Academic literature on the topic 'Groundwater potential risk'
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Journal articles on the topic "Groundwater potential risk"
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Pacheco, A., J. M. B. Mendes, T. Martins, S. Hassuda, and A. A. Kimmelmann. "Cemeteries - A Potential Risk to Groundwater." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 11 (December 1, 1991): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0341.
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Cemeteries are a source of environmental impacts among which is featured the risk to groundwater contamination by microorganisms that proliferate during the process of decomposition of bodies. The main objective of this work was to monitor the bacteriological quality of the water from the water table in three cemeteries chosen in accordance with geological and hydrogeological criteria: Vila Formosa and Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, located in the city of São Paulo, and Areia Branca in the city of Santos. These cities are situated in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 67 samples were collected through 36 piezometers installed in the internal area of the above-mentioned cemeteries, and were analysed between January and December of 1989. For this study microorganisms of fecal contamination were chosen, one pathogen, as well as two groups degradation of organic material bacteria.
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Santha, Nipada, Saowani Sangkajan, and Schradh Saenton. "Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and Potential Health Risk in Western Lampang Basin, Northern Thailand." Water 14, no. 3 (February 4, 2022): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030465.
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This research aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of arsenic concentrations in shallow and deep groundwaters which were used as sources for drinking and domestic and agricultural uses. A geochemical modeling software PHREEQC was used to simulate equilibrium geochemical reactions of complex water–rock interactions to identify arsenic speciation and mineral saturation indices based on groundwater quality and hydrogeochemical conditions. In addition, the potential health risk from arsenic-contaminated groundwater consumption was assessed based on the method developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The study area is located at the western part of the Lampang Basin, an intermontane aquifer, Northern Thailand. The area is flat and situated in a floodplain in the Cenozoic basin. Most shallow groundwater (≤10 m depth) samples from dug wells were of Ca-Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 types, whereas deep groundwater from Quaternary terrace deposits (30–150 m depth) samples were of Na-HCO3 and Ca-Na-HCO3 types. High arsenic concentrations were found in the central part of the study area (Shallow groundwater: <2.8–35 mg/L with a mean of 10.7 mg/L; Deep groundwater: <2.8–480 mg/L with a mean of 51.0 mg/L). According to geochemical modeling study, deep groundwater contained toxic As(III), as the dominant species more than shallow groundwater. Arsenic in groundwater of the Lampang Basin may have been derived from leaching of rocks and could have been the primary source of the subsurface arsenic in the study area. Secondary source of arsenic, which is more significant, could be derived from the leaching of sorbed arsenic in aquifer from co-precipitated Fe-oxyhydroxides in sediments. Quantitative risk assessment showed that the average carcinogenic risk values were as high as 2.78 × 10−3 and 7.65 × 10−3 for adult and child, respectively, which were higher than the acceptable level (1 × 10−4). The adverse health impact should be notified or warned with the use of this arsenic-contaminated groundwater without pre-treatment.
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Lytton, L., S. Howe, R. Sage, and P. Greenaway. "Groundwater pollution risk assessment methodology." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0478.
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A generic groundwater pollution risk assessment methodology has been developed to enable the evaluation and ranking of the potential risk of pollution to groundwater abstractions. The ranking can then be used to prioritise risk management or mitigation procedures in a robust and quantifiable framework and thus inform business investment decisions. The risk assessment considers the three components of the pollution transport model: source - pathway - receptor. For groundwater abstractions these correspond to land use (with associated pollutants and shallow subsurface characteristics), aquifer and the abstraction borehole. An hierarchical approach was chosen to allow the risk assessment to be successfully carried out with different quality data for different parts of the model. The 400-day groundwater protection zone defines the catchment boundary that forms the spatial limit of the land use audit for each receptor. A risk score is obtained for each land use (potential pollution source) within the catchment. These scores are derived by considering the characteristics (such as load, persistence and toxicity) of all pollutants pertaining to each land use, their on-site management and the potential for the unsaturated subsurface to attenuate their effects in the event of a release. Risk scores are also applied to the aquifer characteristics (as pollutant pathway) and to the abstraction borehole (as pollutant receptor). Each risk score is accompanied by an uncertainty score which provides a guide to the confidence in the data used to compile the risk assessment. The application of the methodology has highlighted a number of problems in this type of work and results of initial case studies are being used to trial alternative scoring methods and a more simplified approach to accelerate the process of pollution risk assessment.
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Adenova, Dinara, Sultan Tazhiyev, Janay Sagin, Malis Absametov, Yermek Murtazin, Ludmila Trushel, Oxana Miroshnichenko, and Abdulhalim Zaryab. "Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risk in Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan." Water 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030482.
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Securing water resources is a complicated issue in Kazakhstan. Only 36% of Kazakhstan’s rural population has access to a centralized water supply and 57.3% use groundwater accessed by wells and boreholes. The groundwater quality must be monitored to minimize health risks. The aim of this project is to investigate the groundwater quality in the Zhambyl region of Kazakhstan. Groundwater depletion, pollution, waterlogging, and salinization are all widespread in Kazakhstan. Previously, 500 self-flowing and, within this project, 204 wells were investigated in southern Kazakhstan, the Zhambyl region. The field works and data processing was carried out in three phases: first, a fieldwork survey of existing water wells; the second phase, field work with more detailed hydrogeological investigations, including measurements of flow rates, pH, temperature, and electrical conductivity of water samples; the third phase, processing, and analysis of field data samples in chemical laboratories. Kazakhstan’s requirements for drinking water are much lower than the requirements in the EU. Less than 30% of Kazakhstan’s population has access to safe water and about 50% of the population consumes drinking water that does not meet international standards of salinity, hardness, or bacteriological levels.
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Vamsi Krishna Prasad, P., M. Leela Priyanka, R. Sarath, B. Raghupathi Naidu, and T. Ravi. "Mapping Groundwater Potential Zone and Flood Risk Zone in the Visakhapatnam District, India." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1084, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012056.
