Academic literature on the topic 'Grounding device'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grounding device"
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Yue, Yun kai, and Tian bo Wu. "Analysis of abnormal heating of 66kV dry-type air-core reactor grounding device." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2237, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2237/1/012014.
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Abstract When dry-type air-core reactors are in operation, the surrounding grounding devices, fences and other closed structural parts are abnormally hot. Because there is no effective analysis and detection methods for concealed projects such as grounding devices, it brings great difficulties to on-site analysis of problems; this article is based on the site conditions Theoretical analysis and the use of ground penetrating radar detection technology to study a 66kV dry-type reactor grounding device abnormal heating problem, through the analysis of the detection results, it is found that the reason for the heating of the dry anti-grounding device is that the grounding device has a circulating current in the alternating field; The design and construction of grounding devices of dry-type air-core reactors in new projects will provide certain reference significance.
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Xu, Biao, Yuxin Xu, Fan Ouyang, Hui LI, Wenwu Liang, and Yusheng Gong. "Performance test of small-current grounding line selection device based on the real-time digital simulation system." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2137, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2137/1/012010.
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Abstract Single phase grounding fault is the most common fault type in small-current grounding distribution network, but the small-current grounding line selection device put into operation on site is often difficult to meet the application requirements, affecting the rapid and accurate treatment of grounding fault. Considering that there are many small-current grounding line selection manufacturers and various device forms, it is difficult to intuitively evaluate the line selection performance of different devices and make horizontal comparison, and there is no supporting basis for the selection and application of on-site line selection devices. Therefore, based on the real-time digital simulation system (RTDS), this paper establishes a test platform for small-current grounding line selection device. Based on the constructed test platform, four line selection devices form different manufacturers are tested in parallel, the performance of the devices is compared, and the influencing factors affecting the accuracy of line selection results are analyzed. The conclusions of this paper can provide strong support for the pilot application of small-current line selection devices.
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Li, Bo, Yan Jun Pang, Jian Feng Li, Ying Li, Chang Xin Ge, Yi Shan, Qing Hao Wang, Tian Shu Hai, Zhi Li, and Yi Ran Li. "The Research on the Integrational Measurement Device of Grounding Resistance." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 1624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.1624.
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Measuring grounding resistance is the only basis to judge the grounding of electrical equipment is good or not. Aim at the trouble on retracting and releasing of the current lead wire and voltage lead wire;the insecure connection Lead wire and grounding resistance tramegger、grounding crooked chisel and so on;The hectic trouble such as placing or picking the grounding resistance testing equipment, we developed the integrational measurement device of grounding resistance. It mainly introduces the structure and design principle of the device, and provides the related technical essentials. Combined with the actual application,and demonstrates its convenience and flexibility by the force of contrast; Through the case analysis, fully demonstrates the device is feasible、creative and rationality.
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Liu, Mengxuan, Chi Zhang, and Kangli Liu. "Simulation and Experiment Analysis of 10 kV Flexible Grounding Device." Information 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12090384.
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The traditional 10 kV distribution network grounding system has some disadvantages, such as small grounding current and poor arc extinguishing effect, thus, hindering the detection of high-resistance grounding fault. Therefore, this paper studied the flexible grounding system consisting of small-resistance and active inverter in parallel. The control system comprises the compensation current calculation module, the fault detection module, and line protection strategy. During a single-phase grounding fault, the device is designed to inject a current of a given amplitude and phase into the neutral point to effectively suppress fault-point voltage and current and, meanwhile, quickly identifying the fault line or the busbar fault and then systematically protecting the distribution line. In addition, a large number of simulations have performed based on three grounding faults (metal, low-resistance, and high-resistance) and two modes (ungrounded and small-resistance grounding). The device can all be functional. Finally, a 400 V-level experimental prototype was built, and the experimental results are consistent with the simulation results, which can verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the flexible grounding device.
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KARYAKIN, Rudolf N., and Viktor G. LOSEV. "Lightning Strike at a Grounding Device." Elektrichestvo 3, no. 3 (2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2020-3-28-38.
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Zhou, Jin Long, Jin Ling Lu, and Chao Xu. "A New Evaluation System Method for Small Current Grounding Line Selection Device." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 1043–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.1043.
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Abstract: The evaluation of small current grounding line selection device plays an important guiding part in fault diagnosis and device promotion. But the current methods focus on the evaluation of individual indicator and can not form systematic evaluation of the programs.This paper firstly makes use of AHP method to evaluate small current grounding line selection device, and establishes the evaluation system of small current grounding line selection device. During the weight solution process, this paper uses three scale method to determine the comprehensive weight of individual indicator, and achieves a combination of expertise and quantitative, qualitative assessment of the results. The practical case analysis of small current grounding line selection device proves the validity and practicability of this method, which is of great theoretical and practical significance.
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Grinkevich, V. A., and G. V. Seroklinov. "Selecting grounding points to reduce the interference level of the signal of high-impedance measuring channel." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 50, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2020-4-12.
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The study was carried out (2020) to reduce the effect of electromagnetic interference generated by a device for the formation of temperature effects based on Peltier element on a plant biopotential meter. Four variants of equipment grounding circuits are considered in the absence of a separate grounding bus for power equipment; graphs of biopotential signals are given. The type of interference that the device for the formation of temperature effects induces on the biopotential measurement channel is shown. The control unit case for the temperature-controlled stage based on Peltier element and the power cable shield for connecting Peltier element to the control unit must be grounded at a separate point from the biopotential meter. Biopotential meter electrodes should be grounded as far as possible from the control unit case and at a separate point from the grounding of the plate of the temperature-controlled stage. Recommendations are given for the grounding of high impedance input measuring devices and the power equipment emitting powerful inductive interference and causing interference in the grounding bus located in the same laboratory room, in the absence of separate grounding for power equipment. To reduce interference to an acceptable level, in addition to the selection of the grounding point, filtering is required. If the grounding point is selected incorrectly, a signal with a high level of interference is present at the filter output. The application of the proposed recommendations for grounding a device for the formation of a temperature effect based on Peltier element and a biopotential meter makes it possible to assess the response of a plant placed on the temperature-controlled stage to a temperature effect and not complicate programmed filtering of the signal received by the biopotential meter.
