Journal articles: 'Groundwater flow'

1

Haria, A. H., and P. Shand. "Evidence for deep sub-surface flow routing in forested upland Wales: implications for contaminant transport and stream flow generation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2004): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-334-2004.

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Abstract. Upland streamflow generation has traditionally been modelled as a simple rainfall-runoff mechanism. However, recent hydrochemical studies conducted in upland Wales have highlighted the potentially important role of bedrock groundwater in streamflow generation processes. To investigate these processes, a detailed and novel field study was established in the riparian zone and lower hillslopes of the Hafren catchment at Plynlimon, mid-Wales. Results from this study showed groundwater near the river behaving in a complex and most likely confined manner within depth-specific horizons. Rapid responses to rainfall in all boreholes at the study site indicated rapid recharge pathways further upslope. The different flow pathways and travel times influenced the chemical character of groundwaters with depth. Groundwaters were shown to discharge into the stream from the fractured bedrock. A lateral rapid flow horizon was also identified as a fast flow pathway immediately below the soils. This highlighted a mechanism whereby rising groundwater may pick up chemical constituents from the lower soils and transfer them quickly to the stream channel. Restrictions in this horizon resulted in groundwater upwelling into the soils at some locations indicating soil water to be sourced from both rising groundwater and rainfall. The role of bedrock groundwater in upland streamflow generation is far more complicated than previously considered, particularly with respect to residence times and flow pathways. Hence, water quality models in upland catchments that do not take account of the bedrock geology and the groundwater interactions therein will be seriously flawed. Keywords: bedrock, groundwater, Hafren, hillslope hydrology, Plynlimon, recharge, soil water, streamflow generation

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Swenson, Guy. "Remember Groundwater Flow." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 38, no. 3 (May 8, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwmr.12284.

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Hartmann, Andreas, Scott Jasechko, Tom Gleeson, Yoshihide Wada, Bartolomé Andreo, Juan Antonio Barberá, Heike Brielmann, et al. "Risk of groundwater contamination widely underestimated because of fast flow into aquifers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 20 (May 10, 2021): e2024492118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024492118.

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Groundwater pollution threatens human and ecosystem health in many regions around the globe. Fast flow to the groundwater through focused recharge is known to transmit short-lived pollutants into carbonate aquifers, endangering the quality of groundwaters where one quarter of the world’s population lives. However, the large-scale impact of such focused recharge on groundwater quality remains poorly understood. Here, we apply a continental-scale model to quantify the risk of groundwater contamination by degradable pollutants through focused recharge in the carbonate rock regions of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. We show that focused recharge is the primary reason for widespread rapid transport of contaminants to the groundwater. Where it occurs, the concentration of pollutants in groundwater recharge that have not yet degraded increases from <1% to around 20 to 50% of their concentrations during infiltration. Assuming realistic application rates, our simulations show that degradable pollutants like glyphosate can exceed their permissible concentrations by 3 to 19 times when reaching the groundwater. Our results are supported by independent estimates of young water fractions at 78 carbonate rock springs over Europe and a dataset of observed glyphosate concentrations in the groundwater. They imply that in times of continuing and increasing industrial and agricultural productivity, focused recharge may result in an underestimated and widespread risk to usable groundwater volumes.

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Setyaningsih, D. L., K. D. Setyawan, D. P. E. Putra, and Salahuddin. "Hydrogeological Conceptual Model in the Middle of Randublatung Groundwater Basin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 926, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/926/1/012078.

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Abstract Randublatung groundwater basin is one of the groundwaters basins with massive utilization of groundwater pumping. However, the knowledge of the comprehensive hydrogeological system in this groundwater basin is limited, so this research aims to determine a comprehensive hydrogeological conceptual model of the Randublatung groundwater basin. The methodology was conducted by collecting secondary and primary data of deep and shallow wells to evaluate boundaries of pattern and direction of groundwater flow and develop the aquifer system’s geometry. The result shows that the groundwater flow boundaries are Grogol River in the west, Wado River in the East, Bengawan Solo river in the South as a river boundary, and Rembang Mountains in the North as a constant head boundary. Therefore, groundwater flows from the hills area to the Bengawan Solo River and the north as the river’s flow. Based on the log bor evaluation, the aquifer system of the study area consist of an unconfined aquifer with a maximum thickness of 20 m and three layers of confined aquifers with thickness vary between 8 to 60 m. the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifers depends on the aquifer’s lithology range from sand, gravel, limestone, and sandstone. This hydrogeological conceptual model provides essential information for numerical groundwater models in the middle of the Randublatung groundwater basin.

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Qu, W., and W. Zijl. "Interfacing groundwater head and groundwater flow calculations." Environmental Software 5, no. 2 (June 1990): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-9838(90)90004-p.

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Nyakundi, Nyambane Zachary, Mathew Kinyanjui, and Johana K Sigey. "Fluctuating Groundwater Flow in Homogeneous Finite Porous Domain." SIJ Transactions on Computer Science Engineering & its Applications (CSEA) 04, no. 02 (April 21, 2016): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/sijcsea/v4i2/04030070101.

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Hernández-Antonio, A., J. Mahlknecht, C. Tamez-Meléndez, J. Ramos-Leal, A. Ramírez-Orozco, R. Parra, N. Ornelas-Soto, and C. J. Eastoe. "Groundwater flow processes and mixing in active volcanic systems: the case of Guadalajara (Mexico)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 24, 2015): 3937–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3937-2015.

