Journal articles: 'Groundwater – Environmental aspects – India'

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Essl, L., M. Starkl, P. C. Kimothi, C. Sandhu, and T. Grischek. "Riverbank filtration and managed aquifer recharge as alternative water supply technologies for India: strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats analysis." Water Supply 14, no. 4 (March 24, 2014): 690–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.026.

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As part of the Saph Pani project, a rapid assessment of a riverbank filtration site in Haridwar and data from literature on riverbank filtration and managed aquifer recharge in India are used for a strengths–weaknesses–opportunities–threats (SWOT) analysis based on environmental, social, institutional and economic aspects. Both technologies show a high potential for future application in India, where alternative solutions are required to mitigate water scarcity and reduce the over-exploitation of groundwater aquifers.

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Bandyopadhyay, Somnath, Aviram Sharma, Satiprasad Sahoo, Kishore Dhavala, and Prabhakar Sharma. "Potential for Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) in South Bihar, India." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 3502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063502.

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Among the several options of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) techniques, the aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) is a well-known sub-surface technique to replenish depleted aquifers, which is contingent upon the selection of appropriate sites. This paper explores the potential of ASR for groundwater recharge in the hydrological, hydrogeological, social, and economic context of South Bihar in India. Based on the water samples from more than 137 wells and socio-economic surveys, ASR installations were piloted through seven selected entrepreneurial farmers in two villages of South Bihar. The feasibility of ASR in both hard rock and deep alluvial aquifers was demonstrated for the prominent aquifer types in the marginal alluvial plains of South Bihar and elsewhere. It was postulated through this pilot study that a successful spread of ASR in South Bihar can augment usable water resources for agriculture during the winter cropping season. More importantly, ASR can adapt to local circumstances and challenges under changing climatic conditions. The flexible and participatory approach in this pilot study also allowed the farmers to creatively engage with the design and governance aspects of the recharge pit. The entrepreneurial farmers-led model builds local accountability, creates avenues for private investments, and opens up the space for continued innovation in technology and management, while also committing to resource distributive justice and environmental sustainability.

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Das, Satyajit, and Surjapada Paul. "An Assessment of Soil Quality and Agricultural Production Status in the Alluvial Soil Region: A Case Study in Koch Bihar District, West Bengal, India." Current World Environment 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.1.24.

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Soil refers to the upper layer of the Earth’s surface, which is made up of a mixture of organic residues, clay, and rock particles, and that's where plants grow. The soil quality is the environmental aspect that is most significant in agricultural activities, as well as for the concern of the safety of agricultural produces. At present-day, soil quality assessment becomes the most important issue because of the raising food security awareness. This study was assessed in Koch Bihar district, West Bengal, India, to quantify soil quality using the weighted Soil Quality Index (SQI) approach. For this assessment, the soil-related data were collected from the Soil Health Card (SHC) of the Agricultural Development Offices in all blocks of Koch Bihar and then analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) and expert opinion (EO) method. The weights of the selected soil quality indicators were determined using the integrated Fuzzy-AHP model. According to this method, 12 indicators, i.e., soil pH, soil electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon content, nitrogen content, potassium content, phosphors content, soil texture, the groundwater level in the winter season, cropping intensity, and drainage frequency were considered based on literature review. The SQI assessment was done accordingly for each spatial unit (Block), and the spatial variability of the soil quality map was produced by GIS spatial analysis module. The findings may aid in promoting non-harmful produce production, the provision of scientific data for agricultural structure adjustment, and the maintenance of agricultural sustainability.

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Laghari, A. N., D. Vanham, and W. Rauch. "The Indus basin in the framework of current and future water resources management." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 4 (April 2, 2012): 1063–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1063-2012.

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Abstract. The Indus basin is one of the regions in the world that is faced with major challenges for its water sector, due to population growth, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation, environmental degradation, unregulated utilization of the resources, inefficient water use and poverty, all aggravated by climate change. The Indus Basin is shared by 4 countries – Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and China. With a current population of 237 million people which is projected to increase to 319 million in 2025 and 383 million in 2050, already today water resources are abstracted almost entirely (more than 95% for irrigation). Climate change will result in increased water availability in the short term. However in the long term water availability will decrease. Some current aspects in the basin need to be re-evaluated. During the past decades water abstractions – and especially groundwater extractions – have augmented continuously to support a rice-wheat system where rice is grown during the kharif (wet, summer) season (as well as sugar cane, cotton, maize and other crops) and wheat during the rabi (dry, winter) season. However, the sustainability of this system in its current form is questionable. Additional water for domestic and industrial purposes is required for the future and should be made available by a reduction in irrigation requirements. This paper gives a comprehensive listing and description of available options for current and future sustainable water resources management (WRM) within the basin. Sustainable WRM practices include both water supply management and water demand management options. Water supply management options include: (1) reservoir management as the basin is characterised by a strong seasonal behaviour in water availability (monsoon and meltwater) and water demands; (2) water quality conservation and investment in wastewater infrastructure; (3) the use of alternative water resources like the recycling of wastewater and desalination; (4) land use planning and soil conservation as well as flood management, with a focus on the reduction of erosion and resulting sedimentation as well as the restoration of ecosystem services like wetlands and natural floodplains. Water demand management options include: (1) the management of conjunctive use of surface and groundwater; as well as (2) the rehabilitation and modernization of existing infrastructure. Other demand management options are: (3) the increase of water productivity for agriculture; (4) crop planning and diversification including the critical assessment of agricultural export, especially (basmati) rice; (5) economic instruments and (6) changing food demand patterns and limiting post-harvest losses.

