Journal articles: 'Ground Weta'

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Jones, C., G. Norbury, and T. Bell. "Impacts of introduced European hedgehogs on endemic skinks and weta in tussock grassland." Wildlife Research 40, no. 1 (2013): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12164.

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Context Control of introduced pest species is based on the premise that there is a relationship between pest abundance and impact, but this relationship is rarely defined. Aim We investigated the impacts of introduced European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) on two species of small endemic skink (Oligosoma spp.) and flightless, nocturnal endemic orthopteran ground weta (Hemiandrus spp.), using an enclosure-based experimental manipulation of hedgehog density in tussock grasslands in the South Island of New Zealand. Methods We used capture–mark–recapture methods to estimate the densities of skinks before and after exposure to a range of hedgehog densities over a 3-month period and also compared changes in indices of abundance of skink demographic groups and ground weta. Key results Faecal analysis confirmed that hedgehogs consumed skinks and invertebrates in the enclosures. The proportional change between capture sessions in numbers of captured juvenile McCann’s skinks (O. maccanni) declined with increasing hedgehog density. Similarly, the proportional change in the numbers of ground weta encountered in pitfall traps showed a highly significant negative relationship with increasing hedgehog density. Total species abundances and numbers in other demographic skink groups did not change significantly in relation to hedgehog density. For overall skink abundance estimates, there was an apparent trend suggesting that changes in abundance were more negative with increasing hedgehog density, but this did not reach statistical significance for either skink species. Conclusions Our results confirmed that hedgehogs are important predators of small native fauna, but suggested that highly abundant prey populations may be buffered against significant impacts. Implications Less abundant prey and some demographic groups within populations, however, may be at significant risk from hedgehog predation.

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Pratt, Renae C., Mary Morgan-Richards, and Steve A. Trewick. "Diversification of New Zealand weta (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Anostostomatidae) and their relationships in Australasia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1508 (September 4, 2008): 3427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0112.

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New Zealand taxa from the Orthopteran family Anostostomatidae have been shown to consist of three broad groups, Hemiandrus (ground weta), Anisoura/Motuweta (tusked weta) and Hemideina – Deinacrida (tree–giant weta). The family is also present in Australia and New Caledonia, the nearest large land masses to New Zealand. All genera are endemic to their respective countries except Hemiandrus that occurs in New Zealand and Australia. We used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data to study within genera and among species-level genetic diversity within New Zealand and to examine phylogenetic relationships of taxa in Australasia. We found the Anostostomatidae to be monophyletic within Ensifera, and justifiably distinguished from the Stenopelmatidae among which they were formerly placed. However, the New Zealand Anostostomatidae are not monophyletic with respect to Australian and New Caledonian species in our analyses. Two of the New Zealand groups have closer allies in Australia and one in New Caledonia. We carried out maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses to reveal several well supported subgroupings. Our analysis included the most extensive sampling to date of Hemiandrus species and indicate that Australian and New Zealand Hemiandrus are not monophyletic. We used molecular dating approaches to test the plausibility of alternative biogeographic hypotheses for the origin of the New Zealand anostostomatid fauna and found support for divergence of the main clades at, or shortly after, Gondwanan break-up, and dispersal across the Tasman much more recently.

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Gwynne, Darryl T. "Reproductive Behavior of Ground Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): Drumming Behavior, Nuptial Feeding, Post-copulatory Guarding and Maternal Care." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 77, no. 4 (October 2004): 414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/e-34.1.

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GWYNNE, DARRYL T. "The secondary copulatory organ in female ground weta (Hemiandrus pallitarsis, Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): a sexually selected device in females?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 85, no. 4 (July 20, 2005): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00510.x.

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Chappell, E. M., D. S. Webb, and J. D. Tonkin. "Notes on sexual size dimorphism, sex ratio and movements of adult ground weta Hemiandrus maculifrons (Walker) (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)." New Zealand Entomologist 37, no. 2 (April 10, 2014): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2013.856377.

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Smith, Des H. V., Henrik Moller, Deborah J. Wilson, and Elaine C. Murphy. "Prey switching by stoats (Mustela erminea): a supplemental food experiment." Wildlife Research 37, no. 7 (2010): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10088.

