Journal articles on the topic 'Groundwater potential risk'
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1
Pacheco, A., J. M. B. Mendes, T. Martins, S. Hassuda, and A. A. Kimmelmann. "Cemeteries - A Potential Risk to Groundwater." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 11 (December 1, 1991): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0341.
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Cemeteries are a source of environmental impacts among which is featured the risk to groundwater contamination by microorganisms that proliferate during the process of decomposition of bodies. The main objective of this work was to monitor the bacteriological quality of the water from the water table in three cemeteries chosen in accordance with geological and hydrogeological criteria: Vila Formosa and Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, located in the city of São Paulo, and Areia Branca in the city of Santos. These cities are situated in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 67 samples were collected through 36 piezometers installed in the internal area of the above-mentioned cemeteries, and were analysed between January and December of 1989. For this study microorganisms of fecal contamination were chosen, one pathogen, as well as two groups degradation of organic material bacteria.
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Santha, Nipada, Saowani Sangkajan, and Schradh Saenton. "Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Potential Health Risk in Western Lampang Basin, Northern Thailand." Water 14, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030465.
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This research aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of arsenic concentrations in shallow and deep groundwaters which were used as sources for drinking and domestic and agricultural uses. A geochemical modeling software PHREEQC was used to simulate equilibrium geochemical reactions of complex water–rock interactions to identify arsenic speciation and mineral saturation indices based on groundwater quality and hydrogeochemical conditions. In addition, the potential health risk from arsenic-contaminated groundwater consumption was assessed based on the method developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The study area is located at the western part of the Lampang Basin, an intermontane aquifer, Northern Thailand. The area is flat and situated in a floodplain in the Cenozoic basin. Most shallow groundwater (≤10 m depth) samples from dug wells were of Ca-Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 types, whereas deep groundwater from Quaternary terrace deposits (30–150 m depth) samples were of Na-HCO3 and Ca-Na-HCO3 types. High arsenic concentrations were found in the central part of the study area (Shallow groundwater: <2.8–35 mg/L with a mean of 10.7 mg/L; Deep groundwater: <2.8–480 mg/L with a mean of 51.0 mg/L). According to geochemical modeling study, deep groundwater contained toxic As(III), as the dominant species more than shallow groundwater. Arsenic in groundwater of the Lampang Basin may have been derived from leaching of rocks and could have been the primary source of the subsurface arsenic in the study area. Secondary source of arsenic, which is more significant, could be derived from the leaching of sorbed arsenic in aquifer from co-precipitated Fe-oxyhydroxides in sediments. Quantitative risk assessment showed that the average carcinogenic risk values were as high as 2.78 × 10−3 and 7.65 × 10−3 for adult and child, respectively, which were higher than the acceptable level (1 × 10−4). The adverse health impact should be notified or warned with the use of this arsenic-contaminated groundwater without pre-treatment.
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Lytton, L., S. Howe, R. Sage, and P. Greenaway. "Groundwater pollution risk assessment methodology." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0478.
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A generic groundwater pollution risk assessment methodology has been developed to enable the evaluation and ranking of the potential risk of pollution to groundwater abstractions. The ranking can then be used to prioritise risk management or mitigation procedures in a robust and quantifiable framework and thus inform business investment decisions. The risk assessment considers the three components of the pollution transport model: source - pathway - receptor. For groundwater abstractions these correspond to land use (with associated pollutants and shallow subsurface characteristics), aquifer and the abstraction borehole. An hierarchical approach was chosen to allow the risk assessment to be successfully carried out with different quality data for different parts of the model. The 400-day groundwater protection zone defines the catchment boundary that forms the spatial limit of the land use audit for each receptor. A risk score is obtained for each land use (potential pollution source) within the catchment. These scores are derived by considering the characteristics (such as load, persistence and toxicity) of all pollutants pertaining to each land use, their on-site management and the potential for the unsaturated subsurface to attenuate their effects in the event of a release. Risk scores are also applied to the aquifer characteristics (as pollutant pathway) and to the abstraction borehole (as pollutant receptor). Each risk score is accompanied by an uncertainty score which provides a guide to the confidence in the data used to compile the risk assessment. The application of the methodology has highlighted a number of problems in this type of work and results of initial case studies are being used to trial alternative scoring methods and a more simplified approach to accelerate the process of pollution risk assessment.
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Adenova, Dinara, Sultan Tazhiyev, Janay Sagin, Malis Absametov, Yermek Murtazin, Ludmila Trushel, Oxana Miroshnichenko, and Abdulhalim Zaryab. "Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risk in Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan." Water 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030482.
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Securing water resources is a complicated issue in Kazakhstan. Only 36% of Kazakhstan’s rural population has access to a centralized water supply and 57.3% use groundwater accessed by wells and boreholes. The groundwater quality must be monitored to minimize health risks. The aim of this project is to investigate the groundwater quality in the Zhambyl region of Kazakhstan. Groundwater depletion, pollution, waterlogging, and salinization are all widespread in Kazakhstan. Previously, 500 self-flowing and, within this project, 204 wells were investigated in southern Kazakhstan, the Zhambyl region. The field works and data processing was carried out in three phases: first, a fieldwork survey of existing water wells; the second phase, field work with more detailed hydrogeological investigations, including measurements of flow rates, pH, temperature, and electrical conductivity of water samples; the third phase, processing, and analysis of field data samples in chemical laboratories. Kazakhstan’s requirements for drinking water are much lower than the requirements in the EU. Less than 30% of Kazakhstan’s population has access to safe water and about 50% of the population consumes drinking water that does not meet international standards of salinity, hardness, or bacteriological levels.
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Vamsi Krishna Prasad, P., M. Leela Priyanka, R. Sarath, B. Raghupathi Naidu, and T. Ravi. "Mapping Groundwater Potential Zone and Flood Risk Zone in the Visakhapatnam District, India." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1084, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012056.
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Abstract Groundwater is a vital resource that significantly contributes to the annual supply. On the other hand, Overexploitation has resulted in a significant reduction in groundwater supplies and, in some cases, soil sinking. Therefore, it’s critical to assess the possible zone of groundwater rejuvenation to safeguard water quality and manage subsurface water systems. Potential groundwater zones are detected using RS and GIS technologies. GIS technologies were used to build the composite map. Accurate data is required to determine the criteria used to estimate the potential groundwater zone. DEM, soil, Rainfall, and LULC data are all generated by the satellites, and, at a scale of 1:50000, topo sheets are collected from the Survey of India (SOI). All the input data is combined with a weighted overlay in ArcGIS. Each of these criteria is given an appropriate ranking. The ability of various geomorphic units to store groundwater is assigned weight values. This procedure is repeated for each of the remaining layers, with the resulting layers being categorized. Extremely poor, poor, moderate, good, and exceptional are the five categories of potential groundwater zones. The method is used in a particular research area in the Visakhapatnam district. This data will help you figure out where you can get water, where water can be recharged, and where groundwater is limited.
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Orou, Rodrigue Kotchi, Gbombélé Soro, Drissa Tanina Soro, Abou Traoré, Rosine Marie N’guessan Fossou, and Nagnin Soro. "Aptitudes À L’agriculture Des Eaux Souterraines Du Departement d’Agboville (Sud-Est De La Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 21 (July 29, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n21p81.
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In the department of Agboville, farmers are interested in the using of groundwater to improve the performance of their crops. But they didn’t know the effects of this water on the crops without. The main objective of this study is to determine the quality of groundwater to prevent the risk of soil alkalinization and salinization in the department of Agboville. Hydrochemical analysis of 28 wells used for irrigation of crops was carried out. The dry residue (RS), the osmotic pressure (π), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), the percentage of sodium exchange (ESP), salinity potential (SP), and the coefficient or the Kelly ratio (RK) were determined. Wilcox diagram was also applied for this study. The results show that groundwater department are soft and lightly mineralized wiht a low salinity. 75% of samples from groundwater haves low salinity and 25% have an average salinity. The values of the Salinity Potential (SP <5), Kelly Ratio (RK <1) and SAR (SAR <10 méq/L) show that all sampled groundwater are good qualities for agriculture. According to Wilcox diagram, groundwaters are excellent quality for agriculutre. The osmotic pressure (𝜋 ), the dry residue (RS) and the conductivity values 75% of the sampled waters are excellent quality and 25% average quality for agriculture. Groundwaters from the department of Agboville have a low risk of alkalizing and can be used in irrigation for most crops.
