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1
Biswas, Himadri. "Numerical groundwater flow modeling in the Wakal River basin, India." FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1683.
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Increasing dependence on groundwater in the Wakal River basin, India, jeopardizes water supply sustainability. A numerical groundwater model was developed to better understand the aquifer system and to evaluate its potential in terms of quantity and replenishment. Potential artificial recharge areas were delineated using landscape and hydrogeologic parameters, Geographic Information System (GIS), and remote sensing.
Groundwater models are powerful tools for recharge estimation when transmissivity is known. Proper recharge must be applied to reproduce field-measured heads. The model showed that groundwater levels could decline significantly if there are two drought years in every four years that result in reduced recharge, and groundwater withdrawal is increased by 15%. The effect of such drought is currently uncertain however, because runoff from the basin is unknown. Remote sensing and GIS revealed areas with slopes less than 5%, forest cover, and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index greater than 0.5 that are suitable recharge sites.
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Damodaran, Mala. "Environmental aspects of industrial location policy in India." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266104.
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Orie, Kenneth Kanu. "Legal aspects of groundwater quantity allocation and quality protection in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41192.
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Groundwater quantity allocation and quality protection in Canada largely proceed in a fragmented fashion. Each jurisdiction pursues the management of its water resources and the aquatic environment separately as well as independently of other jurisdictions. This approach is at odds with the unity of the natural environment and the inter-connectedness of groundwater resources.The challenge facing Canada is to make the law recognize and be more responsive to the unity of the aquatic environment and water resources. An active federal role in uniting and coordinating the efforts of the provinces in this regard is crucial if this challenge is to be met. However, since the constitutional division of powers in Canada encourages a fragmented approach to managing environment and water resources, the federal government is incapacitated, purely on a legal score, with respect to pulling together the efforts of the provinces. A cooperative approach, based on political rather than legal coordination, is therefore, the most realistic option for the federal government to meet the challenge.
In this work, the writer examines the various areas for federal-provincial cooperation regarding groundwater allocation and protection. Such institutional integration or cooperation cannot be effective unless groundwater is addressed together with the other component of the hydrologic cycle, namely: surface water and the ecosystem they support. At the same time, in adopting an integrated hydrologic cycle approach, specific groundwater management strategies canvassed in this work must be taken into account if groundwater is to be more efficiently allocated and protected. Pursuant to these considerations, this writer is of the opinion that groundwater resources in Canada should be managed in a way that meets both present and future needs of Canadians, thus in a sustainable fashion. This can best be achieved if resource management relies upon a combination of contaminant-focused and resource-focused approaches adopted under unified federal-provincial efforts as well as under an integrated hydrologic cycle management.
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Shearer, Megan Marie. "Tibetan Buddhism and the environment: A case study of environmental sensitivity among Tibetan environmental professionals in Dharamsala, India." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2904.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate environmental sensitivity among environmental professionals in a culture that is assumed to hold an ecocentric perspective. Nine Tibetan Buddhist environmental professionals were surveyed in this study. Based on an Environmental Sensitivity Profile Insytrument, an environmental sensitivity profile for a Tibetan Buddhist environmental professional was created from the participants demographic and interview data. The most frequently defined vaqriables were environmental destruction/development, education and role models.
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Neal, Andrew W. "Hydrogeochemical and mineralogical evaluation of groundwater arsenic contamination in Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7007.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Geology
Saugata Datta
More than 75 million people in the Bengal Delta of eastern India and Bangladesh are exposed to drinking water with dangerously high arsenic (As) concentrations; the worst case of environmental poisoning in human history. Despite recognition of dangers posed to chronic exposure to drinking water with elevated As, its biogeochemical cycle is inadequately constrained in groundwater flow systems due to its complex redox chemistry and microbially-mediated transformations. Arsenic concentrations in Bengal Delta sediments are comparable to global averages, but its highly heterogeneous spatial distribution (on scales of meters to kilometers) in sediments and groundwaters is poorly understood. Though many research efforts have targeted understanding this heterogeneity in Bangladesh, less work has been done in eastern India. Murshidabad (23°56.355‘N, 88°16.156‘E), an eastern district in West Bengal, India, where groundwaters are highly As-affected (~4000 μg/l), was chosen as our study area. Research objectives were: (1) characterize sediment cores (mineralogically, geochemically) and groundwaters (hydrochemically, isotopically) in areas with contrasting As concentrations—west (low-As) and east (high-As) of river Bhagirathi, a major distributary of Ganges flowing through the heart of Murshidabad; (2) describe and understand the extent of spatial variability, laterally and vertically, of dissolved As concentrations in shallow (< 60 m) aquifers, comparing sediment core chemistry to water chemistry; (3) identify source(s) of aquifer recharge and (4) role(s) of inorganic carbon within the aquifer to understand the bioavailability and mobilization of As from sediments to groundwaters. Mineralogical differences between high-As (grey) and low-As (orange-brown) sediments, were the presence of greater amounts of micas, Fe- and Mg-rich clays, amphiboles, carbonates, and apatite in high-As sediments; these were virtually absent from low-As sediments. In high-As areas, As was associated with amorphous and poorly-crystalline Fe-oxyhydroxide phases and labile (specifically-sorbed) phases, especially where Fe(II):Fe[subscript]T was high in the sediments. High-As groundwaters had high As(III):As[subscript]T, iron, bicarbonate, phosphate, and ammonium, and low concentrations of chloride and sulfate. Dry season precipitation was probably the main source of aquifer recharge; lighter values of [superscript]13C in dissolved inorganic carbon resulted from oxidation of natural organic matter. This study points to an idea that both microbially-mediated oxidation-reduction and competitive ion-exchange processes occurring in shallow aquifers of Murshidabad drive As mobilization and sequestration by aquifer sediments.
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Dharmshaktu, Neha. "A review of the effect of high fluoride content of water on health and environment and the strategy adopted for its prevention and control, with special reference to India." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194569.
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This study aimed to (1) review the reported levels of fluoride in drinking waters, food stuffs and other environmental media around the world, and the current magnitude of prevalence of fluorosis observed in human being and animals, with special reference to India and (2) critically evaluate the strategy adopted for prevention and control of the fluorosis problem in India by conducting questionnaire surveys with professionals from 11 endemic districts, and high school students of two schools located at an endemic area with high fluorosis incidences. Through a comprehensive literature review, it was able to identify 18 endemic states in India with high fluoride levels in their drinking waters while having various degrees of fluorosis problems. These states were further classified into three categories, namely high (>10 mg/L fluoride in drinking waters), moderate (5-9.9 mg/L) and low (1-4.9 mg/L) endemic regions. There were five, nine and four states falling into the high, moderate and low endemic categories, respectively. High fluoride concentrations were observed in the soil near industrial sites, foodstuffs and beverages, and tea leaves. Also, adverse effects of fluoride on terrestrial and aquatic plants, terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates, and aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, were observed and demonstrated in laboratory conditions. The questionnaire survey with Indian professionals in 11 fluoride endemic districts found that although all districts had received funds for combating fluorosis problems, there had been delays in executing the associated health promotion, monitoring and treatment programmes in some districts and the utilisation of the fund for the programmes was quite slow. Staff appointment, staff training, medical treatment provision, education and awareness activities, referral hospital facility provision, vehicle facility, monthly reporting, clinical survey and water and urine samples testing, timely monitoring and supervision, and involvement of various medical staff, were found to be inadequate in most districts. In the questionnaire survey conducted at the two high schools, one of the schools (school A) was supplied with alternate source of filtered water (i.e., with normal fluoride concentration) and the second school (school B) was one, which had non-defluoridated ground water supply for drinking (i.e., with high fluoride concentration). This survey found that the awareness about signs of fluorosis, field visit of health worker, cause and preventability of fluorosis, and perception of spread of fluorosis, was comparatively better amongst students of school A than that of school B. Both the schools’ students had positive attitude towards cooperation, prevention and control efforts being made for fluorosis.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
7
Liao, Boshu. "Analytical and numerical analysis of LNAPL migration and LNAPL thickness estimation in unconfined aquifers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32846.