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Akulichev, Vitali, Sergei Zakharov, Igor Rodionov, Sergei Visich, Mikhail Panarin, and Anna Maslova. "Mathematical model of remote monitoring for grounding devices on overhead power line poles by measuring grounding device resistance." Energy Safety and Energy Economy 5 (October 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2021-5-37-42.
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We report that we have built a mathematical model of a remote monitoring module for the purpose of control grounding devices located on overhead power line poles. The invention is based on measuring grounding device resistance. Resistance measurements conducted by the said monitoring module go directly to a power company’s control room. All measurements are being conducted and transferred to a control room with a specific frequency.
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Abdul Ali, Abdul Wali, Nurul Nadia Ahmad, and Normiza Mohamad Nor. "Effect of Impulse Polarity on a New Grounding Device with Spike Rods (GDSR)." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 4672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184672.
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The characterizations of grounding systems subjected to high impulse conditions are known to be dependent on the polarity, current to peak time and discharge time, as well as the electrical properties of the soil, and the grounding electrodes themselves. It is therefore important to investigate the behavior of grounding systems under high impulse conditions under negative impulse polarity, and compare it with positive impulse polarity results. Experimental test results for the same grounding systems installed with various earth electrodes at several sites under positive impulse polarity have previously been presented. In comparison, this paper presents the results of negative impulse polarity injected on the same grounding systems. It is found that a significant difference between positive and negative impulse polarities is observed for the grounding systems installed at high soil resistivity.
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Zhang, Zhanlong, Huarui Ye, Yihua Dan, Ziang Duanmu, Jun Deng, Chengfeng Gao, and Pengfei Gan. "Study on corrosion fracture diagnosis method of grounding wire of tower grounding device." Measurement 166 (December 2020): 108213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108213.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Grounding device"
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Долопікула, Вініта Миколаївна, and Vinita Dolopikula. "Розробка заходів із підвищення надійності електропостачання трансформаторної підстанції 110/10 кВ." Master's thesis, ТНТУ імені Івана Пулюя, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29757.
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Основною метою роботи є аналіз та розробка заходів для підвищення надійності роботи трансформаторної підстанції шляхом модернізації основних складових частин системи електропостачання, що дозволить знизити втрати електричної енергії, підвищити надійність електропостачання споживачів. Вибрано сучасне електротехнічне обладнання для усіх ступенів напруги і перевірено на дію струмів короткого замикання. Виконаний короткий розрахунок параметрів проектованої повітряної лінії електропередачі 110 кВ. Перевірені силові трансформатори на аварійне і систематичне перевантаження по зимовому добовому графіку навантажень підстанції. В якості пристроїв релейного захисту і автоматики застосовані мікропроцесорні захисту електрообладнання фірми «Бреслер». Зроблені розрахунки основних параметрів релейного захисту. Зроблений розрахунок навантаження власних потреб підстанції і вибрано відповідні трансформатори.The primary purpose of work are an analysis and development of measures for the increase of reliability of work of transformer substation by modernisation of basic component parts of the system of power supply, that will allow to bring down the losses of electric energy, promote reliability of power supply of consumers. A modern electrical engineering equipment is chosen for all degrees of tension and it is checked for the action of currents of short circuit. Executed short calculation of parameters of the designed air-track of electricity transmission of 110 kV. The tested power transformers are on an emergency and systematic overload on winter day's chart of loading of substation. As devices of relay defence and automation the microprocessor to defence electrical equipments of firm «Бреслер» are applied. Figured on basic parameters of relay defence. Done calculation of loading of own necessities of substation and corresponding transformers are chosen.
ВСТУП 7 1 АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА 10 1.1 Кοрοтка характеристика οб'єкту мοдернізації 10 1.2 Переваги та недοліки викοристання цифрοвих реле 12 1.3 Οбгрунтування дοцільнοсті мοдернізації трансфοрматοрнοї підстанції 15 2 НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА 18 2.1 Οцінка надійнοсті підстанції 18 2.2 Рοзрахунοк пοказників надійнοсті елементів схеми 19 2.2.1. Мοдель відмοв і віднοвлення силοвοгο трансфοрматοра 19 2.2.2 Мοдель відмοв автοматичнοгο вимикача 22 2.2.3. Мοдель відмοв пοвітрянοї лінії електрοпередач 26 2.2.4 Мοдель відмοв і віднοвлення для рοз'єднувачів 29 2.2.5 Мοдель відмοв і віднοвлення для відділювачів і кοрοткοзамикачів 30 2.2.6 Мοдель відмοв і віднοвлення для шин 31 3 ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА 33 3.1 Обробка графіку навантажень споживачів і перевірка силових трансформаторів по навантаженню підстанції 33 3.2 Вибір головної схеми підстанції 37 3.3 Розрахунок параметрів проектованої ПЛ-110 кВ 37 3.4 Розрахунок струмів короткого замикання 39 4 ПРОЕКТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКА ЧАСТИНА 50 4.1 Вибір основного електрообладнання і струмоведучих частин 50 4.1.1 Вибір гнучких шин 110 кВ 50 4.1.2 Вибір вимикачів на стороні ВН 52 4.1.3 Вибір роз'єднувачів на стороні ВН 54 4.1.4 Вибір трансформаторів струму на стороні ВН 57 4.1.5 Вибір трансформаторів напруги на стороні ВН 61 4.1.6 Вибір вимикачів на стороні НН 63 4.1.7 Вибір трансформаторів струму на стороні НН 64 4.1.8 Вибір трансформаторів напруги на стороні НН 66 4.1.9 Вибір обмежувачів перенапруги 67 4.2 Вибір релейного захисту і пристроїв автоматики 68 4.2.1 Розрахунок диференціального захисту трансформаторів 68 4.2.2 Розрахунок максимального струмового захисту 71 4.2.3 Захист від перевантаження 72 4.2.4 Газовий захист 73 4.2.5 Автоматичне включення резерву та автоматичне повторне включення 74 4.2.6 Вибір захисту проектованої ПЛ-110 кВ 75 4.3 Власні потреби підстанції 75 5 СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА 78 5.1 Розрахунок надійності схеми електропостачання 78 5.1.1 Розрахунок послідовних з'єднань 78 5.2 Облік резервування 84 6 ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ 87 6.1 Функціонально-вартісною аналіз проектованого варіанту 87 6.2 Розрахунок окупності і економічна оцінка проекту 97 7 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 101 7.1 Охорона праці і техніка безпеки при обслуговуванні електрообладнання підстанції 101 7.2 Розрахунок грозозахисту підстанції 102 7.3 Забезпечення безпеки життєдіяльності в умовах надзвичайної ситуації 106 8 ЕКОЛОГІЯ 108 8.1 Оцінка стану навколишнього середовища 108 8.2 Небезпека електромагнітного забруднення 109 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ ДО ДИПЛОМНОЇ РОБОТИ 112 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ 113
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Брич, Богдан Васильович, and Bohdan Brych. "Розробка системи електропостачання промислового підприємства для забезпечення надійності роботи." Master's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, кафедра електричної інженерії,Тернопіль, Україна, 2020. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/33498.