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Sajil Kumar, Pazhuparambil Jayarajan, Lakshmanan Elango, and Michael Schneider. "GIS and AHP Based Groundwater Potential Zones Delineation in Chennai River Basin (CRB), India." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031830.

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Groundwater depletion is one of the most critical concerns for users and policymakers. Identifying groundwater potential (low to high) helps properly plan the available groundwater resource. This study has used the possibilities of a geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing and, of course, field data to delineate the groundwater potential zones in the Chennai River Basin (CRB). Thematic layers generated for eleven controlling factors, such as geology, water level, drainage, soil, lineament, rainfall, land use, slope, aspect, geomorphology, and depth to bedrock, were brought into the GIS environment. Then, appropriate weightage was given to each layer using a multi-criteria decision-making technique, namely, the analytic hierarchical process (AHP). A groundwater potential map is generated using weighted overlay analysis, with the following five classes: very poor, poor, moderate, good, and very good. The results were comparable to the actual specific yield data from the field and accuracy was 78.43%. Thus, AHP-aided GIS–RS mapping is a useful tool in groundwater prospecting in this region of the world.

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Narayanamoorthy, A. "India's groundwater irrigation boom: can it be sustained?" Water Policy 12, no. 4 (January 4, 2010): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.042.

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Development of groundwater irrigation (GWI) has been very impressive in India, especially after the introduction of the green revolution. The area under GWI accounts for 62% of the net irrigated area today. Though GWI provides added benefits to farmers, compared to other sources of irrigation, the continuous exploitation of groundwater of late has resulted in a drastic drop in the water table, and led to salinization and quality deterioration in different parts of the country. Since groundwater contributes overwhelmingly to agricultural growth, the unrestrained exploitation of groundwater could hamper the future growth of agriculture. GWI is controlled by many factors, which are dynamic and bound to change along with the agricultural development. Therefore, one needs to understand the factors determining groundwater development in different regions over time to understand the dynamics of groundwater use. Though many studies are available on different aspects of GWI in India, not many studies have looked at the sustainable aspects of GWI, considering the major States of India together. An attempt is made in this paper to study the development as well as the factors determining GWI over time, using state-wide data to suggest appropriate interventions to sustain the use of groundwater.

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Malini, S., N. Nagaiah, L. Paramesh, P. Venkataramaiah, and A. Balasubramanian. "Groundwater Quality Around Mysore, Karnataka, India." International Journal of Environmental Studies 60, no. 1 (February 2003): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230304747.

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Sharma, Aviram, Pyarimohan Maharana, Satiprasad Sahoo, and Prabhakar Sharma. "Environmental change and groundwater variability in South Bihar, India." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 19 (November 2022): 100846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100846.

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Agrawal, G. D., S. K. Lunkad, and T. Malkhed. "Diffuse agricultural nitrate pollution of groundwaters in India." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0138.

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Nitrate pollution of groundwater due to urban waste and industrial effluents usually centres around cities. This study has shown that nitrate levels in groundwater over vast agricultural areas can be correlated with intensive irrigated agriculture, corresponding use of nitrogenous fertilizers and groundwater development, and consequent diffuse agricultural pollution has already endangered the safety of potable groundwater for future generations in both rural and urban areas. Chemical and bacterial treatment of groundwater for nitrate removal relies on advanced technology and is considered costly even in the developed world. In a country like India where economic resources are inadequate, action on the suggested preventive measures may be taken without delay at this stage when alarming trends have been recorded.

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DUTT, D. K. "Techno-economic Considerations for Groundwater Development in India." Natural Resources Forum 12, no. 2 (May 1988): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1988.tb00813.x.

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Noda, Jun, Reika Hakamada, Kazuyki Suzuki, Teruo Miura, and Koichiro Sera. "Environmental contamination by arsenic and lead in some rural villages in India." International Journal of PIXE 25, no. 01n02 (January 2015): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083515500047.