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Abstract. Groundwater chemistry and isotopic data from 40 production wells in the Atemajac and Toluquilla valleys, located in and around the Guadalajara metropolitan area, were determined to develop a conceptual model of groundwater flow processes and mixing. Stable water isotopes (δ2H, δ18O) were used to trace hydrological processes and tritium (3H) to evaluate the relative contribution of modern water in samples. Multivariate analysis including cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to elucidate distribution patterns of constituents and factors controlling groundwater chemistry. Based on this analysis, groundwater was classified into four groups: cold groundwater, hydrothermal groundwater, polluted groundwater and mixed groundwater. Cold groundwater is characterized by low temperature, salinity, and Cl and Na concentrations and is predominantly of Na-HCO3-type. It originates as recharge at "La Primavera" caldera and is found predominantly in wells in the upper Atemajac Valley. Hydrothermal groundwater is characterized by high salinity, temperature, Cl, Na and HCO3, and the presence of minor elements such as Li, Mn and F. It is a mixed-HCO3 type found in wells from Toluquilla Valley and represents regional flow circulation through basaltic and andesitic rocks. Polluted groundwater is characterized by elevated nitrate and sulfate concentrations and is usually derived from urban water cycling and subordinately from agricultural return flow. Mixed groundwaters between cold and hydrothermal components are predominantly found in the lower Atemajac Valley. Twenty-seven groundwater samples contain at least a small fraction of modern water. The application of a multivariate mixing model allowed the mixing proportions of hydrothermal fluids, polluted waters and cold groundwater in sampled water to be evaluated. This study will help local water authorities to identify and dimension groundwater contamination, and act accordingly. It may be broadly applicable to other active volcanic systems on Earth.

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Hernández-Antonio, A., J. Mahlknecht, C. Tamez-Meléndez, J. Ramos-Leal, A. Ramírez-Orozco, R. Parra, N. Ornelas-Soto, and C. J. Eastoe. "Groundwater flow processes and mixing in active volcanic systems: the case of Guadalajara (Mexico)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 2 (February 3, 2015): 1599–631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-1599-2015.

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Abstract. Groundwater chemistry and isotopic data from 40 production wells in the Atemajac and Toluquilla Valleys, located in and around the Guadalajara metropolitan area, were determined to develop a conceptual model of groundwater flow processes and mixing. Multivariate analysis including cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to elucidate distribution patterns of constituents and factors controlling groundwater chemistry. Based on this analysis, groundwater was classified into four groups: cold groundwater, hydrothermal water, polluted groundwater and mixed groundwater. Cold groundwater is characterized by low temperature, salinity, and Cl and Na concentrations and is predominantly of Na-HCO3 type. It originates as recharge at Primavera caldera and is found predominantly in wells in the upper Atemajac Valley. Hydrothermal water is characterized by high salinity, temperature, Cl, Na, HCO3, and the presence of minor elements such as Li, Mn and F. It is a mixed HCO3 type found in wells from Toluquilla Valley and represents regional flow circulation through basaltic and andesitic rocks. Polluted groundwater is characterized by elevated nitrate and sulfate concentrations and is usually derived from urban water cycling and subordinately from agricultural practices. Mixed groundwaters between cold and hydrothermal components are predominantly found in the lower Atemajac Valley. Tritium method elucidated that practically all of the sampled groundwater contains at least a small fraction of modern water. The multivariate mixing model M3 indicates that the proportion of hydrothermal fluids in sampled well water is between 13 (local groundwater) and 87% (hydrothermal water), and the proportion of polluted water in wells ranges from 0 to 63%. This study may help local water authorities to identify and quantify groundwater contamination and act accordingly.

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Craig, D., and L. M. Johnston. "Acid Precipitation and Groundwater Chemistry at the Turkey Lakes Watershed." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45, S1 (December 19, 1988): s59—s65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f88-267.

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To determine correctly the response of a basin to various acid loading events, the groundwater hydrology must be considered as a function of the basin stratigraphy and mineralogy. Groundwaters in the Turkey Lakes Watershed are well buffered and in general provide a reservoir of alkalinity for surface waters in the basin. The groundwater chemistry is dominated by the weathering of carbonates present in the tills. Groundwater can follow a variety of pathways through the subsurface. These pathways can have very different flow rates and groundwater chemistry. As a result of this the influence of groundwater on surface water is highly site specific.

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10

Stewart, Michael Kilgour, and Philippa Lauren Aitchison-Earl. "Irrigation return flow causing a nitrate hotspot and denitrification imprints in groundwater at Tinwald, New Zealand." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 3583–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3583-2020.

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Abstract. Nitrate concentrations in groundwater have been historically high (N≥11.3 mg L−1) in an area surrounding Tinwald, Ashburton, since at least the mid-1980s. The local community is interested in methods to remediate the high nitrate in groundwater. To do this, they need to know where the nitrate is coming from. Tinwald groundwater exhibits two features stemming from irrigation with local groundwater (i.e. irrigation return flow). The first feature is increased concentrations of nitrate (and other chemicals and stable isotopes) in a “hotspot” around Tinwald. The chemical concentrations of the groundwater are increased by recirculation of water already relatively high in chemicals. The irrigation return flow coefficient C (irrigation return flow divided by irrigation flow) is found to be consistent with the chemical enrichments. The stable isotopes of the groundwater show a similar pattern of enrichment by irrigation return flow of up to 40 % and are also enriched by evaporation (causing a loss of about 5 % of the original water mass). Management implications are that irrigation return flow needs to be taken into account in modelling of nitrate transport through soil–groundwater systems and in avoiding overuse of nitrate fertiliser leading to greater leaching of nitrate to the groundwater and unnecessary economic cost. The second feature is the presence of “denitrification imprints” (shown by enrichment of the δ15N and δ18ONO3 values of nitrate) in even relatively oxic groundwaters. The denitrification imprints can be clearly seen because (apart from denitrification) the nitrate has a blended isotopic composition due to irrigation return flow and N being retained in the soil–plant system as organic N. The nitrate concentration and isotopic compositions of nitrate are found to be correlated with the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. This denitrification imprint is attributed to localised denitrification in fine pores or small-scale physical heterogeneity where conditions are reducing. The implication is that denitrification could be occurring where it is not expected because groundwater DO concentrations are not low.

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11

Neal, C., A. J. Robson, P. Shand, W. M. Edmunds, A. J. Dixon, D. K. Buckley, S. Hill, et al. "The occurrence of groundwater in the Lower Palaeozoic rocks of upland Central Wales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 31, 1997): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-3-1997.