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Zhang, Zhihui. "Quantitative characterization of aquifer heterogeneity and simulation of contaminant transport in a solvent-contaminated aquifer." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1999_148_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Hubbard, Thomas W. "Monitoring pesticides in the groundwater and submarine groundwater discharge of the Eastern Shore of Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06162009-063057/.
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White, Sherry A. (Sherry Anne). "Comparison of Remediation Methods in Different Hydrogeologic Settings Using Bioplume II." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278039/.
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A contaminant fate and transport computer model, Bioplume II, which allows
simulation of bioremediation in ground water systems, was used to compare the effects of 11 remediation scenarios on a benzene plume. The plume was created in three different hydrogeologic settings from the simulation of an underground gasoline storage tank leak.
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Robinson, Janet E. "Hazardous waste treatment and disposal: alternative technologies and groundwater impacts." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91066.
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The most important thermal, chemical, physical, and biological methods for treating hazardous wastes and the fate of their land-disposed residues are reviewed and evaluated. Technologies are described as major, minor, and emerging according to their stage of development or application to hazardous waste; major ones include rotary kiln, liquid injection, and cement kiln incineration; neutralization, chemical oxidation-reduction, and ion exchange; filtration, distillation and settling techniques; and activated sludge, aerated lagoon, and landfarming treatment. Emerging technologies include molten salt and fluidized- bed combustion, liquid-ion extraction and other processes, none of which are considered to be outside the realm of current or future economic feasibility. In addition, waste reduction strategies and the land burial of stabilized/solidified wastes are discussed. Residues from these technologies vary widely according to waste type and composition, but a common component in many of them is heavy metals, which, as elements, cannot be further degraded to other products. The results of the available literature suggests that these metals will be retained in clay liners beneath a landfill through the mechanism of cation exchange, with the adsorption of metals favored by their smaller hydrated size, lower heat of hydration, and in some cases, higher valences than the naturally occurring alkali earth metals. Other important factors include ionic activity, the pH and ionic strength of the solution, the presence of complexing agents, and the possible surface heterogeneity of the clay. In soils, metal binding through cation exchange with clay is augmented by adsorption onto iron and manganese oxides and complexing with organic matter such as humic acids. Many field studies with landfarmed metal-bearing wastes show that these mechanisms are usually sufficient to retain metals to within several inches of their zone of application.M.S.
12
Savoie, Courtney Beth Young. "Arsenic Mobility and Compositional Variability in High-Silica Ash Flow Tuffs." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1012.
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Volcanic rocks typically have only low to moderate arsenic concentrations, none-the-less, elevated levels of arsenic in ground waters have been associated with pyroclastic and volcaniclastic rocks and sediments in many parts of the world. The potential for arsenic leaching from these deposits is particularly problematic as they often comprise important water-bearing units in volcanic terrains. However, the role that chemical and mineralogical variations play in controlling the occurrence and mobility of arsenic from pyroclastic rocks is largely unexplored.
This study uses chemical and X-ray diffraction data to characterize and classify 49 samples of ash-flow tuffs, and 11 samples of tuffaceous sediments. The samples exhibit a range of devitrification and chemical weathering. Total and partial digestion, and water extractions of samples are used to determine the total, environmentally available, and readily leachable fractions of arsenic present in all tuff samples. Leaching experiments were also performed with buffered solutions to determine the influence of elevated pH levels on arsenic mobility.
The 49 tuff samples have a mean arsenic content of 7.5 mg kg-1, a geometric mean arsenic content of 4.8 mg kg-1, a median arsenic content of 5.2 mg kg-1, and a maximum arsenic concentration of 81 mg kg-1. The mean and median values are 2.8 - 4.4x the average crustal abundance of 1.7 mg kg-1 (Wedepohl, 1995), and consistent with previously reported values for volcanic glasses and felsic volcanic rocks (Onishi and Sandell, 1955; Wedepohl, 1995), although the maximum arsenic content is higher than previously reported (e.g., Casentini et al., 2010; Fiantis et al., 2010; Nobel et al., 2004). In addition, the arsenic concentrations of tuffs were found to be highly heterogenous, both between and within individual units, and in some cases, individual outcrops.
Results of whole rock and leachate analyses indicate that there is no significant difference in the total arsenic content of tuffs as a result of devitrification or weathering, but both devitrified and weathered tuffs contain higher levels of environmentally available arsenic than unweathered glassy tuffs. Glassy tuffs did not produce any readily leachable arsenic, while individual devitrified and weathered tuffs both generated aqueous concentrations that exceeded regulatory limits after 18 hours. Leaching of weathered tuffs produced higher levels of arsenic at high (~9-11) pH than in tests conducted at circum-neutral pH. Devitrified and glassy tuffs showed no increase in leachable arsenic with increasing pH.
The results of this study indicate that devitrification and weathering processes determine the host phases, degree of adsorption, and overall mobility of arsenic from ash-flow tuffs. Tuffs that have undergone different types of alteration are likely to have different host phases of arsenic, and different mechanisms that mobilize arsenic into the environment. Potential host phases and mobility mechanisms are discussed, and a conceptual model of arsenic behavior in ash-flow tuffs is proposed.
13
Davidson, Gregg Randall 1963. "The applicability of boron isotopes in determining fate and transport of leachate from electric utility solid waste." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276980.
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The boron isotopic ratios of three contaminated ground water samples and of leachate from four fly ash samples are shown to be significantly different than the isotopic ratio of naturally occurring boron in a selected ground water. Analysis is performed using thermal ionization mass spectrometry with a precision of less than 1 per mil. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is shown to be ineffective for this application. Boron is isolated from solution and concentrated using Amberlite IRA-743 resin with no isotopic fractionation observed. Boron desorption from fly ash is shown to be rapid. Boron isotopic analysis is shown to be a superior method to boron concentration analysis for identifying leachate in a ground water, (1) at the outer limits of a leachate plume, and, (2) when the difference between the boron concentration of the leachate and background water is small. The degree of contamination can be determined if both end members are known.
14
Schicho, Douglas Linden. "Monitoring pesticides in the soil, groundwater, and submarine groundwater discharge of the Chesapeake Bay Area." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09052009-040652/.
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Diebel, Penelope L. "An economic analysis of low-input agriculture as a groundwater protection strategy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40014.