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This investigation focuses on the arsenic contamination problems in tube well groundwater systems and the different forms of arsenic and other toxic elements accumulated in human hair samples taken in a rural area of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The local residents at the study site depend on groundwater as their major source of household water. The oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH of groundwater samples were measured directly after the sampling of groundwater. Arsenic concentrations were measured directly in water samples by a colorimetric arsenic analysis kit after the water was pumped from a tube well and/or at a nearby laboratory. Human hair samples from the residents of the villages in the study site were analyzed by PIXE to measure a wide range of elements. An atomic absorption spectrometer was also used to measure arsenic concentrations. The results indicated that the concentrations of arsenic in groundwater and human hair were significantly higher in the village of Bada Kanjasa than in the villages of Kanua and Chota Kanjasa (P< 0.05), clearly indicating that the higher arsenic concentration in groundwater reflected the accumulation of arsenic in human hair in the residents of Bada Kanjasa. The PIXE analysis also revealed an unusually high concentration of lead in human hair samples from Chota Kanjasa. Although the actual health effects and the detailed exposure mechanisms remain to be investigated, lead pollution is suspected to be the source of the exposure.

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CUSTODIO, E. "Groundwater Pollution in Spain: General Aspects." Water and Environment Journal 6, no. 4 (August 1992): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00774.x.

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Yadav, Ankit, Abhishek Nanda, Bharat Lal Sahu, Yaman Kumar Sahu, Khageshwar Singh Patel, Shamsh Pervez, Mohammad Shahid Gulgundi, José A. Cuchí-Oterino, Pablo Martín-Ramos, and Prosun Bhattacharya. "Groundwater hydrochemistry of Rajnandgaon district, Chhattisgarh, Central India." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 11 (October 2020): 100352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100352.

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Zessner, M., Ch Schilling, O. Gabriel, and U. Heinecke. "Nitrogen fluxes on catchment scale: the influence of hydrological aspects." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 9 (November 1, 2005): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0310.

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In two catchment areas with altogether eight subcatchments characterising different site-specific situations the interaction between anthropogenic activities (e.g. agriculture, nutrition and waste water management), nitrogen emissions and in stream loads as well as concentrations were studied in detail. Groundwater is the most important pathway for nitrogen inputs into surface waters. Denitrification in the soil/subsurface/groundwater system controls the amount of this input to a high extent. Key factors influencing this process are organic carbon availability, geology, precipitation and groundwater recharge rates as well as residence time in groundwater. The MONERIS emission model is a useful tool to quantify these relationships on (sub-)catchment scale. Areas where concentrations in groundwater (e.g. nitrate) tend to be higher due to little dilution with water and might be problematic in respect to limit values for drinking water, are much less relevant in respect to the loads transported to river systems and receiving seas, than regions with high precipitation. In cases with high water availability mainly high loads transported downstream and finally to the receiving sea are a considerable problem. Within a region mainly areas close to river systems contribute to nitrogen discharges to the river system because of the short residence times of the groundwater from these areas and - related to this - a lower influence of denitrification in the groundwater.

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Sackaria, Merin, and Lakshmanan Elango. "Organic micropollutants in groundwater of India—A review." Water Environment Research 92, no. 4 (April 2020): 504–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wer.1243.

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Govindaraju, Pramoda, Ayyappan Balasubrahmanian, Doddaia Nagaraju, and Vybhav Krishnamurthy. "Water Quality Index (WQI) to Evaluate Groundwater Quality in Chickmagaluru District, South Karnataka, India." Current World Environment 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.1.18.

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Groundwater quality assessment is essentialin the present scenario. The main objective of the present study is assessing the groundwater quality for drinking purpose and identify them.Fourteen (14) different physiochemical parameters were analyzed to evaluate the subsurface water in the study area and values were compared to Bureau of Indian standards. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a composite indicant of water quality. The water quality index evaluates various parameters that can be quickly and easily communicated to its intended audience. WQI is one of the most effective techniques for deciding the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking purposes. The extracted components indicate that geology, agriculture, precipitation, household wastewater, and industrial effluents contributed to the sources exceeding the permissible limit. The present study indicated very poor-quality water for some groundwater samples in which the area dominated by weathering ofrocks and dissolution of salts from the bedrock into the water resources, which can be a serious threat to the ecological habitat. Based on WQI index 75% and 65% of groundwater samples in pre and post monsoon suitable for drinking purpose

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R. M., Yuvaraj, Wilmart Clark U., and Sanjeevi Prasad. "A mathematical approach to groundwater quality and pollution of Adyar sub-basin, Tamil Nadu, India." Ecocycles 8, no. 2 (2022): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19040/ecocycles.v8i2.237.

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The quality of drinking water sources in the Adyar river sub-basin of northern Tamil Nadu is assessed in this study. This research uses a combined water quality index (WQI) and pollution index (PI) to assess and characterise groundwater quality. Water samples will be collected from nine locations in the study area for the assessment. The water quality index was calculated based on Total Dissolved Substances (TDS), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4), Bicarbonate (HCO3), Fluoride (F), Power of Hydrogen (pH) and Electrical Conductivity (EC). These twelve parameters were analysed and characterised according to standard methods and the Indian standard, which were then used in calculating the water quality index. Groundwater quality and pollution status of the Adyar river basin were assessed using the Groundwater quality index and comprehensive pollution index for the years 1990, 2005, and 2020. A result reveals that the groundwater quality has decreased from 1990 to 2020. Around seven parameters exceeded the permissible limits in 1990, nine parameters exceeded the permissible limits in 2005, and around eight parameters exceeded the allowable limits in 2020. The pollution status of the groundwater has considerably reduced from 1990 to 2020. Eastern parts of the study area were highly polluted and had low groundwater quality.

