Journal articles: 'Groundwater hydrochemical characterization'

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Lee, Byeong, Yong Oh, Byong Cho, Uk Yun, and Chang Choo. "Hydrochemical Properties of Groundwater Used for Korea Bottled Waters in Relation to Geology." Water 11, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051043.

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Bottled waters have been becoming increasingly popular in Korea over the last two decades due to the high demand for safe drinking water. Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater is essential for understanding quality properties of bottled waters. We investigated hydrochemistry of 60 manufacture factories for bottled waters in relation to geology. The mean EC value is highest in groundwaters of Ogcheon metamorphic rocks (213.6 μS/cm) > Precambrian gneiss (177.8 μS/cm) > Cretaceous granite (160.4 μS/cm) > Jurassic granite (131.3 μS/cm) > Quaternary Jeju Island volcanic rocks (99.2 μS/cm). The groundwater types are commonly classified as Ca-HCO3, Ca-Na-HCO3, or Ca-Mg-HCO3 types depending on bed rocks. Based on correlation matrix, the groundwater chemistry was controlled by water–rock interactions. We established relationships between groundwater compositions and bedrock geology in Korea.

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Nanni, Arthur, Ari Roisenberg, Jandyra M. G. Fachel, Gilberto Mesquita, and Cristiano Danieli. "Fluoride characterization by principal component analysis in the hydrochemical facies of Serra Geral Aquifer System in Southern Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 80, no. 4 (December 2008): 693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652008000400010.

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Principal component analysis is applied to 309 groundwater chemical data information from wells in the Serra Geral Aquifer System. Correlations among seven hydrochemical parameters are statistically examined. A four-component model is suggested and explains 81% of total variance. Component 1 represents calcium-magnesium bicarbonated groundwaters with long time of residence. Component 2 represents sulfated and chlorinated calcium and sodium groundwaters; Component 3 represents sodium bicarbonated groundwaters; and Component 4 is characterized by sodium sulfated with high fluoride facies. The components' spatial distribution shows high fluoride concentration along analyzed tectonic fault system and aligned on northeast direction in other areas, suggesting other hydrogeological fault systems. High fluoride concentration increases according to groundwater pumping depth. The Principal Component Analysis reveals features of the groundwater mixture and individualizes water facies. In this scenery, it can be determined hydrogeological blocks associated with tectonic fault system here introduced.

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Vasileva, Tanya, and Aglaida Toteva. "Hydrochemical characterization of shallow groundwater from the Mesta River basin." Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 33, no. 1 (2019): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/igh.33.1.15.

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Groundwater is a valuable natural resource and an important source of drinking and domestic water supply. There are two types of groundwater in the Mesta River Basin: HCO3- > Ca2++Mg2+ (1st type waters) and HCO3- < Ca2++Mg2+ < HCO3-+SO42- (2nd type waters). The waters of the first type formed in the silicate rocks, are widespread in the high mountain, mountain and low mountain area. These waters are attached to the region of regional fracturing of the Precambrian metamorphic complex represented by gneisses, granitogneisses, amphibolites and to the fractured environment of the southern Bulgarian granites and granitoids, quartzites, conglomerates and marls of the Paleozoic. The waters of the second type are characteristic of the valleys covered by Pliocene and Quaternary sediments with minimal precipitation. Groundwater from the Mesta River catchment area is mainly hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium with high sodium content in the southern part of the catchment area. The content of anions in groundwater is in the sequence: HCO3- > SO42-> Cl-. The cations are arranged in the order: Ca2++Mg2+ > (Na++K+) or Ca2+ > (Na++K+) > Mg2+. Groundwater is very soft to moderately hard, fresh, with TDS content up to 0.5 g/l and chloride content below 10 mg/l.

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Maghlakelidze, Akaki. "Hydrochemical Characterization of Nabeghlavi Underground Mineral Waters." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 4(522) (December 28, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2021-4-71-79.

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Georgia is rich in groundwater deposits, which renew over time and are characterized by the best indicators of water quality and a stable regime. Groundwater is one of the main natural productive forces of Georgia, which plays an important role in the economic development and export industry. During 2015–2020, chemical composition of the Nabeghlavi mineral waters has been studied by the means of the modern unified methods. Almost all data from previous chemical analyzes have also been retrieved and systematized/collated. Using mathematical statistical analysis, the maximum, minimum, and mean arithmetic values of the major and specific components of water and the empirical deviation from the arithmetic mean have been calculated. Though comparison of the recent and historic data on chemical composition, based on the results of statistical analysis of the major ions, the natural fluctuation limits of the waters and stability of waters from all exploitation drill holes have been shown. According to the chemical composition and total mineralization there are three groups of waters in fresh and low mineralized category. It is shown that chemical composition of water from all exploitation drill holes meets requirements for the natural mineral water category, both the normative document of Georgia and directive of the European Commission.

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Ruiz-Pico, Ángel, Álvaro Pérez-Cuenca, Richard Serrano-Agila, Diana Maza-Criollo, Jorge Leiva-Piedra, and Johonathan Salazar-Campos. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the Loja Basin (Ecuador)." Applied Geochemistry 104 (May 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.02.008.

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Camacho, V. V., A. M. L. Saraiva Okello, J. W. Wenninger, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Understanding runoff processes in a semi-arid environment through isotope and hydrochemical hydrograph separations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 22, 2015): 975–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-975-2015.

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Abstract. The understanding of runoff generation mechanisms is crucial for the sustainable management of river basins such as the allocation of water resources or the prediction of floods and droughts. However, identifying the mechanisms of runoff generation has been a challenging task, even more so in arid and semi-arid areas where high rainfall and streamflow variability, high evaporation rates, and deep groundwater reservoirs increase the complexity of hydrological process dynamics. Isotope and hydrochemical tracers have proven to be useful in identifying runoff components and their characteristics. Moreover, although widely used in humid-temperate regions, isotope hydrograph separations have not been studied in detail in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus the purpose of this study is to determine if isotope hydrograph separations are suitable for the quantification and characterization of runoff components in a semi-arid catchment considering the hydrological complexities of these regions. Through a hydrochemical characterization of the surface water and groundwater sources of the catchment and two and three component hydrograph separations, runoff components of the Kaap Catchment in South Africa were quantified using both, isotope and hydrochemical tracers. No major disadvantages while using isotope tracers over hydrochemical tracers were found. Hydrograph separation results showed that runoff in the Kaap catchment is mainly generated by groundwater sources. Two-component hydrograph separations revealed groundwater contributions between 64 and 98% of total runoff. By means of three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components were further separated into direct runoff, shallow and deep groundwater components. Direct runoff, defined as the direct precipitation on the stream channel and overland flow, contributed up to 41% of total runoff during wet catchment conditions. Shallow groundwater defined as the soil water and near-surface water component, contributed up to 45% of total runoff, and deep groundwater contributed up to 84% of total runoff. A strong correlation for the four studied events was found between the antecedent precipitation conditions and direct runoff. These findings suggest that direct runoff is enhanced by wetter conditions in the catchment which trigger saturation excess overland flow as observed in the hydrograph separations.