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Abstract Groundwater is a vital resource that significantly contributes to the annual supply. On the other hand, Overexploitation has resulted in a significant reduction in groundwater supplies and, in some cases, soil sinking. Therefore, it’s critical to assess the possible zone of groundwater rejuvenation to safeguard water quality and manage subsurface water systems. Potential groundwater zones are detected using RS and GIS technologies. GIS technologies were used to build the composite map. Accurate data is required to determine the criteria used to estimate the potential groundwater zone. DEM, soil, Rainfall, and LULC data are all generated by the satellites, and, at a scale of 1:50000, topo sheets are collected from the Survey of India (SOI). All the input data is combined with a weighted overlay in ArcGIS. Each of these criteria is given an appropriate ranking. The ability of various geomorphic units to store groundwater is assigned weight values. This procedure is repeated for each of the remaining layers, with the resulting layers being categorized. Extremely poor, poor, moderate, good, and exceptional are the five categories of potential groundwater zones. The method is used in a particular research area in the Visakhapatnam district. This data will help you figure out where you can get water, where water can be recharged, and where groundwater is limited.
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Orou, Rodrigue Kotchi, Gbombélé Soro, Drissa Tanina Soro, Abou Traoré, Rosine Marie N’guessan Fossou, and Nagnin Soro. "Aptitudes À L’agriculture Des Eaux Souterraines Du Departement d’Agboville (Sud-Est De La Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 21 (July 29, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n21p81.
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In the department of Agboville, farmers are interested in the using of groundwater to improve the performance of their crops. But they didn’t know the effects of this water on the crops without. The main objective of this study is to determine the quality of groundwater to prevent the risk of soil alkalinization and salinization in the department of Agboville. Hydrochemical analysis of 28 wells used for irrigation of crops was carried out. The dry residue (RS), the osmotic pressure (π), Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), the percentage of sodium exchange (ESP), salinity potential (SP), and the coefficient or the Kelly ratio (RK) were determined. Wilcox diagram was also applied for this study. The results show that groundwater department are soft and lightly mineralized wiht a low salinity. 75% of samples from groundwater haves low salinity and 25% have an average salinity. The values of the Salinity Potential (SP <5), Kelly Ratio (RK <1) and SAR (SAR <10 méq/L) show that all sampled groundwater are good qualities for agriculture. According to Wilcox diagram, groundwaters are excellent quality for agriculutre. The osmotic pressure (𝜋 ), the dry residue (RS) and the conductivity values 75% of the sampled waters are excellent quality and 25% average quality for agriculture. Groundwaters from the department of Agboville have a low risk of alkalizing and can be used in irrigation for most crops.
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Malherbe, Hanlie, Michael Gebel, Stephan Pauleit, and Carsten Lorz. "Land Use Pollution Potential of Water Sources Along the Southern Coast of South Africa." Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cass-2018-0002.
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AbstractSince the 1990’s, the groundwater quality along the southern coast of the Western Cape Province of South Africa has been affected by increasing land use activities. Groundwater resources have become increasingly important in terms of providing good quality water. Polluted coastal groundwater as a source of submarine groundwater discharge also affects the quality of coastal water. For this study, land use activities causing groundwater pollution and areas at particular risk were identified. An assessment approach linking land use/land cover, groundwater and submarine groundwater discharge on a meso-scale was developed and the methods applied to two study regions along the southern coastal area. Dryland and irrigated crop cultivation, and urbanized areas are subject to a “high” and “very high” risk of groundwater nitrogen pollution. Application of fertilizer must be revised to ensure minimal effects on groundwater. Practice of agricultural activities at locations which are not suited to the environment’s physical conditions must be reconsidered. Informal urban development may contribute to groundwater nitrogen pollution due to poor waste water disposal. Groundwater monitoring in areas at risk of nitrogen pollution is recommended. Land use activities in the submarine groundwater discharge contribution areas was not found to have major effects on coastal water.
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Xu, Naizheng, Jianshi Gong, Xiaohu Tao, and Lin Liu. "Hydrogeochemical Processes and Potential Exposure Risk of Arsenic-Rich Groundwater from Huaihe River Plain, China." Water 14, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050693.
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Arsenic poses a danger to environmental health, and arsenic-rich groundwater is a key exposure risk for humans. The distribution, migration, and enrichment of arsenic in groundwater is an important environmental and public health problem. Currently, the Huaihe River Basin is identified as a region of arsenic-rich groundwater in China. This study aims to assess arsenic-rich groundwater potential pollution risk, analyze the hydrogeochemical processes, and trace the ion source based on an analysis of groundwater hydrogeochemical data. The results show that arsenic is the main inorganic chemical substances affecting the water quality in the study area, which presents a high exposure risk for public health. The arsenic concentration of groundwater was f 5.75 ± 5.42 μg/L, and 23% of the considered samples exceeded the drinking water standards of the World Health Organization. The groundwater in the study area underwent evaporation, halite dissolution, and ion exchange processes. The total alkalinity (HCO3−) of the arsenic-rich groundwater mainly ranged between 400–700 mg/L, and the chemical type was mainly of HCO3-Na. In an alkaline environment, the oxidative dissolution and reductive dissolution of arsenic bearing minerals might be the formation mechanism of arsenic-rich groundwater.
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Casey, N. H., H. L. Lucht, and B. Reijnders. "Bromide: A potential risk to livestock production in South Africa." South African Journal of Animal Science 49, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v49i6.1.
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Imbulana, Sachithra, and Kumiko Oguma. "Groundwater as a potential cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka: a review." Journal of Water and Health 19, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2021.079.