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Uddin, G. M. Saleh. "Groundwater contamination by arsenic in Bangladesh : causes, consequences and solutions." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envu18.pdf.
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Merritt, Karen A. "Mercury Dynamics in Sulfide-Rich Sediments: Geochemical Influence on Contaminant Mobilization and Methylation within the Penobscot River Estuary, Maine, USA." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MerrittKA2007.pdf.
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Goldsmith, Charles Douglas. "Biodegradation of methanol and tertiary butyl alcohol in previously uncontaminated subsurface systems." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54293.
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The objective of this study was to determine the potential for biodegradation in subsurface soils and groundwater from sites in Williamsport, PA, Wayland, NY, and Dumfries, VA. These subsurface systems were characterized both physically, chemically and biologically. Bacterial populations were substantial in all systems and ranged from 10³ to 10⁸ colony forming units per gram. Soil sampling was done in a quality-controlled aseptic manner using conventional drilling end sampling equipment. A matrix of test-tube microcosms was used to determine biodegradation rates of methanol and t-butyl alcohol at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 mg/L. Methanol degraded readily at all sites ranging from 0.8 mg/L/day to 20.4 mg/L/day and rates were generally greater in the saturated zone. TBA biodegraded at all sites, but was refractory in nature. Biodegradation rates for TBA in anaerobic subsurface systems were found to increase directly with initial concentration from 10⁻⁴ mg/L/day for 1 mg/L to 10⁻¹ mg/L/day for 80 mg/L. TBA biodegradation in the aerobic system was essentially constant over all concentrations. Biokinetic coefficients were determined for methanol and TBA at each site based on plots of utilization rates versus substrate concentration and reciprocal plots of these values. The K values found suggest that aerobic subsurface systems can utilize alcohols at a greater rate than anoxic subsurface systems and can be used for comparative purposes. The Ks of anoxic subsurface systems were found to be large due to the low temperature (10°C) found in aquifers. The results indicate that methanol contamination in groundwater has much less associated risk to drinking water supplies due to the ease of biodegradation. However, TBA poses a much greater risk due to the very slow removal rates at low concentrations, which could result in a residual level for over a decade in some cases.Ph. D.
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Kruger, Nina. "A socio-environmental history of water in the Karoo c.1762-2012, with specific focus on Prince Albert and Williston." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80315.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the history of water in two small Karoo towns. The main argument of the thesis is that the availability of and access to water has played influential roles in the development of Williston and Prince Albert. The ambitions of this thesis are three-fold: firstly, the approach is socio-environmental history and therefore it provides insight into the environmental as well as the social history of the resource in each region. It consciously reflects on the notion of power and explores the manner in which access to water was racialised by authorities in each town. Secondly, this thesis provides insight into the technological and legislative water supply and development of sanitation at both settlements, which is outlined in a broader national development to contextualise the local trajectories. Thirdly, through personal narratives it offers an ethnographic analysis of mind-sets such as fatalism and hopefulness in the face of extreme climatic conditions are examined. The experiences of the socially marginalised and underrepresented are intended to challenge the whiggish celebration of anthropogenic ascendancy over nature in the historiography.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die geskiedenis van water in twee klein Karoo dorpies. The hoof argument van die tesis is dat die beskikbaarheid van en toegang tot water bepalende rolle gespeel het in die ontwikkeling van Williston en Prins Albeit. Die doelstellings van hierdie tesis is drievoudig: eerstens, is die benadering sosio-omgewingsgeskiedenis en verskaf dit dus insig oor die omgewings- sowel as die sosiale geskiedenis van hierdie natuurlike hulpbron in elke streek. Hierdie werk weerspieel doelbewus die idee van mag en ondersoek die wyse waarop toegang tot water deur die dorpsowerhede rasbevooroordeeld was. Tweedens, verskaf hierdie tesis insig oor die water toevoer en die ontwikkeling van sanitere geriewe in beide nedersettings, waama die plaaslike ontwikkeling gesien word binne ' n breer nasionale konteks. Derdens word daar deur middel van persoonlike vertellings gekyk na die opkoms van etnografiese ingesteldhede soos fatalisme en hoop wanneer uiterste klimaatstoestande in die gesig gestaar word. Die ervannge van die sosiaal gemarginaliseerde en die onderverteenwoordigde groepe word uitgelig ten einde die liberate viering van antropogeniese dorninasie oor die natuur uit te daag.
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Reese, Ronald S. "Characterization of organic contamination of groundwater in a mining area, Globe, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277240.
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Organic contamination is associated with inorganic contamination in a plume resulting from acidic mine drainage water in an area of copper mining, Globe, Arizona. The level of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is low, but is eight times the 0.5 mgC/l background. The source is probably organic reagents used in mineral processing. DOC fractionation using XAD-8 resin sorption chromatography gave a hydrophobic acid fraction (humic substances) of 1.0 mgC/l, and the hydrophobic neutral fraction was also anomalous, being as high as 49% of DOC. The fractionation data matched that for a waste-solution lake, believed to be a source of the aquifer contamination. Loss of DOC is occurring downgradient in the aquifer, based on comparison of DOC/chloride ratios. Loss occurs as the pH increases to over 4 or 5. Sorption onto metal precipitates being formed, particularly of the hydrophilic fraction, may be occurring.
21
Clavet, Cecilia Merete. "Was MtBE a Costly Mistake? The Evidence from Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ClavetCM2004.pdf.
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Thompson, Jill Marie 1961. "Presence of selected organic compounds and their intermediates in municipal landfill leachates." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276632.
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This research involves the evaluation of municipal landfill leachates for specific hazardous compounds in an effort to qualitatively determine the potential for groundwater contamination. Leachate samples from five landfills were evaluated for thirteen EPA priority pollutants using gas chromatography. In addition, samples were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic halide (TOX). A solids analysis was performed on refuse excavated from one landfill. This analysis included organic halide determination of interstitial liquids, and a total halide determination for each solid sample. A solids/liquid partition coefficient was calculated from the results. The literature review includes a detailed section outlining the biological degradation of hazardous organic compounds in anaerobic environments similar to conditions found in landfills.
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Thornton, Teresa E. "Hexazinone Use on Maine's Blueberry Growing Regions: Environmental Impacts to Surface Water and Groundwater from 1983-2005." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ThorntonTE2006.pdf.
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Montague, David Joel. "Managing agricultural contamination of ground water: the institutional framework." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43408.
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Barone, Jessica Lynn. "Petrological and geochemical analysis of coal mine spoil to determine the source of magnesium-rich groundwater, Star Fire Mine, Eastern Kentucky." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1189406.