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Fitchen, Janet M. "Cultural Aspects of Environmental Problems: Individualism and Chemical Contamination of Groundwater." Science, Technology, & Human Values 12, no. 2 (April 1987): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016224398701200201.

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Majagi, Shashikanth, K. Vijaykumar, M. Rajshekhar, and B. Vasanthkumar. "Chemistry of groundwater in Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 136, no. 1-3 (March 23, 2007): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9690-6.

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Gupta, S., A. Mahato, P. Roy, J. K. Datta, and R. N. Saha. "Geochemistry of groundwater, Burdwan District, West Bengal, India." Environmental Geology 53, no. 6 (April 4, 2007): 1271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0725-7.

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Bhargava, Alok. "Climate variability, rice production and groundwater depletion in India." Environmental Research Letters 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 034022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaade9.

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Gaikwad, Satyajit, Suryakant Gaikwad, Dnyaneshwar Date, Somnath Borhade, Avinash Kandekar, Ashwini Supekar, Ravindra Bhagat, et al. "Groundwater Quality Analysis of an Emerging Part of Suburb of Pune Metropolitan Region Maharashtra India using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques." Hydrospatial Analysis 2, no. 2 (March 23, 2019): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj3.18020202.

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Thirty (30) groundwater samples have been collected during Pre-monsoon season-2015 to analyze the groundwater quality of Shikrapur and Talegaon Dhamdhare area. Maps were prepared for major physicochemical elements in groundwater and geomorphologic aspects using GIS and Remote Sensing techniques. Trend in cations is Na>Ca>Mg>K while in anions is Cl>HCO3>NO3>SO4. The average, Na+Ca representing 61.37% of total cations denoting major supply from weathering of plagioclase feldspar while Ca+Mg values, 67.92 % of cations contributed from olivine and pyroxene. Anions like Cl, SO4 and NO3 in groundwater is contributed from anthropogenic activities. The results were compared with WHO norms and found higher values for Electrical Conductivity (EC), Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), Chloride (Cl) and Nitrate (NO3). Other elements show low to optimum values indicating good quality for drinking purposes, excluding some pockets from lower reaches. Regular quality monitoring for groundwater with rainwater harvesting is suggested to improve the quality of groundwater in the region.

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Singh, Balvinder, V. K. Garg, Poonam Yadav, Nawal Kishore, and Vandana Pulhani. "Uranium in groundwater from Western Haryana, India." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 301, no. 2 (April 13, 2014): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-014-3133-y.

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Satapathy, Sandeep, Roshan Kumar Singh, Chanchal Kumar, Rashmi Negi, Kirti Mishra, and Kashyap Bhuyan. "Biostrategic Removal of Sulphur Contamination in Groundwater With Sulphur-Reducing Bacteria: A Review." Air, Soil and Water Research 10 (January 1, 2017): 117862211769077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622117690777.

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The rapid growth in the use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, excessive extraction of groundwater, and rise in the number of industries with inefficient waste disposal system have been some of the key factors in degradation of groundwater quality during the past years. Although groundwater is considered as a valuable natural resource, the quality control of this resource has systematically failed in India. Irrespective of rural or urban locations, the average sulphate contamination of groundwater in India has reached 90 to 150 mg/L. Such a borderline contamination concentration poses threat both to livelihood and to economy. In addition, the negative health effects of sulphate-contaminated drinking water can range from dermatitis to lung problems and skin cancer. The biostrategic manipulation of groundwater discussed in this article involves sulphate-reducing bacteria used in addition to a 3-step procedure involving constitutive aeration, filtration, and shock chlorination. With earlier use of a similar strategy in the United States and Europe proven to be beneficial, we propose a combinatorial and economical approach for processing of groundwater for removal of sulphur contamination, which still largely remains unnoticed and neglected.

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Podgorski, Joel E., Pawan Labhasetwar, Dipankar Saha, and Michael Berg. "Prediction Modeling and Mapping of Groundwater Fluoride Contamination throughout India." Environmental Science & Technology 52, no. 17 (July 27, 2018): 9889–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b01679.

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Das, Dipankar, Gautam Samanta, Badal Kumar Mandal, Tarit Roy Chowdhury, Chitta Ranjan Chanda, Partha Pratim Chowdhury, Gautam Kumar Basu, and Dipankar Chakraborti. "Arsenic in groundwater in six districts of West Bengal, India." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 18, no. 1 (March 1996): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01757214.

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Podgorski, Joel, Ruohan Wu, Biswajit Chakravorty, and David A. Polya. "Groundwater Arsenic Distribution in India by Machine Learning Geospatial Modeling." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 7119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197119.