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Abstract The cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka remains unidentified, despite vast research efforts that brought about an extensive list of potential risk factors. Among these, the long-term exposure to various nephrotoxic elements through drinking groundwater was widely suspected owing to the unique geographical distribution of the disease. This review focuses on such well-known hypotheses suspecting the relations with fluoride, hardness, major ions, heavy metals, metalloids, organic matter, agrochemical residues, pathogens, and bacterial toxins in the groundwaters of the CKDu-endemic region. It was comprehensively discussed why each of these constituents was considered a risk factor of CKDu, how could they possibly trigger the pathogenesis of the disease, what was the evidence that supported or failed each hypothesis, and whether providing safe drinking water had been effective at mitigating the progression of the disease. Although plenty of circumstantial evidence supported an etiology related to groundwater for CKDu, it was impossible to elucidate the cause–effect relationships between drinking impaired groundwater and the occurrence of the disease. Future research should be effectively designed to clarify the role of groundwater in the onset of CKDu by taking into account the gaps in past research.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Groundwater potential risk"
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Godbersen, Levke Poppe [Verfasser]. "Sources of uncertainty in precautionary risk assessment of mobile and potentially mobile trace elements in the soil groundwater pathway / Levke Poppe Godbersen." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1034035193/34.
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Durowoju, Olatunde Samod. "Isotopic signatures and trace metals in geothermal springs and their environmental media within Soutpansberg." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1429.
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PhDENVDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources
Geothermal springs are natural geological phenomena that occur throughout the world. South Africa is endowed with several springs of this nature. Thirty-one percent of all geothermal springs in the country are found in Limpopo province. The springs are classified according to the residing mountain: Soutpansberg, Waterberg and Drakensberg. This study focused on the geothermal springs within the Soutpansberg region; that is, Mphephu, Siloam, Sagole and Tshipise. The study was aimed at elucidating on the isotopic signatures and trace metals concentrations from the geothermal springs to their environmental media in Soutpansberg region. This study also assessed the interconnectivity of the isotopic signatures within the ecosystem and evaluated the potential human health risks associated with trace metals from geothermal springs and surrounding soils in the study areas. Geothermal springs and boreholes were sampled for a period of twelve months (May 2016 – May, 2017) to accommodate two major seasons in the study areas. The surrounding soils were sampled vertically from a depth of 10 cm to 50 cm for trace metals and isotopic compositions. Three different plants were sampled at each of the study sites, namely, Amarula tree, Guava tree and Mango tree at Siloam; Acacia tree, Fig tree and Amarula tree at Mphephu; Amarula tree, Lowveld mangosteen and Leadwood tree at Sagole; Sausage tree, Amarula tree and Acacia tree at Tshipise. To achieve the objectives, the physicochemical, geochemical and isotopic compositions of the geothermal springs, boreholes, soils and vegetation were analysed using ion chromatography (IC) (Dionex Model DX 500), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), HTP-Elemental analyzer, Liquid water isotope analyzer (LWIA-45-EP) and Liquid scintillation analyzer. The temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH and total dissolved solid (TDS) of the geothermal springs and boreholes samples were measeured in situ and in the laboratory. Trace metals analysed in geothermal springs, boreholes, soil and vegetation include Beryllium (Be), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb), Barium (Ba), Vanadium (V), Zinc (Zn), and Mercury (Hg). vii | Isotopic signatures and trace metals in geothermal springs and their environmental media within Soutpansberg Results obtained from this study in the studied geothermal springs and boreholes were classified according to their temperature as hot and scalding; except for tepid boreholes. This study has provided comprehensive physicochemical, geochemical and isotopic compositions of the geothermal springs within the Soutpansberg region (Siloam, Mphephu, Sagole and Tshipise). The local meteoric line (δD = 7.56δ18O + 10.64) was generated from rainwater in Vhembe district. This is a crucial component for depicting the source and flow path of the geothermal springs/boreholes; and could be used for future isotopic hydrological studies within the locality. Rain formation processes within Soutpansberg occurred under isotopic equilibrium conditions with minor evaporation effect during rainfall. The δD and δ18O values of the geothermal spring water/boreholes confirm that the waters are of meteoric origin, which implies that rainfall is the fundamental component of these groundwaters because they were derived from the infiltration of rainwater, with significant contribution of another type of water in the deeper part of the aquifer. Na-Cl and Na-HCO3 were established as the water types, which are typical of marine and deep groundwaters which are influenced by the ion - exchange process. The reservoir/aquifer temperature of these springs ranges between 95 – 185°C (Na-K geothermometer), which implies most of the waters are mature water (not native). Hence, geothermal springs water is a mixture of the rainwater and salt water. Radiocarbon values of the geothermal springs ranged from 2700 to 7350 BP, this implies that they are submodern and a mixture of submodern and modern waters. Tritium relative age also corroborates with radiocarbon age, that is the groundwaters were recharged before and after 1952. This gives an indication that the rainfall contributes to the geothermal springs recharge. Various radiocarbon correction models were employed and constrained by tritium relative age. Ingerson and Pearson, Eichinger and Fontes and Garnier correction models have been shown to be the most appropriate models for radiocarbon correction of groundwater in this semi-arid region. Although, geothermal springs water and boreholes are not fit for drinking due to high fluoride content, they could be used for the following: domestic uses (drinking exclusive) due to its softness, direct heating in refrigeration, green-housing, spa, therapeutic uses, aquaculture, sericulture, concrete curing, coal washing and power generation. In contrast with mentioned uses, viii | Isotopic signatures and trace metals in geothermal springs and their environmental media within Soutpansberg the studied geothermal springs are currently used for domestic purposes (drinking inclusive), limited irrigation and spa (swimming and relaxation). This is an eco-hydrological study that shows the interconnectivity of isotopic signatures among water (rainwater, geothermal springs and boreholes), soils and vegetation. The soil-water reflects the rainwater/geothermal springs water in isotopic composition, which is more depleted as a result of isotopic fractionation in soil. δD values of soil-water increase, whereas δ13C values in soil-water decrease with the soil depth at all sites. Two equations connecting δD and δ13C in soil-water were deduced per season for soil-water; δ13C = 0.0812δD - 10.657 in winter; δ13C = -0.0278δD - 21.945 for summer. δ13C in soil-water is induced by Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) (mixture of C3 and C4 photosynthetic cycles) with a stronger C4 trend, which corroborates with δ13C of the geothermal springs. From literature, Amarula and Acacia trees have been documented for isotopic compositions, while this study has given additional information on other plants including Lowveld, Leadwood, Sausage, Fig, Guava and Mango trees. These plants are categorised as C3, C4 and CAM plants. C3 plants include Amarula, Lowveld and Leadwood trees; C4 plants include Acacia and Sausage trees; and CAM plants include Fig, Guava and Mango trees. This study shows that with CAM soils, there is a possibility of having either C3, C4 or CAM vegetation. This finding has shown that the δD and δ13C isotopes in water, soil and vegetation are interrelated, which has been statistically justified. This study has shown the potential human health risks associated with trace metals concentrations from geothermal springs and their surrounding soils. From the geothermal spring’s water, it was found that As, Cr and Cd were the highest contributors to the cancer risk with children having a higher risk than adults. Whereas in soils, it was found that Cr, As and Co were the highest contributors to the cancer risk in the studied communities. Therefore, the cancer risk is high in the general population; that is 1 in 72-162 individuals in children and 1 in 7-107 individuals for adults. The ingestion route seems to be the major contributor to excess lifetime cancer risk followed by the dermal pathway. Therefore, proper monitoring and control measures to protect human health, particularly in children, should be implemented for safety. The study also explored the use of surrounding trees ix | Isotopic signatures and trace metals in geothermal springs and their environmental media within Soutpansberg for phytoremediation and found their uptake capacity to be high, thus, they could be used as bio-indicators to assess the level of contamination of trace metals in the soil. In conclusion, this study has eludicated on the isotopic signatures and trace metals concentrations from the geothermal springs and their surrounding soils and vegetation within Soutpansberg. This study has contributed towards the advancement and enhancement of the existing knowledge of the geothermal systems, such that water resource management could be applied successfully in the respective areas with similar characteristics for the benefit of the local communities and society at large. Hence, this study recommends that proper monitoring and control measures need to be put in place to protect human health, especially in children.