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Однією з найголовніших проблем в промисловій енергетиці є енергозбереження і економія матеріальних, а також трудових ресурсів. Сюди можна віднести, наприклад випуск менш матеріаломістких, але надійніших і довговічніших виробів, повніше використання вторинних сировинних і енергетичних ресурсів, підвищення ККД енергоустановок, зменшення втрат електричної енергії.
Важливим резервом економії електроенергії в промисловості, на сьогоднішній день, є застосування енергозберігаючих технологій (вдосконалення існуючих і розробка нових).У кваліфікаційній роботі здійснено розробку системи електропостачання промислового підприємства для забезпечення надійності роботи. Проведено розрахунок електричних навантажень фабрики. Виконано вибір числа і потужності трансформаторів. Також вибрано та проведено перевірку високовольтних електричних апаратів. Здійснено вибір низьковольтного обладнання, який включив: вибір типу силових розподільних щитів, вибір кабелів, що живлять силові розподільні щити, вибір автоматів захисту на введенні в силові розподільні щити, вибір кабелів, що живлять окремі електроприймачі і вибір автоматів, що захищають окремі електроприймачі. Виконано вибір схеми зовнішнього електропостачання.
In the qualification work, the power supply system of the industrial enterprise was developed to ensure the reliability of work. The electric loads of the factory were calculated. The choice of number and power of transformers is made. High-voltage electrical appliances were also selected and tested. The selection of low-voltage equipment was made, which included: selection of the type of power switchboards, selection of cables feeding power switchboards, selection of circuit breakers for input into power switchboards, selection of cables feeding individual electrical receivers and selection of circuit breakers. The choice of the external power supply scheme is made
ЗМІСТ ВСТУП 6 1 АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ РОЗДІЛ 9 1.1 Інженерно-технічні характеристики підприємства 9 1.2 Опис технологічного процесу виробництва керамічної плитки 11 1.2.1 Складання сировини 12 1.2.2 Переробка, зволоження і просушування грануляту 12 1.2.3 Сушка грануляту на розпорошувальній сушарці 13 1.2.4 Формування плиток і їх сушка 14 1.2.5 Глазурування і декорування плиток 14 1.2.6 Випалення плиток 16 1.2.7 Сортування і упаковка 16 1.2.8 Складання і відправка готового продукту 17 1.3 Визначення завдань кваліфікаційної роботи 17 1.4 Висновки до розділу 18 2 РОЗРАХУНКОВО-ДОСЛІДНИЦЬКИЙ РОЗДІЛ 19 2.1 Визначення розрахункової потужності технологічного обладнання 21 2.1.1 Розрахунок навантаження вузла РЩ1 23 2.1.2 Розрахунок навантаження вузла РЩ2 23 2.1.3 Розрахунок навантаження вузла РЩ3 24 2.1.4 Розрахунок навантаження вузла РЩ4 25 2.1.5 Розрахунок навантаження вузла РЩ5 26 2.2 Визначення потужності опалювально-вентиляційного обладнання 27 2.2.1 Приведення однофазного навантаження до трифазного 27 2.2.2 Визначення розрахункової потужності 29 2.3 Визначення розрахункової потужності обладнання котельною 30 2.4 Визначення розрахункової потужності освітлювального обладнання 31 5 2.4.1 Визначення розрахункового навантаження вузла ЩО1 33 2.4.2 Визначення розрахункового навантаження вузла ЩО2 34 2.5 Визначення сумарного розрахункового навантаження на ТП 34 2.6 Висновки до розділу 2 36 3 ПРОЕКТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКИЙ РОЗДІЛ 37 3.1 Розробка трансформаторної підстанції 37 3.1.1 Вибір числа і потужності трансформаторів 38 3.1.2 Компенсація реактивної потужності 39 3.1.3 Компонування розподільного пристроїв РП-10 кВ 42 3.2 Вибір і перевірка високовольтного електрообладнання 43 3.3 Вибір схеми внутрішньоцехового електропостачання і низьковольтного електрообладнання 45 3.3.1 Вибір типу корпусу силового розподільного щита РЩ2 46 3.3.2 Вибір автоматів захисту для силового розподільчого щита РЩ2 46 3.3.3 Вибір кабелю, що живить силовий розподільний щит ЩР2 47 3.3.4 Вибір автоматичного вимикача, що захищає ЕП СС300 47 3.3.5 Вибір кабелю, що живить ЕП СС300 48 3.4 Вибір схеми зовнішнього електропостачання 51 3.4.1 Вибір кабелю живлячої мережі 52 3.5 Розрахунок заземлення 56 3.6 Грозозахист 59 3.7 Висновки до розділу 3 61 4 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 62 4.1 Небезпечні та шкідливі чинники виробництва 62 4.2 Заходи пожежної профілактики 65 4.3 Вимоги до проектування й побудови промислових підприємств 67 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ 69 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ 71
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Токарчук, Руслан Васильович, and Ruslan Tokarchuk. "Розробка заходів забезпечення безперебійної роботи обладнання трансформаторної підстанції 110/10 кВ." Master's thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29693.