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Malherbe, Hanlie, Michael Gebel, Stephan Pauleit, and Carsten Lorz. "Land Use Pollution Potential of Water Sources Along the Southern Coast of South Africa." Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cass-2018-0002.
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AbstractSince the 1990’s, the groundwater quality along the southern coast of the Western Cape Province of South Africa has been affected by increasing land use activities. Groundwater resources have become increasingly important in terms of providing good quality water. Polluted coastal groundwater as a source of submarine groundwater discharge also affects the quality of coastal water. For this study, land use activities causing groundwater pollution and areas at particular risk were identified. An assessment approach linking land use/land cover, groundwater and submarine groundwater discharge on a meso-scale was developed and the methods applied to two study regions along the southern coastal area. Dryland and irrigated crop cultivation, and urbanized areas are subject to a “high” and “very high” risk of groundwater nitrogen pollution. Application of fertilizer must be revised to ensure minimal effects on groundwater. Practice of agricultural activities at locations which are not suited to the environment’s physical conditions must be reconsidered. Informal urban development may contribute to groundwater nitrogen pollution due to poor waste water disposal. Groundwater monitoring in areas at risk of nitrogen pollution is recommended. Land use activities in the submarine groundwater discharge contribution areas was not found to have major effects on coastal water.
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Xu, Naizheng, Jianshi Gong, Xiaohu Tao, and Lin Liu. "Hydrogeochemical Processes and Potential Exposure Risk of Arsenic-Rich Groundwater from Huaihe River Plain, China." Water 14, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050693.
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Arsenic poses a danger to environmental health, and arsenic-rich groundwater is a key exposure risk for humans. The distribution, migration, and enrichment of arsenic in groundwater is an important environmental and public health problem. Currently, the Huaihe River Basin is identified as a region of arsenic-rich groundwater in China. This study aims to assess arsenic-rich groundwater potential pollution risk, analyze the hydrogeochemical processes, and trace the ion source based on an analysis of groundwater hydrogeochemical data. The results show that arsenic is the main inorganic chemical substances affecting the water quality in the study area, which presents a high exposure risk for public health. The arsenic concentration of groundwater was f 5.75 ± 5.42 μg/L, and 23% of the considered samples exceeded the drinking water standards of the World Health Organization. The groundwater in the study area underwent evaporation, halite dissolution, and ion exchange processes. The total alkalinity (HCO3−) of the arsenic-rich groundwater mainly ranged between 400–700 mg/L, and the chemical type was mainly of HCO3-Na. In an alkaline environment, the oxidative dissolution and reductive dissolution of arsenic bearing minerals might be the formation mechanism of arsenic-rich groundwater.
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Casey, N. H., H. L. Lucht, and B. Reijnders. "Bromide: A potential risk to livestock production in South Africa." South African Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i6.1.
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Imbulana, Sachithra, and Kumiko Oguma. "Groundwater as a potential cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: a review." Journal of Water and Health 19, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.079.
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Abstract The cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka remains unidentified, despite vast research efforts that brought about an extensive list of potential risk factors. Among these, the long-term exposure to various nephrotoxic elements through drinking groundwater was widely suspected owing to the unique geographical distribution of the disease. This review focuses on such well-known hypotheses suspecting the relations with fluoride, hardness, major ions, heavy metals, metalloids, organic matter, agrochemical residues, pathogens, and bacterial toxins in the groundwaters of the CKDu-endemic region. It was comprehensively discussed why each of these constituents was considered a risk factor of CKDu, how could they possibly trigger the pathogenesis of the disease, what was the evidence that supported or failed each hypothesis, and whether providing safe drinking water had been effective at mitigating the progression of the disease. Although plenty of circumstantial evidence supported an etiology related to groundwater for CKDu, it was impossible to elucidate the cause–effect relationships between drinking impaired groundwater and the occurrence of the disease. Future research should be effectively designed to clarify the role of groundwater in the onset of CKDu by taking into account the gaps in past research.
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Tu, Zhi, Yinzhu Zhou, Jinlong Zhou, Shuangbao Han, Jinwei Liu, Jiangtao Liu, Ying Sun, and Fangyuan Yang. "Identification and Risk Assessment of Priority Control Organic Pollutants in Groundwater in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, P.R. China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032051.
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The Junggar Basin in Xinjiang is located in the hinterland of Eurasia, where the groundwater is a significant resource and has important ecological functions. The introduction of harmful organic pollutants into groundwater from increasing human activities and rapid socioeconomic development may lead to groundwater pollution at various levels. Therefore, to develop an effective regulatory framework, establishing a list of priority control organic pollutants (PCOPs) is in urgent need. In this study, a method of ranking the priority of pollutants based on their prevalence (Pv), occurrence (O) and persistent bioaccumulative toxicity (PBT) has been developed. PvOPBT in the environment was applied in the screening of PCOPs among 34 organic pollutants and the risk assessment of screened PCOPs in groundwater in the Junggar Basin. The results show that the PCOPs in groundwater were benzo[a]pyrene, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloromethane and DDT. Among the pollutants, benzo[a]pyrene, 1,2-dichloroethane and DDT showed high potential ecological risk, whilst trichloromethane represented low potential ecological risk. With the exception of benzo[a]pyrene, which had high potential health risks, the other screened PCOPs had low potential health risks. Unlike the scatter distribution of groundwater benzo[a]pyrene, the 1,2-dichloroethane and trichloromethane in groundwater were mainly concentrated in the central part of the southern margin and the northern margin of the Junggar Basin, while the DDT in groundwater was only distributed in Jinghe County (in the southwest) and Beitun City (in the north). Industrial and agricultural activities were the main controlling factors that affected the distribution of PCOPs.
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Jat Baloch, Muhammad Yousuf, Wenjing Zhang, Dayi Zhang, Baig Abdullah Al Shoumik, Javed Iqbal, Shuxin Li, Juanfen Chai, Muhammad Ansar Farooq, and Anand Parkash. "Evolution Mechanism of Arsenic Enrichment in Groundwater and Associated Health Risks in Southern Punjab, Pakistan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 13325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013325.
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Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater is a worldwide concern for drinking water safety. Environmental changes and anthropogenic activities are making groundwater vulnerable in Pakistan, especially in Southern Punjab. This study explores the distribution, hydrogeochemical behavior, and pathways of As enrichment in groundwater and discusses the corresponding evolution mechanism, mobilization capability, and health risks. In total, 510 groundwater samples were collected from three tehsils in the Punjab province of Pakistan to analyze As and other physiochemical parameters. Arsenic concentration averaged 14.0 μg/L in Vehari, 11.0 μg/L in Burewala, and 13.0 μg/L in Mailsi. Piper-plots indicated the dominance of Na+, SO42−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions in the groundwater and the geochemical modeling showed negative saturation indices with calcium carbonate and salt minerals, including aragonite (CaCO3), calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), and halite (NaCl). The dissolution process hinted at their potential roles in As mobilization in groundwater. These results were further validated with an inverse model of the dissolution of calcium-bearing mineral, and the exchange of cations between Ca2+ and Na+ in the studied area. Risk assessment suggested potential carcinogenic risks (CR > 10−4) for both children and adults, whereas children had a significant non-carcinogenic risk hazard quotient (HQ > 1). Accordingly, children had higher overall health risks than adults. Groundwater in Vehari and Mailsi was at higher risk than in Burewala. Our findings provide important and baseline information for groundwater As assessment at a provincial level, which is essential for initiating As health risk reduction. The current study also recommends efficient management strategies for As-contaminated groundwater.