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Books on the topic "Groundwater potential risk"
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Ravbar, Nataša. The protection of karst waters: A comprehensive Slovene approach to vulnerability and contamination risk mapping = Varovanje kraških voda : obširen slovenski proistop h kartiranju ranljivosti in tveganja za onesnaženje. Postojna: Inštitut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU, 2007.
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Britain), Energy Institute (Great, ed. EI literature review: Biofuels - potential risks to UK water resources. London: Energy Institute, 2008.
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Britain), Energy Institute (Great, ed. EI literature review: Biofuels - potential risks to UK water resources. London: Energy Institute, 2008.
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Britain), Energy Institute (Great, ed. EI literature review: Biofuels - potential risks to UK water resources. London: Energy Institute, 2008.
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Office, General Accounting. Hazardous waste: Unaddressed risks at many potential superfund sites : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Hazardous waste: Information on potential superfund sites : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050 Washington 20013): The Office, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear waste: Challenges to achieving potential savings in DOE's high-level waste cleanup program : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050 Washington 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Groundwater potential risk"
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Chand, Dharam, Renu Lata, Rajat Dhiman, and Kireet Kumar. "Groundwater Potential Assessment Using an Integrated AHP-Driven Geospatial Techniques in the High-Altitude Springs of Northwestern Himalaya, India." In Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management and Sustainable Practices in the Himalaya, 337–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24659-3_15.
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Narany, Tahoora Sheikhy, Mohammad Firuz Ramli, Ahmad Zaharin Aris, Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman, and Kazem Fakharian. "Assessment of the Potential Contamination Risk of Nitrate in Groundwater Using Indicator Kriging (in Amol–Babol Plain, Iran)." In From Sources to Solution, 273–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-70-2_50.
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McLaughlin, J. Fred, Ramsey D. Bentley, and Scott A. Quillinan. "Regional Geologic History, CO2 Source Inventory, and Groundwater Risk Assessment of a Potential CO2 Sequestration Site on the Rock Springs Uplift in Southwest Wyoming." In Springer Environmental Science and Engineering, 33–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5788-6_5.
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Griebler, Christian, Maria Avramov, and Grant Hose. "Groundwater Ecosystems and Their Services: Current Status and Potential Risks." In Atlas of Ecosystem Services, 197–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96229-0_31.
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Vongtanaboon, Sukanya. "Water Resource Assessment and Management in Phuket, Thailand." In Interlocal Adaptations to Climate Change in East and Southeast Asia, 153–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81207-2_17.
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AbstractWithin the context of climate change, the province of Phuket in Thailand is the only province in Thailand without any large rivers, which means that it is potentially at risk from problems associated with water scarcity in the future. Phuket Island is also the largest island in Thailand with an area of 543 km2 comprised of three districts (Thalang, Muang and Kathu); 77% of the island is mountainous and 23% consists of plains, primarily in the central and eastern regions. Most water is derived from rainfall, which is stored in reservoirs, mine shafts, and groundwater sources. Due to geography, Phuket is a popular tourist destination. Rates of development in the hotel industry and residential areas, as well as the population, have been rapid in recent decades. However, these developments have severely degraded watershed areas. Economic growth and increases in the number of tourists has resulted in an increase in demand for water, and in the year 2020 consumption exceeded 100,000 m3/day (Provincial Waterworks Authority 2020). Moreover, trends of water use in Phuket are expected to increase by 12% annually, and it is forecasted that the water demand for local consumption and tourism will rise to 103.07 million m3/year in 2032 (Patong Municipality 2020). As the water supply in the three major reservoirs (Bang Wad, Bang Niew Dam and Klong Katha) are limited due to long periods of a dry weather (Provincial Waterworks Authority 2020), there are problems of water scarcity in Phuket and other areas with public water systems in the province. The droughts in 2002 and 2019–2020 caused severe water scarcity in Phuket, and this has become an important issue that the province needs to address.
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Civita, M. V. "The groundwater contamination potential risk evaluation." In Groundwater Vulnerability and Pollution Risk Assessment, 169–82. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367822927-16.
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Cobby, D., R. Falconer, G. Forbes, P. Smyth, N. Widgery, G. Astle, J. Dent, and B. Golding. "Potential warning services for groundwater and pluvial flooding." In Flood Risk Management: Research and Practice, 1273–80. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203883020.ch150.