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Groundwater is a critical resource in India for the supply of drinking water and for irrigation. Its usage is limited not only by its quantity but also by its quality. Among the most important contaminants of groundwater in India is arsenic, which naturally accumulates in some aquifers. In this study we create a random forest model with over 145,000 arsenic concentration measurements and over two dozen predictor variables of surface environmental parameters to produce hazard and exposure maps of the areas and populations potentially exposed to high arsenic concentrations (>10 µg/L) in groundwater. Statistical relationships found between the predictor variables and arsenic measurements are broadly consistent with major geochemical processes known to mobilize arsenic in aquifers. In addition to known high arsenic areas, such as along the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, we have identified several other areas around the country that have hitherto not been identified as potential arsenic hotspots. Based on recent reported rates of household groundwater use for rural and urban areas, we estimate that between about 18–30 million people in India are currently at risk of high exposure to arsenic through their drinking water supply. The hazard models here can be used to inform prioritization of groundwater quality testing and environmental public health tracking programs.

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Joshi, M. P., PV Barde, PV Mungantiwar, AV Bhole, and VD Devarkar. "Environmental Impact Assessment Studies of Ground Water in Solapur Thermal Power Plant Area (Maharashtra), India." Plantae Scientia 2, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32439/ps.v2i4.48-52.

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Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of Solapur. Solapur city is growing rapidly in terms of population, changing lifestyle and intense competition among users-agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater to fall. Besides, the discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing the quality of freshwater resources. In the work of Solapur, water samples were collected from around the villages in thermal power plant and water quality assessment was carried out from April 2015 & November 2015. The surface and groundwater characteristics have been established through analysis of water samples collected during the study area with respect to Physico-chemical characteristics and pollutant levels and the same has been compared with quality criteria for drinking water (IS: 10500). From the study, it is observed that the samples collected at all the 11 locations during pre-monsoon season are well within the prescribed limits laid by IS10500. We obtained fewer values in Post Monsoon are compared to Pre Monsoon season because of scanty rainfall.

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Sarma, V. V. Jagannadha, and A. Narayana Swamy. "Delineation of chemically polluted groundwater regions in Visakhapatnam Basin, India." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 29, no. 1 (May 1986): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00149326.

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REDDY, V. RATNA. "Costs of resource depletion externalities: a study of groundwater overexploitation in Andhra Pradesh, India." Environment and Development Economics 10, no. 4 (July 18, 2005): 533–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x05002329.

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The main objective of the paper is to estimate the costs of groundwater over exploitation and examine the costs and benefits from groundwater replenishing mechanisms in different ecological contexts. Using the public good and externalities framework, the study shows how groundwater exploitation in Andhra Pradesh, India is resulting in economic losses to individual farmers apart from ecological degradation. It is argued that policies towards strengthening the resource base (replenishment mechanisms) and equitable distribution of the resource (property rights) would be beneficial, economically as well as ecologically.The analysis is in favour of investment in replenishment mechanisms such as irrigation tanks and percolation tanks. The situation of over extraction and the resultant environmental degradation is a consequence of lack of appropriate and adequate policies (policy failure) for managing the subsurface water resources. Hitherto, groundwater policies (subsidized credit, power, etc.) are in the nature of encouraging private initiatives in groundwater development. It is argued that community-based investments in replenishment as well as extraction of groundwater would make better economic as well as ecological sense.

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Verma, Shilp, Stanzin Tsephal, and Tony Jose. "Pepsee systems: grassroots innovation under groundwater stress." Water Policy 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0020.

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Drip irrigation, in its various forms, is the dominant mode of micro-irrigation in India. The benefits of these technologies in water scarce regions have been widely studied all over the world. A review of literature on dripirrigation technologies strongly suggests that there are significant financial, economic and social benefits in the adoption of these technologies. However, the spread of drip irrigation in the Indian context has been far below potential and expectations. In the Maikaal region of Central India, a grassroots innovation called ‘Pepsee’ has become a popular choice for farmers. At less than half the cost of conventional drip systems, this innovation promises comparable returns. What is most interesting is that while government and non-government agencies have struggled to promote water-saving technologies across the country, the people in this area have adapted and adopted these technologies on their own. This paper looks at the various aspects of this grassroots innovation, its spread, adoption behavior and impacts. The authors find that while Pepsee and other water-saving technologies do lead to farm level improvements in water efficiency, they will not contribute to system level ‘real’ water saving unless a favorable policy environment encourages their adoption on a large scale.

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Dar, Imran Ahmad, K. Sankar, Syed Tanzeem Shafi, and Mithas Ahmad Dar. "Hydrochemistry of groundwater of Thiruporur block, Tamil Nadu (India)." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 5, no. 2 (October 15, 2010): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0203-5.

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GROUT, M. W., D. W. ALEXANDER, and R. J. SIMPSON. "Practical Aspects of Yield Investigations of Groundwater Sources." Water and Environment Journal 6, no. 4 (August 1992): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1992.tb00769.x.

