Relevant bibliographies by topics / Groundwater – Pollution

Academic literature on the topic 'Groundwater – Pollution'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Groundwater – Pollution"

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Attoui, Badra, Samia T. Benrabah, Habiba Majour, and Nadjet Zair. "Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution using the Kherici’s method in the Talezza plain, Collo region (NE Algeria)." Journal of Water and Land Development 33, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0015.

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Abstract The intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater aquifers refers to their sensitivity to all contamination coming from soil surface irrespective of the nature of the polluting. In order to improve the protection of groundwater, there must be a reduction in the infiltration of contaminants towards the reservoir through the impacting factors determination of this phenomenon by means of research. There are collected models that include particular number of factors which allow the determination of a sign of groundwater vulnerability of all superficial pollutions. The goal of the study centers on ascertaining the state of vulnerability and the risk of groundwater pollution of the Collo region with a new proposed method by Kherici. Generally, assessment methods of vulnerability and the danger of groundwater pollution employ parametric systems with numerical quotation, cartographic superposition where the analytical methods are based on equations. In this study, we consider the combination of criteria dependent on natural factors (thickness of the unsaturated zone, geologic facies, degree of auto-purification) and the causes of groundwater vulnerability to man-made pollution (anthropogenic factors).
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Zhang, Xuan, and Jin Yang. "The Application of Geophysical Methods in Groundwater Pollution Detection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 1209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.1209.

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Groundwater refers to the subsurface water that occurs beneath the water table in geological formation that are fully saturated. 95% of the water used for human production and living comes from groundwater. But now, the pollution degree of groundwater resources is serious, which is a serious threat to human. In order to capture groundwater pollution's situation, groundwater pollution detection should be carried out. Because of the geophysical methods are of low cost, high speed and the characteristics of in-situ nondestructive, people often used geophysical methods for groundwater pollution detection. Geophysical prospecting contains a lot of methods, and the researchers often use resistivity sounding method, ground penetrating radar method, high density resistivity method and seismic reflection method to detect the pollution condition of groundwater.
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Stevenazzi, Stefania. "Groundwater vulnerability or groundwater pollution risk?" Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 41 (November 2016): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2016.99.

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Kott, Y. "Groundwater pollution microbiology." Journal of Hydrology 84, no. 1-2 (April 1986): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90055-7.

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Kaushik, Aditya, Anusuya Gangopadhyay, Sarah Iqbal, and S. Priya. "Geogenic Groundwater Pollution." Current Science 115, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v115/i3/379-381.

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R., Venkata Ramana. "Groundwater Pollution in Nanduru Region in Andhrapradesh." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 2925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201998.

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Blanchard, Allechy Fabrice, Lasm Théophile, Youan Ta Marc, Yao Kouadio Assemien François, Kouakou Ourapa Suzane, Oka Koua Armel Raphaël, Baka Derving, and De Lasme Omer Zephir. "Cartographie De La Vulnérabilité À La Pollution Des Aquifères Du Socle Précambrien : Cas De La Région D’oumé (Centre-Ouest De La Côte D’ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 20 (July 30, 2016): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n20p374.

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Development of agricultural and mining activities and the rapid growth of the population (3.8%) in Oumé’s area, constitute a potential risk of groundwater’s pollutions. This study interested Oumé’s area and aims to elaborate a map of vulnerability to pollution for a better management of groundwaters. The database is constituted by various data in particular, geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, pluviometric data and satellite image. Methods DRASTIC and GOD were used in this study. Results of DRASTIC method indicated that 31.86% of study area have a very low vulnerability, 68.12% a low vulnerability and 0.02% a moderate vulnerability. With GOD method, 12.8% of study area have a very low vulnerability, 86.46% a low vulnerability and 0.74% a moderate vulnerability. The chemical analysis of groundwater showed that weaker rates of nitrates (0-14mg/l) registered inside the surely well protected zones. These observations have led to validate some various maps obtained. Result of the test of Kappa revealed that coefficient K is reliable and gave moderate agreement (K=0.43) between both methods. This agreement is confirmed by the surface analysis (79.01%). In this study, the DRASTIC method supplied better results and is thus better adapted for the evaluation of vulnerability in the pollution of groundwater of this area.
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Qi, Fu Li, Meng Cai Zhang, Hui Jin, Yong Li Li, Shou Gang Lu, Feng Long Zhang, Yong Quan Sun, and Yi Liang Wang. "Groundwater Pollution Investigation and Remediation." Advanced Materials Research 1092-1093 (March 2015): 1150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1092-1093.1150.