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Wu, Chu, Xiong Wu, Chuiyu Lu, Qingyan Sun, Xin He, Lingjia Yan, and Tao Qin. "Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Its Seasonal Changes of Groundwater Based on Self-Organizing Maps." Water 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 3065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13213065.

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Water resources are scarce in arid or semiarid areas; groundwater is an important water source to maintain residents’ lives and the social economy; and identifying the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and its seasonal changes is a prerequisite for sustainable use and protection of groundwater. This study takes the Hongjiannao Basin as an example, and the Piper diagram, the Gibbs diagram, the Gaillardet diagram, the Chlor-alkali index, the saturation index, and the ion ratio were used to analyze the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater. Meanwhile, based on self-organizing maps (SOM), quantification error (QE), topological error (TE), and the K-means algorithm, groundwater chemical data analysis was carried out to explore its seasonal variability. The results show that (1) the formation of groundwater chemistry in the study area was controlled by water–rock interactions and cation exchange, and the hydrochemical facies were HCO3-Ca type, HCO3-Na type, and Cl-Na type. (2) Groundwater chemical composition was mainly controlled by silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution, and the dissolution of halite, gypsum, and fluorite dominated the contribution of ions, while most dolomite and calcite were in a precipitated state or were reactive minerals. (3) All groundwater samples in wet and dry seasons were divided into five clusters, and the hydrochemical facies of clusters 1, 2, and 3 were HCO3-Ca type; cluster 4 was HCO3-Na type; and cluster 5 was Cl-Na type. (4) Thirty samples changed in the same clusters, and the groundwater chemistry characteristics of nine samples showed obvious seasonal variability, while the seasonal changes of groundwater hydrogeochemical characteristics were not significant.

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Camacho Suarez, V. V., A. M. L. Saraiva Okello, J. W. Wenninger, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Understanding runoff processes in a semi-arid environment through isotope and hydrochemical hydrograph separations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 20, 2015): 4183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4183-2015.

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Abstract. The understanding of runoff generation mechanisms is crucial for the sustainable management of river basins such as the allocation of water resources or the prediction of floods and droughts. However, identifying the mechanisms of runoff generation has been a challenging task, even more so in arid and semi-arid areas where high rainfall and streamflow variability, high evaporation rates, and deep groundwater reservoirs may increase the complexity of hydrological process dynamics. Isotope and hydrochemical tracers have proven to be useful in identifying runoff components and their characteristics. Moreover, although widely used in humid temperate regions, isotope hydrograph separations have not been studied in detail in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus the purpose of this study is to determine whether isotope hydrograph separations are suitable for the quantification and characterization of runoff components in a semi-arid catchment considering the hydrological complexities of these regions. Through a hydrochemical characterization of the surface water and groundwater sources of the catchment and two- and three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components of the Kaap catchment in South Africa were quantified using both isotope and hydrochemical tracers. No major disadvantages while using isotope tracers over hydrochemical tracers were found. Hydrograph separation results showed that runoff in the Kaap catchment is mainly generated by groundwater sources. Two-component hydrograph separations revealed groundwater contributions of between 64 and 98 % of total runoff. By means of three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components were further separated into direct runoff, shallow and deep groundwater components. Direct runoff, defined as the direct precipitation on the stream channel and overland flow, contributed up to 41 % of total runoff during wet catchment conditions. Shallow groundwater defined as the soil water and near-surface water component (and potentially surface runoff) contributed up to 45 % of total runoff, and deep groundwater contributed up to 84 % of total runoff. A strong correlation for the four studied events was found between the antecedent precipitation conditions and direct runoff. These findings suggest that direct runoff is enhanced by wetter conditions in the catchment that trigger saturation excess overland flow as observed in the hydrograph separations.

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A. M., Shuaibu, Garba M. L., and Abubakar I. Y. "Hydrochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater quality of zamfara area, northwest, nigeria." Global Journal of Geological Sciences 20, no. 1 (August 31, 2022): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjgs.v20i1.3.

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This study deals with hydrochemical assessment of groundwater within the lithological framework underlain Zamfara State, Northwestern Nigeria with the aim of ascertaining its suitability for human consumption. Groundwater samples were collected from boreholes tapping the aquifer of the area and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters, such as total dissolve solids, electrical conductivity (Ec), pH, temperature, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3, Cl-, SO4, NO3, PO4, and trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb and Cr). The results obtained were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis, water quality index method, and hydrochemical variation plots for proper characterization. As far as suitability is concerned most of the studied physic-chemical parameters trace elements (iron, lead and chromium ions) revealed average concentrations lower than the permissible limit set for domestic water use by World Health Organization. However, the compiled overall water quality index for the studied groundwater shows ‘very poor water quality’. Due to the fact that WQI rating reflect the composite influence of different water quality parameters. The result of the multivariate statistical analysis, as applied to the chemical data set of the studied groundwater provides an insight into the underlying controlling hydrochemical processes in the area. Four factors including factor-1 (total hardness, chloride, nitrate, manganese, bicarbonate and alkalinity), factor-2 (TDS, conductivity, total hardness, magnesium and calcium), factor-3 (Temperature, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc, iron and chromium), factor-4 (calcium, magnesium and nitrate) represents the signatures from dissolution of bedrock through which the groundwater passes, ionic mixing, leaching from the lateritic overburden, agricultural activities (fertilizer application) and effluent from waste dumpsites in the study area. The distribution of major ions in the groundwater shows relative abundance of cations: Na++K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+; while the relative abundance of the anions is: Cl- > HCO3- > SO42-. Groundwater in the aquifer of the study area are majorly of evolved type with mixing of ionic concentrations. Alkali’s are more in abundant to that of alkaline earth, while Cl and HCO3 dominate SO4 and NO3 concentration. The water samples are basically ‘Alkali waters’ with ‘Earth Alkaline’ components that are predominantly HCO3- and Cl-.The relative abundance of the three (3) dominant water types are as thus: Na-HCO3-Cl > Ca-Mg-HCO3-Cl > Na-Ca-Cl. Simple mineral dissolution or mixing processes is mainly responsible for the variation in the hydrochemistry of the groundwater of the study area.

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Kortatsi, Benony K. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the Accra plains of Ghana." Environmental Geology 50, no. 3 (April 26, 2006): 299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0206-4.

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Al-Ahmadi, Masoud Eid. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in wadi Sayyah, Western Saudi Arabia." Applied Water Science 3, no. 4 (July 9, 2013): 721–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0118-x.

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Sun, Jian, Baizhong Yan, Yao Li, Huixiao Sun, Yahui Wang, and Jiaqi Chen. "Characterization and Cause Analysis of Shallow Groundwater Hydrochemistry in the Plains of Henan Province, China." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 12586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212586.