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Farooq, Aamir. "Environmental Aspects of Toll Plazas & Vehicular Pollution." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39121.

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Abstract: The study aims to encapsulate the effects of toll plazas on environment. It is intended to outline various environmental aspects that are of serious concern and should be looked upon necessarily to curtail their long term ill effects on environment and humans. The rapid development in urban India has resulted in a tremendous increase in the number of motor vehicles. Air pollution is a serious environmental health threat to humans. Adverse effects range from nausea, difficulty in breathing and skin irritations, birth defects, immunosuppression and cancer. Air pollution, particularly in the form of particulate matter, is a serious challenge in India, and transportation is a significant factor in the nation’s air quality problems. According to the 2017 Global Burden of Disease, some 1.1 million people in India die prematurely each year from diseases directly related to air pollution, making it the fifth leading cause of death in the country. Transportation sources account for approximately a third of PM pollution in India, and a somewhat higher proportion of nitrogen oxides, another set of compounds harmful to human health. Because its vehicle fleet is small relative to its large population, India has very low per capita transportation emissions. But that fleet is growing rapidly: total vehicle sales (including motorcycles) increased from about 10 million in 2007 to over 21 million in2016, and the total number of vehicles on the road is expected to nearly double to about 200 million by 2030. All these situations indicate that air pollution becoming a major problem in Indian context and there is an essential need to build up healthy environment and increase the level of research around the world. The study is based on the case study results from one of the toll plaza’s (KACHKOOT TOLL PLAZA) in j&k,India .. Keywords: (Air pollution, Vehicular emission, Carcinogenicity ,Air Quality Index, Toll, Diseases)

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Biswas, Hrittick, D. R. Sena, Gopal Kumar, Brij Lal Lakaria, A. Raizada, Suresh Kumar, and P. K. Mishra. "Effect of water storage structures on groundwater recharge in India." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 4 (March 2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2017.01.002.

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PANDEY, J. S., V. JOSEPH, R. SHANKER, R. KUMAR, and R. N. SINGH. "MODELING THE ROLE OF PHYTOREMEDIATION IN MITIGATING GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN INDIA." Journal of Environmental Systems 30, no. 3 (January 1, 2004): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4087-kbvl-edl0-m47y.

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Shyamala, G., and J. Jeyanthi. "Integrated Weighted Overlay Model Using Inverse Distance Weightage for Assessing Groundwater Quality." Journal of Environmental Science and Management 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47125/jesam/2017_1/04.

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Groundwater management is a potential solution to the global water crisis. This study assessed the groundwater quality at Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu, India in order to determine its suitability for drinking. Groundwater samples were collected and their physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42- and Cl- were determined and benchmarked with standard drinking water requirements. The variations of these parameters were presented spatially. The groundwater is generally brackish and hard; and of low alkalinity and high salinity. Consequently, the groundwater in most parts of the study area is unsuitable for drinking without treatment. It is recommended that point and nonpoint sources of groundwater pollution at Mettupalayam should be identified, monitored and managed in order to protect the groundwater resource.

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G R, Anurani, Lakshmi R, Joseph Sabu, and Sukanya S. "Evaluation of Radon (222Rn) Distribution and its Implications vis-a-vis Water Quality of Killiyar River, Kerala, India." Current World Environment 16, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.1.10.

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The discharge of tropical rivers is mainly contributed by the baseflow from groundwater especially during summer. Hence, in order to sustain the environmental flow of rivers, the conservation of locations where groundwater discharges into river is a better option than conventional practices viz., redesigning river channel structure and flow regime. Radon (222Rn), a colourless, odourless, inert and natural radioactive noble gas (t1/2= 3.8 days), can be used as a proxy to trace the groundwater discharge location/s in the river course. As 222Rn readily dissolves in groundwater, its content in groundwater is relatively higher than surface water. We report here the activity of 222Rn in the river water at ten locations from upstream to downstream of Killiyar river – KR (n= 6th, L= 24 km, A= 102 km2), the main tributary of Karamana river, Kerala, India. Surface water samples (n=10) were collected during pre- and post-monsoon of 2017. The radon activity was performed by RAD7, an electronic radon detector (Durridge Company Inc., USA). The activity of radon varied from 157 to 4588 Bq/m3 in pre-monsoon and 147 to 1740 Bq/m3 in post-monsoon. The spatial variability of 222Rn activity is observed, and the anomalous high activity location/s indicates groundwater potential in that area. Further, the factors controlling spatial variation of radon were also discussed. Moreover, physico-chemical parameters of river water were also studied. And all the parameters were found to be within the permissible limit of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications for potable water (IS -10500: 2012). This is a case study of application of radon for prospecting groundwater potential zones in Killiyar river course, henceforth useful for the water resource management in this riverine environment and is first of its kind in the study region.

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Golovina, Ekaterina, and Anastasia Grebneva. "Some Aspects of Groundwater Resources Management in Transboundary Areas." Journal of Ecological Engineering 22, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12911/22998993/134037.