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Context Prey switching by invasive carnivorans to changing food supply could severely impact on endemic prey of conservation importance, but experimental evidence for prey switching in carnivorans is rare. Stoats (Mustela erminea) were introduced to New Zealand and now threaten survival of many native birds, reptiles and invertebrates. Aim Our primary objective was to see whether abundant food caused stoats inhabiting an alpine grassland site to alter the rate at which they preyed upon weta (Orthoptera : Hemiandrus sp.), hares (Lepus europeus), birds and mice (Mus musculus). Methods We used dead rabbits as supplemental food in a before-after-control-impact experiment. Stoat scats were collected from a treatment and non-treatment site before and following food supplementation. Percentage frequency occurrence of the different prey types was assessed for the two sites during each experimental phase. Conclusions Stoats ate fewer ground weta and hares, the two most abundant prey types, when supplemental food was added. In contrast, consumption of mice remained relatively stable at both sites throughout the experiment, and the consumption of birds declined at both sites. Implications Our experiment suggests that stoats may continue to eat scarce endemic prey at similar per capita rates even when alternative prey are available. However, endemic prey that are locally or regionally abundant may be indirectly impacted by fluctuations in alternative prey.

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Bellanthudawa, B. K. A., N. M. S. K. Nawalage, S. Subanky, P. A. B. G. Panagoda, H. W. G. A. S. Weerasinghe, L. K. D. N. Tharaka, H. M. A. K. Handapangoda, H. K. A. D. Silva, D. M. S. N. Dissanayake, and M. S. J. Abeywickrama. "Composition and Diversity Variation of Avifauna, along Different Vegetative Habitat Types in a Human-Modified Area, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka." International Journal of Zoology 2019 (July 10, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9727609.

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Role of conservation of birds has been least considered during modification of vegetative habitats, in studies conducted on birds in protected areas and urban landscapes in Sri Lanka. The present study was intended to assess the relationship between landscape and the composition and distribution of avifauna in University of Kelaniya, a human-modified area. The study was conducted selecting 8 habitats including open ground, low, moderately, and highly wooded habitats. A survey was conducted from 0530 to 0730 hr in the morning and 1630-1830 hr in the evening from August to December 2016 ensuring eight sampling events at each habitat. Point counting method (15 m radius) was used along a 100 m line transect. Species diversity parameters were analyzed. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to characterize the habitats with bird species. A total of 40 species were recorded. Species richness (r = 27) and species heterogeneity (H′ = 3.09) were the highest in Mee amba sevana habitat while species evenness (J = 0.977) was the highest in medical center area habitat. Total abundance (n = 135) was recorded in Saiba ground. Asian brown flycatcher (Saiba ground, medical center area, Mee amba sevana, Girls’ Hostel complex, and English language unit habitats) and white-bellied drongo (Saiba ground, medical center area, Girls’ Hostel complex, English language unit, and Thal weta premises) were widely distributed (z > 0, Kruskal-Wallis, Minitab 14). The second largest distribution was recorded by black-hooded oriole, blue-tailed bee-eater, cattle egret, feral pigeon, brown-headed barbet, red-vented bulbul, and rose-ringed parakeet within four habitats (z > 0, Kruskal-Wallis). According to the PCA, Saiba ground habitat was categorized by open ground dwelling birds, and Mee amba sevana was characterized by frugivorous birds, while Girls’ Hostel complex habitat was characterized by carnivorous birds. Comparatively, medical center area habitat contributes to the highest species diversity with many flowering and fruiting trees while providing sufficient food resources and high floral structural complexity. Recorded avifaunal community composition ensures considerable conservation value to university premises of Kelaniya. Awareness and monitoring programs are recommended for sustainable conservation of bird species in Kelaniya.

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Chen, Yu Yun, and Sheng Ke Yang. "Levels of Toxic Elements in Fish from Fishing Ground Using Geothermal Water in Guanzhong Basin, China." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.654.