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Abstract. A series of boreholes of up to 50 m depth, drilled into Lower Palaeozoic mudstone, shale and greywacke bedrock in the headwater catchment areas of the River Severn at Plynlimon in Central Wales, shows an extensive chemically- and hydrologically-active shallow groundwater fracture flow system. Groundwater chemistry varies in space and time with lowest water levels and highest alkalinities occurring during the drier summer months. The groundwaters are enriched in base cations, silica, sulphate and alkalinity relative to surface waters indicating significant silicate weathering sources and sulphide oxidation. These sources provide important contributions to both stream water quality and flow. At one site, the introduction of a borehole near to the main river opened bedrock fractures which increased the amount of groundwater entering the river. This had a profound effect on the river water quality by increasing the pH, alkalinity and calcium concentrations. As well as pointing to the possibility of the wider availability of groundwater resources in upland areas, the results highlight (a) the potential value of groundwater as a acid neutralizing resource, (b) the importance of weathering processes and flow routing within the groundwater environment for stream water chemistry, (c) the potential for altering stream water quality by manipulation of groundwater routing and (d) the need to include groundwater characteristics in hydrochemical management models of surface water acidification.

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12

Wigginton, N. S. "Groundwater flow drives partitioning." Science 353, no. 6297 (July 21, 2016): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.353.6297.359-e.

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13

Stuyfzand, Pieter J. "Patterns in groundwater chemistry resulting from groundwater flow." Hydrogeology Journal 7, no. 1 (February 18, 1999): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050177.

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Kloosterman, F. H., R. J. Stuurman, and R. van der Meijden. "Groundwater flow systems analysis on a regional and nation-wide scale in the Netherlands; the use of flow systems analysis in wetland management." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 8 (April 1, 1995): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0333.

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The project “National Groundwater Flow System Analysis” in The Netherlands was initiated in 1991 and will last until 1995. Financed by three Dutch Ministries, the project aims at the mapping of the regional groundwater flow systems to support policy makers at national levels and water/nature resources management. Much emphasis is put on biotic aspects such as the relation between groundwater and patterns in vegetation. The results are used in a detailed flow system analysis of the eco-hydrological valuable drainage basin of the brooks Beerze and Reusel in the southern parts of the country. In this study vegetation patterns and hydrological situations were analyzed in present and in historical settings to unravel the changes in the last decades leading to severe deterioration of habitats and wetlands. Historical data on flora from the beginning of this century on the basis of km-grid cells show a strong relation with the historical exfiltration areas where deep alkaline groundwaters rich in calcium-carbonate emerged. Agriculture and man-made changes to the natural drainage systems have led to diminishing nature values. Combining a sound understanding of the groundwater flow systems and the changes in the last decades produced a number of practical and viable measures to restore historical wetland settings and to preserve existing ones.

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Riffard, S., S. Douglass, T. Brooks, S. Springthorpe, L. G. Filion, and S. A. Sattar. "Occurrence of Legionella in groundwater: an ecological study." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 12 (June 1, 2001): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0719.

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The natural habitat of Legionella is the water environment. Little is known about their presence in groundwaters in spite of the fact that many millions around the globe regularly rely on groundwaters. This pilot study was aimed at evaluating the occurrence of Legionella in groundwater samples (water and biofilms) collected from various sites. Water and biofilm samples from selected groundwater sources were examined for Legionella using culture media (selective and non-selective) and a semi-nested PCR assay. Innovative approaches such as immunomagnetic separation (IMS) in combination with cultivation and flow cytometry were also evaluated. The findings available thus far show that (a) Legionella could be readily recovered from groundwater samples by cultivation even though their numbers showed considerable variations, (b) surprisingly, the PCR methodology was not yet as sensitive as cultivation and (c) flow cytometry was not directly applicable on natural samples because of debris and the high number of heterotrophic associated microflora from which some members were likely to cross-react with the monoclonal antibody used for separation procedures (IMS).

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Zhang, Jun, Zhen Hong Zhao, Hong Yun Ma, Dong Wang, and Li Guo. "Comparison of Groundwater Flow Systems under the Control of Different Aquifer Structures." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2688.

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The structure of groundwater flow system is the core of study of groundwater system and the base of evaluation of groundwater resources. The control role of aquifer system to groundwater flow system is a key of study of the structure of groundwater flow system. The groundwater systems of the Ordos basin are analyzed as a case study. The control role of aquifer system to groundwater flow system is studied by comparison of groundwater flow systems under the control of different aquifer structures in 2-D profile numerical model. The research shows that the groundwater flow systems of the Ordos basin have the multilayer structure characteristics. The groundwater flow systems in the north of the Ordos basin show a cross-formational multi-hierarchy nested flow pattern in the northern aquifer systems without regional impermeable layer where the hydraulic connection between aquifer layers is closely. While, the hydraulic connection is discontinuous in the southern aquifer systems because there are regional impermeable layers in the aquifer systems. The groundwater flow systems in the south of the Ordos basin show a follow-formational flow pattern.

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Burger, F., and A. Čelková. "Salinity and sodicity hazard in water flow processes in the soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 7 (December 10, 2011): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4130-pse.

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This paper presents the results of the distribution of salinity characteristics (electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio) of groundwater, and based on the results, it reports the evaluation of the salinity and sodicity hazards in the fluctuation processes of shallow mineralised groundwater, or in the processes if such groundwater is used for irrigation. The issue was studied for the soil-water environment in the south-east of the Danube Lowlands for the period 1991 to 1994. The measured data and data taken from archives were processed in the form of graphical attachments (appendixes, supplements, graphical documentation) – maps, by means of the kriging interpolation method. Groundwater in the area in question is classified as highly mineralised with a high hazard of salinisation of the subsurface soil environment. The average annual values of the electrical conductivity of groundwater ranged from 600 to 2100 µS/cm in the examined period. The sodium adsorption ratio values ranged from 1.7 to 22.0 and indicate low, medium to high sodium salinisation of the environment due to groundwater. The distribution of electrical conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio on the regional scale can serve as a reference basis for the evaluation of changes in the groundwater salinity after 1994.

