwater reserve at a greater depth that can solve the current water supply problems of the community including the capital Addis Ababa. It will also have important role in finding more regional aquifers along the plateau-rift margins in many areas having similar hydrogeological setup as the study area
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Arantes, Eudes José. "Emprego de infiltrômetros na caracterização da interação entre rio e aqüífero." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-15062007-162427/.
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O presente trabalho visa a quantificação do escoamento de água na interação entre rio e aqüífero subterrâneo em uma bacia, através da utilização de infiltrômetros e de poços de observação de lençol freático na proximidade do rio. O Ribeirão da Onça, um afluente do rio Jacaré-Guaçú localizado no município de Brotas no estado de São Paulo, foi escolhido para a realização deste estudo sendo a sua bacia hidrográfica pertencente a importante área de recarga do aqüífero Guarani. O estudo da interação rio aqüífero foi realizado através de infiltrômetros colocados em três seções deste rio. Analisando-se o comportamento da interação ao longo de um período de 7 meses, verificou-se que a taxa média de surgimento foi de 300 mm/dia na área de afloramento do lençol freático. Ainda, observou-se a influência da chuva e da pressão atmosférica nos valores do surgimento, sendo a última de forma inversa. Tendo em vista os resultados satisfatórios dos experimentos, a utilização de infiltrômetros para determinação da taxa de troca entre rio e aqüífero representa um procedimento simples e adequado, mas requer cuidados contínuos para obter-se resultados consistentes.The purpose of this work is to quantify the river-aquifer interaction in a river basin through the use of infiltrometers and observation wells located on the banks. Onça Creek, a tributary of the Jacaré-Guaçú river in the state of São Paulo, was chosen for this study being located in the recharge area of the regional Guarani aquifer. Infiltrometers were placed at three sections in the bed of Onça Creek. Analyzing the behavior of the river-aquifer interaction during 7 months, it is found that the average exfiltration rate is of the order of 300 mm/day in the seepage area. Further, the seepage rate is found to be influenced by rainfall events, atmospheric pressure and rate of rise or fall of river stage. In view of the satisfactory experimental results obtained in this study, the use of infiltrometers for the determination of the river-aquifer interaction is recommended as a simple and sound procedure if due care is taken in their installation in the river bed.
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Kjellander, Kalle. "River-Aquifer Interaction in the Uppsala Esker - a Modelling Study of a Proposed Drinking Water Production site." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355671.
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The Swedish municipalities of Gävle and Älvkarleby need new sources of drinking water as the population grows. Gästrike vatten AB has employed the consultant firm Midvatten AB to assess the possibility of a new groundwater extraction site on the Uppsala esker between Älvkarleby and Skutskär in northern Uppland county. It has been observed that the natural recharge to the aquifer in the Uppsala esker might be too low to compensate for a future groundwater extraction and that there is a risk of induced infiltration from the river Dalälven if the water table is lowered. River water might bring organic contaminants into the aquifer and negatively affect the groundwater quality.A solution proposed by Midvatten is to infiltrate the esker with river water free from organic contaminants at infiltration sites. This artificial infiltration is estimated to create new groundwater to compensate for the extraction and stop river water from reaching the extraction wells. There is however, a need to estimate the magnitude of infiltrating river water when the infiltration sites are active.The aim of this study was to estimate the flow of water between the river and a section of the Uppsala esker for a test period during 2017, specifically, the infiltration from the river. In addition to this, changes in flow depending on proposed pumping and infiltration scenarios were modelled.A MODFLOW model was developed in the graphical user interface Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) and