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Groundwater is an important part of the human living space and supplies us with high-quality freshwater resources. However, the intrusion of any foreign matter into groundwater may cause groundwater pollution. Once this happens, clearing, control and remediation can be very difficult: not only does it need a lot of money, it is also technically challenging and time consuming. In view of current research on groundwater remediation in and out of China, we propose a package of groundwater pollution investigation, groundwater pollution remediation technology and groundwater pollution control processes with a view to providing theoretical reference for future groundwater pollution remediation efforts.
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Bai, Li Ping, Ye Yao Wang, and Fa Sheng Li. "Research on GIS-Based Risk Assessment Method of Groundwater Pollution and its Application." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 819–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.819.

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The risk assessment model and parameter system of groundwater pollution were established in this paper. The multi-index evaluation method of groundwater pollution sources was proposed, and the GIS-based risk assessment method of groundwater pollution was produced in comprehensive consideration of groundwater vulnerability and groundwater pollution sources. The multi-index method suggested in this paper was used in the risk assessment of groundwater pollution at a plain area of a big city in North China, and the different grades of groundwater pollution risk were computed. The evaluation results show that the groundwater pollution risk is determined by the combined action of ground pollution sources and groundwater vulnerability. The established risk assessment method of groundwater pollution could give a scientific support for the regional groundwater pollution prevention and control planning.
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Ogunba, Adebola. "Sustainable groundwater management in Lagos, Nigeria: the regulatory framework." Afrika Focus 28, no. 2 (February 26, 2015): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02802010.

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This doctoral research focuses on groundwater degradation in Lagos, Nigeria. Groundwater is a fundamental natural resource in Lagos that is presently troubled by pollution emanating from solid waste and wastewater. The city generates 10,000 metric tons of waste and 350 million gallons of wastewater daily, all of which are improperly managed and are heavily polluting its groundwater. This direct environmental pollution is aggravated by indirect problems of over-urbanization, and legal and institutional shortcomings. Over-urbanization in Lagos has resulted into a monumental population of 21 million people in the tiny city, which generates the enormous quantities of solid waste and wastewater. The population places a tremendous burden on the city’s water resources, forcing residents to revert to groundwater which is suffering the plight of pollution, and hence the concern of this research. The pollution problem is worsened by civic apathy to environmental matters, and unresolved by a nascent water sector whose evolving governance structures do not adequately address the multi-dimensional pollution problem. In the final analysis, the absence of holistic and comprehensive groundwater legislation that addresses all these problems challenges the sustainability of this vital resource. The research study contributes to knowledge by attempting to provide broad and holistic recommendations for law reform which address the pollution, management of the effects of over-urbanization and overpopulation on groundwater, and the strengthening of institutions to achieve a sustainable groundwater resource.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Groundwater – Pollution"

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Wilson, L. G. "Groundwater Pollution Monitoring Case Studies." Water Resources Research Center, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305357.

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Investigators who were closely associated with five groundwater monitoring programs were asked to critically examine their studies as a guide to others involved in similar projects. The particular question to be answered was, "What monitoring techniques should have or could have been implemented?" given that time and money were not constraints. The case studies involved contamination of aquifers from oil field brine disposal, plating waste disposal, landfill leachate, nitrate from multiple sources, and recharge from an oxidation pond. Among the general recommendations of the investigators, resulting from the process of critical evaluation of their associated projects, were the following: establish interdisciplinary committees to set up the monitoring program; maximize the density of well network; use alternative methods to wells; completely analyze the samples, including heavy metals; thoroughly examine the hydrogeology of the problem site; use tracers; develop predictive computer models of the flow system; monitor in the zone of aeration, where applicable; develop innovative methodologies; and continue monitoring until the problem is thoroughly quantified.
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Bateman, Alison Sian. "Chlorofluorocarbons in groundwater." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285224.

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MacDougall, Kenneth Alasdair. "Groundwater contamination : a risk based approach." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366814.

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Wilkinson, Virginia Kate. "Groundwater pollution : myth and reality implications for rural subdivision." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Geography, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3791.

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The extensive groundwater beneath the Canterbury Plains is an important source of domestic water. In some areas the potability of groundwater is at risk from high bacteria and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations. A combination of human use on the land with associated development in a growing District such as the Waimakariri, and an unconfined aquifer has led to groundwater pollution. This pollution is a perceived potential hazard and threat to the health and safety of rural communities of North Canterbury. This thesis explores the groundwater resource at Mandeville, North Canterbury, and assesses the pollution potential. It also discusses the perceptions of the different interested parties involved with groundwater and its quality. Management options and decision-making as they relate to this perceived problem are also discussed. This thesis has recognised that if this water resource is intended for future use, untreated, then holistic management of the groundwater and land resources is necessary.
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Butler, Bridget. "Risk management of groundwater pollution : a knowledge-based approach." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7477.