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The Star Fire Coal Mine is a large strip mining operation (10,000 acre permit) that produces mine spoil consisting of sandstones, shales, siltstones, and underclays of the Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation. Chemical analysis of groundwater from the saturated mine spoil show unusually high magnesium concentrations, with magnesium constituting between 27 and 47 percent of the major cations. Excess magnesium in water is detrimental to plant metabolism, and its content in groundwater may limit its use for irrigation and other uses during a post-mining land use plan. Petrological methods (thin section point count analysis and x-ray diffraction) and geochemical methods (electron microprobe analysis and water extraction experiments) were performed to determine the source of magnesium in sandstone and shale samples of the Breathitt Formation. Based on mineral percents and concentrations of magnesium found in samples used for waterrock interaction samples, magnesium-rich siderite was found as the primary contributor of magnesium to the groundwater.Department of Geology
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Lang, Patrick T., and Thomas III Maddock. "SIMULATION OF GROUND-WATER FLOW TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF PUMPING AND CANAL LINING ON THE HYDROLOGIC REGIME OF THE MESILLA BASIN: Dona Ana County, New Mexico & El Paso County, Texas." Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617628.
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This study, which is to provide information to a settlement over the rights to water
resources in the Mesilla Basin, uses a groundwater model to estimate how pumping in the
basin affects the hydrologic regime.
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Shintodewi, Putri Andhini. "Groundwater management plan in the Bandung Basin." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envs556.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 97-99. Aims to set a groundwater management plan for the Bandung Basin that attempts to take a holistic approach to an improved groundwater management in conjunction with surface water and land management, and to provide a long-term sustainable management plan.
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Israel, (Clarke) Sumaya. "In situ denitrification of nitrate rich groundwater in Marydale, Northern Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3100.
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Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.South Africa is a water scarce country and in certain regions the quantity of surface water is insufficient to provide communities with their domestic water needs. In many arid areas groundwater is often the sole source of water. This total dependence means that groundwater quality is of paramount importance. A high nitrate concentration in groundwater is a common cause of water being declared unfit for use and denitrification has been proposed as a potential remedy. In groundwater of the Marydale district in the Northern Cape Province, nitrate levels are high enough to be of concern for domestic and livestock consumption. A review of the literature indicates that bacterial denitrification of groundwater can be achieved in situ by using a suitable energy substrate. The technology has been tested elsewhere in the world but more certainty is needed on whether it is a feasible option for local groundwater remediation using local, cost-effective energy substrates and exploiting bacterial populations present naturally in the regolith. The objective of this study was to perform denitrification experiments by laboratory incubation using soil and groundwater samples collected in Marydale in order to determine; 1) The effectiveness of different carbon sources; 2) The effect of using soil sampled at different depths; 3) The effect of C:N ratio of the carbon substrate; and 4) The quality of resultant water. Various experiments were set up using 10 g soil and 40 mL groundwater with different concentrations of carbon sources (sawdust, glucose, maize meal and methanol). All experiments were done under a nitrogen atmosphere to exclude oxygen and temperature was kept constant at 23 °C. Indicator parameters were selected based on literature review, and major cations and anions and some metals were analysed for initially and at selected times during each experiment to evaluate whether major ion chemistry was changing over time. Parameters analysed in supernatant solutions after varying periods of time to indicate progress of denitrification and reduction included nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, alkalinity, chloride, acetate, basic cations, ammonium, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved organic carbon, heteThe Marydale groundwater in some boreholes is of predominantly NaCl type and the nitrate concentration of 19-32 mg/L as N exceeds ideal limits for drinking water of 6mg/L as N . Two soil materials were sampled at different depths from a red sand overlying calcrete (Plooysburg form, Family Py1000). The incubation experiments showed denitrification was complete within a period of between 1 and 6 weeks depending on the carbon substrate and C:N used. Higher rates of nitrate removal were achieved where greater C:N was used. Readily degradable carbon substrates e.g. glucose showed rapid denitrification, while sawdust, a slowly degradable substrate, effected slower denitrification, hence it was concluded that intermediately degradable carbon substrates e.g. wheat straw may prove more suitable. Use of shallower soil material containing initially higher nitrate levels resulted in better denitrification rates, however, both soil materials effected denitrification.. Heterotrophic plate counts increased with time, this presence and growth of heterotrophic bacteria confirmed that conditions were optimum for growth and denitrification and that inoculation with bacteria is not a requirement for in situ denitrification. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration could be directly correlated to the initial input of carbon substrate as soil and groundwater lacked organic material. Results showed that reaction products such as acetate and nitrite, and basic cation concentrations were elevated in the supernatant solution in preliminary experiments. This was interpreted to be attributed to incomplete oxidation of organic material and excess soluble and available carbon for reaction. Cation concentrations were interpreted to have resulted from a decrease in pH brought on by organic acids produced during denitrification. The method used showed specificity, as the only parameters affected by the denitrification experiment were DOC, alkalinity, nitrite, nitrate, and the heterotrophic plate count. The DOC and HPC did not comply with acceptable levels for drinking water. Removal of HPC by boiling or chlorinating is required to ensure that the resultant water composition is of potable quality. For further research with slowly degradable carbon sources it is recommended that a C:N ratio of more than 12 should be employed, and monitoring should focus on soluble carbon nitrate, nitrite, and heterotrophic plate count. The study confirmed that denitrification of this groundwater with a range of carbon sources is possible within a short period of anaerobic contact with local soil material. With sufficient knowledge of the characteristics of the soil and groundwater in the area, establishment of a working in situ denitrification plant is probably feasible.
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Massmann, Joel Warren. "Groundwater contamination from waste-management sites : the interaction between risk-based engineering design and regulatory policy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27451.
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This dissertation puts in place a risk-cost-benefit analysis for waste management facilities that explicitly recognizes the adversarial relationship that exists in a regulated market economy between the owner-operator of the facility and the government regulatory agency under whose terms the facility must be licensed. The risk-cost-benefit analysis is set up from the perspective of the owner-operator. It can be used directly by the owner-operator to assess alternative design strategies. It can also be used by the regulatory agency to assess alternative regulatory policies, but only in an indirect manner, by examining the response of an owner-operator to the stimuli of various policies. The objective function is written in terms of a discounted stream of benefits, costs, and risks over an engineering time horizon. Benefits are in terms of revenues for services provided; costs are those of construction and operation of the facility. Risk is defined as the expected cost associated with failure, with failure defined as a groundwater contamination event that violates the licensing requirements set forth by the regulatory agency. Failure requires a breach of the containment structure and contaminant migration through the hydrogeological environment to a compliance surface. Reliability theory is used to estimate the probability of breaching and Monte Carlo finite-element simulations are used to simulate advective contaminant transport. The hydraulic conductivity values in the hydrogeological environment are defined stochastically. The probability of failure is reduced by the presence of a monitoring network established by the owner-operator. The level of reduction in the probability of failure can be calculated from the stochastic contaminant transport simulations. While the framework is quite general, the development in this dissertation is specifically suited for a landfill in which the primary design feature is one or more synthetic liners and in which contamination is brought about by the release of a single, nonreactive species in an advective, steady-state, horizontal flow field. The risk cost benefit analysis is applied to 1) an assessment of the relative worth of alternative containment-construction activities, site-investigation activities, and monitoring activities available to the owner-operator, 2) an assessment of alternative policy options available to the regulatory agency, and 3) two case histories. Sensitivity analyses designed to address the first issue show that the allocation of resources by the owner-operator is sensitive to the stochastic parameters that describe the hydraulic conductivity field at a site. For the cases analyzed, the installation of a dense monitoring network is of less value to the owner-operator than a more conservative containment design. Sensitivity analyses designed to address the second issue suggest that from a regulatory perspective, design standards should be more effective than performance standards in reducing risk, and design specifications on the containment structure should be more effective than those on the monitoring network. Performance bonds posted before construction have a greater potential to influence design than prospective penalties to be imposed at the time of failure. Sitting on low-conductivity deposits is a more effective method of risk reduction than any form of regulatory influence. Results of the case histories indicate that the methodology can be successfully applied at field sites, and that the risks associated with groundwater contamination may be small when compared to the owner-operators' benefits and costs.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Fagbayigbo, Bamidele Oladapo. "Perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the Plankenburg (Stellenbosch) and Diep (Milnerton) Rivers, and potential remediation using vitis vinifera leaf litter." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2668.