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Khelfi, Abderrezak. "Sources of Groundwater Pollution." In Advanced Treatment Techniques for Industrial Wastewater, 177–210. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5754-8.ch011.
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In many regions in the world, groundwater represents an important source of fresh water. It is now established that several contaminants enter groundwater from a number of sources and pathways. These sources are both natural and anthropogenic. Contamination of groundwater resources by a variety of anthropogenic pollutants from both point and nonpoint sources represents a key global environmental problem. The most frequently identified contaminant sources are industrial manufacturing, agricultural activities, municipal landfills, and wastes. Frequently detected contaminants included nitrates, volatile organic compounds, arsenic, and fluorides. Other contaminant species include solvents, fuel hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides, disinfectants, detergents, and radionuclides. In this chapter, the main sources and pathways for contaminants in groundwater are reviewed. It identifies challenges that need to be met to minimize risk to drinking water and ecosystems. Particular attention is paid to the occurrence of known and potential endocrine disrupting substances in groundwater.
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Bhattacharya, T., and P. Tirkey. "Arsenic in groundwater and its potential health risk in a fast growing urban agglomeration of Chota Nagpur Plateau, India." In Arsenic in the Environment - Proceedings, 60–61. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20466-29.
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Velayatzadeh, Mohammad. "Heavy Metals in Surface Soils and Crops." In Heavy Metals - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108824.
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In the era of industrialization and technological progress, pollution has reduced the quality of life for humans. Heavy metal pollution is one of the main causes of environmental degradation. The underlying causes are natural as well as human. Heavy metal contamination of soil has become a worldwide environmental issue that has attracted considerable public attention, mainly due to increased concern for the safety of agricultural products. Heavy metals refer to some metals and metals with biological toxicity such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic, lead and chromium. These elements enter the soil agricultural ecosystem through natural processes resulting from raw materials and through human activities. Heavy metal pollution is a great threat to the health and well-being of animals and humans due to the risk of potential accumulation through the food chain. The main sources of heavy metal pollution are air pollution, river sediments, sewage sludge and municipal waste compost, agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, and industrial wastes such as factories that release chemicals. Heavy metals can enter the water supply through industrial and consumer wastes or even from acid rain that decomposes soils and releases heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers and groundwater.
Conference papers on the topic "Groundwater potential risk"
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Murray, Titus, and William L. Power. "Conceptual Framework for Hydrologic Modelling of Faults." In PESA Symposium Qld 2022. PESA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36404/lmyz2214.
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Unconventional oil and gas developments may require considering the potential hydrological impacts of faults on near-surface groundwater assets. It is vital that faults are represented appropriately. There are several examples where faults have been invoked as part of “Straw Man” arguments to oppose development (Currell et. al. 2017 and Iverach et. al. 2020). The processes of dewatering and hydraulic fracture stimulation may generate preferential pathways for flow that impact aquifers and groundwater dependant ecosystems. As part of this, a clear framework for the assessment of the impact of faults has been provided in Murray and Power 2021. This study presents three distinct end-member geological scenarios and outlines methods for characterising faultrelated groundwater flow within a risk assessment context. 1) Regional aquitard isolates aquifer from development. Low risk of leakage across the aquitard because there are no faults, or the faults have displacements less than the thickness of the aquitard. 2) Region-wide aquitard is not present, the development and the groundwater assets are within the same groundwater system. CSG development may cause pressure to propagate parallel to the strike and dip of the fault in the fault damage zones. 3) Regional aquitard(s) are present, but larger displacement faults breach the aquitards, allowing for possible combinations of across-fault connections between the different aquifers, and between aquifers and the coal seams. In this scenario, potential flow pathways between the groundwater and the development need to be characterised using Allan Maps (fault plane profiles).
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Truex, Michael J., Amoret L. Bunn, Mart Oostrom, K. C. Carroll, and Dawn M. Wellman. "Integrated Systems-Based Approach to Monitoring Environmental Remediation." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96010.
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The U.S. Department of Energy is responsible for risk reduction and cleanup of its nuclear weapons complex. Remediation strategies for some of the contamination may include techniques that mitigate risk, but leave contaminants in place. Monitoring to verify remedy performance and long-term mitigation of risk is key to implementing these strategies and can be a large portion of the total cost of remedy implementation. Especially in these situations, there is a need for innovative monitoring approaches that move away from the cost- and labor-intensive point-source monitoring. In this paper, alternative approaches for monitoring are presented for vadose zone, groundwater, groundwater/surface water interface, and surface water. To illustrate integrated, systems-based monitoring, this paper focuses on vadose zone contaminant remediation to mitigate impact to groundwater. In this context, vadose zone contamination is a source, or potential source, to groundwater plumes. The monitoring design uses a systems-based approach focused on developing a conceptual site model that highlights key features that control contaminant flux to groundwater. These features are derived considering the unsaturated flow and contaminant transport processes in the vadose zone and the nature of the waste discharge. Diagnostic properties and/or parameters related to both short- and long-term contaminant flux to groundwater can be identified and targeted for monitoring. The resolution of monitoring data needed to correspond to a functionally useful indicator of flux to groundwater can be estimated using quantitative analyses and the associated unsaturated flow properties relevant to the targeted site and vadose zone features. This monitoring design approach follows the process of developing a quantitative conceptual model suitable for supporting projections of future flux to groundwater. Support for such projections is important because it is likely that, in many cases, remediation decisions for the vadose zone will need to be made based all or in part on projected impacts to groundwater, and monitoring will then be applied to verify that remedy goals are being met.
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Deuel, Lloyd E., and George H. Holliday. "Soil Moisture Analyses to Locate Shallow Ground Water: A Solution to a Vexing Problem." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17089.