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With the development of the human population and society, groundwater environmental problems have become an important factor limiting global socioeconomic development, and the study of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and pollution is a current hot issue. In this study, data regarding shallow groundwater quality in 76 instances were used to evaluate the quality of shallow groundwater in the plains of Henan Province, China, by using a combination of subjective and objective assignments, mathematical statistics, Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, ion ratio analysis, and other methods to study the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and its formation mechanism. The results showed that the groundwater quality in most areas of Henan Plain is in good condition, and the proportion of samples with excellent grades and good grades is as high as 43.42% and 35.53%. The range of poor and extremely poor water quality is small, and only five samples are judged as poor and extremely poor grades, mainly distributed in Jiaozuo City, Xinxiang City, Zhoukou City, and Puyang City. The groundwater anionic hydrochemistry is mainly of the HCO3 type, accounting for 61.84% of the samples and locally transformed downstream to HCO3·SO4, HCO3·SO4·Cl, HCO3·Cl·SO4, and Cl·SO4·HCO3. Cations are predominantly of the Ca/Mg and Ca–Mg/Mg–Ca type, and gradually transformed to the Na–Ca/Ca–Na and Na–Mg/Mg–Na type along the runoff direction. Water–rock interactions and anthropogenic factors dominate the hydrochemistry evolution, with major geochemical processes involving the precipitation of calcite and dolomite as well as the weathering dissolution of rock salt and fluorite. Human activity is an important factor affecting the distribution of NO3–N and Fe3+. It is recommended that groundwater be continuously monitored to provide scientific data for sustainable groundwater quality management and that appropriate measures be developed to prevent further degradation of the groundwater environment.

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Chegbeleh, Larry Pax, Delali Kwasi Aklika, and Bismark Awinbire Akurugu. "Hydrochemical Characterization and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater Quality in the Saboba and Chereponi Districts, Ghana." Hydrology 7, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7030053.

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Hydrochemical data of groundwater samples obtained from the mudstones, sandstones, and siltstones aquifer units that underlie the study area have been characterized. The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking, domestic, and agricultural purposes. The physico-chemical parameters were initially compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for potable water. They were further subjected to various hydrochemical techniques to assess the overall water quality for drinking purposes. Conventional methods of assessing irrigation water suitability were also adopted. The results indicate that, with the exception of HCO3− characterized as unsuitable for drinking water, most of the parameters are within the WHO permissible limits and are thus characterized as suitable for drinking water. A few samples however show slight deviation. The results also show that the abundance of major cations in groundwater is in the order: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. However, the abundance of the major anions is in the order: HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−. Na-HCO3 is thus inferred as the dominant water type in the area. Analyses of the overall Water Quality Index (WQI) and irrigation water assessment indices suggest that groundwater in the area is generally suitable for drinking, domestic, and irrigation purposes.

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Burns, P., B. Mark, and J. McKenzie. "A multi-parameter hydrochemical characterization of proglacial runoff, Cordillera Blanca, Peru." Cryosphere Discussions 5, no. 5 (September 26, 2011): 2483–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-2483-2011.

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Abstract. The Cordillera Blanca, located in the central Peruvian Andes, is the most glacierized mountain range in the tropics. The study objective is to determine the spatial and topographic controls on geochemical and isotopic parameters in the Quilcayhuanca drainage basin. During the dry season of July 2009, surface water and groundwater samples were collected from the proglacial zone of the 90 km2 Quilcayhuanca basin which is 20% glacierized. The basin water samples (n = 25) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe(II)), major anions (F, Cl, SO4), nutrients (total N, total P, and Si), and stable isotopes of water (δ18O, δ2H). The valley's surface water is acidic (pH 3–4) and is dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−, the last of which is likely due to pyrite oxidation. Total P and total N show no trend with elevation down valley, while Si generally increases with decreasing elevation. Groundwater samples are differentiated from surface water samples by lower pH, specific conductance, and total P and higher Na+, K+, HCO3−, Si, and δ18O. A two-component mixing model indicates that discharge from the watershed is approximately two-thirds surface water (mostly glacier melt) and one-third groundwater. The results were compared to data from the Rio Santa and indicate that this trend may persist at the regional scale.

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Tajwar, Mahir, Ashraf Uddin, Ming-Kuo Lee, Jake Nelson, Anwar Zahid, and Nazmus Sakib. "Hydrochemical Characterization and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in Hatiya Island, Southeastern Coastal Region of Bangladesh." Water 15, no. 5 (February 26, 2023): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050905.

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Groundwater is a vital source of fresh water for drinking and agricultural purposes in the region of Hatiya Island, Bangladesh, yet it is subject to contamination by natural and anthropogenic activities. Over time, the contamination has resulted in a variety of negative effects on human health. This research aims to examine groundwater hydrogeochemical characterization and suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes on different indices utilizing a combined geochemical method, multivariate statistical approaches, and geospatial analysis. Results of hydrogeochemical analyses of 15 groundwater samples from the intermediate aquifer (60–90 m depth) represent the order of cations, anions, and metal concentrations as Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+, Cl− > SO42− > HCO3− > NO3−, and Fe > I > Br > Mn > As, respectively. Saltwater intrusion has been determined to be the most important hydrogeochemical process influencing the chemistry of groundwater. Principal component analysis, Pearson’s correlation matrix, and hierarchical cluster analysis indicate that groundwater quality is highly governed by geogenic influences. This information has been evaluated using a drinking water quality index map, which found that six (40%) of the groundwater samples are suitable for human consumption, whereas the other nine (60%) are unfit for drinking. The analysis of irrigation quality parameters revealed that eight (54%) of the groundwater samples are in excellent or good condition for agricultural uses; however, the other seven (46%) samples are unsuitable.

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Al-Barakah, Fahad N., Abdurahman M. Al-jassas, and Anwar A. Aly. "Water quality assessment and hydrochemical characterization of Zamzam groundwater, Saudi Arabia." Applied Water Science 7, no. 7 (March 8, 2017): 3985–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0549-x.

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Tessema, S. G., D. Mirgorodsky, D. Merten, A. Hildebrandt, S. Attinger, and G. Büchel. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater system of biodiversity experimental field: Jena, Germany." Environmental Earth Sciences 70, no. 2 (December 14, 2012): 821–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2171-4.

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Khan, Arina, Rashid Umar, and Haris Hasan Khan. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in lower Kali watershed, Western Uttar Pradesh." Journal of the Geological Society of India 86, no. 2 (August 2015): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-015-0299-z.

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Xu, Panpan, Wenwen Feng, Hui Qian, and Qiying Zhang. "Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Irrigation Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in the Central-Western Guanzhong Basin, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (April 27, 2019): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091492.