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Zhao, Juan, Rui Wang, Jian Min Bian, and Yang Zhao. "Potential Health Risk of Arsenic in Groundwater near Tongyu County, Western of Jilin Province: A Case Study for Health Risk Assessment Based on Triangular Fuzzy Number." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.982.
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Based on the fuzzy uncertainty of assessment system, the fuzzy mathematics theory was applied to denote the groundwater health risk. On the basis of defining the parameters as triangular fuzzy numbers, uncertain models with triangular fuzzy parameters were established. As a case study, the fuzzy model was applied to evaluate the health risk of arsenic in groundwater in Tongyu County, Jilin Province. According to these calculations, interval values of health risk of arsenic under different confidence levels were obtained. The calculated results indicated that interval values of health risk of arsenic in phreatic water, confined water in Quaternary and Tertiary were equal to 2.43×10-5～105.74×10-5a-1, 3.45×10-5～98.444×10-5a-1 and 2.01×10-5～117.41×10-5a-1, and the most probable values were 23.72×10-5a-1, 63.53×10-5a-1 and 34.39×10-5a-1respectively. The assessment results showed groundwater in study area had great health risks and the fuzzy models more scientifically reveal the health risks state of hazardous substances in groundwater than the traditional ones.
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Duda, Robert, Robert Zdechlik, and Jarosław Kania. "Semiquantitative Risk Assessment Method for Groundwater Source Protection Using a Process-based Interdisciplinary Approach." Water Resources Management 35, no. 10 (July 20, 2021): 3373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02898-0.
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AbstractPotable groundwater resources are at risk as a result of industrial development and an increase in fertilizer use. Protection of the groundwater supply may require the establishment of groundwater source protection zones (GSPZs) to allow the implementation of protective measures. The aim of this study was to develop a new approach to groundwater source risk assessment (GSRA). The risk was defined as the highest of the risks identified for individual potential sources of contamination (PSCs). The risk resulting from a given PSC is the combination of its adverse impact on groundwater, unwanted event probability, and adverse effect and annoyance to the population. A multicriteria assessment method was designed to estimate indices of the potential groundwater impact of industrial facilities and noninert waste landfills with the range and weight method. Application of the proposed approach was tested considering an idealized model and three scenarios involving various industrial PSCs and fertilization practices. The overall nitrogen load was compared to the maximum effective nitrogen load for the crops in question. Sensitivity analysis of this methodology revealed that the main factors influencing the risk to the water supply include the nonreactive contaminant mass load in PSC leachate and the ratio of the groundwater volume abstracted from wells to the amount of water flowing from PSCs into wells, which determines the dilution degree of the contaminant mass. This proposed interdisciplinary approach to GSRA provides a robust basis to reach decisions on GSPZ establishment and the development of a groundwater risk analysis methodology.
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Li, Zhenze, Mamadou Fall, and Alireza Ghirian. "CCS Risk Assessment: Groundwater Contamination Caused by CO2." Geosciences 8, no. 11 (October 30, 2018): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8110397.
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The potential contamination of underground drinking water (UDW) caused by CO2 leakage is a critical decision input for risk assessment and management decision making. This paper presents an overview of the potential alterations to UDW quality caused by CO2 and the relevant quality guidelines on drinking water. Furthermore, a framework and numerical simulator have been developed to (i) predict and assess the potential consequences of CO2 leakage on the quality of UDW; and (ii) assess the efficiency of groundwater remediation methods and scenarios for various UDW leakage conditions and alterations. The simulator was applied to a Canadian CO2 disposal site to assess the potential consequences of CO2 leakage on groundwater quality. The information, framework, and numerical tool presented here are useful for successful risk assessments and the management of CO2 capture and sequestration in Canadian geological formations.
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Stuart, Marianne, Dan Lapworth, Emily Crane, and Alwyn Hart. "Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater." Science of The Total Environment 416 (February 2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.072.
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Shin, Woosik, Jungsun Oh, Sungwook Choung, Byong-Wook Cho, Kwang-Sik Lee, Uk Yun, Nam-Chil Woo, and Hyun Koo Kim. "Distribution and potential health risk of groundwater uranium in Korea." Chemosphere 163 (November 2016): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.021.
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Triassi, Maria, Pellegrino Cerino, Paolo Montuori, Antonio Pizzolante, Ugo Trama, Federico Nicodemo, Jacopo Luigi D’Auria, Sabato De Vita, Elvira De Rosa, and Antonio Limone. "Heavy Metals in Groundwater of Southern Italy: Occurrence and Potential Adverse Effects on the Environment and Human Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031693.
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This study reports the data on the contamination caused by heavy metals in the groundwater of the Campania Plain (CP) in Southern Italy. A total of 1093 groundwater samples were obtained from the following aquifers: coastal plains (GAR, VCP, VES, SAR, and SEL), volcanic districts (PHLE and VES), and carbonate massifs (MAS and LAT). In this study, the investigation depth ranged from 5 m (GAR) to 200 m (PHLE). The sequence of heavy metal content in groundwater samples was B > Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Ba > Ni > As > Cu > V > Se > Pb > Cd. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and heavy metal evaluation (HEI) demonstrated that the study areas in which groundwater samples were sampled are not risk zones. Moreover, health risk assessment shows that hazard index (HI) values for heavy metals were found to be significantly low in groundwater samples. In non-carcinogenic risk evaluation for the adult group, the risk was low, whereas for children and infants, the risk was >1 for arsenic alone. Carcinogenic risk assessment (CR) was found lower for adults, children, and infants. The Jenks optimization method was used to evaluate the distribution of heavy metals in the groundwater of CP, and the principal component analysis technique (PCA) was employed to determine the source of heavy metals, and it was found that mixed sources (natural and anthropogenic) may be responsible for heavy metals presence.
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Quitaneg, L. C. "GMS-MODFLOW application in the investigation of groundwater potential in Concepcion, Tarlac, Philippines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 958, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/958/1/012005.
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Abstract This study used GMS-Modflow to investigate the ten-year groundwater potential in Concepcion, Tarlac. This region in Central Luzon, Philippines, with limited surface water, depends on groundwater as its primary freshwater source. The water demand projection estimated an increase of 38.5% from 2020 to 2030; hence, higher groundwater abstraction is perceived in the next ten years. To deviate from the risk associated with reliance on groundwater, this study, through GMS-MODFLOW, developed a groundwater model to mimic the aquifer’s current condition and investigated its behavior in response to future spatial and temporal variables. The simulation results generally showed a sustainable groundwater supply in Concepcion, Tarlac, for the next ten years, with no significant decline in hydraulic heads.
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Spizzico, M., N. Lopez, and D. Sciannamblo. "Analysis of the potential contamination risk of groundwater resources circulating in areas with anthropogenic activities." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 1 (January 21, 2005): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-109-2005.
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Abstract. The area investigated is located in the province of Brindisi (Italy). It is a generally flat area separated from the nearby carbonatic plateau of the Murgia by quite indistinct and high fault scarps. As regards the geological features, carbonatic basement rocks and post-cretaceous terrains made up of calabrian calcarenites and middle-upper Pleistocenic marine terraced deposits can be distinguished. In the examined area there are two different hydrogeological environments. The first is represented by deep groundwater, the main groundwater resource in Apulia. The second hydrogeological environment, now of lesser importance than the deep aquifer in terms of size and use, is made up of some small shallow groundwater systems situated in post-calabrian sands and located in the eastern area. During some sampling cycles carried out in the studied area, water was withdrawn from both the deep aquifer and from the shallow groundwater. For every sample, the necessary parameters were determined for the physical and chemical characterisation of two different hydrogeological environments. Moreover, some chemical parameters indicating anthropogenic activities were determined. Analysis of the aerial distribution of the measured parameters has shown some main areas subject to different conditions of contamination risk, in accordance with the hydrogeological and geological features of the investigated area. In the south-eastern part of the investigated area, the important action performed by the surface aquifer for protecting the deep groundwater from contamination of anthropogenic origin is clear. On the other hand, in the shallow groundwater, areas of nitrate and nitrite contamination have been identified, which result from the extensive use of fertilizers.