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Providing of trouble-free work of equipment of transformer substation of 110/10 kV, by the reconstruction of electric part of substation. On the basis of the conducted calculations the optimal system of feed of this substation was chosen and her power is megascopic due to substituting of existent transformers by more powerful. For flexibility of further modernisation to substation modern sectional KTP is used, and on the side of 10 kV cell with vacuum switches that is set in KTP. Also there were the considered questions of relay defence of substation and lines. Except it the chart of ASCME is worked out on the base of meter «Alpha» and it is suggested to enter CAS of calculation with consumers.Основною метою роботи є розробка, та впровадження заходів для забезпечення безперебійної роботи обладнання трансформаторної підстанції 110/10 кВ, шляхом реконструкції електричної частини підстанції. На основі проведених розрахунків було вибрано оптимальну систему живлення даної підстанції та збільшено її потужність за рахунок заміни існуючих трансформаторів на потужніші. Для гнучкості подальшої модернізації підстанції використані сучасні блокові КТП, а на стороні 10 кВ комірки з вакуумними вимикачами, що встановлюються у ЗРП. Також були розглянуті питання релейного захисту підстанції та відходячих ліній. Крім цього розроблено схему АСКОЕ на базі лічильника «Альфа» та запропоновано запровадити автоматизовану систему розрахунку зі споживачами.
ВСТУП 7 1 АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА 11 1.1 Характеристика електричних навантажень та існуючої мережі 110 кВ в районі розміщення ПС 110/10 кВ 11 1.1.1 Електричні навантаження споживачів ПС 110/10 кВ 11 1.1.2 Існуюча мережа електропостачання споживачів в районі розміщення ПС 110/10 кВ 12 1.2 Переваги та характеристика блокових комплектних трансформаторних підстанцій КТПБ(М) 12 1.3 Загальна характеристика комплектних розподільчих пристроїв К-63 20 2 НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА 26 2.1 Структура втрат електроенергії 26 2.2 Заходи по зниженню втрат електричної енергії в міських електричних мережах 29 3 ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА 33 3.1 Технічні рішення модернізації ПС 110 кВ і живлячих ПЛ 110 кВ 33 3.1.1 Варіанти схеми зовнішнього електропостачання 33 3.1.2 Вибір силових трансформаторів 33 3.1.3 Вибір схеми підстанції 35 3.1.4 Технічні рішення по будівництву ПЛ 110 кВ 37 3.2 Вибір перерізу проводів 37 3.3 Розрахунок струмів короткого замикання 39 3.3.1 Вибір і складання розрахункової схеми електричної мережі і схеми заміщення 40 3.3.2 Розрахунок параметрів елементів схеми заміщення 42 3.3.3 Визначення струмів при симетричному трифазному КЗ 45 4 ПРОЕКТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКА ЧАСТИНА 51 4.1 Вибір високовольтного обладнання 51 4.1.1 Вибір трансформаторів власних потреб підстанції 52 4.1.2 Вибір комірок РП–110 і РП–10 53 4.1.3 Вибір вимикачів 54 4.1.4 Вибір роз'єднувачів 56 4.1.5 Вибір обмежувачів перенапруг 56 4.1.6 Вибір шин 57 4.1.7 Вибір ізоляторів 59 4.1.8 Вибір вимірювальних трансформаторів струму 59 4.1.9 Вибір вимірювальних трансформаторів напруги 62 4.2 Розрахунок релейного захист та автоматики 63 4.2.1 Джерела оперативного струму 64 4.2.2 Захист і автоматика трансформаторів 16 МВА 64 4.2.3 Захист і автоматика секційних вимикачів 10 кВ 65 4.2.4 Захист трансформаторів власних потреб і трансформаторів дугогасильних котушок 65 4.2.5 Захист і автоматика ліній 10 кВ 66 4.3 Облік електричної енергії 71 5 СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА 73 5.1 Автоматизована система розрахунку з промисловими споживачами 73 5.2 Автоматизована система розрахунку зі споживачами побутового сектора 77 5.3 Нові ефективні системи розрахунків зі споживачами електроенергії 80 6 ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ 82 6.1 Техніко-економічне порівняння схем підстанції 110/10 кВ 82 6.2 Визначення показників економічної ефективності капіталовкладень для вибраного варіанту 86 7 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 91 7.1 Охорона праці і техніка безпеки при обслуговуванні електрообладнання підстанції 91 7.2 Розрахунок заземлення 92 7.3 Шляхи і способи підвищення стійкості роботи об'єктів енергетики 95 8 ЕКОЛОГІЯ 97 8.1 Заходи по дотриманні природоохоронних вимог 97 8.2 Джерела електромагнітного забруднення довкілля та їх вплив на навколишнє середовище 98 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ ДО ДИПЛОМНОЇ РОБОТИ 100 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ 101
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Ніжевський, Ілля Вікторович. "Удосконалення методів модернізації і контролю параметрів заземлювального пристрою міських підстанцій." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/32565.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2017.
Дисертація присвячена актуальній науково-практичної проблеми пошуку і розробки нових способів для вимірювання опору ЗП, розробки нових конструкцій ЗП, що дозволяють спростити реконструкцію ПС, а також створення і вдосконалення математичних моделей і програм для розрахунку електричних характеристик ЗП довільних конструкцій. Аналіз результатів обстеження існуючих ЗП ПС, виявив серйозні порушення, які призводять до відхилення параметрів від норми і до необхідності модернізації ЗП ПС. Показано, що модернізація ЗП призводить до відновлення його нормованих параметрів. Розроблено математичні моделі ЗП простих дворівневих конструкцій з горизонтальних або кільцевих електродів. В результаті дослідження електричного поля виявлено, що потенціал на поверхні землі над центром квадратного заземлювача може бути вище, ніж над електродом. Удосконалено математичну модель складного дворівневого ЗП ПС, розроблений метод розрахунку його електричних характеристик. Проведено дослідження впливу глибини закладення сітки верхнього рівня ЗП ПС, товщини шару зволоження, просихання або промерзання ґрунту і конструкції ЗП на його електричні характеристики. Виконано теоретичне обґрунтування методу та розроблено спосіб вимірювання опору ЗП ПС в умовах щільної забудови території. Метод застосуємо при будь-якому характері неоднорідності ґрунту, будь-яких розмірах і конфігурації ЗП і довільному розміщенні вимірювальних електродів без відшукання точки нульового потенціалу. Експериментально досліджені електричні характеристики дворівневого ЗП ПС методом фізичного моделювання в електролітичній ванні. Отримані результати показали хороший збіг з результатами розрахунків.Dissertation for the degree of Ph.D., specialty 05.14.02 – power stations, networks and systems. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the actual and practical problem of search and development of new methods for measurement of resistance of the grounding devices; developments of new designs of the grounding devices allowing to simplify reconstruction of substations; creation and enhancement of mathematical models and programs for calculation of electric characteristics of the grounding devices of any designs. The analysis of the results of the inspection of existing grounding devices of substations revealed serious violations that lead to deviation of parameters from the norm and to the need for modernization of grounding devices of substations. It is shown that the modernization of grounding devices leads to the restoration of its normalized parameters. Mathematical models of grounding devices of simple two-level structures of horizontal or ring electrodes are developed. As a result of the investigation of the electric field, it is revealed that the potential on the surface of the ground above the center of the square grounding electrode can be higher than above the electrode. The mathematical model of complex two-level grounding devices of substations is enhanced. The method of its electrical characteristics calculating is developed. The influence of the depth of the grid of the upper level of the grounding devices of the substations, the thickness of the humidification layer, the drying or freezing of the soil and the design of the grounding devices on its electrical characteristics was studied. Based on the theoretical substantiation of the method, a technique for measuring the resistance of grounding devices of substations in conditions of dense building of the territory is developed. The method is applicable for any kind of ground heterogeneity, any size and configuration of grounding devices and arbitrary placement of measuring electrodes without finding a zero potential point. Electric characteristics two-level the grounding devices of substations are experimentally researched by method of physical modeling in an electrolytic bathtub. The received results showed good coincidence to results of calculations.