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Justus Reymond, D., J. S. Sudarsan, R. Annadurai, and S. Nithiyanantham. "Groundwater quality around municipal solid waste dump in Tiruchirappalli (South India)." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 7375–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2063-6.

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Mondal, Biraj Kanti, Satiprasad Sahoo, Rima Das, Prabuddh Kumar Mishra, Kamal Abdelrahman, Aditi Acharya, Ming-An Lee, Anuj Tiwari, and Mohammed S. Fnais. "Assessing Groundwater Dynamics and Potentiality in the Lower Ganga Plain, India." Water 14, no. 14 (July 10, 2022): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14142180.

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The present study intended to assess groundwater storage dynamics (GWS) and identify potential zones using the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method and geospatial technology in the Murshidabad district of West Bengal, India. The study district is located in the Ganga–Padma–Bhagirathi rivers’ floodplain and covers approximately a 5324 km2 area, comprising 26 blocks in five sub-divisions. The study portrayed a quantitative investigation of the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season’s variability of GWS from 2000 to 2020, taking Landsat TM/Landsat 8 OLI/SRTM satellite data. The geo-spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater storage variability for 20 years was carried out by such remotely sensed data with the geospatial method to portray the dynamics and uncover the potential zones of GWS using various cartographic and statistical techniques. We determined nine parameters for the study, and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was employed for the computation. The present estimation and assessment include the MCDM method, covering assorted parameters and the variations and aspects of GWS in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons from 2000 to 2020. The outcome illustrates that a decline in water storage has taken place in most of the blocks of Murshidabad district on average during the study period, which indicates a water stress provison in the near future. However, the micro (block)-level scenario of the spatiotemporal dynamics of GWS and the potential zonation in the Murshidabad District were investigated to form a location-specific micro-level arrangement for the sustainable management of water.

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Khan, Rubia, and D. C. Jhariya. "Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Quality with Special Reference to Nitrate Pollution in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh State, India using Geographical Information System." International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 5, no. 1 (February 11, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v5i1.7132.

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Groundwater quality is one of the most important aspects for sustainable development of social and economic life. In present study, 41 groundwater samples were collected systematically during the pre-monsoon (May 2015) and post-monsoon (December 2015) periods. Nine parameters, i.e. EC, Ca, Mg, Na, K, NO3, SO4, HCO3 and Cl were analyzed in the laboratory adapting a standard protocol of APHA, 1995. The analyzed samples were compared with BIS and WHO standard for drinking purpose and spatial distribution map was prepared using Arc GIS Software. In present study, it is found that Ca, Mg, K and NO3 are above permissible limit and SO4 is above an acceptable limits according to BIS standard. Present study reflecting that main causes of groundwater pollution in study area are anthropogenic activities.

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Bhattarai, Nishan, Adrienne Pollack, David B. Lobell, Ram Fishman, Balwinder Singh, Aaditya Dar, and Meha Jain. "The impact of groundwater depletion on agricultural production in India." Environmental Research Letters 16, no. 8 (July 20, 2021): 085003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac10de.

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Umar, R., and M. Sami Ahmad. "Groundwater quality in parts of Central Ganga Basin, India." Environmental Geology 39, no. 6 (April 18, 2000): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050480.

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Garg, Pankaj, and Gopal Krishan. "Radon Concentration Measurement in Groundwater of Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India." Current World Environment 12, no. 2 (August 25, 2017): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.12.2.23.

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Groundwater is the largest fresh water resource and radon is a radioactive naturally occurring noble gas that may be found anywhere in soil, air and water due to decay of uranium in rocks. It is important to investigate the radon in groundwater to safeguard against the health hazard caused due radon. The results presented here are from radon concentrations measured using RAD7 detector in 9 representative groundwater samples collected from hand pumps from southern parts of Roorkee in Haridwar district of Uttrakhand. Radon activity concentration was found in the range of 0.55+0.22 Bq L-1 to 3.39+0.28 Bq L-1 with an average value of 2.16+0.37 Bq L-1. Radon values were compared with United State Environmental Protection Agency value of 11 Bq L-1. The radon activity trend was found within the permissible limit.

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Ali, A. "Contamination of Alluvial Aquifers by Metal Industries in Parts of Central Ganga Basin, India." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0726.

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Physicochemical characteristics of wastewater from metal industries in parts of central Ganga basin, district Aligarh, India and the differential accumulation of heavy metals in shallow aquifers were investigated. It has been observed through analytical results that the concentration of heavy metals like Fe, Cu, Mn, Cd and Pb are higher than the suggested guidelines of World Heath Organisation, 1985 both in wastewater and shallow groundwater. Since groundwater is the only source of water supply for drinking, agricultural and industrial requirements, it is an essential pre-requisite that the existing groundwater resource should be protected from further degradation by providing some suitable measures like treatment of the wastewater before letting them to the drainage system.