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Kanno, Cynthia, and John McCray. "Evaluating Potential for Groundwater Contamination from Surface Spills Associated with Unconventional Oil and Gas Production: Methodology and Application to the South Platte Alluvial Aquifer." Water 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030353.
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Surface spills occur frequently during unconventional oil and gas production operations and have the potential to impact groundwater quality. A screening-level analysis using contaminant fate and transport simulations was performed to: (1) evaluate whether hypothetical (yet realistic) spills of aqueous produced fluids pose risks to groundwater quality in the South Platte Aquifer, (2) identify the key hydrologic and transport factors that determine these risks, and (3) develop a screening-level methodology that could be applied for other sites and pollutants. This assessment considered a range of representative hydrologic conditions and transport behavior for benzene, a regulated pollutant in production fluids. Realistic spill volumes and areas were determined using publicly available data collected by Colorado’s regulatory agency. Risk of groundwater pollution was based on predicted benzene concentrations at the groundwater table. Results suggest that the risk of groundwater contamination from benzene in a produced water spill was relatively low in the South Platte Aquifer. Spill size was the dominant factor influencing whether a contaminant reached the water table. Only statistically larger spills (volume per surface area ≥12.0 cm) posed a clear risk. Storm events following a spill were generally required to transport typical (median)-sized spills (0.38 cm volume per surface area) to the water table; typical spills only posed risk if a 500 or 100 year storm (followed by little degradation or sorption) occurred right after the spill. This methodology could be applied to evaluate spills occurring over other aquifers.
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Alharbi, Talal. "Mapping of Groundwater, Flood, and Drought Potential Zones in Neom, Saudi Arabia, Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques." Water 15, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050966.
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Neom is expected to face climate and environmental challenges, including the provision of water and the mitigation of flood and drought risks. The field data for identifying the potential risk zones are limited. I utilized remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to identify such zones. The datasets used here included drainage density, lineament density, precipitation, elevation, lithology, slope, soil, and land use/land cover. These data were analyzed using a weighted overlay analysis in a GIS environment. The analysis successfully mapped the potential groundwater, flood, and drought zones in Neom. The zone with a good potential for groundwater covered 515 km2 of Neom, whereas 11,562, 10,616, and 289 km2 of land had a moderate, poor, and very poor chance of having groundwater, respectively. The area with the lowest flood danger covered only 195 km2, whereas the areas with a low, moderate, and high flooding risk covered 4355, 13,542, and 4910 km2 of land, respectively. The results of the overlay analysis showed that low and very low drought risks were associated with 4322 and 44 km2 of land, respectively. In turn, 10,615 and 8266 km2 of the region were at a moderate and high drought risk, respectively.
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Nurroh, Syampadzi, Totok Gunawan, and Andri Kurniawan. "Assessment of groundwater pollution risk potential using DRASTIC Model in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 200 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020002002.
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Assessment of groundwater pollution risk is purposed to be of particular value for environmental management programs development, this research estimated and calculated of groundwater pollution risk potential in Yogyakarta City using DRASTIC Model, DRASTIC parameters developed as Depth to water (D), net Recharge (R), Aquifer media (A), Soil media (S), Topography (T), Impact of vadose zone (I), and Hydraulic conductivity (C), the weights and ratings assigned in this research were similar to the typical ratings suggested in the original Methode. The result final assessment that groundwater pollution risk potential are classifies 4, 27% of the area as having very low, 15, 12% of the area as having low, 20, 17 % as having moderate, 43, 10% as having high, and 17, 34% as having very high. The model was validated using E. Coli parameters as a represent of pollution risk where the results having exceeds 85% of total samples that a value exceeds from the standard of quality > 0 MPN/100 ml. However, this research is a preliminary to be continued in the further research.
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Li, Jiao, Congjian Sun, Wei Chen, Qifei Zhang, Sijie Zhou, Ruojing Lin, and Yihan Wang. "Groundwater Quality and Associated Human Health Risk in a Typical Basin of the Eastern Chinese Loess Plateau." Water 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091371.
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Groundwater is an important source for drinking, agricultural, and industrial purposes in the Linfen basin of the Eastern Chinese Loess Plateau (ECLP). To ensure the safety of drinking water, this study was carried out to assess the quality using the water quality index (WQI) and potential health risks of groundwater using the human health risk assessment model (HHRA). The WQI approach showed that 90% of the samples were suitable for drinking, and Pb, TH, F−, SO42−, and TDS were the most significant parameters affecting groundwater quality. The non-carcinogenic health risk results indicated that 20% and 80% of the samples surpassed the permissible limit for adult females and children. Additionally, all groundwater samples could present a carcinogenic health risk to males, females, and children. The pollution from F−, Pb, and Cr6+ was the most serious for non-carcinogenic health risk. Cd contributed more than Cr6+ and As to carcinogenic health risks. Residents living in the central of the study area faced higher health risks than humans in other areas. The research results can provide a decision-making basis for the scientific management of the regional groundwater environment and the protection of drinking water safety and public health.
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Baena-Ruiz, Leticia, David Pulido-Velazquez, Antonio-Juan Collados-Lara, and Juan-de-Dios Gómez-Gómez. "A Preliminary Lumped Assessment of Pollution Risk at Aquifer Scale by Using the Mean Residence Time. Analyses of Potential Climate Change Impacts." Water 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070943.
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An assessment of the risk for groundwater pollution and vulnerability to pumping can help identify strategic groundwater bodies to define sustainable management measures of groundwater resources. In this paper, we propose a new method to make a preliminary estimation of the risk for groundwater pollution at the aquifer scale through the lumped turnover time index (T index). A new lumped index (L-RISK index) was defined to assess the significance of the risk for pollution at the aquifer scale. Both L-RISK and T indices were employed to calibrate a linear regression model that showed a good inverse correlation in the eight aquifers of the Upper Guadiana Basin (Spain). This novel method can be applied to analyze a wide range of aquifers with limited information in order to identify potential strategic aquifers. It also allows one to make a preliminary assessment of the impacts of climate change on L-RISK. The results showed a high variability of the T index in the eight aquifers (8–76 years). Three of them had significant greater mean T values, which could be considered to be the main strategic groundwater resources. In the future, the T index will increase between 8 and 44%, and the L-RISK will decrease in all aquifers (1–18%).
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Tian, Hui, Xiujuan Liang, Yan Gong, Zhuang Kang, and Hongtao Jin. "Health risk assessment of nitrate pollution in shallow groundwater: a case study in Changchun New District, China." La Houille Blanche, no. 5-6 (December 2019): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2019055.
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High concentrations of nitrate in groundwater pose a threat to human health. To quantify groundwater nitrate pollution in China's Changchun New District and evaluate its human health risks, 98 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The spatial distribution of groundwater chemical components was variable with concentrations descending from TDS > HCO3− > Ca2+ > NO3− > SO42- > Na+ > Cl− > Mg2+ > K+ > NO2− > NH4+. Notably, NO3− concentrations ranged from 0.02–492.72 mg/L and averaged 98.62 mg/L. Over 50% of samples exceeded the Quality Standard for Groundwater of China Class III N threshold (20 mg/L). Principal component analysis determined that NO3 contamination was primarily due to the excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture. A human health risk assessment model was used to assess the potential health risks of groundwater NO3− via drinking water and skin contact pathways. Approximately 90% of adults, 66% of children, and 45% of infants had acceptable health risks in the study area. NO3− exposure risk in the towns of Longjia and Xiyingcheng was the highest, while urban areas tended to have lower exposures. The health risks of residents, especially minors and infants, were concerned.
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Kelley, Van, Michael Turco, Neil Deeds, Christina Petersen, and Chris Canonico. "Assessment of subsidence risk associated with aquifer storage and recovery in the Coastal Lowlands Aquifer System, Houston, Texas, USA." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 382 (April 22, 2020): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-487-2020.