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Thesis (DTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.This study represents the first monitoring campaign to assess the seasonal trend of nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in surface water and sediment from the Plankenburg and Diep Rivers in the Western Cape, South Africa. An analytical protocol was developed and validated for qualitative and quantitative routine determination of nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), in water and sediment samples using Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quadrupole time of flight (UPLC-QTOF-MS). This method was applied to determine levels of PFOA and PFOS in environmental samples. Samples were collected along the Diep (Milnerton) and Plankenburg (Stellenbosch) Rivers respectively. Samples were pre-treated, cleaned-up and extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) C-18 cartridges. Seasonal variation and distribution of PFCs in surface water and sediment was also investigated. Levels of PFCs were monitored in four seasons (summer, autumn, winter and spring) to establish their trend in the environment. The removal of PFOA and PFOS from aqueous solutions using agro-waste biomass of Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter was also studied. Activated carbons were produced from the biomass and chemical activation achieved with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) for the modification of the carbons’ (AC-H3PO4 and AC-KOH respectively). Activated carbons were characterized using Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) in order to understand the removal mechanisms of the contaminants by activated carbons. The effects of solution concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and the temperature were optimized for evaluation of the removal efficiency of the activated carbons. Adsorption isotherm models were used to analyze the equilibrium data obtained and kinetic models were applied to study sorption mechanisms. A fixed bed column study was conducted using: AC-H3PO4 adsorbent. Experimental parameters such as initial concentration of the solution, column bed height, flow rate and initial concentrations of the influent were optimized to establish the best adsorption efficiency parameters of the column system. Breakthrough curve and exhaustion time were predicted using Adam-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson, and Thomas models for the fixed bed column under varying experimental conditions.
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Thapinta, Anat. "Use of geographic information systems for assessing ground water pollution potential by pesticides in central Thailand." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2002. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3205/.
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This study employed geographic information systems (GIS) technology to evaluate the vulnerability of groundwater to pesticide pollution. The study area included three provinces (namely, Kanchana Buri, Ratcha Buri, and Suphan Buri) located in the western part of central Thailand. Factors used for this purpose were soil texture, percent slope, primary land use, well depth, and monthly variance of rainfall. These factors were reclassified to a common scale showing potential to cause groundwater contamination by pesticides. This scale ranged from 5 to 1 which means high to low pollution potential. Also, each factor was assigned a weight indicating its influence on the movement of pesticides to groundwater. Well depth, the most important factor in this study, had the highest weight of 0.60 while each of the remaining factors had an equal weight of 0.10. These factors were superimposed by a method called “arithmetic overlay” to yield a composite vulnerability map of the study area. Maps showing relative vulnerability of groundwater to contamination by pesticides were produced. Each of them represented the degree of susceptibility of groundwater to be polluted by the following pesticides: 2,4-D, atrazine, carbofuran, dicofol, endosulfan, dieldrin & aldrin, endrin, heptachlor & heptachlor epoxide, total BHC, and total DDT. These maps were compared to groundwater quality data derived from actual observations. However, only the vulnerability maps of atrazine, endosulfan, total BHC, and heptachlor & heptachlor epoxide showed the best approximation to actual data. It was found that about 7 to 8%, 83 to 88% and 4.9 to 8.7% of the study area were highly, moderately, and lowly susceptible to pesticide pollution in groundwater, respectively. In this study a vulnerability model was developed, which is expressed as follow: V = 0.60CW + 0.10CS + 0.10CR + 0.10CL + 0.10CSL. Its function is to calculate a vulnerability score for a certain area. The factor “V” in the model represents the vulnerability score of a certain area, whereas CW, CS, CR, CL, and CSL represent the values or classes assigned to well depth, soil texture, monthly variance of rainfall, primary land use, and percent slope in that area.
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Cuifeng, Wei. "Improved Finite Analytic Methods for Solving Advection-dominated Transport Equation in Highly Variable Velocity Field." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4922.
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Solute transport studies frequently rely on numerical solutions of the classical advection-diffusion equation. Unfortunately, solutions obtained with traditional finite difference and finite element techniques typically exhibit excessive numerical diffusion or spurious oscillation when advection dominates, especially when velocity field is highly variable. One recently developed technique, the finite analytic method, offers an attractive alternative. Finite analytic methods utilize local analytic solutions in discrete elements to obtain the algebraic representations of the governing partial differential equations, thus eliminating the truncation error in the finite difference and the use of approximating functions in the finite element method. The finite analytic solutions have been shown to be stable and numerically robust for advection-dominated transport in heterogeneous velocity fields. However, the existing finite analytic methods for solute transport in multiple dimensions have the following disadvantages. First, the method is computationally inefficient when applied to heterogeneous media due to the complexity of the formulation. Second, the evaluation of finite analytic coefficients is when the Peclet number is large. Third, the method introduces significant numerical diffusion due to inadequate temporal approximation when applied to transient problems. This thesis develops improved finite analytic methods for two-dimensional steady as well as unsteady solute transports in steady velocity fields. For steady transport, the new method exploits the advantages of the existing finite analytic and finite difference methods. The analytically difficult diffusion terms are approximated by finite difference and numerically difficult advection and reaction terms are treated analytically in a local element in deriving the numerical schemes. The new finite analytic method is extended to unsteady transport through application of Laplace transformation. Laplace transformation converts the transient equation to a steady-state expression that can be solved with the steady version of the improved finite analytic method. Numerical inversion of the transformed variables is used to recover solute concentration in the physical space-time domain. The effectiveness and accuracy of the new finite analytic method is demonstrated through stringent test examples of two dimensional steady-state transport in highly variable velocity fields. The results clearly demonstrated that the improved finite analytic methods are efficient, robust and accurate.
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Nandy, Subhas. "Impact of land reclamation and urbanization on groundwater flow systems." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25155246.