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Groundwater is the major water resource for the agricultural development of the Guanzhong Basin, China. In this study, a total of 97 groundwater samples (51 from the North Bank of the Wei River (NBWR) and 46 from the South Bank of the Wei River (SBWR)) were collected from the central-western Guanzhong Basin. The aim of this study was to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the basin and to determine the suitability of shallow groundwater for irrigation. The groundwater of the entire study area is alkaline. The groundwater of the SBWR is fresh water, and the NBWR groundwater is either freshwater or brackish water. The average concentration of ions (except for Ca2+) in SBWR samples is lower than in NBWR samples. HCO3− is dominant in the groundwater of the study area. Ca2+ is dominant in the SBWR while Na+ is dominant in the NBWR. The SBWR groundwater is mainly of the HCO3-Ca·Mg type, and has undergone the main hydrogeochemical processes of rock weathering-leaching. The hydrochemical facies of the majority of the NBWR groundwater samples are the HCO3-Na type with several minor hydrochemical facies of the HCO3-Ca·Mg, SO4·Cl-Na, and SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg types. Its chemistry is mainly controlled by rock weathering, cation exchange, and evaporation. Salinity hazard, sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium hazard, permeability index, Kelley’s ratio, potential salinity, synthetic harmful coefficient, and irrigation coefficient were assessed to evaluate the irrigation quality of groundwater. The results of the comprehensive consideration of these indicators indicate that the percentage of NBWR water samples suitable for irrigation purposes ranges between 15.7% and 100% at an average level of 56.7%. Of the SBWR water samples suitable for irrigation, the percentage ranges from 78.3% to 100% with an average of 91.8%. Land irrigated with such water will not be exposed to any alkali hazard, but will suffer from a salinity hazard, which is more severe in the NBWR. Thus, most of the water in the NBWR can be used for soils with good drainage conditions which control salinity.

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Teixeira, Guilherme Vargas, Antonio Pedro Viero, Claudia Porcelis Vargas, and Guilherme D'Ávila Nunes. "Structural, hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of aquifers in the Paraná Basin: An integrated literature review." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 9 (July 26, 2021): e26610918390. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i9.18390.

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The Paraná Basin in Brazil is of vital importance and because of a large groundwater reservoir and the high exploitation of this resource by the population a structural and hydrogeochemical knowledge is needed. Objectives: 1) Analyze studies that address the structural, hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of aquifers in the Paraná Basin; 2) Highlight the main techniques used in the respective studies and the scientific development arising from the use of these techniques for a better hydrochemical and structural understanding of the Paraná Basin. Methodology: Tracing lineaments from satellite image and field work are the main techniques used for structural characterization. For hydrochemical analyses, factorial methods physical-chemical analyses are used. Results: the most common chemical types of groundwater that circulate in the sedimentary and volcanic units of the Paraná Basin, which include the Pirambóia, Irati, Rio Bonito, Botucatu and Serra Geral formations are calciumbicarbonates, calcium-magnesian bicarbonates, calcium-sodium bicarbonates and sodium-sulphate-chloride bicarbonates. Sodium-sulfated waters are not found in the Serra Geral Formation, except when they come from the sedimentary units. Sodium and sulfate are not expected ions in basalt weathering, and therefore a greater understanding is needed on structural communication by means of faults that occur between the Serra Geral Aquifer System (SGAS) and the mesozoic and permian sedimentary aquifers and aquitards that contribute for unexpected ions in the SGAS. Conclusion: The Paraná Basin is a reason for interest in geological studies in Brazil because of its link to several areas of interest in geosciences, which include hydrochemistry, stratigraphy, paleontology and hydrogeology.

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Chelih, Fatha, Chemseddine Fehdi, and Shuhaib Khan. "Characterization of the Hammamet basin aquifer (North-East of Algeria) through geochemical and geostructural methods and analysis." Journal of Water and Land Development 37, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0023.

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AbstractMorphostructural, hydrogeological and hydrochemical approaches were applied to Hammamet plain and its surrounding mountains in the eastern part of Algeria to characterize the groundwater system and its potential for exploitation. The Essen and Troubia Mountains form the natural boundaries of Hammamet plain. The objective of this study is to utilize remote sensing techniques combined with structural analysis, hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry to identify the potential fracture zones for groundwater in the strongly fractured and karstified deep aquifers. The delineated zones of potential groundwater resources are verified by detailed hydrogeological field surveys.From a hydrogeological point of view, these two mountains, constitute a unit limited by faults oriented ENE-WSW, NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW. Specifically, fractures of the latter two directions influence the compartmentalization and the hydrogeological functioning of this unit. According to the degree of fracturing and/or karstification, two basic types of aquiferous behaviour have been distinguished: fissured aquifer (Essen Mountain and Troubia Mountain), and porous aquifer (Hammamet plain).The study of the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater samples shows that the majority of samples are mainly of HCO3− and Ca2+ water type. The ionic speciation and mineral dissolution/precipitation was calculated with the PHREEQC software. The chemical composition of the water is influenced by the dissolution and/or precipitation processes during the water–rock interaction and by the cationic exchange reactions between groundwater and alluvial sediments. The high content of CO2 in the water samples suggests that they circulate in a geochemical open system. The isotopic analysis of some groundwater samples shows a similarity with the meteoric waters, which reflect their short residence time and a low evaporation of the infiltrated water.

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Ma, Jun, Zhifang Zhou, Qiaona Guo, Shumei Zhu, Yunfeng Dai, and Qi Shen. "Spatial Characterization of Seawater Intrusion in a Coastal Aquifer of Northeast Liaodong Bay, China." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 7013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247013.

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The safety of groundwater resources in coastal areas is related to the sustainable development of the national economy and society. Seawater intrusion is a serious problem threatening the groundwater environment in coastal areas. Climate change, tidal effects and groundwater exploitation may destroy the balance between salt water and fresh water in coastal aquifers, leading to seawater intrusion. The threat of seawater intrusion has attracted close attention, especially in the coastal areas of northern China, and the accuracy and efficiency of seawater intrusion monitoring need to be improved. The aim of this study was to fill the blanks in seawater intrusion research in the coastal aquifer of the Daqing River Catchment, northeastern Liaodong Bay, China, and determine the extent and evolutionary characteristics of seawater intrusion in this area. In this study, historical chloride concentration data were used to trace the evolution of the salinization, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was used to supplement the data in areas with limited hydrochemical data and to detect the saltwater/freshwater interface, especially in the area near the Xihai Sluice. The results show that seawater intrusion in the Daqing River Catchment is mainly caused by overexploitation of groundwater. Since 2012, strict controls have been placed on the groundwater exploitation rate, and the chloride concentration of 250 mg/L has receded year by year, with saltwater being significantly reduced by 2018. The Daqing River plays an important role in the saltwater distribution. The Xihai Sluice, located in the lower reaches of the Daqing River, intercepts and controls the seawater intrusion in a certain range by raising the level of fresh groundwater to intercept and control saltwater intrusion within a certain range. The research results also confirmed that a combination of geophysical and geochemical methods is of great value in studying seawater intrusion, especially in areas with limited available hydrochemical data. A monitoring network with ERT instruments and wells should be established to collect regular measurements of the electrical resistivity distribution, as well as the groundwater level and chemical composition.

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Ghodbane, Messaoud, Abderrahmane Boudoukha, and Lahcene Benaabidate. "Hydrochemical and statistical characterization of groundwater in the Chemora area, Northeastern Algeria." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 32 (July 15, 2015): 14858–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1067924.