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Abstract. In the Houston, Texas region, groundwater use is regulated by the Harris-Galveston Subsidence District (District) because of historical regional subsidence from groundwater development. The District regulates groundwater production in the Coastal Lowlands Aquifer System (CLAS) to mitigate subsidence through the implementation of District Groundwater Regulatory Plan. The District has successfully reduced groundwater pumping as a percent of demand regionally while controlling subsidence through the implementation of alternative water supplies. Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) is an alternative water supply strategy that provides a means to store water underground and increase water supply more cost effectively than traditional storage expansion strategies. Groundwater users in the District are interested in the many potential benefits of ASR as a water supply strategy. Little is known about the potential effects on compaction and land surface subsidence resulting from ASR operations. Recognizing this, the District funded research on the potential subsidence risk associated with ASR. Two hypothetical, though representative, ASR projects were developed and analysed: (1) an industrial ASR project meant to provide water supply during a drought of record (DOR), and (2) a municipal ASR project designed to provide an annual municipal summer peaking water supply. Simulations of groundwater hydraulics and subsidence were performed at three potential locations within the CLAS to provide insight into variability associated with location and aquifer depth. Theoretical simulations confirmed the potential for subsidence associated with the application of ASR in the CLAS, although operating an ASR for summer peaking needs has less potential risk of subsidence than the DOR scenario in the scenarios simulated. The study simulations provide insight into how an ASR project may be designed and operated to minimize compaction and potential subsidence. Based on this study, ASR operated to address summer peaking showed the greatest potential to reduce additional compaction verses sourcing all water from groundwater. This theoretical study provides a basis for future research on subsidence associated with ASR and provides a framework for consideration for the regulation of ASR within the District.
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Feng, Wenwen, Chao Wang, Xiaohui Lei, Hao Wang, and Xueliang Zhang. "Distribution of Nitrate Content in Groundwater and Evaluation of Potential Health Risks: A Case Study of Rural Areas in Northern China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 9390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249390.
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Nitrate pollution is considered to be one of the most common environmental problems in groundwater, especially in areas affected by human mining, such as the arid region of northern China. However, the human health risk assessment of nitrate pollution in this area has not yet been carried out. In this study, groundwater samples were taken in the Selian mining area in Inner Mongolia to conduct a full analysis of water quality. On this basis, the groundwater quality, the distribution range of nitrate pollution, and human health risks were evaluated. The results show that the groundwater in the Selian mining area is neutral to alkaline, with high salinity and hardness. The concentration of nitrate ions in groundwater generally exceeds the standard, and the maximum exceeds 5.48 times the value specified in the Chinese national standard, indicating that groundwater nitrate pollution needs to be controlled urgently. Groundwater is polluted by large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer used by humans in agricultural activities. At the same time, mining activities have accelerated the severity and spread of pollution. Groundwater is not recommended for direct human life and irrigation use in the study area unless purification measures are taken. Nitrate pollution is more harmful to children through groundwater, about 1.54 times that of adults. Excess nitrate is transported into the body through drinking groundwater, so proper drinking water control will reduce the health risks of nitrate, such as centralized water supply. This study will provide a scientific basis for the rational use of groundwater and nitrate pollution control in the area.
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Fang, Zhang, Zhiguo Liu, Siyuan Zhao, Yanlin Ma, Xia Li, and Han Gao. "Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Risk in Oilfield Drilling Sites Based on Groundwater Vulnerability, Pollution Source Hazard, and Groundwater Value Function in Yitong County." Water 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040628.
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Oilfield drilling sites are the potential dispersive pollution source of groundwater, especially to shallow groundwater. The pollution risk assessment in these areas is an important reference for effective groundwater management and protection. The vulnerability assessment alone is not sufficient for groundwater contamination risk assessment. In this study, we developed a comprehensive groundwater pollution risk assessment method for oilfield drilling sites that combine groundwater vulnerability, pollution source hazard, and groundwater value function to produce a more comprehensive result. Consider the oilfield drilling area in Yitong County of Jilin Province, China, as an example. Thematic maps of the three aspects (groundwater vulnerability, pollution source hazard, and groundwater value function) were generated in ArcGIS environment to assess the contamination risk of groundwater in quaternary pore unconfined aquifer. The results show that 9.92% of the study area is characterized as being at high risk. These areas are mainly distributed around the center position of the oil drilling site, floodplains, and the reservoir. The moderate risk area accounts for 21.04% of the total area. It is distributed in the first-level terrace, mainly because of the high function value of groundwater. The remaining 69.04% of the study area is characterized as none and mild risk, mainly distributed in the valleys and terraces. This integrated groundwater contamination risk assessment method is suited for comparative assessment of multiple-point sources of contamination at a regional scale. Finally, the groundwater contamination risk grade distributed in this area provides a reference for effective protection and sustainable supply of groundwater in the oilfield drilling area.
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Kim, Min-Suk, Mi Jeong Park, Jeong Hwa Yang, and Sang-Hwan Lee. "Human Health Risk Assessment for Toxic Trace Elements in the Yaro Mine and Reclamation Options." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 5077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245077.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental impact and human health risks associated with toxic trace element (TTE) exposure in the abandoned Yaro Mine, Korea. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed separately for adults and children. Among the various pathways, the rate of TTE intake from the ingestion of groundwater was highest, followed in descending order by crop consumption, soil ingestion, and soil contact. The carcinogenic risk from the ingestion of groundwater was highest, followed by crop consumption and ingestion of contaminated surface soil. The non-carcinogenic risk from the ingestion of groundwater was highest (53.57% of the total non-carcinogenic risk), followed by crop intake (38.53%) and surface soil ingestion (4.80%). The risk assessment revealed that contaminated soil around Yaro mine posed a high risk to the health of inhabitants, mainly via groundwater ingestion and crop consumption. Reclamation measures should include methods of disrupting the high-risk routes between the source and recipient. Stabilization and covering techniques are promising options for reducing the hazard (i.e., exposure to the bioavailable fraction of TTE) and creating a chemical or physicochemical barrier to the potential migration pathways.
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Madear, Gelu, and Camelia Madear. "Groundwater contamination risk assessment based on advection-dispersion equation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 906, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012043.
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Abstract The consequences of contaminated groundwater can seriously affect sustainable development; present and future generations being seriously affected by inadequate drinking water quality, loss of water supply, degraded surface water systems, high remediation costs, more expenses for other water supplies, and likely health issues. Therefore, an effective way to protect groundwater resources is by assessing the risk of groundwater contamination. An assessment of groundwater pollution should be performed to determine the level of risk posed by soil and groundwater contamination and establish if remediation strategies are required to protect controlled waters from site-derived contamination. Furthermore, if remediation is deemed necessary, site-specific remedial targets should be derived. A case study is presented, where a Conceptual Site Model was derived based on a “Source-Pathway-Receptor” exposure mechanism using historical information. Primary sources of contamination at the site are residual contamination within the soil and groundwater, and samples were collected from the site and tested in the laboratory; the concentration of water samples was compared to Romanian Drinking Water Standards. The following potential migration pathways have been identified: Leaching from soil and Migration of contaminated groundwater. The Detailed Quantitative Risk Assessment (DQRA) has modelled the leaching of contaminants from the site via infiltration and vertical migration to the groundwater and subsequent lateral groundwater migration, with dilution and attenuation process active, to the compliance point, using Ogata-Banks equation. The results of this assessment indicate that the concentration of contaminants does not represent a significant risk to controlled waters.
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Nsabimana, Abel, Peiyue Li, Song He, Xiaodong He, S. M. Khorshed Alam, and Misbah Fida. "Health Risk of the Shallow Groundwater and Its Suitability for Drinking Purpose in Tongchuan, China." Water 13, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223256.
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Studying the quality and health risks of groundwater is of great significance for sustainable water resources utilization, especially in arid and semi-arid areas around the world. The current study is carried out to evaluate the quality and potential health risks of groundwater in the Tongchuan area on the Loess Plateau, northwest China. Water quality index (WQI) and hydrochemical correlation analysis were implemented to understand the status of groundwater quality. Daily average exposure dosages through the oral and dermal contact exposure pathways were taken into consideration to calculate the health risks to the human body. Additionally, graphical approaches such as Piper diagram, Durov diagram and GIS mapping were used to help better understand the results of this study. The WQI approach showed that 77.1% of the samples were of excellent quality. The most significant parameters affecting water quality were NO3−, F−, and Cr6+. The health risk assessment results showed that 27.1% and 54.2% of the samples lead to non-carcinogenic risks through oral intake for adults and children, respectively. In contrast, 12.5% of the groundwater samples would result in carcinogenic risks to the residents. This study showed that the WQI method needs to be supplemented by a health risk evaluation to obtain comprehensive results for groundwater quality protection and management in the Tongchuan area.