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Basson, F. C. (Frederick Christoffel). "A spatial decision support system for groundwater abstraction impact assessment and licensing." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50279.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water resources in South Africa are limited and groundwater plays an important role in supporting basic human needs, sustaining ecosystems and enabling industrial and agricultural development. Sound management practices are necessary to ensure sustainable development of water resources. All groundwater usage must be licensed in compliance with the National Water Act of 1998. A Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) can be used to assist in the groundwater usage licensing process of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). The main aim of this study was to develop a SDSS, named Groundwater Abstraction & Licence Evaluation Tool (GALET), that could assist in the process of allocating water use licences and determining the local impact of abstraction, based on existing theory and data. The development was done within ArcView 3.2 using the scripting language Avenue. The Sandveld, an arid stretch of land along the west coast of South Africa that is heavily impacted by groundwater abstraction, was the chosen study area. The data collected for this study included existing borehole, recharge, rainfall and geological information. GALET proved to be capable of calculating essential information needed to evaluate groundwater abstraction, which included drawdown in the water table, zone of influence and the possible effects on features such as rivers and wetlands. Targeted potential users regarded GALET as a useful tool in the process of licensing and groundwater abstraction impact assessment and plans are under way to implement GALET or a derivative thereof at the DWAF regional offices.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Waterhulpbronne in Suid-Afrika is beperk en grondwater speel 'n belangrike rol in die ondersteuning van basiese menslike behoeftes, volhouding van ekosisteme asook industriële en landbou-ontwikkeling. Betroubare bestuurspraktyke is noodsaaklik om die volhoubare ontwikkeling van waterhulpbronne te verseker. Alle grondwatergebruik moet volgens die Nasionale Waterwet van 1998 gelisensieer word. 'n Ruimtelike Besluitnemings Ondersteuning Stelsel (RBOS) kan as 'n hulpmiddel gebruik word in die lisensiëringsproses van die Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om 'n RBOS, genoem Groundwater Abstraction & Licence Evaluation Tool (GALET), te ontwikkel wat as hulpmiddel gebruik kan word in die allokeringsproses van watergebruiklisensies en die bepaling van die impak van grondwateronttrekking op die omgewing, gebaseer op bestaande teorie en data. Die ontwikkeling is in ArcView 3.2 met die programmeringstaal Avenue gedoen. Die Sandveld, 'n ariede streek aan die weskus van Suid-Afrika wat onderhewig is aan grootskaalse grondwateronttrekking, is gekies as die studie area. Die data wat vir hierdie studie ingesamel is sluit bestaande boorgat, grondwateraanvulling, reënval en geologiese inligting in. GALET was in staat om belangrike inligting aangaande die evaluering van grondwateronttrekking te bereken, o.a. die daling van die grondwatervlak, die impaksone en die moontlike effekte op landvorms soos riviere en vleilande. Die teikengroep potensiële gebruikers het GALET as 'n nuttige hulpmiddel in die proses van lisensiëring en grondwateronttrekking impakbepaling beskou en planne is onderweg om dit of 'n aangepaste program by die streekskantore van die Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou te implementeer.
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Shrestha, Suman Lal. "Fate and Transformation of a Conjugated Natural Hormone 17β-Estradiol-3-Glucuronide in Soil-Water Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29317.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of the study were to investigate the sorption and degradation of a glucuronide conjugated natural hormone, 17β-estradio1-3-glucuronide (E2-3G), and its estrogenic metabolites in soil-water systems. Radiolabeled E2-3G was first synthesized in the laboratory. Soil-water batch experiments were then conducted using natural and sterilized topsoil (0-6 cm) and subsoil (18-24 cm) with the radiolabeled E2-3G to investigate the effects of soil organic matter content and microbial activity. The aqueous dissipation of 14C in the batch experiments followed a biphasic pattern with an initial rapid dissipation phase followed by a second slower phase. Significant differences in total aqueous 14C dissipation were observed for the different initial concentrations for both soils, with greater persistence of intact E2-3G at higher initial concentrations.National Science Foundation [Grant No. 0730492]
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Shrestha, Suman Lal. "Fate and Transformation of a Conjugated Natural Hormone 17?-Estradiol-3-Glucuronide in Soil-Water Systems." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29317.
Full textAbstract:
The objectives of the study were to investigate the sorption and degradation of a glucuronide conjugated natural hormone, 17?-estradio1-3-glucuronide (E2-3G), and its estrogenic metabolites in soil-water systems. Radiolabeled E2-3G was first synthesized in the laboratory. Soil-water batch experiments were then conducted using natural and sterilized topsoil (0-6 cm) and subsoil (18-24 cm) with the radiolabeled E2-3G to investigate the effects of soil organic matter content and microbial activity. The aqueous dissipation of 14C in the batch experiments followed a biphasic pattern with an initial rapid dissipation phase followed by a second slower phase. Significant differences in total aqueous 14C dissipation were observed for the different initial concentrations for both soils, with greater persistence of intact E2-3G at higher initial concentrations.National Science Foundation [Grant No. 0730492]
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Sibley, Samuel D. Jr. "The Impact of Salt Marsh Hydrogeology on Dissolved Uranium." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7262.
Full textAbstract:
We quantified U removal and investigated the efficacy of uranium as a quantitative tracer of groundwater discharge in a headwater salt marsh of the Okatee River, Bluffton, SC. Determining the magnitude of U removal is important for advancing U as a tracer of paleo-oceanic conditions. Since salt marsh groundwater is typically enriched in nutrients and other biologically and chemically reactive species, quantifying groundwater discharge from marshes is critical for understanding the ability of salt marshes to modify the chemistry of important species in surface waters.
We hypothesized that water-column U(VI) was removed by tidally-induced advection of surface water into permeable, anoxic salt marsh sediments, a process resulting in bacterially-mediated precipitation of insoluble U(IV)O2 and/or sorption of uranium to iron-oxides at the oxic/anoxic sediment interface. Furthermore, we suggested that hydraulic pressure gradients established by marsh-surface tidal inundation and seasonally-variable rainfall promote the discharge of salt-marsh-processed, uranium-depleted groundwater to tidal creeks, producing the surface-water U-removal signal.
Groundwater and surface water data revealed non-conservative uranium behavior. We documented extensive uranium removal from shallow marsh groundwater and seasonally variable uranium removal from surface waters. These observations allowed for the calculation of seasonally-dependent salt marsh uranium removal rates. On a yearly basis, our removal rate (58 to 104 mol m-2 year-1) reemphasized the importance of anoxic coastal environments for U removal.
High uranium removal, high barium concentration water observed seeping from creek banks at low tide supported our hypothesis that groundwater discharge must contribute to uranium removal documented in tidal surface waters. Average site groundwater provided an analytically reasonable endmember for explaining uranium depletion in surface water. Therefore, we used three endmember mixing models for estimating the fraction of surface water with presumed a groundwater signature. Our discharge estimates of 8 to 37 L m-2 day-1 agreed closely with previously published salt marsh values. Seasonality in discharge rates can be rationalized with appeal to seasonal patterns in observed rainfall, tidal forcing, and marsh surface bioturbation. Although more work is needed, the results of this portion of the study suggest that U may be an effective quantitative tracer of groundwater discharge from salt marshes.
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Sharma, Sachin. "Slurry test evaluation for in-situ remediation of TCE contaminated aquifer." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-082306-124940/.
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Hernandez-Romo, Adriana. "An analysis of nitrate contaminated water in Cherry Valley." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2726.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of nitrate contamination in the water in Cherry Valley. It examines the theory that human effluent is the source of the nitrate and evaluates the role of politics in the nitrate issue.
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Bastien, Charlotte. "Pesticide levels in agricultural drainage systems in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60528.