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Rezaei, Ali, Hossein Hassani, Evangelos Tziritis, Seyedeh Belgheys Fard Mousavi, and Nima Jabbari. "Hydrochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater quality in Dalgan basin, SE Iran." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 10 (April 2020): 100353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100353.

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Shuaibu, AM, and IN Abdullahi. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater aquifer using multivariate analysis, Minna, North Central Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Technological Research 10, no. 1 (April 14, 2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtr.v10i1.5.

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Choi, Hanna, Jaeyeon Kim, Byoung Ohan Shim, and Dong-hun Kim. "Characterization of Aquifer Hydrochemistry from the Operation of a Shallow Geothermal System." Water 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051377.

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The use of shallow geothermal energy systems utilizing groundwater temperature for the air-conditioning of buildings is increasing worldwide. The impact of these systems on groundwater quality has become crucial for environmental regulations and system design. For the long-term operation of geothermal systems, it is important to evaluate their influence on the geochemical properties of groundwater, including precipitation and dissolution of secondary minerals. This research was conducted in a real-scale geothermal system, consisting of a groundwater heat pump (GWHP). Hydrochemical data were obtained from samples collected from an aquifer before heating, during heating, and before cooling operations of the GWHP. The Langelier Saturation Index and Ryznar Stability Index were calculated, and the saturation index was simulated with the PHREEQC program. Evidence from water table variation, temperature change, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope distribution showed that groundwater flows from a well located on the northwest side of the geothermal well. The saturation index values showed that the pristine groundwater favors carbonate dissolution, however, manganese oxides are more sensitive to temperature than carbonate minerals. In addition, mineral precipitation and dissolution were found to vary with depth and temperature.

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Gad, Mohamed, Salah El-Hendawy, Nasser Al-Suhaibani, Muhammad Usman Tahir, Muhammad Mubushar, and Salah Elsayed. "Combining Hydrogeochemical Characterization and a Hyperspectral Reflectance Tool for Assessing Quality and Suitability of Two Groundwater Resources for Irrigation in Egypt." Water 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082169.

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Hyperspectral reflectance sensing provides a rapid and cost-effective technique for assessing the suitability of groundwater for irrigation by monitoring real-time changes in its quality at a large scale. In this study, we assessed the quality of 15 groundwater samples from El Fayoum depression in the Western Desert (WD) and 25 groundwater samples from the Central Nile Delta (CND) in Egypt using a traditional approach of the physiochemical parameters, irrigation water quality indicators (IWQIs), and hydrochemical facies. The spectral reflectance data of the water surface was used to build new simple reflectance indices (SRIs), and the performance of these indices for assessing IWQIs was compared with those by partial least square regression (PLSR) that was based on all SRIs or the full-spectrum ranges. Generally, the groundwater of the CND was fresher and more suitable for irrigation purposes than those of the WD. Based on the six IWQIs, ~6.7–60.0% and 85.0–100.0% of the groundwater samples of the WD and CND, respectively, were categorized as highly suitable for irrigation purposes. Based on hydrochemical facies, Na-Cl and Ca-HCO3 were dominant in the WD and CND, respectively, as well as the alkali earth metals (Na+ + K+), which significantly exceeded the alkaline earth metals (Ca2+ + Mg2+) in the WD, with the reverse for the CND. Most developed SRIs had a moderate, weak, and moderate to strong relationship with physiochemical parameters and IWQIs in the WD, CND, and across both regions, respectively. The PLSR models based on all SRIs provided a more accurate estimation of IWQIs in calibration and validation datasets than those based on full-spectrum ranges, and both PLSR models provided better estimation than the individual SRIs. These findings support the feasibility of using ground reflectance measurements as a fast and low-cost tool for the assessment and management of groundwater for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions.

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Talib, Muhammad, Zhonghua Tang, Asfandyar Shahab, Jamil Siddique, Muhammad Faheem, and Mehak Fatima. "Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater: A Case Study in Central Sindh, Pakistan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050886.

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Groundwater is the most important water resource, on which depends human geo-economic development and survival. Recent environmental changes and anthropogenic activities render groundwater severely vulnerable. Groundwater in Central Sindh, Pakistan, is facing a similar situation. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of the groundwater in the said region were investigated by analyzing 59 groundwater samples via agricultural and drinking indices, using various statistical methods and graphical approaches to identify factors affecting groundwater. Major reactions occurring in the groundwater system were quantified by hydrogeochemical modeling. A statistical summary reveals the abundance of cations is Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, while the abundance of anions is HCO3− > Cl− > SO42. Groundwater chemistry is mainly of rock dominance. Correlation analysis and graphical relationships between ions reveal that ion exchange and rock weathering such as the dissolution of halite, albite, and dissolution of carbonate minerals are important rock–water interactions, governing the evolution of groundwater chemistry. Hydrochemical facies are predominantly of mixed CaMgCl and Na-Cl type, with few samples of Ca-HCO3 type, which constitutes fresh recharged water. Based on the Water Quality Index (WQI), 28.82% samples were found to be unsuitable for drinking. A United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram, Wilcox diagram, and other agricultural indices indicate that majority of the groundwater samples fall within the acceptable range for irrigation purposes.

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Ronchetti, F., L. Borgatti, F. Cervi, C. Gorgoni, L. Piccinini, V. Vincenzi, and A. Corsini. "Groundwater processes in a complex landslide, northern Apennines, Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 3 (June 18, 2009): 895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-895-2009.

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Abstract. The hydrogeological characteristics of roto-translational slides in flysch are complex, due to the inherent anisotropy and heterogeneity of rock masses and related deposits. The paper deals with the hydrogeological characterization of a reactivated roto-translational slide affecting Cretaceous flysch rocks, located in the northern Apennines of Italy. Continuous monitoring of groundwater levels, in-situ permeability and pumping tests, hydrochemical and physical analyses and Uranine tracers were the adopted prospecting methods. In this research hydrological monitoring and investigation are summarized in order to define a hydrogeological conceptual model of the landslide source area. Results showed that two overlaying hydrogeological units exist at the slope scale: the first is unconfined, but highly compartmentalized, and hosted in the fractured and dismembered rock slide body. The second is confined and lays in the undisturbed flysch below the sliding surface. The groundwater level in the confined hydrogeological unit is twenty meters higher than the groundwater level in the uppermost one. Moreover, the groundwater chemistry characterization revealed a rising of deep fluids in the landslide area.

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Kumar, Ajay, R. M. Tripathi, Sabyasachi Rout, Manish K. Mishra, P. M. Ravi, and A. K. Ghosh. "Characterization of groundwater composition in Punjab state with special emphasis on uranium content, speciation and mobility." Radiochimica Acta 102, no. 3 (February 10, 2014): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2014-2109.