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Levels of toxic elements in fish from fishing ground using geothermal water in Guanzhong Basin, China were investigated. Six elements including elements cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) in fish were emphatically assessed because they were limited by safety requirements for non-environmental pollution aquatic products (GB/T18407.4-2001). Element F, Cr，Cu，As，Cd and Pb concentrations in fish muscle were in the range of 4.3-18.2 mg/kg wet weight (ww), 0.21-1.53 mg/kg ww, 2.34-2.92 mg/kg ww, nd-0.08 mg/kg ww, 0.01-0.13 mg/kg ww and 0.05-1.99 mg/kg ww, respectively. Element F concentration in each fish muscle was higher than its tolerance limit (2.0 mg/kg ww). Element Cd concentration in Tilapia muscle from Beida fishing ground exceeded its limit value (0.1 mg/kg ww). Tilapia muscle from Tezhong and Beida fishing grounds and Ctenopharyngodon idella muscle from Heyang and Changda fishing ground contained more than the safe limit of Pb (0.5 mg/kg).The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 6 elements for fish muscle of ctenopharyngodon idella from Heyang and Changda fishing grounds were calculated. The results suggested that using geothermal heat for fish breeding may lower BCF of F and Cr but enhance bioaccumulation of Cu, As, Cd and Pb in fish muscle, which may increase health risk.

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Orumwense, Osawaru A., and Eric Forssberg. "Surface and structural changes in wet ground minerals." Powder Technology 68, no. 1 (October 1991): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(91)80060-v.

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Leong, Eng Choon, Sarma Anand, and Chee Hiong Lim. "Mitigation of Ground Shock Effects on Buried Structures–Advantages of Unsaturated Ground." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.740.

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Going underground has been proven an effective defense strategy. However, defense structures below the ground need to be designed for ground shock loading. In Singapore, two thirds of the land area is covered by residual soils which are mostly unsaturated. But soil moisture condition in a tropical country like Singapore can alternate between dry and wet conditions. This paper summarizes the findings of a series of small-scale field tests to investigate the effects of degree of saturation on ground shock. A new perspective is presented which will help in developing technologies to mitigate ground shock effects on underground structures in future.

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Lee, Hong-Min, and Wong-Sang Choi. "Effect of Partial Ground Plane Removal on the Radiation Characteristics of a Microstrip Antenna." Wireless Engineering and Technology 04, no. 01 (2013): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wet.2013.41002.

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Lucchitta, Baerbel K. "Valles Marineris, Mars: Wet debris flows and ground ice." Icarus 72, no. 2 (November 1987): 411–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0019-1035(87)90183-7.

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Strangeways, Ian. "Back to basics: The 'met. enclosure': Part 11 ? Telemetry by telephone and ground-based radio." Weather 59, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/wea.235.03a.

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Clayton, Megan K., and Robert K. Lyons. "Factors influencing broadcast-herbicide control of huisache (Vachellia farnesiana)." Weed Technology 33, no. 6 (August 13, 2019): 773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.66.

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AbstractHuisache is a major brush problem on native rangelands and pastures in South Texas. Although herbicide applications to foliage provide very high plant-kill levels, the same herbicides have not proven reliable when applied as broadcast ground or aerial foliar treatments. Aerial and ground broadcast herbicide foliar treatments were applied to 31 huisache sites. Soil temperature and soil moisture were measured at a depth of 30 cm at the time of herbicide application. Cumulative rainfall before herbicide application was recorded. Across all aerial treatments, plant mortality was 69% for plants shorter than 2 m versus 40% for plants taller than 2 m. Across all aerial- and ground-treated sites, plants shorter than 2 m had an average 89% mortality when cumulative 2-wk rainfall was at least 50 mm, versus 72% mortality with cumulative rainfall less than 50 mm. Average plant mortality was 84% when 4-wk cumulative rainfall was at least 76 mm, versus 71% with rainfall less than 76 mm; and 85% when, on a dry-to-wet scale of 0 to 10, soil moisture measured at least 8, versus 71% when soil moisture measured less than 8. In a separate aerial trial, plant-mortality effects of spray droplet size (417, 630, and 800 µm) and spray volume (37.4 L ha−1 and 93.5 L ha−1) were replicated and tested at a single study site in 2014. Plant mortality was lowest for the 93.5 L ha−1 and 800 µm treatment. Plant mortality rates for other treatments were similar, demonstrating a greater importance of droplet size than spray volume. Targeting huisache trees shorter than 2 m, when cumulative rainfall has reached at least 50 mm or at least 76 mm 2 or 4 wk before application, respectively, as well as maintaining spray droplet sizes no larger than 630 µm can increase herbicide efficacy with foliar broadcast applications.