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Ніжевський, Ілля Вікторович. "Удосконалення методів модернізації і контролю параметрів заземлювального пристрою міських підстанцій." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/32563.
Full textAbstract:
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.14.02 – електричні станції, мережі і системи. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2017.
Дисертація присвячена актуальній науково-практичної проблеми пошуку і розробки нових способів для вимірювання опору ЗП, розробки нових конструкцій ЗП, що дозволяють спростити реконструкцію ПС, а також створення і вдосконалення математичних моделей і програм для розрахунку електричних характеристик ЗП довільних конструкцій. Аналіз результатів обстеження існуючих ЗП ПС, виявив серйозні порушення, які призводять до відхилення параметрів від норми і до необхідності модернізації ЗП ПС. Показано, що модернізація ЗП призводить до відновлення його нормованих параметрів. Розроблено математичні моделі ЗП простих дворівневих конструкцій з горизонтальних або кільцевих електродів. В результаті дослідження електричного поля виявлено, що потенціал на поверхні землі над центром квадратного заземлювача може бути вище, ніж над електродом. Удосконалено математичну модель складного дворівневого ЗП ПС, розроблений метод розрахунку його електричних характеристик. Проведено дослідження впливу глибини закладення сітки верхнього рівня ЗП ПС, товщини шару зволоження, просихання або промерзання ґрунту і конструкції ЗП на його електричні характеристики. Виконано теоретичне обґрунтування методу та розроблено спосіб вимірювання опору ЗП ПС в умовах щільної забудови території. Метод застосуємо при будь-якому характері неоднорідності ґрунту, будь-яких розмірах і конфігурації ЗП і довільному розміщенні вимірювальних електродів без відшукання точки нульового потенціалу. Експериментально досліджені електричні характеристики дворівневого ЗП ПС методом фізичного моделювання в електролітичній ванні. Отримані результати показали хороший збіг з результатами розрахунків.Dissertation for the degree of Ph.D., specialty 05.14.02 – power stations, networks and systems. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the actual and practical problem of search and development of new methods for measurement of resistance of the grounding devices; developments of new designs of the grounding devices allowing to simplify reconstruction of substations; creation and enhancement of mathematical models and programs for calculation of electric characteristics of the grounding devices of any designs. The analysis of the results of the inspection of existing grounding devices of substations revealed serious violations that lead to deviation of parameters from the norm and to the need for modernization of grounding devices of substations. It is shown that the modernization of grounding devices leads to the restoration of its normalized parameters. Mathematical models of grounding devices of simple two-level structures of horizontal or ring electrodes are developed. As a result of the investigation of the electric field, it is revealed that the potential on the surface of the ground above the center of the square grounding electrode can be higher than above the electrode. The mathematical model of complex two-level grounding devices of substations is enhanced. The method of its electrical characteristics calculating is developed. The influence of the depth of the grid of the upper level of the grounding devices of the substations, the thickness of the humidification layer, the drying or freezing of the soil and the design of the grounding devices on its electrical characteristics was studied. Based on the theoretical substantiation of the method, a technique for measuring the resistance of grounding devices of substations in conditions of dense building of the territory is developed. The method is applicable for any kind of ground heterogeneity, any size and configuration of grounding devices and arbitrary placement of measuring electrodes without finding a zero potential point. Electric characteristics two-level the grounding devices of substations are experimentally researched by method of physical modeling in an electrolytic bathtub. The received results showed good coincidence to results of calculations.
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Martins, Juliana Matos. "Estado democrático de direito e poder jurisdicional: a fundamentação jurídica como forma de efetivação do devido processo legal e democratização do processo judicial." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7027.
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The question beyond this study is: is the obligation of grounds every decision consequence of due process in the context of a Constitutional State? On the way of this premise, this master degree dissertation end is the study about due process of law in a Democratic State of Law, showing how a suitable grounding have become important to the democratization of a righteous process. The first part of the study is destined to the analysis of the relation between the Democratic State of Law and the judge, when we will study the role of law interpreterapplicator conquered from constitutionalism. The second part leads the study to the due process of law itself and your application in a Constitutional State, remembering the obligation of a suitable grounds in judicial decisions. Meanwhile, we expose the obligation ground like a constitutional right, foresee on article 93, IX, merging it in a Democratic State of Law, revealing in a consequence of the due process of law. The last part, shows a new concept of the institute of grounding on the new legislation, explaining how it will work on this new scenario
A pergunta ao redor da qual gira em torno esse estudo é a seguinte: o dever de fundamentação jurídica das decisões judiciais é consequência da evolução do princípio do devido processo legal no contexto do Estado Constitucional? Partindo dessa premissa, esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo o estudo sobre o devido processo legal no Estado Democrático de Direito, demonstrando como a fundamentação adequada das decisões judiciais se tornou importante para a legitimidade e democratização do processo justo. A primeira parte do estudo é destinada à análise da relação entre juiz e Estado Democrático de Direito, onde estudaremos o papel que a figura do intérprete-aplicador do direito conquistou a partir do constitucionalismo. A segunda parte dedica-se a estudar o princípio do devido processo legal e sua aplicação no Estado Constitucional, atrelando-o ao dever de fundamentação das decisões judiciais. Nesse ínterim, expomos o dever de fundamentação como uma garantia constitucional no direito brasileiro, prevista no artigo 93, inciso IX, atrelando-a ao Estado Democrático de Direito e revelando-a consequência do devido processo legal. Finalizando, trabalhamos com a renovação do instituto da fundamentação trazida no novo Código de Processo Civil, artigo 489 e parágrafos, comentando cada hipótese trazida no bojo do dispositivo, concluindo com a relação fundamentaçãodemais garantias do devido processo legal
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Lung, Wang Chia, and 王家隆. "A Study of Waterproof Device for Grounding System." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63869106306066456522.