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Bakx, Wiecher, Victor F. Bense, Marios Karaoulis, Gualbert H. P. Oude Essink, and Marc F. P. Bierkens. "Measuring Groundwater Flow Velocities near Drinking Water Extraction Wells in Unconsolidated Sediments." Water 15, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15122167.

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Groundwater is an important source of drinking water in coastal regions with predominantly unconsolidated sediments. To protect and manage drinking water extraction wells in these regions, reliable estimates of groundwater flow velocities around well fields are of paramount importance. Such measurements help to identify the dynamics of the groundwater flow and its response to stresses, to optimize water resources management, and to calibrate groundwater flow models. In this article, we review approaches for measuring the relatively high groundwater flow velocity measurements near these wells. We discuss and review their potential and limitations for use in this environment. Environmental tracer measurements are found to be useful for regional scale estimates of groundwater flow velocities and directions, but their use is limited near drinking water extraction wells. Surface-based hydrogeophysical measurements can potentially provide insight into groundwater flow velocity patterns, although the depth is limited in large-scale measurement setups. Active-heating distributed temperature sensing (AH-DTS) provides direct measurements of in situ groundwater flow velocities and can monitor fluctuations in the high groundwater flow velocities near drinking water extraction wells. Combining geoelectrical measurements with AH-DTS shows the potential to estimate a 3D groundwater flow velocity distribution to fully identify groundwater flow towards drinking water extraction wells.

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Spasov, Victor, Aglaida Toteva, Marin Ivanov, Kalin Naydenov, Tatiana Orehova, and Aleksey Benderev. "Geological and hydrogeological controls on possible transboundary groundwater flow between Bulgaria and Greece." Geologica Balcanica 46, no. 2 (November 2017): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.46.2.97.

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A major issue in groundwater and surface water management and monitoring is transboundary groundwater flow between neighbouring countries. The subject of our study is the assessment of the groundwater flow across the state border between Bulgaria and Greece, which is characterized by complex natural features. We present a study on the factors that control the groundwater flow and formation, such as lithological composition, geological structure, topographic features, surface water network, etc. It was determined that, in most sections along the state border, the probability of transboundary groundwater flow is rather small, due to the position of the surface and groundwater divides. In the areas where the state border follows a ridge with fissured groundwater system, there are no prerequisites for transboundary flow. Groundwater flow is likely to occur only in the marble-dominated karst areas, as well as in the Quaternary or Neogene–Quaternary aquifers in river valleys that host porous groundwater bodies. The probability of transboundary groundwater flow could increase in response to certain human activities.

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20

SHIMADA, Jun. "Groundwater sampling technique for the macroscale groundwater flow investigation." Journal of Groundwater Hydrology 29, no. 3 (1987): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5917/jagh1987.29.137.

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21

Shube, Hassen, Seifu Kebede, Tilahun Azagegn, Dessie Nedaw, Muhammed Haji, and Shankar Karuppannan. "Estimating Groundwater Flow Velocity in Shallow Volcanic Aquifers of the Ethiopian Highlands Using a Geospatial Technique." Sustainability 15, no. 19 (October 5, 2023): 14490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151914490.

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The shallow volcanic aquifer is the major rural water supply source in the Ethiopian highlands. A significant number of hand pump wells in these aquifers experience a rapid decline in yield and poor performance within a short period of time after construction. Hence, reliable estimation of groundwater flow velocity is important to understand groundwater flow dynamics, aquifer responses to stresses and to optimize the sustainable management of groundwater resources. Here, we propose the geospatial technique using four essential input raster maps (groundwater elevation head, transmissivity, effective porosity and saturated thickness) to investigate groundwater flow velocity magnitude and direction in the shallow volcanic aquifers of the Ethiopian highlands. The results indicated that the high groundwater flow velocity in the Mecha site, ranging up to 47 m/day, was observed in the fractured scoraceous basalts. The Ejere site showed groundwater flow velocity not exceeding 7 m/day in the fractured basaltic aquifer and alluvial deposits. In the Sodo site, the groundwater flow velocity was observed to exceed 22 m/day in the fractured basaltic and rhyolitic aquifers affected by geological structures. The Abeshege site has a higher groundwater flow velocity of up to 195 m/day in the highly weathered and fractured basaltic aquifer. In all study sites, aquifers with less fractured basalt, trachyte, rhyolite, welded pyroclastic, and lacustrine deposits exhibited lower groundwater flow velocity values. The groundwater flow velocity directions in all study sites are similar to the groundwater elevation head, which signifies the local and regional groundwater flow directions. This work can be helpful in shallow groundwater resource development and management for rural water supply.

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Satapona, Alwan, Doni Prakasa Eka Putra, and Heru Hendrayana. "Groundwater Flow Modeling in the Malioboro, Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Journal of Applied Geology 3, no. 1 (October 23, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jag.39996.

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Malioboro is a famous tourism area in Yogyakarta City, in which there aremany hotels and increases every years and this follows by the increasing needs of fresh water taken from underlying groundwater. The decreasing of groundwater table become a great issue on this area, therefore the objective of the research is to predict groundwater table change in the next 10 years due to increase abstraction of groundwater. To answer the mentioned objectives, field observation of dug wells and collection of secondary data of log bores also calculation of recharge and water abstraction are used to understand and build the conceptual model of local groundwater system. The prediction is done by conducting simulation on a numerical groundwater model by using MODFLOW. The local groundwater system consists of two aquifer layers; upper aquifer and lower aquifer which separated incompletely by clay layer. Simulation is conducting by distributing the groundwater pumping for domestic and non-domestic utilization by dug wells in the upper aquifer, whereas deep wells non-domestic utilization are applied only in the lower aquifer. Simulations are conducted twice for the recent day and the next ten years predictionof groundwater abstraction. In the case of groundwater abstraction in the next tenyears, dug wells abstraction and deep wells pumping are setting to 4727 m3/day and 1648 m3/day, respectively. The groundwater pumping rates is representing increase of groundwater withdrawal of users in the range only between 0.2–1.2 % per year compare to the recent condition. The simulation reveals change occur on groundwater table depth and pattern. In average, the groundwater table will decrease of about 0.25 meter.