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Bastos, C. R. A., H. Otta, L. P. M. Poppe, M. F. B. Silva, and M. G. F. Dantas. "Evaluation of Groundwater Potential Pollution Sources in the State of São Paulo, Brazil." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 11 (December 1, 1991): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0355.
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The objective of this work is to present the methodology used in the project “Vulnerability Mapping and Groundwater Pollution Risk in the State of São Paulo, Brazil”, implemented by the DAEE, CETESB and Institute of Geology, and intended to be a risk assessment procedure to evaluate the threat of groundwater quality deterioration using existing data. Such method is based on the interaction between the natural aquifer vulnerability and an imposed contaminant load generated by human activities, and aims to identify critical areas to prioritize the adoption of control measures and more intensive quality monitoring. This paper describes the principles used in the assessment of the contaminant load generated by industries, solid waste disposal and mining activities in the State. More than 500 industries were identified as important groundwater potential pollution sources, and a criterion of ranking their capability to generate contaminant loads to the aquifer was|established.
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Theodoridou, Panagiota, Emmanouil Varouchakis, and George Karatzas. "Regression Analysis and Risk Assessment of Groundwater Levels." Proceedings 2, no. 11 (August 24, 2018): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110641.
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The present research work uses Residual Kriging to estimate the groundwater level of an unconfined alluvial aquifer, as well as the trend function. The ground surface elevation is used as auxiliary variable in the trend model. Indicator Kriging is applied to detect potential vulnerable locations. Classical variogram functions are applied to determine the spatial correlation of the measurements. The risk of hydraulic head to lie below a threshold value is significant, mainly at the South and North parts of the aquifer, where the lower values of groundwater level are estimated, indicating that these areas require intense monitoring to ensure the water resources availability.
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Wegahita, Nigus Kebede, Lei Ma, Jiankui Liu, Tingwei Huang, Qiankun Luo, and Jiazhong Qian. "Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Health Risk of Nitrogen Pollution for Shallow Groundwater Aquifer around Fuyang City, China." Water 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 3341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123341.
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Prolonged exposure to intensive and extensive agricultural and industrial activities is leading to an increased deterioration of groundwater quality, especially nitrogen pollution in shallow groundwater aquifers. This study was carried out using the fuzzy comprehensive method to assess the overall groundwater quality, and the noncarcinogenic risks were estimated using the human health risk assessment method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) via drinking water intake pathways around Fuyang City, China. A total of 34 samples were collected from shallow groundwater private wells, and 16 parameters were analyzed for each groundwater sample. The evaluation results of groundwater quality show 14.7% of groundwater samples classified as poor and very poor quality, and NO3-N, TH, TDS, Fe3+, and Mn are of high potential to affect the quality of potable drinking water. These are mainly derived from anthropogenic pollutants, predominantly due to uncontrolled agricultural and industrial activities, as well as some natural processes. The noncarcinogenic risk of nitrate indicates that 8.82% of groundwater samples surpass the permissible limit recommended by the USEPA for both adults and children. This study may provide the local authority with insights into making scientific decisions for exploiting groundwater in a sustainable manner so as to protect public health.
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KHANDAKAR, JEBUNNAHAR, MD SHAFIQUL ISLAM, TSUYOSHI NAKAMURA, KOICHIRO SERA, TOSHIHIRO TAKATSUJI, and YOSHIE KITAMURA. "HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF ARSENIC AND OTHER HEAVY METALS FROM VEGETABLES GROWN IN BANGLISH VILLAGE, BANGLADESH." International Journal of PIXE 22, no. 03n04 (January 2012): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083512400372.
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Intake of heavy metals from contaminated agricultural products represents a significant pathway for human exposure. Banglish village in the Comilla district is one of the most devastated arsenic (As) contaminated areas in Bangladesh. This study focus whether As is solely responsible for causing arsenicosis or whether some other heavy metals have a synergistic effect on the toxicity of As . The study sampled various leafy and non-leafy vegetables and groundwaters were analyzed by using the Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) method. The results revealed that both the vegetables and the groundwater were highly contaminated with As and lead (Pb) , although the contents in the vegetables and the groundwater varied depending on species and tube wells. As and Pb concentrations in the edible part of all tested vegetables and in groundwater exceeded the permissible intake levels of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The findings inferred that the inhabitants of the study area are experiencing health risks resulting from the intake of As and Pb , and that Pb might have a synergistic role with As by aggravating the arsenicosis. The potential health risks due to Pb is being reported for the first time in Bangladesh.
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Walker, Glen. "A Potential Approach of Reporting Risk to Baseflow from Increased Groundwater Extraction in the Murray-Darling Basin, South-Eastern Australia." Water 14, no. 13 (July 2, 2022): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132118.
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An approach of reporting long-term trends in groundwater extraction and baseflow impacts in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) in south-eastern Australia was developed and tested. The principal aim of the framework was to provide early warning of any potential adverse impacts from groundwater extraction on environmental releases of surface water for baseflow, support adaptive management of these impacts, and highlight those areas which may benefit from conjunctive water management. The analysis showed that there is no current decadal trend in the annual aggregate groundwater extraction volumes or stream impact across the non-Victorian MDB, with much of the interannual variability being related to rainfall. Despite this, increasing volumes of environmental releases of water for baseflows in some river valleys are being required to replace the stream depletion caused by historical patterns of groundwater extraction established before 2003. Two valleys were identified for which there may be insufficient surface water storage to release water to substitute stream losses to groundwater and still support ecosystems during dry periods. The increasing trend in extraction since 2003 in one of the units has significantly increased the risk in that valley. The reporting framework was shown to be effective for alluvial groundwater systems connected to regulated rivers.
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Wiederhold, Helga, Anders Juhl Kallesøe, Reinhard Kirsch, Rebekka Mecking, Renate Pechnig, and Frank Skowronek. "Geophysical methods help to assess potential groundwater extraction sites." Grundwasser 26, no. 4 (October 7, 2021): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00767-021-00495-x.
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AbstractComplex geology in glacial terrain makes groundwater exploration challenging for water supply companies. Abrupt lateral changes of geological conditions, for example, raise the risk of unsuccessful exploration drilling. At some locations, local water supply companies experience a large number of dry wells, raising the need for better exploration approaches. The use of geophysical techniques enables the detection and characterization of subsurface structures in terms of aquifers and aquitards.We present two examples in which seismic and resistivity methods are combined for subsurface characterization. A thrust structure is detected in the Varde study area in Denmark and a channel structure is mapped in the Hamburg-Sülldorf study area in Germany. The different imaging characteristics of seismic P‑ and S‑waves are demonstrated. The combination of seismic and resistivity methods enables delineating groundwater-bearing and groundwater-barrier layers down to a depth of 150 m.
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Odiyo, John Ogony, Mashudu Maxwell Mathoni, and Rachel Makungo. "Health Risks and Potential Sources of Contamination of Groundwater Used by Public Schools in Vhuronga 1, Limpopo Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 6912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186912.