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A study was conducted to measure pesticide concentrations from two tile-drained potato fields in Saint-Leonard d'Aston, Quebec. Soil and water samples were analysed for the pesticides metribuzin, fenvalerate and aldicarb in 1989, and for metribuzin and phorate in 1990.Metribuzin concentrations up to 3.47 $ mu$g/l were detected in the tile drain water. Surface runoff samples had metribuzin concentrations up to 47.086 $ mu$g/l. Aldicarb was not detected in any of the water samples. Fenvalerate was detected in surface runoff at a level of 0.05 $ mu$g/l during the 1989 growing season. Phorate was not detected in subsurface drain water in the 1990 growing season.
Pesticide levels were higher in the surface soil layer (0-5 cm), than at 25 cm depth. Fenvalerate was detected at a level of 0.013 $ mu$g/g in the surface (0-5 cm) soil samples. Phorate concentrations of up to 0.020 $ mu$g/g were detected in soil samples. Aldicarb was not detected in the soil samples. Metribuzin was found mostly in the soil surface layer with concentrations of up to 0.23 $ mu$g/g during the 1990 growing season.
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Scovill, Georgia Lynn 1962. "Tailings pond seepage and sulfate equilibrium in the Pima mining district, Pima County, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276684.
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Mining activity is suspected of contributing sulfate and total dissolved solids (TDS) to ground water downgradient of the Pima mining district. High ionic concentrations in tailing impoundments suggest that tailings-pond recharge may be a source of the contamination. Experiments indicated that sulfate is not significantly produced by inorganic sulfide oxidation in the tailings ponds. Tailings pond water chemistries were compared with historical water quality analyses in the Pima district. The U.S.G.S. computer program PHREEQE modeled saturation indices for anhydrite, calcite, fluorite, and gypsum in water chemistries throughout the study area. Well water downgradient of the mines had lower saturation indices than tailings pond water which discredits the claim that tailings-pond recharge is acquiring salts as it percolates to the aquifer. Evidence supports the opinion that tailings pond seepage is contributing to the sulfate and TDS content in ground water downgradient of the ponds.
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Hillin, Clifford K. "Distribution and Probable Sources of Nitrate in the Seymour Aquifer, North Central Texas, USA." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2759/.
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This study utilized GIS and statistical methods to map the spatial variability of nitrate and related groundwater constituents in 30 counties above the Seymour Aquifer, analyze temporal patterns of nitrate pollution, identify probable sources of pollution, and recommend water development strategies to minimize exposure to nitrate and reduce future aquifer contamination. Nitrate concentrations in excess of 44 mg/L (US EPA limit) were commonly observed in the Seymour Aquifer region, especially in the central agricultural belt. Data indicated that this is an ongoing problem in the Seymour Aquifer and that agricultural activity and rural septic systems are the likely sources of the nitrate. Inconclusive results emphasized the need for a more comprehensive spatial and temporal water quality monitoring.
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Bennett, Kathryn C. (Kathryn Condreay). "Desorption/Diffusion of Benzene After Simulated Ground Water Remediation." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500458/.
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A study was undertaken to examine the desorption/ iffusion of benzene after simulated ground water remediation in aquifer material of differing carbon content using column experiments and comparing the results to batch experiments and adsorption empirical relationships. It was hypothesized that the organic carbon of the aquifer material will affect desorption/diffusion. Results from the column experiment indicated no significant difference in the increase benzene concentrations after remediation between aquifer materials of differing carbon content, however, a significant increase in benzene concentration was observed for all aquifer material. Fair agreement of retardation factors was observed between empirical relationships and batch and column experiments. However, the desorption phase of the batch experiment showed hysteresis and seemed to differ from the column experiment.
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Guiseppe, Vincente E. "Radon in Ground Water: A Study of the Measurement and Release of Waterborne Radon and Modeling of Radon Variation in Bedrock Wells." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2006. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GuiseppeVE2006.pdf.
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Ling, Ge. "Assessment of nitrate leaching in the unsaturated zone on Oahu." Thesis, Water Resources Research Center, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/21929.
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Groundwater contamination caused by agricultural fertilization is a widely recognized problem. In Hawaii, nitrogen fertilization from pineapple and sugarcane fields has posed a threat to several basal aquifers and has been implicated in coastal algae blooms. The concentration of nitrate-N in the Pearl Harbor basin on the island of Oahu was below 2.3 mg/L in the 1950’s and 1960’s, and has increased to as much as 7.6 mg/L in 1992 to 1994. The objective of this dissertation research is to develop a practical methodology for realistically estimating nitrate leaching from fertilized agricultural lands.
Numerous mechanisms have impact on the distribution and migration of nitrate in the soil. Nitrogen fertilizer undergoes many N transformations and interactions with the soil and the plant after applications. In this study, an analysis of soil samples was performed to understand the leaching process of nitrate in the root zone of three different cropped fields in Hawaii. A detailed discussion is given to address various factors which control the nitrate transport process. To judge the sampling plan in relation to spatial variation, the field measurements were evaluated statistically by an uncertainty index, which is represented as the density of samples required for the estimate of sample mean of the nitrate concentration to fall within a defined limit of accuracy.
In order to predict the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the groundwater contamination with very limited input data, a simple, analytical, lumped parameter model (LPM), was developed. The model can estimate the average nitrate leaching from the root zone in response to agricultural practices, N transformations and other related processes. The model was tested against the field data and two detailed numerical models, LEACHM-N and CERES-Maize. It provides an alternative way to assess nitrate leaching from the root zone with acceptable accuracy. A listing of the program is provided in Appendix 2.
Owing to the complex nature of nitrogen behavior in the unsaturated zone, some degree of uncertainty is involved in the development of modeling approaches. In this study, five major sources of uncertainty were identified. These are: uncertainty due to spatial variation, uncertainty related to the accuracy of the input data, uncertainty due to simplifications in the development of the models, uncertainty due to the modeling parameters, and uncertainty due to the complexity of the unsaturated zone in Hawaii. The impact of these uncertainties on simulation results is evaluated.Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-215).
UHM: Has both book and microform.
Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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Myers, Kevin Christopher 1965. "Water flow and transport through unsaturated discrete fractures in welded tuff." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277169.
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Porous plates delivered calcium chloride at a negative potential to the top of blocks of partially welded (20.1 x 20.1 x 66.6 cm) and densely welded (30.1 x 20.1 x 48.1 cm) tuff with discrete fractures. During infiltration, flux increased through the partially welded block's fracture as the applied suction was lowered to 2.3 cm. The wetting front advanced 66.6 cm in 239 days. Chloride concentration and temporal moments from five tracer tests with 0 to 5 cm of applied suction indicated that preferential fracture flow occurred. Displacement transducer data reflect a decrease in fracture aperture at several months prior to but not during tracer tests. Fracture transmissivities decreased an order of magnitude (6.4 x 10⁻⁹ to 4.2 x 10⁻¹⁰ M²/s) as the applied suction increased from 0 to 5 cm while the tensiometer data indicated a suction of about 20 cm of water within the fracture and matrix. Highest during infiltration to an initially dry block, inflow losses of 3 to 44 percent due to evaporation are the greatest source of error for the constant potential method used.
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Li, Weiping. "A subsurface water quality evaluation system for assessing NPS pollution potential by pesticides." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40028.