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Risk assessment and risk management now underpin environmental protection in the UK. Risk assessment provides for a structured and systematic analysis of a problem, and is an objective tool to inform risk management decisions. In particular, risk assessment can assist in the prioritisation of management activities to direct resources more effectively to significant risks. However, the application of risk assessment remains ad hoc and often focused on quantified approaches. The problem of how to integrate the results of a risk assessment into decisionmaking processes remains. The objective of this research was to assess whether a knowledgebased approach could be usefully applied to risk management decisions associated with the protection of groundwater. The use of a knowledge-based system offers considerable potential to support regulatory decision-making relating to environmental risks. Such systems utilise expert knowledge to solve specific problems as an expert would but without requiring specialist or skilled users. This research describes the development of a prototype decision-support system to assist non-specialist regulatory personnel, in the prioritisation of risks and management activities relating to groundwater threats from hydrocarbon point-sources. The research focused on the knowledge acquisition process using semi-structured interviews, concept sorting and risk rating to identify the type of information required by the expert in their decision-making processes and also to distinguish any differences of approach between experts and 'non-experts'. A conceptual model was developed that represented expert decision-making and problem solving. This model was used to develop the prototype decision-support system which was subsequently evaluated by experts and users, resulting in system refinements. A positive response to the usability and utility of the system was received from both expert and user groups, suggesting a knowledge-based approach can be usefully applied to risk management decisions associated with the protection of groundwater.
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Trowsdale, Sam A. "The depth of penetration of contamination in urban groundwater." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269320.

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Micella, Ilaria. "Evaluating the risk of groundwater pollution through the combination of hazards and groundwater vulnerability maps." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21192/.

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The objective of the MSc thesis is to develop a systematic framework for groundwater pollution risk evaluation starting from the groundwater vulnerability maps of Wallonia developed through a GIS-based interface. The aim is rather to conduct a first assessment, that could trace the path for further application and be integrated in the existent Apsû methodology for vulnerability assessment. The first phase of the study consisted in undertaking a literature review on regional risk assessment procedures in the other countries and regions of the world, in order to identify the best approach to apply in Wallonia: the “European Approach” is selected. The probability that, following the occurrence of a hazardous event on the surface of the soil, the contamination could reach the water table and have a serious impact on the groundwater status is evaluated. To do so, data on potential pressures on soil is collected, to create an Hazard map. The risk assessment is carried out on a regional scale for groundwater body RWM040, combining the created Hazard Map, Intrinsic Vulnerability map and Consequences. The selected groundwater body has been subject of several studies, due to the peculiar features of the chalks aquifer (e.g. double porosity and dry valleys), that enhance the risk of groundwater pollution. Furthermore, the area, harshly affected by nitrates and pesticides pollution linked to the extensive agricultural practices, is a perfect site to test the strength of the developed method.
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Zubair, Arif. "Groundwater pollution and its environmental impact in Karachi region (Pakistan)." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284838.

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Lin, Yu-pin. "Multiple-point variance analysis for groundwater monitoring network design." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19511.

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Majumder, Santanu. "Pollution assessment of arsenic in groundwater: geochemistry and analytical aspects." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125308.

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Apart from the geological controls that can cause As mobilization in groundwater in the Bengal Delta Plain, local anthropogenic factors may also contribute to some extent. Investigations showed that As(III) get enriched in the groundwater after the monsoonal season. This could be due to the enhanced reducing conditions in the aquifer post-monsoonal recharge. The larger inorganic colloids were responsible to scavenge As(III) and the smaller organic/organo-metallic colloids were found to scavenge As(V). A study was carried out to improve the Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic (SORAS) for rural population, using tomatoes instead of lemons, showing that tomato was more efficient and cost-effective than lemon or lime. A novel technique combining hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) with Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) for the determination and speciation of As in groundwater was developed. The results in the laboratory samples were found encouraging and applied to natural samples successfully
Además de los controles geológicos, los factores antropogénicos contribuyen también a la movilización de arsénico en el agua subterránea del Bengal Delta Plain. La concentración de As(III) aumenta después de la temporada del monzón, debido a las condiciones más reductoras en el acuífero. El As(III) se encuentra asociado a coloides inorgánicos de mayor tamaño mientras que los coloides orgánicos/organometálicos más pequeños contienen As(V). Se llevó a cabo un estudio para mejorar el proceso SORAS (Solar Oxidation and Removal of Arsenic) comparando diferentes fuentes de citrato, y demostrando que el tomate es más eficiente y económico que el limón o la lima. Se ha desarrollado un método novedoso para la determinación y especiación de As basado en microextracción en fase líquida en fibra hueca (HF-LPME) combinados con fluorescencia de rayos X con reflexión total (TXRF), y que ha sido aplicado con éxito en diferentes muestras de aguas naturales
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Books on the topic "Groundwater – Pollution"

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N, Lerner David, ed. Urban groundwater pollution. Lisse, The Netherlands: A.A. Balkema, 2004.