its performance was validated against observed aquifer head. The model could accurately represent the head close to the river but was less accurate with increasing distance from the river. Average infiltration from the river varied from 3 to 25 l s-1. The calculated infiltration depended on which extraction well or artificial infiltration site was active and the rate of flow.It was concluded that the distribution of hydraulic conductivity in the aquifer was not sufficiently detailed. A solution could have been to use stratigraphic data from borehole logs instead of a general quaternary deposits map as basis for the distribution of hydraulic conductivity. Artificial infiltration close to the river prevented large volumes of induced infiltration. The accuracy of the model could have been improved if the results were compared to other methods such as particle-tracking, tracer tests and with measurements of the streambed such as seepage meters.Gävle och Älvkarlebys kommuner är i behov av nya grundvattentäkter för att kunna försörja invånarna med dricksvatten i framtiden. Ett område som är av intresse för de två kommunerna är ett grundvattenmagasin i Uppsalaåsen intill Dalälven mellan Älvkarleby och Skutskär. Vid ett dricksvattenuttag kan vattenbalansen i magasinet ändras. I magasinet uppskattas grundvattenbildningen vara för låg för att pumpa upp nog mycket vatten och bibehålla en stabil dricksvattenförsörjning. När uttaget av grundvatten är högre än grundvattenbildningen sänks grundvattenytan och vatten flödar från andra delar av magasinet eller älven för att kompensera. Älvvattnet bedöms ha en stark hydraulisk koppling med grundvattnet, vilket innebär att det finns en risk att älvvattnet infiltrerar i magasinet och sänker kvalitén på framtida dricksvatten.Konsultföretaget Midvatten AB har i uppdrag att bedöma möjligheten till ett framtida dricksvattenuttag. Midvatten har som lösning anlagt stationer med sprinklerinfiltration för att i framtiden kunna infiltrera avhumifierat älvvatten som på sikt omvandlas till grundvatten. Denna konstgjorda infiltration är också tänkt att hindra älvvatten från att ta sig in i magasinet genom att förse magasinet med den mängd vatten som går förlorad av dricksvattenuttag. Hur mycket älvvatten som tar sig in till grundvattenmagasinet och når brunnarna vid ett framtida uttag och konstgjord infiltration, är dock oklart.Syftet med denna studie var att uppskatta flödet mellan åsens grundvattenmagasin och Dalälven och specifikt infiltrationen av älvvatten. Detta gjordes genom att utveckla en digital MODFLOW-flödesmodell i programmet GMS. Modellen kunde, med hjälp av uppmätta vattennivåer i grundvattenmagasinet och älven, räkna ut hur mycket vatten som flödade in från älven (infiltrerade). Den uträknade infiltrationen låg i genomsnitt på 3-25 l s-1. Infiltrationsmängden berodde på vilken brunn som vattnet pumpades ur, hur mycket som pumpades ut och hur mycket artificiell infiltration som tillfördes i de tre infiltrationsområdena under en period av 2017. Modellen användes även till att uppskatta flödet från älven för 28 tilltänkta scenarier under 2017 med konstant pumpning och konstgjord infiltration i de olika brunnarna och infiltrationsstationerna.Resultaten visade att modellen kunde uppskatta grundvattenmagasinets vattennivåer nära älven men inte på längre avstånd ifrån älven. Detta berodde på att magasinets hydrauliska parametrar inte var korrekt fördelade. Fördelningen kunde ha förbättrats om de baserats på jordarter från borrprotokoll istället för en jordartskarta. Modellen visade att mycket lite älvvatten flödar in i akviferen om vatten artificiellt infiltreras nära älven. För att resultaten av den här studien ska bli tillförlitliga krävs det att resultaten jämförs med andra metoder som använder sig av förslagsvis partikelspårningsmodeller, spårämnesstudier eller flödesmätningar av flodbädden.
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Smith, Donna Lee. ""Redox pumping" in the near surface Missoula aquifer iin the flood plain of the Clark Fork River surface, water and groundwater interaction and arsenic related chemistry at a compost facility near a wastewater treatment plant /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-105818/.
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Du, Mingxuan. "Modélisation intégrée des écoulements souterrains et des échanges nappe-rivière dans la basse vallée du Var." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4107/document.