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Lam, A., D. Karssenberg, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, and M. F. P. Bierkens. "Spatial and temporal connections in groundwater contribution to evaporation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 1541–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-1541-2011.

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Abstract. In climate models, lateral terrestrial water fluxes are usually neglected. We estimated the contribution of vertical and lateral groundwater fluxes to the land surface water budget at a subcontinental scale, by modelling convergence of groundwater and surfacewater fluxes. We present a hydrological model of the entire Danube Basin at 5 km resolution, and use it to show the importance of groundwater for the surface climate. The contribution of groundwater to evaporation is significant, and can be upwards of 30% in summer. We show that this contribution is local by presenting the groundwater travel times and the magnitude of groundwater convergence. Throughout the Danube Basin the lateral fluxes of groundwater are negligible when modelling at this scale and resolution. Also, it is shown that the contribution of groundwater to evaporation has important temporal characteristics. An experiment with the same model shows that a wet episode influences groundwaters contribution to summer evaporation for several years afterwards. This indicates that modelling groundwater flow has the potential to augment the multi-year memory of climate models.

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Kasem, Alaa M., Zhifang Xu, Hao Jiang, Wenjing Liu, Jiangyi Zhang, and Ahmed M. Nosair. "Nitrate Source and Transformation in Groundwater under Urban and Agricultural Arid Environment in the Southeastern Nile Delta, Egypt." Water 16, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16010022.

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With the intensification of human activities, nitrate pollutants in groundwater are receiving increasing attention worldwide. Especially in the arid Nile Delta of Egypt, groundwater is one of the most valuable water resources in the region. Identifying the source of nitrate in groundwater with strong human disturbances is important to effective water resource management. This paper examined the stable isotopes (δ15N/δ18O-NO3 and δ2H/δ18O-H2O) and the hydrogeochemical parameters of the shallow groundwaters in the arid southeast of the Nile Delta to assess the potential sources and transformation processes of nitrate under severe urban and agricultural activities. The results revealed that the groundwaters were recharged by the Nile River. Meanwhile, the infiltration of irrigation water occurred in the west, while the mixing with the deep groundwater occurred in the east regions of the study area. The TDS, SO42−, NO3−, and Mn2+ concentrations of groundwaters (n = 55) exceeded the WHO permissible limit with 34.6%, 23.6%, 23.6%, and 65.5%, respectively. The NO3− concentrations in the shallow groundwaters ranged from 0.42 mg/L to 652 mg/L, and the higher levels were observed in the middle region of the study area where the unconfined condition prevailed. It extended to the deep groundwater and eastward of the study area in the groundwater flow direction. The δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3 values suggested that the groundwater NO3− in the west and east regions of semi-confined condition were largely from the nitrification of soil organic nitrogen (SON) and chemical fertilizer (CF). In contrast, wastewater input (e.g., domestic sewage and unlined drains) and prevalent denitrification were identified in the middle region. The denitrification might be tightly coupled with the biogeochemical cycling of manganese. This study provides the first report on the groundwater NO3− dynamics in the Nile Delta, which generated valuable clues for effective water resource management in the arid region.

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Bao, Yung-Bing, and Roger Thunvik. "Sensitivity Analysis of Groundwater Flow." Hydrology Research 22, no. 3 (June 1, 1991): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1991.0013.

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A numerical model developed for sensitivity analysis of groundwater flow is presented. Sensitivity analysis is a useful complementary aid for groundwater flow modelling to assess the importance of various governing flow parameters to the behaviour of any specific flow problem. Two different methods are considered: One is called the direct method and the other the adjoint method. In the direct method the sensitivity equations are obtained by directly differentiating the flow equations with respect to the parameters, while in the adjoint method they are obtained by a variational technique. The numerical method for solving the groundwater flow equation and the sensitivity equations are based on the Galerkin finite element method. The sensitivity model developed was applied to a simple flow problem, in which the sensitivity of the piezometric head as well as various flux performance measures to perturbations of the permeability of various layers of the flow domain were analyzed. The following performance measures were considered: The piezometric head, the Darcy flux at selected regions and the total influx into a tunnel system.

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26

Bredehoeft, John. "Modeling Groundwater Flow-The Beginnings." Ground Water 50, no. 3 (April 27, 2012): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00940.x.

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Freeze, Allan. "Modeling groundwater flow and pollution." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 25, no. 4 (November 1, 1988): 851–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t88-098.

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Li, L., and D. A. Barry. "Wave-induced beach groundwater flow." Advances in Water Resources 23, no. 4 (January 2000): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1708(99)00032-9.

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29

Jackson, C. P., and S. P. Watson. "Modelling variable density groundwater flow." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere 26, no. 4 (January 2001): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1464-1909(01)00015-6.

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30

LaFleur, Robert G. "Geomorphic aspects of groundwater flow." Hydrogeology Journal 7, no. 1 (February 18, 1999): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050181.

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Konikow, Leonard F., and James W. Mercer. "Groundwater flow and transport modeling." Journal of Hydrology 100, no. 1-3 (July 1988): 379–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90193-x.

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VAN HERWAARDEN, ONNO A., and JOHAN GRASMAN. "DISPERSIVE GROUNDWATER FLOW AND POLLUTION." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 01, no. 01 (March 1991): 61–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202591000058.

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By solving asymptotically the Dirichlet problem for the backward Kolmogorov equation describing the random walk of a particle in a dispersive flow, it is computed at what rate contaminated particles cross the boundary of a protected zone. The method also yields an estimate of the expected arrival time.

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Konikow, Leonard F. "Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 69, no. 45 (1988): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/88eo01182.

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Gao, Zong-jun, and Yong-gui Liu. "Groundwater Flow Driven by Heat." Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 1, no. 3 (December 2013): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/jgse.2013.9280027.

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35

Marques, José Couto, and César Romão Ferreira. "Experimental Study of Groundwater Flow." International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE) 5 (October 26, 2009): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v5i6.1098.