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Halder, Soham, Pankaj Kumar, Kousik Das, Rajarshi Dasgupta, and Abhijit Mukherjee. "Socio-Hydrological Approach to Explore Groundwater–Human Wellbeing Nexus: Case Study from Sundarbans, India." Water 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121635.

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Coastal regions are the residence of an enormously growing population. In spite of rich biodiversity, coastal ecosystems are extremely vulnerable due to hydroclimatic factors with probable impact on socio-economy. Since the last few decades, researchers and policymakers were attracted towards the existing water demand–resource relationship to predict its future trends and prioritize better water resource management options. Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) serves the wholesome purpose of modeling diverse aspects of decision analysis using water algorithm equations for proper planning of water resource management. In this study, future groundwater demand (domestic, agricultural, and livestock sector) in the fragile Sundarbans ecosystem was estimated considering different human population growth rates (high, low, and current) for 2011–2050. The results showed that the sustainability of coastal aquifer-dependent rural livelihood is expected to face great danger in the near future. The total groundwater demand is expected to rise by approximately 17% at the current growth rate in the study area to fulfill the domestic and agricultural requirement, while this value goes up to around 35% for a higher growth rate and around 4% for a lower growth rate. The impact of increasing groundwater demand was analyzed further to identify any socio-economic shifts in this region.

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Chatterjee, R. S., Pranshu Pranjal, Sujit Jally, Bipin Kumar, Vinay K. Dadhwal, S. K. Srivastav, and Dheeraj Kumar. "Potential groundwater recharge in north-western India vs spaceborne GRACE gravity anomaly based monsoonal groundwater storage change for evaluation of groundwater potential and sustainability." Groundwater for Sustainable Development 10 (April 2020): 100307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100307.

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Pradhan, Rudra Mohan, Ajit Kumar Behera, Sudhir Kumar, Pankaj Kumar, and Tapas Kumar Biswal. "Recharge and Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater in Fractured Basement Aquifers (NW India): Insights from Environmental Isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, and 3H) and Hydrogeochemical Studies." Water 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030315.

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Considering water as a limiting factor for socio-economic development, especially in arid/semi-arid regions, both scientific communities and policymakers are interested in groundwater recharge-related data. India is fast moving toward a crisis of groundwater due to intense abstraction and contamination. There is a lack of understanding regarding the occurrence, movement, and behaviors of groundwater in a fractured basement terrane. Therefore, integrated environmental isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, and 3H) and hydrogeochemical studies have been used to understand the recharge processes and geochemical evolution of groundwater in the fractured basement terranes of Gujarat, NW India. Our results show that the relative abundance of major cations and anions in the study basin are Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3−, respectively. This suggests that the chemical weathering of silicate minerals influences the groundwater chemistry in the aquifer system. A change in hydrochemical facies from Ca-HCO3 to Na-Mg-Ca-Cl. HCO3 has been identified from the recharge to discharge areas. Along the groundwater flow direction, the presence of chemical constituents with different concentrations demonstrates that the various geochemical mechanisms are responsible for this geochemical evolution. Furthermore, the chemical composition of groundwater also reflects that the groundwater has interacted with distinct rock types (granites/granulites). The stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) of groundwater reveal that the local precipitation is the main source of recharge. However, the groundwater recharge is affected by the evaporation process due to different geological conditions irrespective of topographical differences in the study area. The tritium (3H) content of groundwater suggests that the aquifer is mainly recharged by modern rainfall events. Thus, in semi-arid regions, the geology, weathering, and geologic structures have a significant role in bringing chemical changes in groundwater and smoothening the recharge process. The findings of this study will prove vital for the decision-makers or policymakers to take appropriate measures to design water budgets as well as water management plans more sustainably.

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S. Vasanthan, S. Vasanthan, A. Murugesan A. Murugesan, and A. Selvam A. Selvam. "Study of Seasonal, Spatial Deviation and Pollution Indices of Ground Water by Tannery Activities in Vaniyambadi, Vellore district, Tamilnadu, India." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380106.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and the presence of heavy metals in groundwater samples. This study was carried out on the site of a tanneries of Vaniyambadi Taluk in the Vellore district. Evaluate the pollution index and risk assessment to assess the suitability of groundwater for human consumption. The information absorbed Physico-chemical properties and heavy metals like., Copper, Chromium, Lead, Zinc, Nickel, Aluminum, Cadmium contamination of groundwater samples. Flame AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer) method used to assess the heavy metals concentration, The metal strength of groundwater in the area of the tanneries is rather high. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the chromium concentration was quite high in the groundwater samples from the tanneries, and the strengths of copper, chromium, lead, zinc, nickel, aluminum, and cadmium metals were also found slightly higher in groundwater in the tannery area. The calculated pollution indices, the Contamination Index (CI) and the Environmental risk Index (IER) for heavy metals, indicate that the majority of the groundwater samples studied are in severely contaminated areas. All physicochemical properties are within the normal range and metal contamination of groundwater is responsible for maintaining the harmfulness of crops and household needs.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Groundwater – Environmental aspects – India'

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