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La modélisation hydraulique avec modèle déterministe est une méthode largement utilisée. Cependant,lamodélisation est un ptocessus complexe, notamrnent pour les aquifères où la quantité et la qualité desdonnées ne sont pas satisfaisantes. Etantune des sources pdncipales de I'eau douce dans la basse valléedu Var, Côte d',{.zur,Frarrce,la nappe libre de lavallée est menacée parla pénurie et la pollution. Maþéle grand nombre d'études effectuées dans cette zone, la dynamique des écoulements souterrains esttoujours patiellement inconnue. Par conséquent, la métropole Nice Côte d'Azur a besoin de développerun système d'aide à la décision (SÂD) à base des modèles numériques afin d'assurer une gestion plusefficace de l'eau souteraine. Un modèle numérique est développé avec FEFLO\ø en tenant compte desprécipitations, de l'é:vapoftanspiration, du pompage de l'eau souterraine, et des échanges nappe-rivière.Le volume d'eau pompée pour l'usage agdcole et le taux d'échange du lit mineur du Var ont été calibrés.Le modèle a été. vabdé. par une simulation de '1.266 jours. Le modèle est utilisé pour simuler les scénatüdes événements d'inondation et de sécheresse, les scénadi de pollution et l'intrusion d'eau de mer dans lavallée. Une première conception du système d'aide à la décision est présentée comme le demier exemplede l'application du modèle. Une interface de couplage est développée en Java et sert à échanger lesdonnées entre le modèle souterrain et le modèle à surface libre élaboré avec MIKE21FMGroundwater modeling with deterministic model is a complicated process, especially in complex aquiferswhere the quantity and the quality of the measuted data arc not satisfying. The unconfined alluvialaquifet is the main water resource in the lower valley of Vat river, Ftench Riviera, but it faces a thteat ofshortage and pollution. Despite numerous previous studies, the dynamics of the gtoundwater flow in thealluvial aquifer and the characteristics of the rivet-aquifer exchanges ¿re s':ll partially unknown.Therefore the local u/ater management service requires a decision support system PSS) based onnumerical models to ensure a better groundwater management. A hydraulic model is set up withFEFLO!ø software by considedng ptecþitation, evâpotranspiration, gtoundwatet exftacdon and rivetaquiferexchanges. The non-documented groundwater exttaction fot agticultural use and the transferrates in the dverbed along the river have been calibtated. The model has been validated with asimulation of 7266 days. The model is applied to simulate the scenarios of flood and drought events, thepollution events in the unconfined aquifer in the valley and the seawater inrusion in the estuary of Yarriver. These case studies contributes to increase the knowledge of the aquifet. A fust conception of theDSS tool is presented as the last example of model application. A coupling interface is developed thanksto aJava which enables an automatic exchange of data between the groundwater flow model and thesurface wâter flow model built with MII(E2ltr}'/. More tests should be done to validate the couplinginterface
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Ivkovic, Karen Marie-Jeanne. "Modelling Groundwater-River Interactions for Assessing Water Allocation Options." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49342.
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The interconnections between groundwater and river systems remain poorly understood in many catchments throughout the world, and yet they are fundamental to effectively managing water resources. Groundwater extraction from aquifers that are connected to river systems will reduce river flows, and this has implications for riverine ecosystem health, water security, aesthetic and cultural values, as well as water allocation and water management policies more generally. The decline in river flows as a consequence of groundwater extractions has the potential to threaten river basin industries and communities reliant on water resources. ¶ In this thesis the connectivity between groundwater and river systems and the impact that groundwater extractions have on river flows were studied in one of Australia’s most developed irrigation areas, the Namoi River catchment in New South Wales. ¶ Gauged river reaches in the Namoi River catchment were characterised according to three levels of information: 1) presence of hydraulic connection between aquifer-river systems; 2) dominant direction of aquifer-river flux; and 3) the potential for groundwater extraction to impact on river flows. The methods used to characterise the river reaches included the following analyses: 1) a comparison of groundwater and river channel base elevations using a GIS/Database; 2) stream hydrographs and the application of a baseflow separation filter; 3) flow duration curves and the percentage of time a river flows; 4) vertical aquifer connectivity from nested piezometer sites; and 5) paired stream and groundwater hydrographs.
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Rheineck, Bruce D. "River-groundwater interactions and implications for wellhead protection at Black River Falls, Wisconsin." 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/35210639.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1995.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-74).
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Pfeiffer, Shaili Margreta. "Groundwater/surface water interactions in a lowland savanna on the Lower Wisconsin River floodplain." 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/47228947.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2001.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-159).
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Raanan, Kiperwas Hadas. "Radium Isotopes as Tracers of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in Inland Environments." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/4971.
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Groundwater has an important role in forging the composition of surface water, supplying nutrients crucial for the development of balanced ecosystems and potentially introducing contaminants into otherwise pristine surface water. Due to water-rock interactions radium (Ra) in groundwater is typically much more abundant than in surface water. In saline environments Ra is soluble and is considered a conservative tracer (apart for radioactive decay) for Ra-rich groundwater seepage. Hence in coastal environments, where mostly fresh groundwater seep into saline surface water, Ra has been the prominent tracer for tracking and modeling groundwater seepage over more than three decades. However, due to its reactivity and non-conservative behavior, Ra is rarely used for tracing groundwater seepage into fresh or hypersaline surface water; in freshwater, Ra is lost mostly through adsorption onto sediments and suspended particles; in hypersaline environments Ra can be removed through co-precipitation, most notably with sulfate salts.