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Abstract Groundwaters (borewell and handpump) were sampled from two districts (Bathinda and Mansa) of Punjab state and analyzed for their major ionic concentrations and uranium isotope compositions in order to assess the possible origins of the waters and water–rock interactions that occurred in the deep aquifer system. The major ionic concentrations of waters were plotted on a Piper diagram and grouped into four dominant hydrochemical facies as (Na+K)-SO4+Cl type (69% – 73%), (Ca+Mg)-SO4+Cl type (6% – 21%), (Ca+Mg)–HCO3 type (4% – 6%) and (Na+K)-HCO3 type (2% – 19%). It was observed that mobility of uranium in groundwater was very much influenced by TDS (total dissolved solids). To investigate the various mechanisms for deriving the elevated uranium concentrations in groundwater, 234U/238U activity ratios (ARs) were calculated using the determined activity levels of 234U and 238U. The mean ARs was found to be near unity (i.e. secular equilibrium) in the study regions confirmed that uranium in groundwaters was mainly resulted from its host/parent rocks through weathering processes. The concentration of HCO3 − in ground water showed one order of magnitude higher than the total dissolved SiO2 indicates that carbonate weathering was the dominant process due to major water–rock interaction. The uranium speciation in groundwaters was investigated by an equilibrium model calculation using MEDUSA (make equilibrium diagrams using sophisticated algorithms) under the influence of redox conditions and complexant concentration. At the observed range of pH values, the predominant redox speciation of uranium was observed as hydroxo-carbonato complexes of (UO2)2(CO3)(OH)3 − and hydroxyl complexes of UO2(OH)3 − which might be caused for increasing the solubility of uranium. Due to very low concentration of phosphate in groundwater, its effects on U(VI)-aqueous speciation was negligible.

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Ndlovu, M. S., M. Demlie, and M. Butler. "Hydrogeological setting and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Durban Metropolitan District, eastern South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0026.

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Abstract Population and economic growth within the Durban Metropolitan region in eastern South Africa have increased the demand for water supply. Though the region’s water supply comes mainly from surface water sources, the ever-increasing demand means that all available water supply sources including groundwater will be looked at, particularly in the peri-urban areas. However, the state of the groundwater resource in the region is poorly understood. This study aims to contribute towards improved understanding of the state of groundwater resources in the Metropolitan District through an integrated hydrogeological, hydrochemical and environmental isotope investigations. Results of the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical characterization identified at least five hydrostratigraphic units of varying hydraulic and hydrochemical characteristics: the weathered and fractured basement aquifers of the Mapumulo Group, Oribi Gorge, Mzimlilo and Mkhomazi Suites characterized by average borehole yield and transmissivity (T) of 1.2 l/s, and 3.9 m2/day, respectively, and hydrochemical facies of Ca-Mg-HCO3;the fractured Natal Group sandstone characterised by average borehole yield and hydraulic conductivity (K) of 5.6 l/s and 2.8 m/day, respectively and with Na-Mg-HCO3-Cl dominant water type;the fractured aquifers of the Dwyka Group diamictite and tillite characterized by average borehole yield of 0.4 l/s, transmissivity of 1.3 m2/day and Na-Cl-HCO3 dominant water type;the Vryheid Formation of the Ecca Group characterized by average borehole yield of 2.5 l/s, T of 4.9 m2/day, K values 0.17 m/day, and Na-Cl-HCO3 water type. The Pietermaritzburg Formation of the Ecca Group is characterized by a shale lithology with very low borehole yields and average transmissivity of 0.28 m2/d with Na-Ca-Cl dominant water type. It is considered as an aquiclude than an aquifer;the intergranular aquifer of the Maputaland Group which comprises the Bluff, Berea type sands and harbour beds (recent alluvium and estuarine deposits). These units collectively have average borehole yield of 14.8 l/s, transmissivity of up to 406 m2/day and a mainly Na-Cl-HCO3 hydrochemical signature. The region receives mean annual precipitation (MAP) of 935 mm/yr of which an estimated 6.6% recharges the various aquifers. Environmental isotope data (2H, 18O and 3H) indicated that groundwater is recharged from modern precipitation. High concentrations of tritium, as high as 92 T.U., measured around landfill sites, indicates groundwater contamination from leachate leakage posing a risk to human and environmental health.

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32

Xanke, Julian, Anna Ender, Felix Grimmeisen, Nadine Goeppert, and Nico Goldscheider. "Hydrochemical evaluation of water resources and human impacts on an urban karst system, Jordan." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 2173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02174-2.

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Abstract Urban karst aquifers are threatened by anthropogenic activities, especially in semiarid developing countries. Recent water-sampling campaigns assessed the extent of groundwater-quality impairment in the Wadi Shueib in Jordan by a comprehensive hydrogeological and hydrochemical characterization of groundwater, wastewater, and imported water with its endmembers Lake Tiberias, Yarmouk River and Mukheiba wellfield. The results of a ternary mixing model with the mass ratios of Cl−/Br− and Ca2+/Mg2+ indicate that Lake Tiberias and Yarmouk River provide most of the imported water at the time of sampling in 2017 and Mukheiba wellfield provided minor amounts. The similarity in seasonal variations of Br− concentrations in the springs and the imported water revealed that imported water has generally a greater impact on groundwater than wastewater. However, the Br− concentrations also showed that the spatial wastewater impact is more visible towards urbanized areas due to increased infiltration of pollutants. The analysis of historical data series demonstrated the long-term urban impact on groundwater by an electrical conductivity increase over several decades, particularly since the mid-1990s, which is related to a doubling of Jordan’s population since that time and the associated urban growth. In this context, increased chloride and sulfate concentrations are noticeable due to the increased impact of more highly mineralized imported water and wastewater and decreasing recharge of low-mineralized rainwater. This study showed the hydrochemical differences in the Wadi Shueib groundwater system and serves as an example for the spatial and long-term response of karst aquifers to anthropogenic, seasonally variable input of imported water and wastewater.

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Lalitha, Manickam, Subramanian Dharumarajan, Beeman Kalaiselvi, Khandal Shivanand, Arti Koyal, Seenipandi Kaliraj, and Rajendra Hegde. "Hydrochemical characterization and groundwater quality in Cauvery deltaic fluvial plains of Southern India." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 33 (April 14, 2021): 44861–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13467-8.

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34

Khettouch, Athmane, Mohammed Hssaisoune, Mouad Maaziz, Abdelaaziz Ait Taleb, and Lhoussaine Bouchaou. "Characterization of groundwater in the arid Zenaga plain: Hydrochemical and environmental isotopes approaches." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 19 (November 2022): 100816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100816.

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35

Srinivasamoorthy, K., M. Gopinath, S. Chidambaram, M. Vasanthavigar, and V. S. Sarma. "Hydrochemical characterization and quality appraisal of groundwater from Pungar sub basin, Tamilnadu, India." Journal of King Saud University - Science 26, no. 1 (January 2014): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.08.001.

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36

Chitradevi, S. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in the proximity of river Noyyal, Tiruppur, South India." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 4, no. 12 (December 20, 2011): 1732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2011/v4i12.21.

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37

Chafouq, D., A. El Mandour, M. Elgettafi, M. Himi, I. Chouikri, and A. Casas. "Hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of groundwater in the Ghis-Nekor plain (northern Morocco)." Journal of African Earth Sciences 139 (March 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.11.007.