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Abstract EPA and most States require a hydrogeologic assessment of contaminated sites to identify and characterize the upper most aquifer and potential pathways for contamination. The advancement of soil borings, followed by the completion of monitoring wells in boreholes is often the first step in direct site characterization. These monitoring wells have the potential to contaminate deeper ground waters; if the site has a contaminated seasonal perched water table from which water is allowed to enter the borehole before the well is cased. This condition is particularly troublesome when a temporary monitoring well is used for assessment purposes and contaminate concentrations are compared to maximum concentration limits (MCLs) for drinking water. A seasonal or permanent perched water table may be contaminated, but separated and protected from deeper useable groundwater by the unsaturated ‘vadose’ zone. The lack of saturation in the vadose naturally restricts the movement of water due to unsaturated flow dynamics and the corresponding flux of soluble constituents irrespective of attenuating reactions with soil. This paper presents a method of distinguishing saturated zones from unsaturated zones by comparative analysis of existing soil moisture and the field capacity or 33.3 kPa (1/3 bar) moisture equivalent. Moisture measurements are made for core samples collected in continuous fashion to a selected depth and sample interval determined by the use and sensitivity required in the interpretation of the data. Soil moisture profiles in conjunction with geophysical measurements of bulk density and particle density allow determination of volume wetness and degree of saturation. Additionally, these data are used to assess the movement of water in the soil profile and potential contaminant migration to useable groundwater. The authors have used this technique to differentiate vadose zones sandwiched between seasonal perched water and even thin continuous saturated zones from useable groundwater. Actual field data are presented to demonstrate the ease with which false positive results are generated that portends an adverse impact to groundwater and the need for costly risk reduction analysis or remediation.
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Andersson, Johan. "Safety Assessment Input for Site Selection: The Swedish Example." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59031.
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Svensk Ka¨rnbra¨nslehantering AB (SKB) has performed comprehensive investigations of two candidate sites for a final repository for Sweden’s spent nuclear fuel. In March 2011 SKB decided to submit licence applications for a final repository at Forsmark. Before selection, SKB stated that the site that offers the best prospects for achieving long-term safety in practice would be selected. Based on experiences previous safety assessments, a number of issues related to long-term safety need to be considered in the context of site comparison. The factors include sensitivity to climate change such as periods of permafrost and glaciations, rock mechanics evolution including the potential for thermally induced spalling and sensitivity to potential future earthquakes, current and future groundwater flow, evolution of groundwater composition and proximity to mineral resources. Each of these factors related to long-term safety for the two candidate sites is assessed in a comparative analysis of site characteristics. The assessment also considers differences in biosphere conditions and in the confidence of the site descriptions. The comparison is concluded by an assessment on how the identified differences would affect the estimated radiological risk from a repository located at either of the sites. The assessment concludes that there are a number of safety related site characteristics for which the analyses do not show any decisive differences in terms of implications on safety, between the sites Forsmark and Laxemar. However, the frequency of water conducting fractures at repository depth is much smaller at Forsmark than at Laxemar. This difference, in turn, affects the future stability of the current favourable groundwater composition, which combined with the much higher flows at Laxemar would, for the current repository design, lead to a breach in the safety functions for the buffer and the canister for many more deposition positions at Laxemar than at Forsmark. Thereby the calculated risk for Forsmark will be considerably lower than that for Laxemar. What decided the choice is that Forsmark is thus mainly that it was judged to offer better prospects for achieving long-term safety in the final repository. Other factors considered included implications regarding repository construction and operation, difference in the footprint of the repository, comparisons regarding environment and health as well as social resources and local support.
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Prugue, Ximena. "Development of a Mechanical Based System for Dry Retrieval of Single-Shell Tank Waste at Hanford." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96359.
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This study explores the development of a mechanical based system to retrieve single-shell tank waste at the Hanford site, located in Richland, Washington, without the addition of water. Out of 177 tanks at Hanford, there are 149 single-shell tanks (SST) and 28 double-shell tanks (DST). There are currently 67 SSTs that have leaked radioactive waste to the surrounding groundwater in the past or assumed to have questionable tank integrity. Leaking tanks continue to be a major concern as it was recently announced in February 2013 that six SSTs are leaking, even though they were believed to have been stabilized back in 2005. There are also several tanks with significant in-tank obstructions, such as air-lift circulators, where an arm-based retrieval would not be possible. All current methods of waste retrieval deployed involve the addition of significant amounts of water to generate a slurry that can be pumped out of the tank. This water, however, can exacerbate the leak and risk the potential of leaking more waste into the surrounding soil, subsequently contaminating the groundwater. It also reduces available waste storage space in DSTs, and increases the risk of dangerous buoyant displacement gas release events (BDGRE) in the headspace of DSTs. Focusing on leaking tanks, tanks with significant in-tank obstructions, and utilizing existing risers in Hanford’s tanks, this study evaluates commercially available dry technologies, such as augers and high-powered vacuums, for feasibility, safety, and efficiency of waste retrieval at Hanford.
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Reeves, Nigel, Gordon H. John, and Bob Major. "Evaluation and Potential Remediation of the Industrial Norm Legacy in Liverpool." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16096.
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Sefton, on the north side of Liverpool, holds a radioactive legacy from its industrial past. This legacy is in the form of Tin slag buried in sub-surface seams. Located near the docks and adjacent to the rich Lancashire coal seams, Sefton became one of the main production centres of Tin plate in Britain. A consequence of this industrial process is the production of mildly radioactive waste slag. Tin rich ores are heated under reducing conditions to produce a molten metal stream This is then separated into the component metal streams. Solid wastes produced by this process are known as slag and were usually stored on site in spoil heaps. Because this slag is a very hard, glassy material it has been historically used as aggregate in underlying roads and rail way sleepers. Many of these sites pre-date the introduction of the regulation of radioactive substances in the UK and have never been under legislative control under the Radioactive Substances Act, RSA93. There is a risk that the existence may not be known of some of these sites. U-238 and Th-232 and their associated decay chains, are the major contributors to the radionuclide inventory of the slags, levels of these radionuclides being in the range 1–10Bq/g. A series of alpha and beta decays for both chains leads eventually to the generation of a stable isotope of lead. Radiologically, the main area of concern is with the potential inhalation or ingestion of contaminated dusts. There is also a potential for Ra-226 to leach out into groundwater. AMEC has worked for Sefton Metropolitan Council and various developers, to carry out specialist, non intrusive gamma radiation surveys of numerous sites in Sefton. This is the first stage in carrying out a radiological risk review of a given site. What often then follows is an intrusive, geo-technical survey, with trial pitting and radiological sampling for later sensitive lab based radiochemical analysis. Radiological supervision is also required at this time to ensure that the radiological exposure of the Contractors carrying the survey is restricted and ensure that plant dose not become contaminated with radionuclides. These surveys are the preliminary stage for redevelopment works with new housing replacing antiquated commercial premises. By bringing together expertise in sensitive gamma surveying, radiochemical analysis and a detailed understanding of the regulatory framework, AMEC is able to support the borough of Sefton in its re-development programme ensuring safe compliant development of an area with an historic radiological legacy.