This work examines the use of Ra as a tracer for groundwater seepage into freshwater lakes and rivers and into hypersaline lakes. The study examines groundwater-surface water interactions in four different environments and salinity ranges that include (1) saline groundwater discharge into a fresh water lake (the Sea of Galilee, Israel); (2) modification of pore water transitioning from saline to freshwater along their flow through sediments (pore water in sediments underlying the Sea of Galilee, Israel); (3) fresh groundwater discharge into hypersaline lakes (Sand Hills, Nebraska); and (4) fresh groundwater discharge into a fresh water river (Neuse River, North Carolina). In addition to measurement of the four Ra isotopes (
Integration of the geochemical data with mass-balance models corrected for adsorption allows estimating groundwater seepage into the Sea of Galilee (Israel) and the Neuse River (North Carolina). A study of the pore water underlying the Sea of Galilee shows significant modifications to the geochemistry and Ra activity of the saline pore water percolating through the sediments underlying the lake. In high salinity environments such as the saline lakes of the Nebraska Sand Hills, Ra is shown to be removed through co-precipitation with sulfate minerals, its integration into barite (BaSO4) is shown to be limited by the ratio of Ra:Ba in the precipitating barite.
Overall, this work demonstrates that Ra is a sensitive tracer for quantifying groundwater discharge even in low-saline environments. Yet the high reactivity of Ra (adsorption, co-precipitation, production of the short-lived isotopes) requires a deep understanding of the geochemical processes that shape and control Ra abundances in water resources.
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Somerville, Peter Douglas. "Streamwater-groundwater interactions and implications for water sharing plans in unregulated catchments : Hunter Valley, eastern Australia." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150497.
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A key objective of the Australian National Water Iriitiative of 2004 (clause 23(x)) is that streamwater and groundwater be managed as a single connected system. The National Water Act of 2007 established water sharing plans as a mechanism for ensuring this integrated management of streamwater and groundwater and for driving the sustainable management of Australia's water resources. This thesis investigates streamwater-groundwater interactions in an unconfined alluvial aquifer system in the Widden Brook catchment in the highly productive upper Hunter Valley, eastern Australia. Widden Brook is a right bank tributary of the Goulburn River and contributes up to 17% of flow in the Goulburn. The catchment lithology consists of a basal unit of impermeable Permian carbonaceous shale and coals which is overlain by Triassic Narrabeen sandstone and Tertiary basalts. The aims of this thesis were to reconstruct the hydrological record in the catchment from estimations of the long-term (1913-2007) monthly rainfall, streamflow, baseflow and salt load, reconstructed from records in neighbouring catchments, in order to: (1) recortstruct the long-term hydrological record in the catchment; (2) quantify streamwater-groundwater interactions under changing hydrological conditions; (3) estimate the water balance and the salt balance; and (4) use this data to evaluate the water sharing plan. A record of evapotranspiration was constructed with an established model using spatially interpolated rainfall, evaporation and vegetation coverage in the catchment. Limited stream hydrographs and rating curves were used to estimate long term baseflow and the chloride balance method was used to estimate groundwater recharge. The mean long term (1913-2007) runoff coefficient was 5.4% of rainfall equivalent to 40 mm of specific discharge. Flows however, were highly variable over this period with runoff (specific discharge) of 8.6% (65 mm) and 3.9% (30 mm) for the periods 1950-1979 and 1980-2007 respectively. This decrease in runoff cannot be explained solely by the decrease in rainfall and possible reasons are advanced. The mean estimated annual specific discharge from the reconstructed streamflow record, of 37 mm for the period 1971-2006, was shown to be in good agreement with that predicted using the spatially distributed GROWEST model of 33 mm. Stream salinity in Widden, as measured by electrical conductivity, EC, increases downstream but this is moderated by inputs of freshwater from the tributaries, particularly Blackwater Creek. The relationship between EC and stream flow is used to estimate the salt load discharged by the stream. The mean annual salt load for the period 1913-2007 was 1,813 tonnes/year or a specific salt yield of 3.7 tonnes/km{u00B2} but is highly variable over this period. Estimates of the cyclic salt inputs to the catchment are used to construct a long term salt budget (1913-2007) for the catchment which shows a 29% increase in salt load discharged to streamwater relative to that recharged to the catchment and up to 69% for the flood-dominated period 1950-1979. Estimation of the fraction of the salt load in streamwater at Widden gauge, due to mineral weathering relative to cyclic salt, is in the range 0.17-0.20. There is a distinct relative change in water chemistry downstream. Streamwater chemistry changes from predominantly Na and K ions just below the confluence of Widden Brook and Blackwater Creek, which is associated with kaolinite clay and Na and CI ions in the terrace groundwater, to predominantly Mg and Ca ions in the stream at Emu Creek associated with interstratified illite/smectite exchangeable clays and HC0{u2083}, Mg, Na and CI ions in the groundwater. Strontium isotope ratios are used to show a distinct geochemical signature in groundwater