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38

Khelif, Safia, and Abderrahmane Boudoukha. "Multivariate statistical characterization of groundwater quality in Fesdis, East of Algeria." Journal of Water and Land Development 37, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0026.

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AbstractThis study is a contribution to the knowledge of hydrochemical properties of the groundwater in Fesdis Plain, Algeria, using multivariate statistical techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. 28 samples were taken during February and July 2015 (14 samples for each month). The principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the data sets has resulted in four significant factors which explain 75.19%, of the total variance. PCA method has enabled to highlight two big phenomena in acquisition of the mineralization of waters. The main phenomenon of production of ions in water is the contact water-rock. The second phenomenon reflects the signatures of the anthropogenic activities. The hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) in R mode grouped the 10 variables into four clusters and in Q mode, 14 sampling points are grouped into three clusters of similar water quality characteristics.

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39

Delsman, J. R., K. R. M. Hu-a-ng, P. C. Vos, P. G. B. de Louw, G. H. P. Oude Essink, P. J. Stuyfzand, and M. F. P. Bierkens. "Paleo-modeling of coastal saltwater intrusion during the Holocene: an application to the Netherlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 10 (October 2, 2014): 3891–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3891-2014.

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Abstract. Coastal groundwater reserves often reflect a complex evolution of marine transgressions and regressions, and are only rarely in equilibrium with current boundary conditions. Understanding and managing the present-day distribution and future development of these reserves and their hydrochemical characteristics therefore requires insight into their complex evolution history. In this paper, we construct a paleo-hydrogeological model, together with groundwater age and origin calculations, to simulate, study and evaluate the evolution of groundwater salinity in the coastal area of the Netherlands throughout the last 8.5 kyr of the Holocene. While intended as a conceptual tool, confidence in our model results is warranted by a good correspondence with a hydrochemical characterization of groundwater origin. Throughout the modeled period, coastal groundwater distribution never reached equilibrium with contemporaneous boundary conditions. This result highlights the importance of historically changing boundary conditions in shaping the present-day distribution of groundwater and its chemical composition. As such, it acts as a warning against the common use of a steady-state situation given present-day boundary conditions to initialize groundwater transport modeling in complex coastal aquifers or, more general, against explaining existing groundwater composition patterns from the currently existing flow situation. The importance of historical boundary conditions not only holds true for the effects of the large-scale marine transgression around 5 kyr BC that thoroughly reworked groundwater composition, but also for the more local effects of a temporary gaining river system still recognizable today. Model results further attest to the impact of groundwater density differences on coastal groundwater flow on millennial timescales and highlight their importance in shaping today's groundwater salinity distribution. We found free convection to drive large-scale fingered infiltration of seawater to depths of 200 m within decades after a marine transgression, displacing the originally present groundwater upwards. Subsequent infiltration of fresh meteoric water was, in contrast, hampered by the existing density gradient. We observed discontinuous aquitards to exert a significant control on infiltration patterns and the resulting evolution of groundwater salinity. Finally, adding to a long-term scientific debate on the origins of groundwater salinity in Dutch coastal aquifers, our modeling results suggest a more significant role of pre-Holocene groundwater in the present-day groundwater salinity distribution in the Netherlands than previously recognized. Though conceptual, comprehensively modeling the Holocene evolution of groundwater salinity, age and origin offered a unique view on the complex processes shaping groundwater in coastal aquifers over millennial timescales.

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Wang, Wenjia, Xianfang Song, and Ying Ma. "Characterization of controlling hydrogeochemical processes using factor analysis in Puyang Yellow River irrigation district (China)." Hydrology Research 48, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 1438–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.233.

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Groundwater chemistry is diverse and complicated and is regulated by both natural hydrogeochemical and anthropogenic processes. Determining the governing processes and their influence on groundwater chemistry is very important to understand groundwater quality evolution and establish reasonable water management strategies. Main cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, and Sr2+), anions (Cl−, SO2−4, HCO−3, NO−3, and F−), and SiO2 and UV254 of 50 shallow groundwater samples were treated and analyzed. Factor analysis combined with ionic ratio and correlation analysis was used to identify the major hydrogeochemical processes responsible for the variation of hydrochemical components. Approximately 76% of the total variance of the data set can be explained by the four factors identified. Composing of Sr2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and electrical conductivity (EC), Factor 1 accounted for 25.67% of the total variances, and represented groundwater formation background and fundamental water–soil/rock interaction. Factor 2 with high loadings on NO−3, U(Cl−, SO2−4, HCO−3, NO−3, and F−), and F−)254, and F−, was related to anthropogenic activities, especially the release of domestic sewage and industrial effluents. Factor 3 composed of Na+, HCO−3 and EC was interpreted as cation exchange process. Factor 4 explained 15.75% of the total variance, and was attributed to the influence of agricultural activities, especially chemical fertilizer application.

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Poppe, L. P. M., R. C. A. Cunha, E. Gloeden, D. C. Gomes, and D. Cabrai Júnior. "Ground Water Monitoring in Areas Used for the Infiltration of Effluents from Chemical Industries." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0058.

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In 1984, in Taubaté County, Brazil, a study was carried out to identify the groundwater pollution due to land disposal of chemical industrial wastewater. After characterization of the wastes, some analytical parameters were selected for a monitoring programme: TOC, COD and electrical conductivity. This programme was started after a network of 39 monitoring wells was installed. The water level was determined monthly and four times a year samples from the groundwater were collected for chemical analysis. The data were interpreted by a computer program (SYMAP) which produced hydrochemical and isopotential maps. The interpretation of these maps shows groundwater pollution due to wastewater infiltration and the limit of the pollution plume was the adjoining stream. In addition to determining the horizontal trend of pollution into the aquifer, research is necessary to verify vertical pollution, in order to evaluate the degree the aquifer has been compromised.

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42

Lotfata, Aynaz, and Shrinidhi Ambinakudige. "Factors affecting the spatial pattern of nitrate contamination in Texas aquifers." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 4 (October 9, 2019): 857–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-05-2019-0097.

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Purpose The elevated level of nitrate in groundwater is a serious problem in Texas aquifers. To control and manage groundwater quality, the characterization of groundwater contamination and identification of the factors affecting the nitrate concentration of groundwater are significant. The purpose of this paper is to determine factors which have significant impacts on the elevated groundwater nitrate concentrations of the Southern High-Plains and the Edwards-Trinity aquifers. Design/methodology/approach The characterization of groundwater nitrate contamination was undertaken by analyzing the hydrochemical data of groundwater within a statistical framework. The multivariate statistical analysis (ordinary least square) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models were used to study the relationship between groundwater nitrate contamination and land use of the study areas. Findings Results show groundwater nitrate contamination is typically due to an overapplication of N fertilizers to cotton in the Southern High-Plains aquifer and to grassland in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer. Adjusted R2 (0.45) explains variations of nitrate concentration by well-depth, cotton production, shrubland and grassland in the Edwards-Trinity aquifer. The results of an analysis of variations in N concentration with well depth for all 192 wells indicate that nitrate concentrations in water from wells in the Southern High-Plains and Edwards-Trinity aquifers tend to decrease with increasing well-depth. Originality/value In this study, the GWR model was built to identify nitrate concentration within a geographic framework to ensure sustainable use of groundwater, which is important for local management purposes. The analysis should include local spatial variations of elements such as hydrologic characteristics and the land use activities if groundwater nitrate contamination causes adverse effects on human and ecosystem health.