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A watershed scale water quality evaluation system was developed for assessing spatial variation of subsurface pesticide movement. The system consists of a linked-transport model component for performing simulation and a GIS component for processing spatially-related data. The surface heterogeneity caused by agricultural activities, topographic, hydrologic, and soil type variations in a watershed was handled by partitioning the watershed into homogeneous subfields. The subsurface soil profile and aquifer heterogeneities were considered by dividing the subsurface domain into root zone, intermediate vadose zone, and saturated zone, respectively. On each of the homogeneous subfields, the physically-based models, PRZM and VADOFT, were linked to simulate pesticide transport in the root and intermediated vadose zones. Pesticide movement in groundwater underneath the watershed was simulated by linking the other two models with SUTRA. An irregular shape finite element mesh generator was developed for fitting the irregular shape watershed boundary and reducing the number of nodes of the finite element mesh. Either transient or steady state flow and transport simulation could be performed with the system. The system is able quantitatively to produce detailed spatial variation maps of pesticide concentrations at any desired depth in the unsaturated zone and in groundwater.
The system requires spatially-distributed information as inputs. Management of large volumes of spatially-referenced data which represent the heterogeneous properties of the watershed were facilitated by a developed GIS component. The GIS data processing component was composed of spatial data manipulation and display, attribute database management, and model input information extraction subcomponents. The spatial data processing component consists of data format conversion, map registering, map editing, new information generation, and map display subcomponents.Ph. D.
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Lang, Cassandra C., and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Identification and metabolic characterization of host-specific enterococci for use in source-tracking faecal contamination." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2005, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/265.
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Metabolic were used to evaluate Enterococcus as an indicator of faecal pollution. Enterococci were isolated using m-Enterococcus agar and speciated using conventional biochemical tests. Forty percent of the isolates were identified and metabolically characterized by the automated Biolog system. The biochemical test scheme recognized 16 enterococcal species, while Biolog recognized nine. Both methods identified E. faecalis at the greatest frequency. Overall species frequencies varied between the two methods. Biolog was unable to identify 31% of the isolates; 7% of the isolates were unidentified by the biochemical test scheme. Of the identified isolates, metabolic profiling with Biolog achieved speciation with 60 substrates. Unique profiles were obtained for 89% of the isolates. Isolates also demonstrated inter-trial differntial metabolism of substrates. This and the large number of unidentified isolates suggest great diversity among enterococci. Diversity and inter-trial metabolic inconsistencies will complicate use of enterococcal metabolic profiles as a source-tracking tool.xxiii, 264 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Mukherjee, Parameswari. "Analyzing the Discourse of Community Participation within a Multi-stakeholder Arsenic Remediation and Intervention in West Bengal." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1563873454876855.
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Greben, Harma. "The biological sulphate removal process." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52490.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is one of the world's major coal producers, resulting in the second highest foreign exchange earner for South Africa. However, the mining industry contributes negatively to (ground) water pollution, due to the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD). AMD originates from the bacterial oxidation (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) of pyrite (FeS) and contains high levels of sulphate and metals. Sulphate rich waters can be treated applying the biological sulphate removal technology. This study concentrated on biologically removing sulphate from synthetic feed- and mine water, using the single-stage completely-mixed reactor system. The advantage of using this reactor system is that except for removing sulphate from about 2000 to less than 200 mg/t', it can also partly biologically remove the formed sulphides. It was established that both ethanol and sugar can be used, as the carbon and energy source, however ethanol is more cost effective than sugar. Ethanol dosage and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) studies were undertaken to investigate at what concentration, the highest sulphate and sulphide removal rates were achieved. It was found that the highest sulphate reduction rates were obtained when using 1mf ethanol/f feed and that the removal rates were dependent on the HRT: the lower the HRT, the higher the sulphate reduction rate. The highest sulphide oxidation rate was achieved at the HRT of 6 h. It was, furthermore shown that the single stage completely-mixed reactor system could successfully be used to remove sulphate from Schoongezicht mine effluent, not only removing the sulphate, but also most of the metals, thereby increasing the mine effluent pH from 2.5 to 7. The conclusion of this study was that a completely-mixed reactor system, as described in this thesis, can successfully be applied to treating acid mine drainage using ethanol (1 m.e etanol/f feed water) as the carbon and energy source at a hydraulic retention time as low as 4 hours. This technology has great potential for pilot- and full-scale treatment of sulphate rich effluents such as acid mine drainage.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrika is een van die vemaamste steenkool produseerders in die wereld, terwyl die uitvoer van steenkool die land se tweede hoogste verdiener is van buitelandse valuta. Ongelukkig dra hierdie industrie ook by tot die besoedeling van (grond) water, veral vanwee die vorrning van suur myn afloop. Bakteriese oksidasie (deur Thiobacillus ferrooxidansy van piried (FeS) is hoofsaaklik verandwoordelik vir die vorrning van suur myn afloop bevattende hoe konsentrasies van sulfaat en metale. . Die toepassing van biologiese sulfaatverwyderingsprosesse vir die behandeling van sulfaatryke waters is vroeer gedemonstreer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n enkel-stadium reaktor met volledige vermenging te evalueer en te optimiseer om toegepas te word vir die biologiese verwydering van sulfaat vanuit sinteties bereide, sowel as mynwater. Hierdie reaktor is in staat om sulfaat te verwyder vanaf vlakke van ~ 2000 tot minder as 200 mg/P. 'n Verdere voordeel gepaard met die gebruik van hierdie reaktor is dat die sulfied wat gevorm word tydens sulfaatreduksie, gedeeltelik verwyder word deur die oksidasie daarvan na So. Die resultate wat behaal is in hierdie studie het aangedui dat beide etanol en suiker gebruik kan word as die koolstof en energiebron, terwyl etanol meer koste-effektief aangewend kon word. In teenstelling was metanol nie 'n geskikte koolstofbron vir sulfaatverwydering nie. Eksperimente is daarvolgens uitgevoer om toestande van optimum etanoldosering en hidroliese retensietyd (HRT) vir maksimum sulfaat- en sulfiedverwydering te bepaaJ. Die hoogste reduksie tempo's was verkry met 'n toediening van 1 mP etanol/f invloei, en die effektiwiteit van verwydering was afhanklik van HRT. Hoe laer die HRT, hoe hoer die tempo van sulfaatverwydering. Die beste sulfaatverwyderingstempo was behaal teen 'n HRT van 6 uur. Die resultate het verder aangetoon dat die enkel-stadium reaktor met volledige vermenging in staat was om sulfaat effektief te verwyder, en die pH te verhoog vanaf na 2.5 tot 7, in mynuitvloeisels van 'n plaaslike steenkoolmyn. Die gevolgtrekking uit hierdie werk is dat 'n volledig-gemengde reaktorstelsel, soos beskryf in die huidige studie, geskik is vir die suksesvolle behandeling van suur mynafloopwater met die gebruik van etanol (l mflP toevoerwater) as koolstof- en energiebron by 'n hidrouliese retensietyd tot so laag as 4 uur. Die tegnologie het groot toepassingspotensiaal vir volskaalse behandeling van sulfaatryke afloopwaters soos by. suur mynafloop.