in the older terrace soils which appear disconnected from the stream compared to the younger alluvial floodplain soils which are highly connected to the stream. The hydrochemistry of the groundwater in the terrace in the mid catchment is characterised by higher EC (1500-2200 uS/cm) and oxidising conditions with lower concentrations of soluble iron and higher sulfate concentrations compared to the alluvial floodplain/streamwater which have much lower EC (300-600 ~uS/cm) and mainly reducing conditions, higher concentrations of soluble iron and lower sulfate concentrations. It is shown using geochemistry and water and isotopic tracers that the major sources of salts in the soils, streamwater and groundwater are derived from: (1) evapotranspiration of the shallow groundwater which concentrates salts in the upper soil zone confirmed from CI:Br mass ratios of soil groundwater; (2) mineral weathering of the parent rock material; and (3) ion-exchange reactions in the subsurface clays in the lower catchment. It is inferred that the change in water chemistry in the lower catchment is driven by the strong recharge of streamwater to the aquifer in the losing reach of the catchment which mobilises the Mg and Ca ions in the exchangeable smectite clays in the unconfined groundwater aquifer. The water sharing plan for unregulated catchments in the Hunter Valley is evaluated in light of the above findings. It is found that the information on which the Plan was based is insufficient to ensure sustainability in the system. Suggestions are made for improving the water sharing plan process.
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Wickham, Matthew Prior. "The geochemistry of surface water and groundwater interactions for selected Black Mesa drainages, Little Colorado River basin, Arizona." 1992. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1992_138_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Nainggolan, Lamtupa, and 寧古蘭. "Implementation of Regression Kriging method to assess spatial-temporal interactions between groundwater levels and recharge in Choushui River Basin." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ezy8c5.
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碩士國立中央大學
應用地質研究所
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The sparse distribution of groundwater stations in Choushui River Basin limits spatial-temporal of groundwater level information in these region while this information was crucial needed to know for groundwater conservation purposes. This study reports on an effort to improve the interpolation of monthly groundwater level from groundwater stations using Ordinary Kriging (OK) and Regression Kriging (RK), spanning the period from 2006 to 2015. In order to know the effort precipitation to the groundwater level, the interpolation groundwater level of RK has used to assess spatial-temporal interactions between groundwater levels and recharge in Choushui River Basin. Therefore, a total of 31 groundwater stations and 12 rain gauges data have employed in this research. Basically, OK was done using groundwater level data only. Then, RK was tried to merge the elevation and precipitation as the additional variables for groundwater level. Precipitation data derived by combination rain gauge data and monthly rainfall of Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS). For elevation data, it was provided by Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM). The correlation coefficient (r) of linear regression model proved that more than 97 % of the variability in groundwater levels observations can be explained by elevation data. It shows that elevation data can be included as an additional variables of rain gauges data. Conversely, precipitation data in regression model cannot be used in combination with elevation for groundwater levels due to multi-collinearity problem. The correlation coefficient (r), RMSE and NMSE reveals that RK has more robust prediction skill than OK in space and time, especially for prediction an extreme of groundwater level. Spatially, groundwater level elevated during wet months (May and August). The lowest level of groundwater level fluctuation was found to be from last of dry months (March & April), especially in the downstream west part of Choushui River Basin. Furthermore, groundwater recharge has derived and the correlation of groundwater recharge to groundwater level during the wet months was relatively higher than the dry months. Averagely, total amount of groundwater recharge at Choushui River Basin is about 1.40 billion m3 which represents 37 % of 3.77 billion m3 precipitation. As conclusion, the management of groundwater resource should be focused on the upstream area of the Choushui River Basin which has the highest groundwater recharge rate.
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Dixon-Jain, Prachi. "Groundwater-surface water interactions : implications for nutrient transport to tropical rivers." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9514.
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The interaction between groundwater and surface water systems is a key component of the hydrological cycle and an understanding of their connectivity is fundamental for sustainable water resource management. Water is a vehicle for mobilising dissolved constituents, including nutrients, between surface and subsurface waters and between terrestrial and marine systems.
Therefore, knowledge of surface-subsurface linkages is critical not only for water quantity allocation, but also for water quality and its implications for ecosystem health. In particular, ascertaining the significance of groundwater fluxes for river nitrogen budgets is an important motivation for characterising river-groundwater connectivity. This overarching theme is developed through the course of the thesis.