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This paper describes an experimental setup for groundwater flow studies with small scale models, developed for the Soil Mechanics course offered to Civil Engineering Master students at FEUP. Relevant quantities, such as the piezometric head and total discharge, can be measured, while flow lines may be visualized. It is also possible to recreate hydraulically induced instability phenomena, namely illustrating the disastrous effects caused on an embankment dam by overtopping. The experimental studies are replicated by a finite element model and both are available for use on line during lectures.

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Świdziński, Waldemar. "Modeling groundwater flow and salinity evolution near TSF Żelazny Most. Part I – groundwater flow." E3S Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 00036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185400036.

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Tailings which are by-product of the extraction of various metals (copper, gold, silver, molybdenum, etc.) are often stored in so called Tailings Storage Facilities (TSF), where they are deposited as a soil-water mixture by spigotting. In many cases the water discharged together with tailings to the TSF is rich in salts and other chemical compounds imposing negative pressure to the groundwater environment. Even in the case of total or partial lining of such facilities and well-developed drainage systems to control leaching, some portion of contaminated water often seeps either through the surrounding dams or the bed into adjacent groundwater bodies. Numerical models can be very helpful tools to assess the extent of the contamination and particularly to predict its potential development in the future. This paper and the companion one describe such a numerical model developed for Żelazny Most Tailings Storage Facility (south-west Poland), one of the world’s largest tailings sites. In the first part general information about the facility is provided and a 3D hydrogeological numerical model of the structure is described. Groundwater flow pattern near the facility obtained from numerical simulations is confronted with the measurements from a comprehensively developed monitoring system. Part II will be focused on the modelling of chloride transport in groundwater.

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Mollov, Delcho, and Elly Sarkees. "An example of a complete study of karst hydrogeology (Al Sinn Basin, Syria). III. Geothermal and hydrogeochemical indications of groundwater flow and drainage." Geologica Balcanica 20, no. 1 (February 28, 1990): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.20.1.85.

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Groundwater flow in the Al Sinn basin has a major effect on the geothermal regime in the area. It also greatly influences the groundwarter chemical composition. It follows hereof that vertical, as well as horizontal distribution of groundwater temperature and composition can be used to derive the specific flow and drainage pattern in the aquifer of Cenomanian-Turonian limestones. Both the temperature and the water mineralization are lower in the places of higher flow rates. This is valid not only for the Cenomani an-Turonian limestone aquifer itself but also for the surface layers. Mapping the surface geothermal and hydrogeochemical patterns has outlined the areas where groundwater drains off into the Mediterranean. Wells drilled accordingly have confirmed the inferred drainage system. The full agreement of conclusions drawn from the analyses of hydrodynamic, geothermal and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the basin demonstrates that a complete hydrogeological study produces very good results in a short time at highly reduced exploration costs. The same methodological approach can be used in other hydrogeological exploration projects.

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Wang, Wanli, Jin Luo, Guiling Wang, Xi Zhu, and Guiyi Liu. "Study of the sustainability of a ground source heat pump system by considering groundwater flow and intermittent operation strategies." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718800725.

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In this study, the operation of a ground source heat pump system was investigated over a 25-year period with careful attention paid to the effects of groundwater flow and intermittent operation strategies. First, geological and hydrogeological investigations were conducted, after which ground thermal properties were determined by thermal response tests. In order to predict the heat transfer within borehole heat exchangers under a specific operating system, a numerical model was developed using finite element subsurface flow & transport simulation system (FEFLOW). The numerical model was validated with thermal response test measurements. Three operation conditions including continuous system operation without groundwater flow, continuous system operation with groundwater flow, and intermittent operation with groundwater flow were examined. Results indicate that ground temperature disturbance was effectively reduced during groundwater flow and the intermittent operation of the system. Compared with continuous system operation without groundwater flow, the borehole heat exchanger heat transfer rate increases by 10% with groundwater flow conditions and increases by 16% with further implementation of the intermittent operation strategy. Intermittent operation with groundwater flow is highly recommended for the sustainable operation of ground source heat pump system.

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Tirtomihardjo, Heryadi, and T. Setiawan. "Simulation of Groundwater Flow, Denpasar-Tabanan Groundwater Basin, Bali Province." Indonesian Journal on Geoscience 6, no. 3 (September 28, 2011): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.6.3.145-163.

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DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v6i3.123Due to the complex structure of the aquifer systems and its hydrogeological units related with the space in which groundwater occurs, groundwater flows were calculated in three-dimensional method (3D Calculation). The geometrical descritization and iteration procedures were based on an integrated finite difference method. In this paper, all figures and graphs represent the results of the calibrated model. Hence, the model results were simulated by using the actual input data which were calibrated during the simulation runs. Groundwater flow simulation of the model area of the Denpasar-Tabanan Groundwater Basin (Denpasar-Tabanan GB) comprises steady state run, transient runs using groundwater abstraction in the period of 1989 (Qabs-1989) and period of 2009 (Qabs-2009), and prognosis run as well. Simulation results show, in general, the differences of calculated groundwater heads and observed groundwater heads at steady and transient states (Qabs-1989 and Qabs-2009) are relatively small. So, the groundwater heads situation simulated by the prognosis run (scenario Qabs-2012) are considerably valid and can properly be used for controlling the plan of groundwater utilization in Denpasar-Tabanan GB.

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Hakim, Bagus Iqbal, Udi Harmoko, and Sugeng Widada. "GROUNDWATER FLOW PATTERN AROUND GONOHARJO HOT SPRING, KENDAL REGENCY, CENTRAL JAVA." Cognizance Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 3, no. 11 (November 30, 2023): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2023.v03i11.013.