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Tolaymat, Thabet, and Timothy Townsend. "Environmental Characterization of Ash From the Combustion of Wood and Tires for Beneficial Use in Florida." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1680.
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Non-hazardous industrial solid wastes are frequently proposed for beneficial use rather than being disposed in MSW landfills. An example of such an industrial waste is waste-to-energy (WTE) ash. Proposed beneficial use projects for WTE ash often involve some form of land application. Prior to the land application of any solid waste, the possible risk to human health and the environment should be assessed. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) has developed a beneficial use guidance document that provides WTE ash generators with the testing requirements that must be demonstrated before a particular beneficial use scenario is determined appropriate (FDEP 2001). For WTE ash to be deemed safe for land application, the risk associated with two separate pathways should be assessed: direct human exposure and the contamination of groundwater via leaching. While organic pollutants (e.g. dioxins) might be a concern, heavy metals are typically the pollutants that most limit the potential for reuse; heavy metals are the focus of the discussion in this paper.
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Dorey, Jamie, and Georgy Rassadkin. "Advancements in Techniques for Complex Plug and Abandonment Using Survey Management and Magnetic Ranging Methods." In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208485-ms.
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Abstract Complex plug and abandonments are required when it is not possible to permanently seal a wellbore utilizing conventional methods. This paper will provide an overview of advanced survey management techniques and their application to complex wellbore abandonment operations. The overview will include the utilization of technologies including active magnetic ranging, gyroscopic and magnetic surveys, and advanced survey correction algorithms. The economic benefits due to the successful outcomes will be shown as well as the mitigation of potential environmental hazards to groundwater aquifers. The described methods have been proven in real-world scenarios, where complex technical challenges necessitate the requirement of a complex abandonment. Two case studies will be presented; one operation where the target well suffered from a restriction in the casing that prevented access to the reservoir, and another where a wellbore was found during civil construction activities in an unexpected position and created a high-risk challenge due to the potential for reservoir gases and liquids leaking uncontrolled into the construction zone. The application of these techniques in abandoning complex wellbores that are unable to be plugged by conventional means provides the industry with solutions to the technically challenging problem of wellbore abandonments when physical access to the wellbore is not possible. These techniques provide economical and low-risk solutions to operators in both onshore and offshore decommissioning activities.
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Burlakovs, Juris, Jovita Pilecka, Inga Grinfelde, and Ruta Ozola-Davidane. "Clay minerals and humic substances as landfill closure covering material constituents: first studies." In Research for Rural Development 2020. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.26.2020.032.
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Soil and groundwater as the leachate may contaminate surrounding watersheds, thus different pollutants from closed dumps and landfills pose significant risks to human health and ecology. Pollution may lead to soil and water degradation however it might be diminished through sustainable dump site closure projects and processual management. Several decades of clays and clay minerals studies lead to modified clay composites concept that is one of the potential promising solutions for building the landfill covering material and serve as capping biocover layer at the same time. As humic substances are constituents of soil organic matter, pollutants can be sorbed on the surfaces of complex molecules. This kind of humic acid-clay mineral composite materials thus might become as low cost building material component - covering material. Construction of such layer are to be performed as a combination of clay-humic composites and landfill mined fine fraction of waste with small amendment of natural soil. Several hypotheses that are already proven has to be mentioned: a) Clay minerals produce composites with humic substances; 2) Clay-humic complexes reduce through sorption both organic and inorganic pollutants; 3) Low risk of toxic byproducts from landfill mined waste fine fraction can be the problem; 4) Such composites mostly would trap toxic contaminants (e.g., pharmaceuticals) found in reworked fine fraction of waste. The aim of the work is to provide alternative solution for landfill closure by giving theoretical considerations from multidisciplinary knowledge of environmental engineering, chemistry and waste management.
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Ruik Beyhaut, S. "Proactive Approaches to Geohazard Management." In ASME 2017 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2017-2537.
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To control the threats from external forces, pipeline owners and operators require detailed information about their pipeline infrastructure and the environment surrounding that infrastructure. The contribution from geographic data is recognized as an increasingly important part of a complete integrity management program, particularly for the identification of geohazards. This is because geohazards are generally characterized by high spatial variability, are complex and difficult to quantify but may result in catastrophic failure of pipelines. In recent years we have seen widespread technological development surrounding the processes to capture information in order to deliver quantitative inputs for pipeline engineers, risk & geotechnical experts. International codes & best practices (e.g. AS 2885.1-2012) state that “Environmental impact assessment is not simply a vehicle to obtain regulatory approval, it is a critical element of the planning for design, construction and operation of the pipeline.” Furthermore, geohazards frequently develop during the service life of pipelines. Consequently, regulators recommend that assessments are conducted on an ongoing basis to identify all potential threats and implement mitigation measures. A process has been developed to create efficient and economical solutions for monitoring and assessing the significance of pipeline bending strain and whether actual movement has taken place. This process can make use of a variety of inputs including slope gradient, climate, groundwater conditions, slope instability, seismic intensity, and environmental impacts, and can provide important information in the determination of potential mitigations. This paper will review the benefits which can be gained from the implementation of integrated approaches to inform geohazard management.