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碩士聖約翰科技大學
電機產業研發碩士專班
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The industrial and commercial development in Taiwan is rapid in recent years. Tall buildings and factories are established. New electrical equipment are developed. All grid-connected equipment should be grounded to ensure an electrical safety, improving power quality, and avoiding equipment damage. The entire grounding system for a building is generally located at the bottom of the building. The grounding system provides several grounding lines for various electrical and mechanical systems. Basically, the bottom of the building is filled with ground water. The capillary phenomenon of grounding wires may cause seepage of ground water. Therefore, a good grounding system for a building must include proper waterproof devices. The seepage of ground water is a thorny problem of grounding system which may result in a high maintenance cost and endanger human safety and health. This thesis develops a new waterproof device which can take the moisture out of the grounding system and discharge the ground water through drainage holes to achieve a sealing effect. Keywords: Grounding system, Waterproof device.
Books on the topic "Grounding device"
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Landau, Friederike, Lucas Pohl, and Nikolai Roskamm, eds. [Un]Grounding. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839450734.
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Post-foundationalism departs from the assumption that there is no ground, necessity, or objective rationale for human political existence or action. The edited volume puts contemporary debates arising from the »spatial turn« in cultural and social sciences in a dialogue with post-foundational theories of space and place to devise post-foundationalism as radical approach to urban studies. This approach enables us to think about space not only as socially produced, but also as crucially marked by conflict, radical negativity, and absence. The contributors undertake a (re-)reading of key spatial and/or post-foundational theorists to introduce their respective understandings of politics and space, and offer examples of post-foundational empirical analyses of urban protests, spatial occupation, and everyday life.
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Cappelen, Herman. Metasemantics, Metasemantic Superstructure, and Metasemantic Base. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814719.003.0005.
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This chapter introduces the topic of metasemantics, developing a distinction between a metasemantic base and a metasemantic superstructure. Conceptual engineering is concerned with the meanings of our representational devices. Representational devices have meanings in virtue of some facts; there is some fact that makes it the case that ‘snow’ means snow, for example. The metasemantic base consists of those make-it-the-case facts: the grounding facts for meaning and reference. The metasemantic superstructure consists in our beliefs, hopes, preferences, and so on about our meanings. Most theorists have attempted to practice conceptual engineering at the superstructure level: they have attempted to get us to think differently about our meanings. This approach is mistaken. To change meanings we need to change the grounding facts: we need to change the metasemantic base.
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Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Standard for 4.76 Kv to 38 Kv Rated Grounding and Testing Devices Used in Enclosures. Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 1997.
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. and IEEE Power Engineering Society. Switchgear Committee., eds. IEEE standard for 4.76 kV to 38 kV rated grounding and testing devices used in enclosures: Sponsor, Switchgear Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grounding device"
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Liyana, Izzatul, Farhan Bin Hanaffi, and Mohd Hendra Bin Hairi. "A Study on Residual Current Device Nuisance Tripping Due to Grounding Resistance Value." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 717–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2317-5_60.
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Bellegarda, Jerome R. "Natural Language Technology in Mobile Devices: Two Grounding Frameworks." In Mobile Speech and Advanced Natural Language Solutions, 185–96. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6018-3_7.
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Ravilevna, Ivanova Viliya, Ivanov Igor Yurevich, and Kiselev Igor Nikolaevich. "Calculation and Diagnostic System of the Technical Condition of Grounding Devices of Electrical Installations." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 64–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86047-9_7.
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Hui, Cang, Pietro Landi, and Guillaume Latombe. "The role of biotic interactions in invasion ecology: theories and hypotheses." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 26–44. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0026.
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Abstract Changes in biotic interactions in the native and invaded range can enable a non-native species to establish and spread in novel environments. Invasive non-native species can in turn generate impacts in recipient systems partly through the changes they impose on biotic interactions; these interactions can lead to altered ecosystem processes in the recipient systems. This chapter reviews models, theories and hypotheses on how invasion performance and impact of introduced species in recipient ecosystems can be conjectured according to biotic interactions between native and non-native species. It starts by exploring the nature of biotic interactions as ensembles of ecological and evolutionary games between individuals of both the same and different groups. This allows us to categorize biotic interactions as direct and indirect (i.e. those involving more than two species) that emerge from both coevolution and ecological fitting during community assembly and invasion. We then introduce conceptual models that can reveal the ecological and evolutionary dynamics between interacting non-native and resident species in ecological networks and communities. Moving from such theoretical grounding, we review 20 hypotheses that have been proposed in invasion ecology to explain the invasion performance of a single non-native species, and seven hypotheses relating to the creation and function of assemblages of non-native species within recipient ecosystems. We argue that, although biotic interactions are ubiquitous and quintessential to the assessment of invasion performance, they are nonetheless difficult to detect and measure due to strength dependency on sampling scales and population densities, as well as the non-equilibrium transient dynamics of ecological communities and networks. We therefore call for coordinated efforts in invasion science and beyond, to devise and review approaches that can rapidly map out the entire web of dynamic interactions in a recipient ecosystem.
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Ghosh, Shreem, and Arijit Ghosh. "Instrumentation and Automation Grounding." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 168–77. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2584-5.ch010.
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In any electrical or electronic systems, unwanted signals known as noise signals are encountered which interact with the true signal and thus affecting signal quality. Noise may enter into a device or system in many forms and have a different order of impacts. Prevention and elimination of noise had attained paramount importance to ensure signal fidelity. This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis on elimination of noise by electronic grounding of instrumentation and automation systems as well as various engineering considerations for the same.