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Yang, Xiaohui, Anne M. Smith, Robert S. Bourchier, Kim Hodge, and Dustin Ostrander. "Flowering leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) detection using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery in biological control sites: Impacts of flight height, flight time and detection method." Weed Technology 34, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2020.8.

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AbstractLeafy spurge, a noxious perennial weed, is a major threat to the prairie ecosystem in North America. Strategic planning to control leafy spurge requires monitoring its spatial distribution and spread. The ability to detect flowering leafy spurge at two biological control sites in southern Saskatchewan, Canada, was investigated using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system. Three flight missions were conducted on June 30, 2016, during the leafy spurge flowering period. Imagery was acquired at four flight heights and one or two acquisition times, depending on the site. The sites were reflown on June 28, 2017, to evaluate the change in flowering leafy spurge over time. Mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF) and hue, intensity, and saturation (HIS) threshold analyses were used to determine flowering leafy spurge cover. Flight height of 30 m was optimal; the strongest relationships between UAV and ground estimates of leafy spurge cover (r2 = 0.76 to 0.90; normalized root mean square error [NRMSE] = 0.10 to 0.13) and stem density (r2 = 0.72 to 0.75) were observed. Detection was not significantly affected by the image analysis method (P > 0.05). Flowering leafy spurge cover estimates were similar using HIS (1.9% to 14.8%) and MTMF (2.1% to 10.3%) and agreed with the ground estimates (using HIS: r2 = 0.64 to 0.93, NRMSE = 0.08 to 0.25; using MTMF: r2 = 0.64 to 0.90, NRMSE = 0.10 to 0.27). The reduction in flowering leafy spurge cover between 2016 and 2017 detected using UAV images and HIS (8.1% at site 1 and 2.7% at site 2) was consistent with that based on ground digital photographs (10% at site 1 and 1.8% at site 2). UAV imagery is a useful tool for accurately detecting flowering leafy spurge and could be used for routine monitoring purposes in a biological control program.

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Rajalingam, P., J. Sharpe, and W. E. Baker. "Ground Rubber Tire / Thermoplastic Composites: Effect of Different Ground Rubber Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 664–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538337.

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Abstract Thermoplastic composites containing different Ground Rubber Tire (GRT) materials, Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and, in some case, a coupling agent (IB‘E’, an ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer) were prepared by melt blending. The impact energies of all the thermoplastic composites (normally containing 40 wt % GRT) were evaluated using an instrumented impact tester. The effects of the GRT particle-size, particle size distribution and shape, the mode of grinding, and the oxygen surface concentration were analyzed. The wet-ambient-ground GRT based composites show higher surface oxidation and give better impact energy than cryo-ground and normal air-ground GRT based composites. Smaller GRT particle size results in a small increase in the impact property of the composite and a greater influence on the melt processability of the composites. Of the different GRT surface modification techniques studied for improved composite interfacial adhesion and impact properties the composites from electron beam radiation treated GRT yield higher increases in impact energy in comparison to corona and plasma treated GRT based composites.

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Daniel, T. O., D. Azaki, C. N. Nwosu, A. O. Olaoye, and G. E. Sule. "Characterisation and comparative analysis of metallic inclusions in dry, paste and wet ground maize (zea mays) forms and its health implication on human." Revista Mexicana de Física 67, no. 2 Mar-Apr (July 15, 2021): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.67.269.