The marked seasonality of tropical river systems provides a unique opportunity to investigate groundwater contributions to surface waters, especially when there are minimal overland flows.
The Herbert River in northeast Queensland represents a useful case study in the Australian tropics for assessing the potential for transport of agricultural contaminants, such as dissolved forms of nitrogen, between surface and subsurface waters, and between terrestrial and marine systems, including the ecologically significant Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Whilst the lower Herbert River catchment, dominated by sugarcane production, is the focus for this thesis, the research methodology and policy implications for nutrient monitoring and management are applicable to other tropical catchments.
An extensive water quality sampling program was instigated to collect river and groundwater samples during low flow conditions, for analysis of a range of conservative and nonconservative environmental tracers including major ions, stable isotopes of water, radon, and dissolved inorganic forms of nitrogen. Grab samples were collected during months representing the beginning and end of the dry season to compare connectivity relationships at contrasting stages of the stream hydrograph. Hydrochemical data at the end of the dry season is particularly useful for isolating the groundwater signal in the river and its tributaries. Existing physical and chemical datasets are also an important source of high temporal resolution information to supplement the more detailed water quality data collected specifically for this investigation.
An understanding of the dynamics of water movement between river and aquifer storages is critical for assessing the mobility of dissolved nitrogen between them. A combination of hydrogeological, hydrometric, hydrological and hydrochemical tools are applied to characterise the interaction between the alluvial aquifers and the lower Herbert River at a catchment scale.
Specifically, the potential for hydraulic connection and the direction of flux between the aquifer system and the river are evaluated through qualitative hydrometric approaches, including: depth relationships of the river channel with that of the underlying alluvial sediments; historical groundwater elevation-stream stage relationships; and groundwater flow patterns around the river. Hydrological techniques such as stream hydrograph and flow duration curve analysis are utilised to assess the temporal characteristics of flow in the river; the groundwater flux to the river is also quantified by hydrograph separation. Physical understanding of river-aquifer linkages is verified and enriched through analysis of surface water chemistry data, in conjunction with the conceptual hydrogeological model developed from physical and chemical assessment of the aquifers. The significance of groundwater as a vector for nitrogen is then evaluated in light of a conceptual process understanding of the river-aquifer system. This provides a platform for undertaking future catchment-scale nutrient budget studies based on detailed investigations of nitrogen sources and transformations.
The research approach used in this thesis highlights the value of combining analytical techniques, not provided by any one method, to inform and verify different aspects of a complex water resource problem involving both surface and groundwater systems. The application of multiple environmental tracers, at varied spatial and temporal resolution, is particularly instructive for distinguishing between the key processes that influence the chemistry of the river in space and time. Furthermore, the spectrum of tracer techniques provides both qualitative and quantitative information regarding the flux of groundwater along the length of the lower Herbert River. Whilst the absolute groundwater fluxes determined have a degree of uncertainty, mass balances of radon and selected solutes highlight the value of quantitative estimates in combination with qualitative trends to characterise river-aquifer relationships. The analyses demonstrate that discharge of groundwater from the alluvial aquifers is a dominant influence on both the flow and chemistry of the lower Herbert River in the dry season. In particular, groundwater is a key vector for the delivery of nitrate to the river during low flow conditions.
This provides a new perspective for monitoring and management of nutrients in tropical rivers where there is good connectivity with the underlying groundwater system. Key recommendations arising from this research include: (1) water quality sampling should be undertaken at recognised periods on the stream/groundwater hydrograph, with an understanding of temporal and spatial river-aquifer connectivity relationships; (2) surface and subsurface sources of water and dissolved nutrients must be considered, including identification of nutrient hotpots in both surface water and groundwater systems; (3) sampling locations should capture the longitudinal variation in river nutrient concentrations, not simply end-of-river monitoring; (4) appropriate water quality guideline values must be set to account for seasonal changes in both the sources and forms of nutrients transported to surface waters.
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Nzama, Stanley Mvuselelo. "Spatial and temporal assessment of groundwater-surface water interaction, Schoonspruit river catchment, North West, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22083.