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The Ungaran Mountain is a stratovolcano-type volcano with a geothermal system. On the northern side of Mount Ungaran, there are hot springs located in the Gonoharjo area, Kendal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. These hot springs appear on the mountain slopes and are very close to the surface water. This research aims in analyzing the pattern of groundwater flow with surface water flow around the springs and identifying the relationship that occurs between the springs and the nearest river flow. Analysis of the groundwater flow pattern can be determined based on groundwater level contour maps and groundwater flow maps. Such mapping can occur by plotting groundwater level data measured from 16 springs scattered on the slopes of Mount Ungaran. As a result of the measurements taken, the groundwater level ranged from 298.02 m above sea level to 818.47 m above sea level. The highest groundwater level is in the Pakis area while the lowest groundwater level is in the Boja area. The groundwater flow pattern at the study site flows from the top of the mountain and spreads to the north, northwest, west, southwest. Based on the 15 cross sections conducted, it can be identified that in general the relationship between groundwater and rivers flow in the study area is that most of the groundwater supplies surface water.

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Permanda, Randa, and Tomoyuki Ohtani. "Thermal Impact by Open-Loop Geothermal Heat Pump Systems in Two Different Local Underground Conditions on the Alluvial Fan of the Nagara River, Gifu City, Central Japan." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 6816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186816.

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An alluvial fan is a good area to install open-loop geothermal heat pump (GHP) systems due to shallower aquifers, faster groundwater flow, and fewer land subsidence risks. The natural temperature change in groundwater occurs in alluvial fans due to the recharge of river water and faster groundwater flow, and the thermal impact of the open-loop system has not been studied well in such areas. The purpose of this research is to understand the thermal impact of open-loop GHP systems on an alluvial fan. A regional 3D model of groundwater flow with heat transport was created to determine the distribution of flow velocity and temperature of groundwater. After that, two local models with different groundwater velocities were constructed to demonstrate the thermal impact of an open-loop GHP system using one extraction and one injection well. The results indicated that the local model with faster groundwater flow had a smaller thermal impact. The natural temperature change in groundwater causes groundwater temperature to be lower in the summer and higher in winter during the operation in the local model, with faster groundwater flow.

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He, Liang, Ling Chen, and Suozhong Chen. "Visualization Method for Porous Groundwater Seepage Flow Field Based on Particle Flow: Case of Yancheng City in the East Coast of China." Geofluids 2022 (November 15, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4850968.

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Porous groundwater seepage flow field reflects the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of porous groundwater movement. The geometric point and vector line methods are the traditionally used visualization methods for groundwater seepage flow field; however, they exhibit difficulty in describing the characteristics and attributes of a seepage flow field. Therefore, a new particle flow method in the field of computer graphics is introduced in this study to visualize seepage flow field, including the storage conditions, transport mechanism, and seepage field properties of porous groundwater. This visualization method is discussed from four aspects: the generation of seed points, the life cycle of particles, the movement velocity of particles, and the formation of particle trajectory and smooth processing. The seepage field of confined aquifer III groundwater expressed via particle flow and the contour of critical groundwater level are superimposed and analyzed in Yancheng City in the east coast of China. Results show that particle flow can be effectively applied to the visualization of groundwater seepage flow field and provide spatial auxiliary decision-making support for the sustainable exploitation of groundwater and the formulation of geological environment protection measures.

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Abdullayev, A. A., M. Hidoyatova, and B. A. Kuralov. "About one differential model of dynamics of groundwater." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340102017.

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When modeling the flow of groundwater and streams together, two different approaches are used, using hydraulic and hydrological models as channel flow models. The former is based on mathematical equations of water movement in open channels. In contrast, the latter is based on simplified empirical and semi-empirical relationships between the hydraulic characteristics of watercourses. In both cases, the watercourse is an internal boundary for the groundwater flow - otherwise, it is advisable to model it as a body of water. The groundwater model can be a scale model or an electrical model of the state of the groundwater or an aquifer. Groundwater models are used to represent the natural flow of groundwater in an environment. Some groundwater models include aspects of groundwater quality. Such groundwater models attempt to predict the fate and movement of a chemical in natural, urban, or hypothetical scenarios. Groundwater models can be used to predict the impact of hydrological changes on aquifer behavior and are often referred to as groundwater simulation models. Also, groundwater models are currently being used in various water management plans for urban areas. Because calculations in mathematical groundwater models are based on groundwater flow equations, which are differential equations that can often only be solved by approximate methods using numerical analysis, these models are also referred to as mathematical, numerical, or computational groundwater models.

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Permata, Veronika, Hari Siswoyo, and Riyanto Haribowo. "Mapping of Groundwater Flow Pattern and its Quality Index based on Microbiological Parameters in Klojen District, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia." Civil and Environmental Science 004, no. 02 (October 1, 2021): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2021.00402.1.

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Groundwater is one source of fulfilling water needs for the Klojen district, the most populous district in Malang City. Population density affects the condition of groundwater quality because it causes pollution. The possibility of groundwater quality contamination can be identified by mapping the flow pattern and determining the quality level according to its use as drinking water. The purpose of this study is to map the groundwater quality index according to its flow pattern. Flow patterns based on groundwater-surface contours can indicate the direction of flow and the direction of pollution. The quality of groundwater according to its use as drinking water was identified using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) method. Based on the research results, the research location's flow pattern generally flows from North to South. According to the flow pattern, groundwater quality is getting worse, as indicated by an increase in the index value

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Chen, Song, and Herong Gui. "Calculating groundwater mixing ratios in multi-aquifers based on statistical methods: a case study." Water Practice and Technology 16, no. 2 (March 19, 2021): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2021.027.

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Abstract Samples of river water and groundwater from Quaternary (QA), sandstone (SA), Taiyuan formation (TA), and Ordovician limestone (OA) aquifers in the Suxian coal-mining district, Anhui Province, China were collected. Their physicochemical properties, and major ion and isotopic compositions were determined. The samples were alkaline, with pH values exceeding 8, and the total dissolved solids concentrations depended on the water source. The δD and δ18O contents were highest in the river water samples and lowest in the SA groundwater. The isotopic characteristics of the QA and OA groundwaters suggest recharge by rainfall and surface water. The isotopic characteristics of river water were controlled mainly by evaporation. Water–rock interactions, the flow rate, and the main water sources were the most important influences on groundwaters in QA, OA, and TA, but the properties of SA groundwater were controlled by static reserves. Two discriminant functions, explaining more than 98.2% of the total variances, indicated that QA, TA, and OA were hydraulically connected. Three groundwater sources were identified as end-members, and a conceptual model was established to calculate water mixing ratios.