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This study investigates metallic inclusions in ground maize forms of dry, paste and wet using domestic grinding machine and its health implications to human. With progressive maize processing using the grinding machine, metals are introduced as contaminants into ground maize due to wear and tear of the grinding discs and other machine parts. Maize samples of 1 kg each were grinded in wet, paste, and dry forms. The metallic inclusions were extracted from the ground maize forms using magnetisation, sedimentation and decantation. The extractions were quantified using an Electronic weighing balance and were characterised using, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Optical Emission Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy. Iron fillings were discovered to be the dominant metallic inclusion present in the various food forms and also in the grinding disc with 88.48% by weight in the grinding disc. The extracted metallic inclusions is 0.157g/kg, 0.196g/kg and 0.268 g/kg for dry, paste and wet ground maize forms which exceeded the World Health Organisation limit of 15 mg/kg. The EDS result show that the wet form has the highest amount of metallic inclusions of 95.97 at. %, the paste form with 91.39 at. % and dry form with 83.35 at. %. From the SEM analysis of particle size, the dry, paste and wet ground maize had 17μm, 27μm and 36μm particle sizes respectively. When in excess the Iron filling metallic inclusions from the ground maize accumulates in body organs since there is no physiological mechanism to eliminate excess iron thereby leading to health complications. The accumulated iron in the heart causes increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, siderosis and hemochromatosis in the liver leading to hepatoma-the primary cause of cancer of the liver among others. Elevated levels of free iron also predisposed individuals to high risk of bacterial and viral infections leading to death.

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Meyers, Stephen L., Wenjing Guan, Dan Egel, and Dennis Nowaskie. "Triploid watermelon response to flumioxazin." Weed Technology 35, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2021.30.

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AbstractField trials were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center in Vincennes, IN, to determine the tolerance of plasticulture-grown ‘Fascination’ triploid watermelon to flumioxazin. Treatments were applied after plastic was laid, but 1 d prior to transplanting, and consisted of row middle applications of clomazone (210 g ai ha−1) plus ethafluralin (672 g ai ha−1), flumioxazin (107 g ai ha−1), and flumioxazin (88 g ha−1) plus pyroxasulfone (112 g ai ha−1); a broadcast application of flumioxazin (107 g ha−1); and a nontreated check. The broadcast application of flumioxazin reduced watermelon vine length and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values compared with values for the nontreated check. All other herbicide treatments had vine length and NDVI values similar to those of the nontreated check. At 25/26 d after transplanting (DAP), weedy ground cover in row middles of the nontreated check was 39% and 14% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Weedy ground cover in herbicide-containing treatments was significantly less, at ≤7% and ≤5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Marketable watermelon yield of the nontreated check was 77,931 kg and 11,115 fruits ha−1. The broadcast application of flumioxazin resulted in reduced marketable yield (64,894 kg ha−1) and fewer fruit (9,550 ha−1).

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UCHIDA, Kunio, Kunio KAMIYA, Noboru ASOH, and Fumikazu IKAZAKI. "Contamination Content in Ground Powder by Media Agitating Wet Milling." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 42, no. 482 (1993): 1271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.42.1271.

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SALAM, Md Abdus, Quazi Mehbubar RAHMAN, Swee Peng ANG, and Fushuan WEN. "Soil resistivity and ground resistance for dry and wet soil." Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 5, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40565-015-0153-8.

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Mitterer, Christoph, Achim Heilig, Jürg Schweizer, and Olaf Eisen. "Upward-looking ground-penetrating radar for measuring wet-snow properties." Cold Regions Science and Technology 69, no. 2-3 (December 2011): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2011.06.003.

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Ouwendorp, C. "WET OF ESSENTIE." Philosophia Reformata 67, no. 1 (December 2, 2002): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90000245.

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Essentie en accident zijn begrippen waarmee filosofen van oude tijden af tot op de dag van vandaag zich bezig hebben gehouden. Essentie kan omschreven worden als datgene waarom een ding is wat het is. Het is een equivalent van wat Aristoteles noemt to ti einai. De essentie is dus de radicale grond van de vele eigenschappen van een ding waarnaar de eigenschappen noodzakelijk verwijzen. Essentie wordt dan ook wel gezien als de abstracte (wijsgerige ) pendant van een concrete entiteit. De laatste betekent wat iets actueel is of kan zijn (ens actu, ens potentiâ), terwijl de eerste verwijst naar de grond waarom iets precies is wat het is. De vraag naar de essentie is dus de vraag naar het wat (quid) van een ding: wat is een boom?, wat is een mens? enz.