Full textAbstract:
The study presents the spatio-temporal assessment of groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interaction aspects in the Schoonspruit River catchment, North West of South Africa. The research study aimed at improving understanding of groundwater and surface water interaction through assessing its location and time when such interaction occurs. GW-SW interaction sites were identified using principal aquifer type characterization methods. The occurrence of the interaction was established using hydrochemistry methods and the effectiveness of the existing monitoring methods were evaluated in their consideration of GW-SW interaction within the study area. The main results from the study showed that there was GW-SW interaction in the Schoonspruit River catchment which was not affected by seasonal changes. The result further showed that existing monitoring methods in the study catchment were not effective in addressing GW-SW interaction. The study concluded that qualitative methods are essential in studying GW-SW interaction and that monitoring methods for such interactions are requiredCentre for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Chen, I.-Ting, and 陳苡庭. "A Study of Interaction between Groundwater and Surface Water in Zhuoshui River Basin Using Self-Organizing Map." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46400384257321987018.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系碩士班
101
In Taiwan, Zhuoshui River alluvial fan is one of the most abundant groundwater resources that are low-cost and easy-to-use; the area has seriously suffered from overuse of groundwater. For safe yield and effective use of groundwater resources in Zhuoshui River basin, investigating the interaction relationship between surface water and groundwater is important. This study used Self-Organizing Map (SOM) to investigate the effects of hydrological factors, including precipitation and streamflow, on the variability of groundwater level. Through the topological characteristics of SOM, we also discussed the correlation between time or space factors and groundwater level variation. In this study, Zhuoshi River watershed is divided into three areas, the alluvial fan region, mountainous region and chukou region, to investigate the trend effect of rainfall and streamflow factors on these three regions’ groundwater level variation, respectively. The results show that (1) Rainfall factors: For typhoon rainfall or torrential rainfall, rainfall in the midstream and upstream regions has a greater impact on groundwater level variation, and regional heavy rainfall in neighboring regions has a greater impact. Rainfall factors have greater impact on groundwater level variation in the alluvial fan region than in the mountainous region. (2) streamflow factors: The topological characteristics of SOM can display the interaction between the streamflow and groundwater level variation during the alternation processes of wet and dry seasons. During high flow or middle-high flow periods, groundwater levels rise greatly in the mountainous region and the alluvial fan region. During the period of high flow decreasing to middle-high or middle-low flow, the groundwater recharge surface water to attain water balance. The groundwater level variations of chukou(1) and chukou(2) are different from others that are recharged in wet season and discharge in dry season.
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Briody, Alyse Colleen. "Flow, nutrient, and stable isotope dynamics of groundwater in the parafluvial/hyporheic zone of a regulated river during a small pulse." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26921.
Full textAbstract:
Periodic releases from an upstream dam cause rapid stage fluctuations in the Colorado River near Austin, Texas. These daily pulses modulate fluid exchange and residence times in the hyporheic region, where biogeochemical reactions are pronounced. We installed two transects of wells perpendicular to the river to examine in detail the reactions occurring in this zone of surface-water and groundwater exchange. One well transect recorded physical water level fluctuations and allowed us to map hydraulic head gradients and fluid movement. The second transect allowed for water sample collection at three discrete depths. Samples were collected from 12 wells every 2 hours for a 24-hour period and were analyzed for nutrients, carbon, major ions, and stable isotopes. The results provide a detailed picture of biogeochemical processes in the bank environment during low flow/drought conditions in a regulated river. Findings indicate that a pulse that causes a change in river stage of approximately 16-centimeters does not cause significant mixing in the bank. Under these conditions, the two systems act independently and exhibit only slight mixing at the interface.text
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(7026707), Siddharth Saksena. "Integrated Flood Modeling for Improved Understanding of River-Floodplain Hydrodynamics: Moving beyond Traditional Flood Mapping." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
With increasing focus on large scale planning and allocation of resources for protection against future flood risk, it is necessary to analyze and improve the deficiencies in the conventional flood modeling approach through a better understanding of the interactions between river hydrodynamics and subsurface processes. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to improve the flood inundation modeling and mapping using physically-based integrated models that incorporate observable data through assimilation and simulate hydrologic fluxes using the fundamental laws of conservation of mass at multiple spatiotemporal scales. However, despite the significance of integrated modeling in hydrology, it has received relatively less attention within the context of flood hazard. The overall aim of this dissertation is to study the heterogeneity in complex physical processes that govern the watershed response during flooding and incorporate these effects in integrated models across large scales for improved flood risk estimation. Specifically, this dissertation addresses the following questions: (1) Can physical process incorporation using integrated models improve the characterization of antecedent conditions and increase the accuracy of the watershed response to flood events? (2) What factors need to be considered for characterizing scale-dependent physical processes in integrated models across large watersheds? (3) How can the computational efficiency and process representation be improved for modeling flood events at large scales? (4) Can the applicability of integrated models be improved for capturing the hydrodynamics of unprecedented flood events in complex urban systems?