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Doubi, Mostafa, Abderazzak Nimour, Ahmed Derma, Mohammed Aboulouafa, Rachid Touir, and Hamid Erramli. "Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water Quality, Hydrochemical Characterization of the Doukkala Plain, Morocco." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 354–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370213.

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This study concerns the analysis of the physico-chemical parameters (T°, pH, EC, NO3-, Cl-, PO43-, HCO3-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+) of groundwater from the Doukkala, in order to establish its pollution diagnosis. Thus, water samples were taken at 8 stations in January and July.The results show that the wells are characterized by a geochemical facies Chloride and sulphate of calcium and magnesiu and potassium chloride or sodium sulphate. According to Moroccan standards and the values of certain parameters such as temperature, hydrogen potential, conductivity, alkalis, alkaline earth metals, sulphates, chlorides the studied the ground water was classified from good to poor quality (CNS, 1994).

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Morales-Arredondo, Ivan, María Aurora Armienta, and Nuria Segovia. "Groundwater Chemistry and Overpressure Evidences in Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2395730.

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In order to understand the geological and hydrogeological processes influencing the hydrogeochemical behavior of the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field (CP) aquifer, Mexico, a characterization of the water samples collected from geothermal wells was carried out. Different hydrochemical diagrams were used to evaluate brine evolution of the aquifer. To determine pressure conditions at depth, a calculation was performed using hydrostatic and lithostatic properties from CP, considering geological characteristics of the study area, and theoretical information about some basin environments. Groundwater shows hydrogeochemical and geological evidences of the diagenetic evolution that indicate overpressure conditions. Some physical, chemical, textural, and mineralogical properties reported in the lithological column from CP are explained understanding the evolutionary process of the sedimentary material that composes the aquifer.

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45

Elkrail, Adil Balla, and Bashir A. Obied. "Hydrochemical characterization and groundwater quality in Delta Tokar alluvial plain, Red Sea coast—Sudan." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 6, no. 8 (June 5, 2012): 3133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0594-6.

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46

Zubari, Waleed K. "The Dammam aquifer in Bahrain - Hydrochemical characterization and alternatives for management of groundwater quality." Hydrogeology Journal 7, no. 2 (April 15, 1999): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050192.

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47

Balaji, E., A. Nagaraju, Y. Sreedhar, A. Thejaswi, and Zahed Sharifi. "Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in around Tirupati Area, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, South India." Applied Water Science 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 1203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0448-6.

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48

Carrión-Mero, Paúl, F. Javier Montalván, Fernando Morante-Carballo, Javier Heredia, F. Javier Elorza, Joselyne Solórzano, and Héctor Aguilera. "Hydrochemical and Isotopic Characterization of the Waters of the Manglaralto River Basin (Ecuador) to Contribute to the Management of the Coastal Aquifer." Water 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040537.

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Coastal aquifers are strategic and fundamental in the development of touristic areas. The coastal aquifer within the Manglaralto River Basin in Ecuador is essential, as it is the only source of water supply for a large part of the northern part of the Santa Elena province. It is a semi-arid region where high volumes of water are pumped from the aquifer, causing a significant drawdown of groundwater levels, thus affecting the water quality. This work aims to characterize the characteristics of groundwater in the coastal aquifer using hydrochemistry and stable isotopes to propose a hydrogeological conceptual model. The methodology for determining the chemical and isotopic characteristics of groundwater follows the following scheme: (i) studies of ionic concentrations using the Piper diagram, (ii) assessment of the origin of salinity through the Cl/Br ratio, the presence of seawater intrusion through the Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram HFE-D, (iii) characterization of precipitation events using stable isotopes (18O and 2H), and, (iv) development of a hydrogeological conceptual model of the study area. The results indicate that in the basin there are mixing processes of the existing water in the aquifer with recharge water, direct cation exchange processes in the freshening process during recharge, and evaporation in the unsaturated zone. A conceptual model of the flow system in the basin is built, based on the mentioned processes. The main conclusions are: seawater intrusion is present in the areas of the wells located closest to the coast, urban activity through septic tanks is affecting the quality of the aquifer, and rainfall is highly relevant in the different hydrochemical and isotopic processes that operate in the basin.

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Yu, Dalu, Jieqing Yu, Di Wu, Yu Han, Bin Sun, Lishuang Zheng, Huanliang Chen, and Rui Liu. "Isotopic and Hydrochemical Characteristics of the Changqing-Xiaolipu Water Resource, Jinan, Eastern China: Implications for Water Resources in the Yellow River Basin." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 30, 2023): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032439.

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The Yellow River has played an indispensable role in supporting Chinese civilization because it provides water resources and rich soil for agriculture. This study analyzes the major ions and the isotopic ratios of the hydrogen (δD), oxygen (δ18O), and carbon (14C) of groundwater samples to identify the sources of recharge and the impact of the Yellow River on the Changqing-Xiaolipu karst aquifer. The major ion/Cl− ratios generally follow the mixing line between the Yellow River and the karst groundwater recharge in the southern mountain areas, indicating the importance of mixing under natural influences in the Yellow River Basin. The dominant hydrochemical type of karst groundwater is Ca·Mg-HCO3·SO4, whereas that of Yellow River water is Ca·Na·Mg-SO4·Cl. Most karst groundwater consists of 10–30% Yellow River water, indicating that the water resources of the Yellow River Basin are generally supplemented by the Yellow River. Therefore, the Yellow River must be considered during the characterization of the chemistry and budget of water resources in the Yellow River Basin.

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Yan, Zihan, Xiaoming Song, Yuhui Wu, Cuiping Gao, Yunlong Wang, and Yuesuo Yang. "Fingerprinting Organochlorine Groundwater Plumes Based on Non-Invasive ERT Technology at a Chemical Plant." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062816.

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The refined characterization of groundwater pollution is an important prerequisite for efficient and effective remediation. A high-resolution survey of a contaminated site in a chemical pesticide factory was carried out using non-invasive geophysical sensing technology. Modern electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technology can rapidly identify and characterize the groundwater pollution plumes of organochlorine pesticides, which was demonstrated in this study by the significantly abnormal resistivity sensing in stratums and aquifers under the raw material tanks, production, and loading areas. The results were found to be highly consistent with the ERT sensing results achieved via incorporating borehole sampling and hydrochemical analysis. With high abnormal resistivity, the range of contamination within the profile was characterized on the meter level. We also unexpectedly found new pollution and explained its source. This study confirmed that the modern refined ERT method has a high feasibility and accuracy in characterizing the spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticide plumes in groundwater.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Groundwater hydrochemical characterization'

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