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Tarigan, Juliati Br, Mimpin Ginting, Siti Nurul Mubarokah, Firman Sebayang, Justaman Karo-karo, Trung T. Nguyen, Junedi Ginting, and Eko K. Sitepu. "Direct biodiesel production from wet spent coffee grounds." RSC Advances 9, no. 60 (2019): 35109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra08038d.

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Atkinson, M. S., and G. D. Thornton. "Groundwater Control in Complex Ground Conditions." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 2, no. 1 (1986): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.1986.002.01.30.

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AbstractTwo fifteen metre diameter ten metre deep underground tanks were constructed immediately alongside each other by sinking bolted segmental caissons and casting the secondary lining in situ. Preliminary site investigation indicated difficult ground conditions with a high risk of base failure for excavation in the dry. Wet construction of the base slab would avoid base instability but not the problem of hydrostatic uplift of the partially completed structures.Further investigation revealed a complex sequence of interbedded sands, silts and clays of alluvial and glacial origins. The granular horizons comprised a small number of thicker continuous bands, one occurring immediately below the proposed formation levels for the tank floor slabs, and several thinner irregular bands grading laterally into silts and clays.Piezometers in the more critical granular horizons indicated artesian and sub-artesian groundwater levels. Temporarily disconnecting at ground level the piezometer showing artesian conditions and measuring the resulting water flow indicated a granular body of restricted size or limited recharge. The absence of any effect on other piezometers offered confirmation of isolated granular bodies.Despite obvious difficulties in predicting the effectiveness of a groundwater lowering installation the significant advantages of constructing in the dry over wet construction mitigated in favour of dewatering. Sixteen deep pumped wells were installed around the circumference of the tanks to form a figure of eight pattern for the wells. To reduce the risk of a base failure due to artesian groundwater in any lobes of granular material encroaching within the plan excavation but not intersected by the pumped wells, four internal relief wells per tank were installed.Successful construction was achieved, although a minor interruption to the pumping clearly demonstrated the prudence of the internal relief well installation.The paper comments on some aspects of BS 5930 in relation to the construction described.

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Yang, Jun, Qiang Wang, and Yuqi Zhou. "Influence of Curing Time on the Drying Shrinkage of Concretes with Different Binders and Water-to-Binder Ratios." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2695435.

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Plain cement concrete, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) concrete, and fly ash concrete were designed. Three wet curing periods were employed, which were 2, 5, and 8 days. The drying shrinkage values of the concretes were measured within 1 year after wet curing. The results show that the increasing rate of the drying shrinkage of concrete containing a mineral admixture at late age is higher than that of plain cement concrete regardless of the wet curing time. With the reduction of wet curing time, the increment of total drying shrinkage of concrete decreases with the decrease of the W/B ratio. The negative effects on the drying shrinkage of fly ash concrete due to the reduction of the wet curing time are much more obvious than those of GGBS concrete and plain cement concrete. Superfine ground granulated blast furnace slag (SGGBS) can reduce the drying shrinkage of GGBS concrete and fly ash concrete when the wet curing time is insufficient.

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Kirichenko-Babko, Marina, Yaroslav Danko, Anna Musz-Pomorksa, Marcin K. Widomski, and Roman Babko. "The Impact of Climate Variations on the Structure of Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Assemblage in Forests and Wetlands." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101074.

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We studied the effect of climate variations on the structure of the assemblage of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a wetland and surrounding watershed forest. We analyzed the changes in the structure of the assemblage of ground beetles provoked by a two-year dry period against the background of studies carried out during the two-year wet period. Aridization influenced the structure of the assemblage of ground beetles more in wetlands than in forests. It was shown that despite the stabilizing effect of the forest on the structure of assemblages of terrestrial arthropods, the two-year dry period had a negative impact on the assemblage of ground beetles in the studied area. The Simpson dominance index of 4.9 during the wet season increased to 7.2 during the drought period. Although the total number of species during the dry period did not significantly decrease in comparison with the wet period—from 30 to 27 species—changes occurred in the trophic structure: during the drought period, the number of predators decreased. It is concluded that the resistance of forest habitats to climate aridization is somewhat exaggerated and, very likely, the structure of the community of arthropods in forests will change significantly.