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Gabriel, Bitton, and Gerba Charles P. 1945-, eds. Groundwater pollution microbiology. Malabar, Fl: Krieger Pub. Co., 1994.

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Coon, David. The Groundwater pollution primer. Fredericton, New Brunswick: Conservation Council, 1987.

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Zehnder, Alexander J. B., ed. Soil and Groundwater Pollution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8587-3.

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Appelo, C. A. J. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. 2nd ed. Leiden: A.A. Balkema Publishers, 2005.

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Appelo, C. A. J. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. 4th ed. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1999.

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Dieke, Postma, ed. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution. 2nd ed. Leiden: Balkema, 2005.

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Dieke, Postma, ed. Geochemistry, groundwater, and pollution. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1993.

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Kovarik, Karel. Numerical Models in Groundwater Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56982-1.

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Bear, Jacob, and Arnold Verruijt. Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3379-8.

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Book chapters on the topic "Groundwater – Pollution"

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Jinno, K. "Groundwater Pollution." In Lowlands, 247–64. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203748596-15.

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Bear, Jacob, and Arnold Verruijt. "Modeling Groundwater Pollution." In Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution, 153–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3379-8_6.

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Zilliox, Lothaire, and Robert Mosé. "Groundwater Protection." In Soil and Groundwater Pollution, 52–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8587-3_14.

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Bear, Jacob, and Arnold Verruijt. "Groundwater Motion." In Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution, 27–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3379-8_2.

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Huan, Huan, Jianwei Xu, Jinsheng Wang, and Beidou Xi. "Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment." In Groundwater Pollution Risk Control from an Industrial Economics Perspective, 63–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7706-7_5.

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Nystén, T. "Groundwater Pollution by Industry." In Water Pollution: Modelling, Measuring and Prediction, 427–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3694-5_30.

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Sahu, Paulami. "Fluoride Pollution in Groundwater." In Groundwater Development and Management, 329–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75115-3_14.

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Meuser, Helmut. "Groundwater, Soil Vapour and Surface Water Treatment." In Environmental Pollution, 279–346. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5751-6_7.

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Garewal, Sahajpreet Kaur, and Avinash D. Vasudeo. "Causes and Sources of Groundwater Pollution: A Case Study of Nagpur City, India." In Groundwater, 123–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5789-2_10.

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Bosma, Tom N. P., Huub H. M. Rijnaarts, Fritz Stauffer, and Timothy M. Vogel. "Fundamentals: Reactions, Transport and Modeling." In Soil and Groundwater Pollution, 6–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8587-3_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Groundwater – Pollution"

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Al-Senafy, M., and A. Fadlelmawla. "Impacts of submarine groundwater discharge on Kuwait Bay." In WATER POLLUTION 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp140151.

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Souza, M. G. O., F. T. Silva, and J. F. Oliveira. "Organic pollutants in groundwater: remediation by nanoscale iron particles." In WATER POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp080111.

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Podaru, C., C. Danielescu, D. Sonea, A. Pacala, I. Vlaicu, C. Cosma, G. Burtica, F. Manea, and C. Orha. "A comparative study of two groundwater treatment pilot plants." In WATER POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp080151.

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Lumiste, L., R. Munter, J. Sutt, T. Kivimäe, and T. Eensalu. "Radioactivity of Estonian groundwater and technology for its removal." In WATER POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp120181.

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Bhandary, H., K. Al-Fahad, M. Al-Senafy, and A. Al-Khalid. "Usage of environmental isotopes in characterizing groundwater recharge sources." In WATER POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp120191.

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HATRI, M. EL, and J. M. CROLET. "MATHEMATICAL INVESTIGATION FOR GROUNDWATER POLLUTION." In Proceedings of the International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812817617_0020.

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Widdowson, M. A., A. El-Sayed, and J. E. Landmeyer. "Numerical model for the uptake of groundwater contaminants by phreatophytes." In WATER POLLUTION 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp080361.