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Tantama, E. E., M. A. Kumara, D. P. E. Putra, and G. I. Marliyani. "Pattern and direction of groundwater flow and distribution of physical-chemical properties of groundwater in Randublatung basin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 930, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/930/1/012048.

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Abstract The people in the Randublatung basin (Grobogan, Blora, and Bojonegoro Regencies) using groundwater for daily needs and agriculture activity. As the initial step of basin-based groundwater management, it is necessary to understand the groundwater potential in this area: pattern and direction of groundwater flow and groundwater physical-chemical properties (pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity). This research aims to analyze the pattern and directions of groundwater flow, the physical-chemical properties, and the correlation between the two. This research method is field measurement of 45 different spots of dug wells in the Randublatung basin. Our results indicate that the pattern and direction of groundwater flow in the Randublatung basin are heading to Bengawan Solo River and then following the river’s flow. The groundwater physical-chemical properties measured: pH value is 6.8 on average, the temperature is 28.9 °C on average, TDS concentration is 409 mg/L average, and electrical conductivity rate is 843 μS/cm average. There is no significant correlation between groundwater flow with pH value and groundwater temperature. However, groundwater TDS concentration and electrical conductivity rate in the Randublatung basin increase as groundwater flows to the Bengawan Solo River, which is affected by the minerals of aquifer rocks (alluvial deposits).

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He, Min, Juan Juan Jin, and Peng Liu. "Application Research on Groundwater Circulation Exploration Based on Fluent Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.940.

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It is very important to study the groundwater circulation and water chemistry evolution in the management and protection of water pollution. We use the Fluent simulation technology and the isotope tracer method to do simulation on the flow and distribution of groundwater. In the simulation process we set the model of Fluent isotope labeling group, and enter the groundwater flow parameters in the boundary condition, including water viscosity, osmotic pressure, and the average flow velocity. We use isotope tracer method to simulate the water flow. Finally, according to the law of groundwater flow, we predict the evolution rules of groundwater chemical by using the inverse geochemical simulation technology. It provides a theoretical basis for the management and protection of groundwater pollution.

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SA, Sonloye. "Formulation of Generalized Hillslope Leakage-Dependent Model for Groundwater Flow in N-Aquifer System within a Sedimentary Basin." Arid-zone Journal of Basic and Applied Research 4, no. 1 (April 8, 2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55639/607.494847.

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In this study, the recently derived Hillslope Leakage-dependent (HL-D) models for groundwater flow in leaky three-aquifer system have been generalized to obtain Generalized Hillslope Leakage-dependent, GHL-D equation that model groundwater flow in leaky n-aquifer system. This generalization extends the capability of Hillslope Leakage-dependent (HL-D) equations to modeling groundwater flow in any number of aquifers (n-aquifer system) of all configurations within a sedimentary basin. The formulated GHL-D Model was tested on some aquifer types and the results have shown that it can be used to obtain groundwater flow models for both hillslope (sloping) and horizontal single aquifer (unconfined and confined) as well as for multi-aquifer system containing any number of aquifers within a sedimentary basin. This unique feature of GHL-D equation to model most aquifers types and configurations makes it a more elegant groundwater flow modeling tool with potentials for wider applications than most of the existing groundwater flow models. The GHL-D Model, when use for simulations of groundwater flow in single or multi-aquifer system, will have the capability of giving better understanding of the groundwater flow dynamics in such systems. This is important because most of the sedimentary basins of the world are multi-aquifer in nature and accurate knowledge of groundwater flow within them is important to geoscientists in determining long time yield and water sustainability in such geological structures

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R.A., T. Listyani, Nana Sulaksana, Boy Yoseph C.S.S.S.A., and Adjat Sudradjat. "Groundwater Flow Model In The Center Of West Progo Dome, Kaligesing, Purworejo, Central Java And Its Surrounding Area, Based On Hydrochemical And Isotopic Characteristics." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 71 (May 31, 2021): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm71202118.

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Groundwater studies were carried out in the center of the West Progo Dome, at Kaligesing, Purworejo District, Central Java, and its surrounding area, with an emphasis on hydrochemical problems. As a water-scarce area, groundwater studies are urgently needed in this area. This research is intended as a hydrogeological study with the aim of knowing the conceptual groundwater flow model in the study area. The method used is a field hydrogeological survey as well as hydrochemical and natural isotope analysis supported by chemical and groundwater isotope data. Less clear hydrochemical evolution indicates that the process of groundwater flow is dominant in the local flow system. Groundwater facies is dominated by bicarbonate type, neutral pH, relatively low total dissolved solid (TDS), and electric conductivity (EC), and influenced by season or rainfall. The dominant hydrochemical processes in the groundwater system are leaching, ion exchange, sulfate reduction, and dilution. Groundwater facies is determined by the rock minerals marked by differences in hardness and TDS. Whereas, stable isotope contents of groundwater vary from light to heavy. Springs with light isotopes show the circulation of deep groundwater flow or from a relatively high recharge zone, either locally or from other places around it. Isotopic enrichment in all seasons can occur due to evaporation or mixing with surface water that has undergone previous evapotranspiration, indicated by increasing of heavy isotopes or δD-excess (d) of groundwater. There are two types of groundwater flow patterns, namely shallow and deep groundwater flow patterns. Shallow groundwater is characterized by heavy isotopes, shifted with relatively small d. Deep groundwater circulation pattern is characterized by a consistent, light δD value and appreciable d.

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Saito, Haruki, Kazuhito Sakai, Kazuro Momii, and Nakamura Shinya. "Study on the Flow of Groundwater between Adjacent Groundwater Basins." Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems 23, no. 1 (2017): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7132/jrcsa.23_1_35.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Groundwater flow'

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