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Ghosh, Shreem, and Arijit Ghosh. "Instrumentation and Automation Grounding." In Research Anthology on Cross-Disciplinary Designs and Applications of Automation, 636–44. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3694-3.ch032.
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In any electrical or electronic systems, unwanted signals known as noise signals are encountered which interact with the true signal and thus affecting signal quality. Noise may enter into a device or system in many forms and have a different order of impacts. Prevention and elimination of noise had attained paramount importance to ensure signal fidelity. This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis on elimination of noise by electronic grounding of instrumentation and automation systems as well as various engineering considerations for the same.
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Castelfranchi, Cristiano. "Grounding Organizations in the Minds of the Agents." In Handbook of Research on Multi-Agent Systems, 242–62. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-256-5.ch010.
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This chapter presents organizations as a macro-micro notion and device; they presuppose autonomous proactive entities (agents) playing the organizational roles. Agents may have their own powers, goals, relationships (of dependence, trust, etc.). This opens important issues to be discussed: Does cooperation require mentally shared plans? Which is the relationship between individual powers and role powers; personal dependencies and role dependencies; personal goals and assigned goals; personal beliefs and what we have to assume when playing our role; individual actions and organizational actions? What about possible conflicts, deviations, power abuse, given the agents’ autonomy? MultiAgentSystems discipline should both aim at scientifically modeling human organizations, and at designing effective artificial organizations. Our claim is that for both those aims, one should model a high (risky) degree of flexibility, exploiting autonomy and pro-activity, intelligence and decentralized knowledge of roleplayers, allowing for functional violations of requests and even of rules.
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Smith, Matthew James. "The Course of Recognition in Cymbeline." In Face-to-Face in Shakespearean Drama, 77–106. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474435680.003.0004.
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It is common for scholars to describe the recognition scene (anagnorisis) described as an event of moral reconciliation, but few have reflected on the philosophical stakes involved in grounding morality in what amounts to a device of poetics. Matthew J. Smith uses Cymbeline to demonstrate the continual relevance of theatrical recognition for the philosophical discourse on mutual recognition as represented by writers including Hegel, Levinas, and Ricoeur. Cymbeline gestures toward tragedy by staging failures of recognition but ultimately moves into the post-tragic through what Smith describes as a return to anagnorisis.
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Lastra Jesús, Rodríguez, and Piñero Méndez Ester. "Use of an Evolution in Tecartherapy for Muscle Improvement and Treatment of Sports Injuries." In Recent Advances in Sport Science [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96776.
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Radiofrequency assisted medical devices have evolved dramatically in the last two decades, such that a simple set of fairly basic tools has now become an extremely sophisticated option. Most importantly, a physician’s understanding of these devices can maximize treatment results. Diathermy, meaning “through heat,” consists in the application of short-wave electromagnetic energy. The factor that determines whether a diathermy machine will increase body temperature is the amount of energy absorbed by the tissue. The development of this device allows selecting the frequency to apply between 0.8 1 and 1.2 MHz; the application of high energy power, through several channels and increasing the treatment area, allows taking the radiofrequency to another level in rehabilitation sports medicine. RF is applied to the target area by a handpiece that delivers energy, while a grounding pad is placed elsewhere on the body for the energy to pass through. The entry of RF into the body at the site of contact with the active electrode leads to heating a volume of tissue. This ability to heat a volume of tissue in a non-invasive way produces the immediate contraction of collagen, and the delayed synthesis of collagen, by thermal induction fibroblasts, and the production of epithelial, vascular growth factors. RF has a firm, safe and increasingly popular place in the therapeutic arsenal of sports medicine.
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"Impulse Characteristics of Grounding Devices." In Methodology and Technology for Power System Grounding, 303–90. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118255001.ch8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Grounding device"
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Nessler, Huter, and Wang. "Testing Device For Surgical Grounding Plates." In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.592714.
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Nessler, N., H. Huter, and L. Wang. "Testing device for surgical grounding plates." In 1992 14th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.1992.5761417.
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Liu, Jiajun, and Sidan Han. "Research on Hanging Grounding Wire Device with Integrated Electroscope and Grounding." In 2019 14th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2019.8834073.
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Liu, Zhuoran, Sen Wang, Bo Zhang, Yanchuan Cao, Donghui Luo, and Wei Li. "Method for Reducing Impulse Grounding Impedance of Grounding Device by Using Grounding Electrode with Non-uniform Radius." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichve49031.2020.9279521.
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Junxia Lv and Xinchun Zhang. "Grounding device of structural analysis and discussion." In 2011 Second International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mace.2011.5987905.
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Ryzhkova, Ye N., E. P. Mladzievskii, and S. A. Tsyruk. "Development of Multifunctional Adaptive Resonance Neutral Grounding Device." In 2019 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieam.2019.8742956.
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Danilevich, Fiodor Denisovich, and Egor Denisovich Danilevich. "Development of an automated device for testing the external ground loop of power lines." In International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-553063.
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The article refers to the need for periodic tests of grounding of power lines, in connection with which there is a need to develop domestic devices for conducting such tests, and a prototype of such a device has been developed
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Crevenat, Vincent. "(Photovoltaic surge protective device (SPD) and grounding photovoltaic system." In 2010 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclp.2010.7845932.
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Ryzhkova, E. N., E. P. Mladzievskiy, and S. A. Tsyruk. "Resistive Neutral Grounding Device with Increased Thermal Withstand Capability." In 2018 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieam.2018.8728828.
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Wang, Yue-Qiang, Hui-Hua Zhang, Xiang Guo, Zhi-Bing Xu, and Peng Yuan. "A new impulse grounding impedance detection device for transmission tower." In 2016 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmd.2016.7757899.
Full textReports on the topic "Grounding device"
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Weinschenk, Craig, Daniel Madrzykowski, and Paul Courtney. Impact of Flashover Fire Conditions on Exposed Energized Electrical Cords and Cables. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/hdmn5904.