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Saponaro, S., A. Careghini, L. Romele, E. Sezenna, A. Franzetti, I. Gandolfi, M. Daghio, and G. Bestetti. "Remediation of groundwater polluted by gasoline-derived compounds with biobarriers." In WATER POLLUTION 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp120381.

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MINZATU, VASILE, ADINA NEGREA, CORNELIU MIRCEA DAVIDESCU, CORINA SEIMAN DUDA, MIHAELA CIOPEC, NARCIS DUŢEANU, PETRU NEGREA, DANIEL DUDA SEIMAN, and BOGDAN IOAN PASCU. "ARSENIC ADSORPTION INTO THE FIXED BED COLUMN FROM DRINKING GROUNDWATER." In WATER POLLUTION 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp180111.

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Mudzielwana, R., W. M. Gitari, and T. A. M. Msagati. "Intercalation of Mn2+ions onto bentonite clay: implications in groundwater defluoridation." In WATER POLLUTION 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wp160141.

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Reports on the topic "Groundwater – Pollution"

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Schlossnagle, Trevor H., Janae Wallace,, and Nathan Payne. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Four Communities in Iron County, Utah - Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah. Utah Geological Survey, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-284.

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Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
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Black, David. Nevada National Security Site E-Tunnel Wastewater Disposal System Quarterly Monitoring Report and Annual Summary Report, Including Biennial Well ER 12-1 Groundwater Sampling Summary, Water Pollution Control Permit NEV 96021, Fourth Quarter and Calendar Year 2019. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1605431.

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3

Hailiang, Zhang, Wang Fuxiang, Sha Shengyi, Dai Lianshuang, Xuan Wenbo, and Ren Zhong. PR-469-173823-R01 In Line Inspection and Evaluation of Pinholes in Oil and Gas Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011604.

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Pinhole leaks have been reported as a significant cause of oil and gas pipeline failures in recent years. From 2010 to 2015, at least 131 significant incidents involving oil and gas pipelines in the United States (101 and 30, respectively) were attributed to pinhole leaks. The 9th European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group Report states that as of 2013, the five-year moving average failure frequency for pinholes was equal to an approximate annual rate of 0.105 failures per 1,000 kilometers of pipeline(1). Pinholes may result from normal pipeline corrosion during routine operations, such as microbiologically induced corrosion, or can be created by third-party activities, such as illegal tapping. These small leaks have become a major risk for many pipeline companies. Pinhole leaks are more likely to lead to serious consequences than larger leaks because they are difficult to discover through normal monitoring and patrolling. An undetected pinhole leak can lead to significant soil and groundwater pollution over time. The research objective of this project was to investigate the applicability of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) to the inspection of oil and gas pipelines for pinhole defects. The MFL signal may be affected by pinhole diameter, depth, position, and so on. MFL inline inspection (ILI) technologies from five vendors were tested in blind scenarios involving pipeline with manufactured defects. Multiple pull through tests, field dig verification, and sampling were conducted to assess the effectiveness of MFL-ILI in pinhole detection. An optimal practice was developed by comparing the gap between MFL tracks, sampling frequency, intensity of magnetic field, etc. This report also outlines tests conducted to investigate the feasibility of using hydrostatic testing to detect pinholes.
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Hailiang, Zhang. PR-469-173823-R02 In-Line Inspection and Evaluation of Pinholes in Oil and Gas Pipelines - Phase II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011780.

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Abstract:
Pinhole leaks have been reported as a significant cause of oil and gas pipeline failures in recent years. From 2010 to 2015, at least 131 significant incidents involving oil and gas pipelines in the United States (101 and 30, respectively) were attributed to pinhole leaks. The 9th European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group Report states that as of 2013, the five-year moving average failure frequency for pinholes was equal to an approximate annual rate of 0.105 failures per 1,000 kilometers of pipeline. Pinholes may result from normal pipeline corrosion during routine operations, such as micro-biologically induced corrosion, or can be created by third-party activities, such as illegal tapping. These small leaks have become a major risk for many pipeline companies. Pinhole leaks are more likely to lead to serious consequences than larger leaks because they are difficult to discover through normal monitoring and patrolling. An undetected pinhole leak can lead to significant soil and groundwater pollution over time. The research objective of this phase is to improve the results based on the research of phase one. The major work of this phase are following. In response to the problems found in the pull test of phase one, a number of defects with different sizes have been designed, including pinhole, pitting and grooves, were added to further subdivide the detection boundary conditions. The NDT verification tool for pinhole defects was compared and selected, and the appropriate ultrasonic scanning system was selected as the NDT method for internal pinhole verification. According to the actual ILI report, two pinholes and three pittings were selected for dig verification, and the results were comprehensively compared and analyzed with the pull test.
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