Reports on the topic "Groundwater potential risk"
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Bogen, K. T., J. I. Daniels, and L. C. Hall. Procedures for addressing uncertainty and variability in exposure to characterize potential health risk from trichloroethylene contaminated groundwater at Beale Air Force Base in California. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/14469.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7592117.bard.
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Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Chefetz, Benny, and Jon Chorover. Sorption and Mobility of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Soils Irrigated with Treated Wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7709883.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Research into the fate of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environment has focused on aspects of removal efficiency during sewage treatment, degradation in surface water and accumulation in soils and sediments. However, very little information is available on the binding interactions of pharmaceuticals with dissolved organic matter (DOM) originating from wastewater treatment. Such interactions can significantly affect the transport potential of PCs in soils by altering compound affinity for soil particle surfaces. Our primary hypothesis is that the transport potential of PCs in soils is strongly impacted by the type and strength of interaction with DOM and the stability of resulting DOM-PC complexes. The overarching goal of the proposed work is to develop a better understanding of the risk associated with introduction of PCs into the environment with treated wastewater. This goal has been achieved by elucidating the mechanisms of the interaction of selected pharmaceuticals (that have shown to be widespread wastewater contaminants) with DOM constituents; by determining the stability and fate of DOM-PC complexes introduced to soils and soil constituents; and by evaluating the potential uptake of these compounds by plants. Based on the results obtained in this study (column and batch sorption-desorption experiments), we suggest that PCs can be classified as slow-mobile compounds in SOM-rich soil layers. When these compounds pass this layer and/or are introduced into SOM-poor soils, their mobility increases significantly. Our data suggest that in semiarid soils (consisting of low SOM), PCs can potentially be transported to the groundwater in fields irrigated with reclaimed wastewater. Moreover, the higher mobility of the acid PCs (i.e., naproxen and diclofenac) in freshwater column systems suggests that their residues in soils irrigated with reclaimed wastewater can leach from the root zone and be transported to the groundwater after rain events. Our data obtained from the binding experiments of PCs with DOM demonstrate that the hydrophobic DOM fractions were more efficient at sorbing PCs than the more polar hydrophilic fractions at a pH near the pKa of the analytes. At the pH of natural semiarid water and soil systems, including that of reclaimed wastewater and biosolids, the role of the hydrophobic fractions as sorption domains is less important than the contribution of the hydrophilic fractions. We also hypothesize that the DOM fractions interact with each other at the molecular level and do not act as independent sorption domains. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project demonstrate that the sorption abilities of the DOM fractions can also significantly affect the mobility of pharmaceutical compounds in soils influenced by intensive irrigation with treated wastewater or amended with biosolids.
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Weissinger, Rebecca, and Dana Witwicki. Riparian monitoring of wadeable streams at Courthouse Wash, Arches National Park: Summary report, 2010–2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287907.
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The goal of Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) riparian monitoring is to determine long-term trends in hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetative properties of wadeable streams in the context of changes in other ecological drivers, stressors, and processes. This information is intended to provide early warning of resource degradation and determine natural variability of wadeable streams. This report summarizes NCPN monitoring of Courthouse Wash in Arches National Park (NP) from 2010 to 2019. The focus of this report is to (1) present geomorphology and vegetation data from five reaches monitored in Courthouse Wash from 2010 to 2015, and (2) examine patterns in water availability at one monitoring reach from November 2010 to December 2019. Vegetation sampling and geomorphology surveys were suspended in 2016 due to budget cuts; this report presents baseline data for future comparisons. The NCPN has five monitoring reaches located between the inflow of Sevenmile Canyon, a major tributary, and the terminus of Courthouse Wash, at the Colorado River. Two reaches (2, 5) are located in Upper Courthouse Wash, and three (1, 4, 7) in Lower Courthouse Wash. Hydrologic monitoring wells are installed only at Reach 1. During our monitoring period, which included drought years in 2012 and 2018 and a wetter-than-average period from fall 2013 to 2014, groundwater levels showed steep declines corresponding to the start of the growing season each year. Hot, dry summers and falls in 2012, 2018, and 2019 showed the deepest troughs in groundwater levels. Active monsoon years helped elevate summer and fall groundwater levels in 2013 and 2014. Continued monitoring will help us better understand the relationship of climate and water availability at this reach. A geomorphic survey was completed once for reaches 2, 4, and 7, and twice for reaches 5 and 1. Powerful floods during our monitoring period resulted in aggradation of the channel in reaches 5 and 1, which were first surveyed in March 2013. Flooding in September 2013 resulted in an average of 0.24 meters of deposition found in the channel thalweg at Reach 1 in March 2014. Storm events in May 2014 caused additional aggradation. In March 2015, an average of 0.41 meters of deposition was recorded in the channel thalweg at Reach 5, with 0.32 meters of deposition between the vegetation transect headpins compared to the 2013 data. The riparian vegetation recorded at our monitoring reaches is consistent with an open-canopy Fremont cottonwood woodland with a diverse understory. Canopy closure ranged from 29% to 52%. Measurements were sensitive enough to detect a 10% reduction in canopy closure at Reach 5 during a pest infestation in June 2013. Canopy closure subsequently rebounded at the reach by 2015. Total obligate and facultative wetland cover ranged from 7% to 26%. Fremont cottonwood seedlings, saplings, and overstory trees were present at all reaches, indicating good potential for future regeneration of the canopy structure. These data can serve as a baseline for comparison with future monitoring efforts. One area of management concern is that exotic-plant frequency and cover were relatively high in all monitoring reaches. Exotic cover ranged from 2% to 30%. High exotic cover was related to years with high cover of annual brome grasses. High cover of exotic grasses is associated with increased wildfire risk in southwestern riparian systems, which are not well-adapted to fire. Managers should be prepared for this increased risk following wet winters that promote annual brome grass cover. Beaver activity was noted throughout bedrock-constrained reaches in Courthouse Wash. Beaver activity can reduce adjacent woody riparian vegetation cover, but it also contributes to maintaining a higher water table and persistent surface water. Climate change is likely to be an increasingly significant stressor in Courthouse Wash, as hotter, drier conditions decrease water levels and increase drought stress...