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Public schools in most rural areas of South Africa depend on untreated groundwater due to unreliable water supply by the municipalities. This has the potential to cause water-related health problems to school children. Temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in situ. Chemical (fluoride, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium) and microbial (Escherichia coliform (E. coli), Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri) water quality parameters were analysed in groundwater samples from 10 public schools in Vhuronga 1 to determine suitability for use. Quantitative microbial risk assessment was carried out to determine risks of infection and illness due to consumption of groundwater. Correlation analysis was used to identify potential sources of contamination. All physical and most chemical water quality parameters were within guidelines for domestic water use. A high proportion of schools had high levels of microbial organisms. Risks of infection per day were relatively low for all schools. The annual risks of infection due to E. coli and Shigella flexneri for most schools was high, with maximum values of 89.11 and 83.75%, respectively. Maximum risks of illness per year were 31.19, 30.37, and 29.31% for E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated potential contamination of groundwater by agricultural activities, domestic waste, and faecal contamination from pit latrines. Preventive and mitigation measures to minimise such risks, including locating boreholes at safe distances from pit latrines, prevention/minimisation of pollution of groundwater from agricultural activities, and point-of-use treatment of groundwater by the schools are therefore essential.
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Sheng, Danrui, Jun Wu, Xiaohu Wen, Min Wu, and Chuanqi Zhang. "Contamination and ecological health risks of heavy metals in groundwater of a typical agricultural area in NW China." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 20, no. 4 (May 11, 2020): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2020-014.
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Heavy metal pollution in groundwater has become a widespread issue worldwide. However, information on heavy metal pollution in groundwater of inland river basins in NW China remains limited. This study evaluated pollution and ecological health risks of heavy metals in groundwater of the Zhangye Basin, which is a typical inland river basin in NW China. The concentrations of heavy metals in groundwater were relatively low. Heavy metals in groundwater of the northeastern edge and western regions of the study area showed a higher concentration than those of the remaining parts. Iron was the dominant heavy metal in groundwater with a maximum concentration of 1270 μg L−1. Results of heavy metal pollution index calculations showed that approximately 3.5% of groundwater samples are classified into moderate or high pollution levels. The ecological risks of heavy metals in groundwater were relatively low with several metal(loid)s including As, Ni and Cd serving as the dominant risk contributors. The ingestion pathway contributed to 97.2%/93.6% of non-cancer risks and 97.5%/97.5% of cancer risks for children/adults, respectively. Ingestion was the main health risk contributor. Total hazard quotients and cancer risks for children were 3.5 and 9.7 times higher than those for adults, suggesting that children are much more susceptible to potential harm caused by heavy metals in groundwater. Therefore, more effective control strategies should be taken in the study area as soon as possible.Supplementary material: Spatial distribution of health risks of heavy metals is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4967510
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Orellana-Macías, José María, and María Jesús Perles Roselló. "Assessment of Risk and Social Impact on Groundwater Pollution by Nitrates. Implementation in the Gallocanta Groundwater Body (NE Spain)." Water 14, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14020202.
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Groundwater is an essential resource for humans concerning freshwater supply; therefore, preserving and protecting its quality is necessary. Risk assessment, based on hazard, intrinsic vulnerability information and mapping, may be considered as a key aspect of sustainable groundwater management. An approach has been made by combining the Nitrogen Input Hazard Index and the hydrogeological parameters considered in a modified DRASTIC method. A three-level classification has been used to determine the degree of risk, and the thresholds have been established following measurable criteria related to the potential nitrate concentration in groundwater. The second part of the study focused on estimating the socioeconomic impact of groundwater pollution by relating the degree of risk and social vulnerability to groundwater pollution. The method has been tested in the Gallocanta Groundwater Body (Spain). As a result, a risk map and an impact map are provided. The risk map shows that 67% of the study area can be classified as moderate and high-risk areas, corresponding to high hazard sources located in moderate and high vulnerability zones, whereas the impact of groundwater pollution is classified as moderate in the whole groundwater body. The proposed analysis allows comparison between aquifers in different areas and the results required by water authorities to implement control and mitigation measures.
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Puttiwongrak, Avirut, Ratha Men, Sakanann Vann, Kiyota Hashimoto, and Thongchai Suteerasak. "Application of Geoelectrical Survey and Time-Lapse Resistivity with Groundwater Data in Delineating a Groundwater Potential Map: A Case Study from Phuket Island, Thailand." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010397.
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Phuket is well-known around the world as a popular tourist destination. Tourism-related population growth depends more on groundwater as the only available source of potable water in Phuket. The proper precautions must be taken to reduce the risk of spending large sums of money in sinking abortive boreholes, and a groundwater potential map would enhance the success rate of future groundwater exploration and exploitation in the study area. Geoelectrical surveys were carried out in this study to collect electrical properties of the subsurface, and the Dar-Zarrouk parameters (DZP) were calculated using the geoelectrical data. The first thematic groundwater potential map was constructed using the interpretation of DZP, while the second thematic groundwater potential map was created using the basis maps of the depth-of-basement and aquifer thickness parameters. Finally, two thematic maps based on geographic information system (GIS) environments were overlaid on a groundwater potential map of Phuket. However, in order to provide a reliable assessment of groundwater potential, time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging was used to confirm the area of the high-potential zone indicated on the map. The map created by this study is aimed to act as a reference for future groundwater exploration and exploitation, preventing water supplies from becoming unsustainable through botched borehole drilling for groundwater production.
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Korshun, Mariia M., Yuliia V. Martіianova, and Olga M. Korshun. "RISK ASSESSMENT OF NEW PESTICIDES TO PUBLIC HEALTH AS POTENTIAL CONTAMINANTS OF UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATER SOURCES." Wiadomości Lekarskie 75, no. 7 (2022): 1718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202207120.
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The aim: Risk assessment of amicarbazone, bicyclopyrone and pydiflumetofen to public health as potential contaminants of groundwater and surface water sources in soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine in comparison with other countries. Materials and methods: Hazard assessment to public health was performed according to 3 methods: determination of integrated danger vector (R), integrated groundwater contamination hazard index (IGCHI), risk of adverse effects of studied pesticides to public health (RAEP). Results: The assessment of R and IGCHI indicators showed that the highest level of potential danger to public health due to possible contamination of water sources in Ukraine and other countries (EU, USA, Australia) is inherent in bicyclopyrone. According to the vector R, the potential risk of groundwater contamination with amicarbazone is estimated from medium to high in different soil and climatic conditions; pydiflumetofen - as high; according to IGCHI amicarbazone is recognized as extremely hazardous for humans, while pydiflumetofen can be classified as both hazardous (particularly in Ukraine) and highly hazardous. At the same time, the comparison of potential and permissible exposures showed that the risk of harmful effects on the human body (RAEP) of all 3 substances is acceptable. Conclusions: The risk of contamination of groundwater and surface water with amicarbazone and bicyclopyrone in Ukraine is quite high and coincides with that in other countries; pydiflumetofen in Ukraine shows less migration ability than in some soil and climatic conditions of other countries. Danger assessment of the studied pesticides to public health as potential contamination of water sources in Ukraine and other countries is generally identical.
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Ren, Yu Shuang, Muhammad Ilyas, Rui Ze Xu, Waqas Ahmad, and Rui Wang. "Concentrations of Lead in Groundwater and Human Blood in the Population of Palosai, a Rural Area in Pakistan: Human Exposure and Risk Assessment." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (May 14, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8341279.
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Lead (Pb) is a toxic environmental contaminant, which enters water bodies from natural and anthropogenic activities. The present study investigates the Pb concentration in groundwater sources and evaluates their potential health risks in Palosai area, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Groundwater samples were collected from different groundwater sources in the area where the human blood samples were from the dependent residents. Pb concentration was analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and compared with the permissible limits set by Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization (WHO). The levels of physicochemical parameters were observed within the said safe limits, while the levels of Pb in different groundwater sources (tube wells and wells) showed a little bit variation. Health risk indicators such as chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated for Pb. The calculated value of CDI and HQ for Pb via groundwater consumption was 0.001 mg/kg·day and 2.8 E − 02 mg/kg·day, respectively; however, the overall HQ values of Pb in the groundwater were less than 1, indicating no health risk to the local depending community.
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Chen, Feifei, Leihua Yao, Gang Mei, Yinsheng Shang, Fansheng Xiong, and Zhenbin Ding. "Groundwater Quality and Potential Human Health Risk Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: A Case Study in the Semiarid Region of North China." Water 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060783.