To understand the combined effect of surface-subsurface hydrology and hydrodynamics on streamflow generation and subsequent inundation during floods, the first objective incorporates an integrated surface water-groundwater (SW-GW) modeling approach for simulating flood conditions. The results suggest that an integrated model provides a more realistic simulation of flood hydrodynamics for different antecedent soil conditions. Overall, the findings suggest that the current practice of simulating floods which assumes an impervious surface may not be providing realistic estimates of flood inundation, and that an integrated approach incorporating all the hydrologic and hydraulic processes in the river system must be adopted.
The second objective focuses on providing solutions to better characterize scale-dependent processes in integrated models by comparing two model structures across two spatial scales and analyzing the changes in flood responses. The results indicate that since the characteristic length scales of GW processes are larger than SW processes, the intrinsic scale (or resolution) of GW in integrated models should be coarser when compared to SW. The results also highlight the degradation of streamflow prediction using a single channel roughness when the stream length scales are increased. A distributed channel roughness variable along the stream length improves the modeled basin response. Further, the results highlight the ability of a dimensionless parameter 𝜂1, representing the ratio of the reach length in the study region to maximum length of the single stream draining at that point, for identifying which streams may require a distributed channel roughness.
The third objective presents a hybrid flood modeling approach that incorporates the advantages of both loosely-coupled (‘downward’) and integrated (‘upward’) modeling approaches by coupling empirically-based and physically-based approaches within a watershed. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the proposed hybrid modeling approach is tested across three watersheds in Indiana using multiple flood events and comparing the results with fully- integrated models. Overall, the hybrid modeling approach results in a performance comparable to a fully-integrated approach but at a much higher computational efficiency, while at the same time, providing objective-oriented flexibility to the modeler.
The fourth objective presents a physically-based but computationally-efficient approach for modeling unprecedented flood events at large scales in complex urban systems. The application of the proposed approach results in accurate simulation of large scale flood hydrodynamics which is shown using Hurricane Harvey as the test case. The results also suggest that the ability to control the mesh development using the proposed flexible model structure for incorporating important physical and hydraulic features is as important as integration of distributed hydrology and hydrodynamics.
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Arik, Aida D. "A study of stream temperature using distributed temperature sensing fiber optics technology in Big Boulder Creek, a tributary to the Middle Fork John Day River in eastern Oregon." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/26338.
Full textAbstract:
The Middle Fork John Day Basin in Northeastern Oregon is prime habitat for spring Chinook salmon and Steelhead trout. In 2008, a major tributary supporting rearing habitat, Big Boulder Creek, was restored to its historic mid-valley channel along a 1 km stretch of stream 800 m upstream of the mouth. Reduction of peak summer stream temperatures was among the goals of the restoration. Using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) Fiber Optic Technology, stream temperature was monitored prior to restoration in June 2008, and after restoration in September 2008, July 2009, and August 2009. Data gathered was used to determine locations of groundwater and hyporheic inflow and to form a stream temperature model of the system. The model was used both to develop an evaluation method to interpret components of model performance, and to better understand the physical processes important to the study reach.
A very clear decreasing trend in surface temperature was seen throughout each of the DTS stream temperature datasets in the downstream 500 m of the study reach. Observed reduction in temperature was 0.5°C (±0.10) in June 2008, 0.3°C (±0.37) in September 2008, 0.6°C (±0.25) in July 2009, and 0.2°C (±0.08) in August 2009. Groundwater inflow was calculated to be 3% of the streamflow for July 2009 and 1% during the August 2009 installation. Statistically significant locations of groundwater and hyporheic inflow were also determined.
July 2009 data was used to model stream temperature of the 1 km (RMSE 0.28°C). The developed model performance evaluation method measures timelag, offset, and amplitude at a downstream observed or simulated point compared with the boundary condition, rather than evaluating the model based on error. These measures are
particularly relevant to small scale models in which error may not be a true reflection of the ability of a model to correctly predict temperature. Breaking down model performance into these three predictive measures was a simple and graphic method to show the model's predictive capability without sorting through large amounts of data. To better understand the model and the stream system, a sensitivity analysis was conducted showing high sensitivity to streamflow, air temperature, groundwater inflow, and relative humidity. Somewhat surprisingly, solar radiation was among the lowest sensitivity. Furthermore, three model scenarios were run: a 25% reduction in water velocity, a 5°C increase in air temperature, and no groundwater inflow. Simulations of removal of groundwater inflows resulted in a 0.5°C increase in average temperature over the modeled time period at the downstream end, further illustrating the importance of groundwater in this stream system to reduce temperatures.Graduation date: 2012