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A set of experiments was conducted to expose different types of energized electrical cords for lamps, office equipment, and appliances to a developing room fire exposure. All of the cords were positioned on the floor and arranged in a manner to receive a similar thermal exposure. Six types of cords commonly used as power supply cords, extension cords, and as part of residential electrical wiring systems were chosen for the experiments. The non-metallic sheathed cables (NMB) typically found in residential electrical branch wiring were included to provide a link to previous research. The basic test design was to expose the six different types of cords, on the floor of a compartment to a growing fire to determine the conditions under which the cord would trip the circuit breaker and/or undergo an arc fault. All of the cords would be energized and installed on a non-combustible surface. Six cord types (18-2 SPT1, 16-3 SJTW, 12-2 NM-B, 12-3 NM-B, 18-3 SVT, 18-2 NISPT-2) and three types of circuit protection (Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB), combination Arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI), Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)) were exposed to six room-scale fires. The circuit protection was remote from the thermal exposure. The six room fires consisted of three replicate fires with two sofas as the main fuel source, two replicate fires with one sofa as the main fuel source and one fire with two sofas and MDF paneling on three walls in the room. Each fuel package was sufficient to support flashover conditions in the room and as a result, the impact on the cords and circuit protection was not significantly different. The average peak heat release rate of the sofa fueled compartment fires with gypsum board ceiling and walls was 6.8 MW. The addition of vinyl covered MDF wall paneling on three of the compartment walls increased the peak heat release rate to 12 MW, although most of the increased energy release occurred outside of the compartment opening. In each experiment during post flashover exposure, the insulation on the cords ignited and burned through, exposing bare conductor. During this period the circuits faulted. The circuit protection devices are not designed to provide thermal protection, and, thus, were installed remote from the fire. The devices operated as designed in all experiments. All of the circuit faults resulted in either a magnetic trip of the conventional circuit breaker or a ground-fault trip in the GFCI or AFCI capable circuit protection devices. Though not required by UL 1699, Standard for Safety for Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupters as the solution for detection methodology, the AFCIs used had differential current detection. Examination of signal data showed that the only cord types that tripped with a fault to ground were the insulated conductors in non-metallic sheathed cables (12-2 NM-B and 12-3 NM-B). This was expected due to the bare grounding conductor present. Assessments of both the thermal exposure and physical damage to the cords did not reveal any correlation between the thermal exposure, cord damage, and trip type.
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Lewis, Dustin, and Naz Modirzadeh. Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qbot8406.
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For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, we aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Our primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Our analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. In section 1, we introduce the impetus, objectives, and structure of the briefing. In our view, a thorough legal analysis of the relevant resolutions in their wider context is a crucial element to laying the conditions conducive to the development and administration of an effective “take into account” system. Further, the stakes and timeliness of the issue, the Security Council’s implicit recognition of a potential tension between measures adopted to achieve different policy objectives, and the relatively scant salient direct practice and scholarship on elements pertinent to “take into account” systems also compelled us to engage in original legal analysis, with a focus on public international law and IHL. In section 2, as a primer for readers unfamiliar with the core issues, we briefly outline humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. Then we highlight a range of possible effects of the latter on the former. Concerning armed conflict, humanitarian activities aim primarily to provide relief to and protection for people affected by the conflict whose needs are unmet, whereas medical activities aim primarily to provide care for wounded and sick persons, including the enemy. Meanwhile, for at least several decades, States have sought to prevent and suppress acts of terrorism and punish those who commit, attempt to commit, or otherwise support acts of terrorism. Under the rubric of countering terrorism, States have taken an increasingly broad and diverse array of actions at the global, regional, and national levels. A growing body of qualitative and quantitative evidence documents how certain measures designed and applied to counter terrorism can impede or prevent humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In a nutshell, counterterrorism measures may lead to diminished or complete lack of access by humanitarian and medical actors to the persons affected by an armed conflict that is also characterized as a counterterrorism context, or those measures may adversely affect the scope, amount, or quality of humanitarian and medical services provided to such persons. The diverse array of detrimental effects of certain counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities may be grouped into several cross-cutting categories, including operational, financial, security, legal, and reputational effects. In section 3, we explain some of the key legal aspects of humanitarian and medical activities and counterterrorism measures. States have developed IHL as the primary body of international law applicable to acts and omissions connected with an armed conflict. IHL lays down several rights and obligations relating to a broad spectrum of humanitarian and medical activities pertaining to armed conflicts. A violation of an applicable IHL provision related to humanitarian or medical activities may engage the international legal responsibility of a State or an individual. Meanwhile, at the international level, there is no single, comprehensive body of counterterrorism laws. However, States have developed a collection of treaties to pursue specific anti-terrorism objectives. Further, for its part, the Security Council has assumed an increasingly prominent role in countering terrorism, including by adopting decisions that U.N. Member States must accept and carry out under the U.N. Charter. Some counterterrorism measures are designed and applied in a manner that implicitly or expressly “carves out” particular safeguards — typically in the form of limited exceptions or exemptions — for certain humanitarian or medical activities or actors. Yet most counterterrorism measures do not include such safeguards. In section 4, which constitutes the bulk of our original legal analysis, we closely evaluate the two resolutions in which the Security Council urged States to take into account the effects of (certain) counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. We set the stage by summarizing some aspects of the legal relations between Security Council acts and IHL provisions pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. We then analyze the status, consequences, and content of several substantive elements of the resolutions and what they may entail for States seeking to counter terrorism and safeguard humanitarian and medical activities. Among the elements that we evaluate are: the Security Council’s new notion of a prohibited financial “benefit” for terrorists as it may relate to humanitarian and medical activities; the Council’s demand that States comply with IHL obligations while countering terrorism; and the constituent parts of the Council’s notion of a “take into account” system. In section 5, we set out some potential elements of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to develop and administer its “take into account” system in line with Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019). In terms of its object and purpose, a “take into account” system may aim to secure respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL pertaining to humanitarian and medical activities. In addition, the system may seek to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts that also qualify as counterterrorism contexts. We also identify two sets of preconditions arguably necessary for a State to anticipate and address relevant potential effects through the development and execution of its “take into account” system. Finally, we suggest three sets of attributes that a “take into account” system may need to embody to achieve its aims: utilizing a State-wide approach, focusing on potential effects, and including default principles and rules to help guide implementation. In section 6, we briefly conclude. In our view, jointly pursuing the policy objectives of countering terrorism and safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities presents several opportunities, challenges, and complexities. International law does not necessarily provide ready-made answers to all of the difficult questions in this area. Yet devising and executing a “take into account” system provides a State significant opportunities to safeguard humanitarian and medical activities and counter terrorism while securing greater respect for international law.