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Groundwater is a valuable water source for drinking and irrigation purposes in semiarid regions. Groundwater pollution may affect human health if it is not pretreated and provided for human use. This study investigated the hydrochemical characteristics driving groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and potential human health risks in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi Province, North China. More specifically, we first investigated hydrochemical characteristics using a descriptive statistical analysis method. We then classified the hydrochemical types and analyzed the evolution mechanisms of groundwater using Piper and Gibbs diagrams. Finally, we appraised the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using the entropy water quality index (EWQI). We assessed the associated human health risks for different age and sex groups through drinking intake and dermal contact pathways. Overall, we found that (1) Ca-HCO3 and Ca·Mg-HCO3 were the dominant hydrochemical types and were mainly governed by rock weathering and water–rock interactions. (2) Based on the EWQI classifications, 67.74% of the groundwater samples were classified as medium quality and acceptable for drinking purpose. According to the values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage (%Na), 90.32% of the samples were suitable for irrigation, while the remaining samples were unfit for irrigation because of the high salinity in the groundwater. (3) Some contaminants in the groundwater, such as NO3−, NO2− and F−, exceeded the standard limits and may cause potential risks to human health. Our work presented in this paper could establish reasonable management strategies for sustainable groundwater quality protection to protect public health.
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dos Santos, Gleissy Mary Amaral Dino Alves, Antônio Augusto Neves, Maria Eliana Lopes Ribeiro de Queiroz, Vagner Tebaldi de Queiroz, Carlos Antonio Alvares Soares Ribeiro, Efraim Lázaro Reis, Ana Carolina Pereira Paiva, et al. "Potential Risk of Agrochemical Leaching in Areas of Edaphoclimatic Suitability for Coffee Cultivation." Water 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 1515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091515.
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Studies show that agricultural activities around the world still present a strong dependence on agrochemicals that can leach into the soil profile, causing its contamination, as well as that of water resources. In this context, the present study evaluates the potential risk of pesticide leaching in areas of edaphoclimatic suitability for coffee cultivation in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. As a methodology, the areas of edaphoclimatic suitability for conilon and arabica coffee were defined, and subsequently, the risk of leaching of active agrochemical ingredients in these areas was evaluated using the Groundwater Ubiquity Score (GUS), Leaching Index (LIX) and Attenuation Factor/Retardation Factor (AF/RF) methods. Of the ten active ingredients evaluated, sulfentrazone and thiamethoxam present a potential risk of leaching into the groundwater level. The study allowed us to evaluate the potential risk of agrochemical leaching in tropical soils cultivated with coffee using geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The methodological proposal can be adapted for other agricultural areas and crops.
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Meng, Lingjun, Qixing Zhang, Pai Liu, Haiyang He, and Wei Xu. "Influence of Agricultural Irrigation Activity on the Potential Risk of Groundwater Pollution: A Study with Drastic Method in a Semi-Arid Agricultural Region of China." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051954.
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Agricultural irrigation strongly affects groundwater pollution in cultivated areas. Groundwater vulnerability was evaluated using the DRASTIC method by considering agricultural activities that affect water infiltration and pollutant transport to the groundwater. Three scenarios, using different water recharge sources and calculation methods, were considered for the Tongliao area of northern China. For Scenario 1, only precipitation contributed to the net recharge estimation and ~33.77% of the area was under high pollution risk. For Scenarios 2 and 3, both precipitation and irrigation return water were considered for net recharge estimations. The fractional areas of high pollution risk regions were 40.60% and 19.22% for Scenarios 2 and 3, respectively. The modified infiltration coefficients for this study area were used in Scenario 3, and the fractional area of the high-risk region was 21.38% lower than for Scenario 2. The use of empirical infiltration coefficients in Scenario 2 overestimated the water infiltration ability in the cultivated areas, which also overestimated the fractional area of high-risk regions in this study. Accurate assessment of the impact of agricultural activities on the groundwater pollution risk is essential for cultivated areas. Emphasis should be placed on the calculation method of proper parameters for DRASTIC model construction.
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Mao, Xiaoming, Shengyan Zhang, Shuhong Wang, Tengchao Li, Shujie Hu, and Xiaoqing Zhou. "Evaluation of Human Health Risks Associated with Groundwater Contamination and Groundwater Pollution Prediction in a Landfill and Surrounding Area in Kaifeng City, China." Water 15, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15040723.
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Landfill accumulation can cause its leachate to seep into groundwater, which can lower the quality of local groundwater. Exploring the risks of groundwater contamination to human health in the area around a landfill can offer a clear understanding of the current situation of regional groundwater and provide a theoretical basis for groundwater remediation and governance. By taking a landfill in Kaifeng City, China as the research object, this study explored the chemical types and sources of groundwater in the study area, used the entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) to evaluate the groundwater quality and assessed human health risks in the study area. The results show that the groundwater in the study area is neutral (7.14 ≤ pH ≤ 7.86), and the water chemical type is HCO3−—Ca·Na. The EWQI results indicated that the overall water quality in the study area ranges from 48.4 to 250.26, which is above the medium level, and that the local water quality is poor. The deterioration of groundwater quality in the study area is mainly influenced by NH4+-N, Mn, As, F- and Pb. According to the human health risk assessment model, the non-carcinogenic risk to humans through oral and dermal exposure can be assessed. In this paper, five ions, NH4+-N, Mn, As, F- and Pb in groundwater, were selected for the analysis of groundwater in the study area to assess non-carcinogenic risk to humans through oral administration. The results showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) values for NH4+-N, Mn, As, F− and Pb varied in the following ranges: 9.14 × 10−4—0.03; 0.07—0.22; 0.02–0.07; 0.16—0.23; and 0.01—0.13, respectively (all of these are less than 1, and so the potential risks to human health can be ignored). The characteristic pollutant Pb was selected as a predictor to study the influence on groundwater quality in eastern fish ponds and farmlands under continuous leakage. The leakage can be detected timeously to reduce the effects downstream by using enhanced monitoring measures.
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Gaurav, Nikhilesh, and Geeta Singh. "Delineation of Groundwater, Drought and Flood Potential Zone Using Weighted Index Overlay Analysis and GIS for District Patna, Bihar, India." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 813–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i02.046.
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For groundwater evaluation, delineation, discovery, and resource management in drought and flood zones, the geographical information system (GIS) has a wide range of uses. For the study area, various thematic layers were prepared, such as a digital elevation map (DEM), geomorphology, LULC, soil, drainage density, precipitation, and slope. The thematic layers were combined using the WIOA technique. The possible areas for groundwater have been demarcated into four zones: 1-poor, 2-moderate, 3-good, and 4-very good. In the eastern parts of the district, very strong (GWPZs) were found, while in the west and mid regions, moderate and bad categories were found. Drought and flood potential danger areas were divided into four zones: 1-no risk, 2-low risk, 3-moderate risk, and 4-high risk. In the middle part of the region, there was a higher risk of drought and a reduced risk of flooding in the eastern part of the area, an elevated risk of flooding in the eastern part of the area, and a lower to no risk of flooding in the western and central regions. The groundwater, drought, and flood potential zonation map built in the present study will be useful for scholars, and implementers in exploring appropriate water exploration locations and implementing resource utilization.
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Rodríguez-Lado, Luis, Guifan Sun, Michael Berg, Qiang Zhang, Hanbin Xue, Quanmei Zheng, and C. Annette Johnson. "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Throughout China." Science 341, no. 6148 (August 22, 2013): 866–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1237484.
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Arsenic-contaminated groundwater used for drinking in China is a health threat that was first recognized in the 1960s. However, because of the sheer size of the country, millions of groundwater wells remain to be tested in order to determine the magnitude of the problem. We developed a statistical risk model that classifies safe and unsafe areas with respect to geogenic arsenic contamination in China, using the threshold of 10 micrograms per liter, the World Health Organization guideline and current Chinese standard for drinking water. We estimate that 19.6 million people are at risk of being affected by the consumption of arsenic-contaminated groundwater. Although the results must be confirmed with additional field measurements, our risk model identifies numerous arsenic-affected areas and highlights the potential magnitude of this health threat in China.