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Martin, Chris A., and S. Bhattacharya. "Below-ground Pot-in-Pot (PIP) System and Substrate Moisture Regimen Affect Growth of Two Desert Trees." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 504b—504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.504b.

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Acacia smalli (sweet acacia) and Cercidium praecox (palo brea) trees were grown during June–Oct. 1997 outdoors in full sun in 19-L containers positioned either PIP or above ground on the soil surface. The 38-L PIP holder containers were placed in the ground. Cyclic pulses of water were controlled by soil moisture sensors interfaced with electronic solenoid irrigation valves. Rooting substrate water potentials at 20 cm below the substrate surface and 10 cm inside the container wall were consistently maintained at either >–0.01 MPa (wet) or between –0.02 and –0.03 MPa (dry) for both above ground and PIP container substrates. Less than 1.25 cm of rainfall occurred during the study period. No incidences of rooting-out were observed with PIP trees. Maximum root-zone temperatures of PIP containers were 19 °C lower than temperatures measures in substrate of aboveground containers. Growth of both species was stimulated by the wet substrate regimen compared with the dry regimen. Positioning trees in a below-ground PIP configuration under the wet substrate regimen stimulated growth of sweet acacia compared with the PIP dry regimen. The PIP configuration did not affect growth of palo brea trees.

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Wang, Haijun, and Yun Duan. "Mechanical Transformation of Fly Ash toward Its Utilization in Cemented Paste Backfill." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (August 11, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5492272.

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Fly ash (FA) showed low reactivity when being used to prepare the binder for cemented paste backfill (CPB). In the present work, wet-grinding treatment was used to increase the pozzolanic reactivity of FA and promote its sustainable utilization. The results showed that wet-grinding could be a suitable and efficient technology for FA pretreatment. Wet-grinding strongly modified the structure of FA by decreasing the crystalline phase content and the binding energy of Si 2p and Al 2p, contributing to the increase in pozzolanic reactivity of FA. The performance of CPB samples prepared by wet-ground FA was then optimized. This was reflected by the acceleration in the sample setting and increase in the strength development. The compressive strength of the CPB samples prepared by wet-ground FA for 120 min was increased by around 40% after curing for 28 d compared with the control samples.

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Forcella, Frank. "Spent Coffee Grounds as Air-Propelled Abrasive Grit for Weed Control in Organic Production." Weed Technology 31, no. 5 (August 24, 2017): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.42.

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Spent coffee grounds (SCG) represent a significant food waste residue. Value-added uses for this material would be beneficial. Gritty agricultural residues, such as corncob grit, can be employed as abrasive air-propelled agents for organically-compatible and selective shredding of weed seedlings within established crops. SCG were tested and compared with corncob grit for their ability to injure seedlings of two important weeds: waterhemp and velvetleaf. Waterhemp seedlings were controlled completely with as little as 0.5 g of SCG at an air pressure of 690 kPa. Velvetleaf seedlings were much larger than those of waterhemp at the time of grit application, better tolerated SCG abrasion, but still were damaged appreciably by 1 to 2 g of grit. SCG were at least as effective for abrading weed seedlings as corncob grit, whose value for this purpose in organic crops was demonstrated previously.

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Grogan, James, and Jurandir Galvão. "Physiographic and floristic gradients across topography in transitional seasonally dry evergreen forests of southeast Pará, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 36, no. 4 (December 2006): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672006000400009.

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Seasonally dry evergreen forests in southeast Pará, Brazil are transitional between taller closed forests of the interior Amazon Basin and woodland savannas (cerrados) of Brazil's south-central plains. We describe abiotic and biotic gradients in this region near the frontier town of Redenção where forest structure and composition grade subtly across barely undulating topography. Annual precipitation averaged 1859 mm between 1995-2001, with nearly zero rainfall during the dry season months of June August. Annual vertical migrations of deep-soil water caused by seasonal rainfall underlie edaphic and floristic differences between high- and low-ground terrain. Low-ground soils are hydromorphic, shaped by perching water tables during the wet season, pale gray, brown, or white in color, with coarse texture, low moisture retention during the dry season, and relatively high macro-nutrient status in the surface horizons. Forest canopies on low ground are highly irregular, especially along seasonal streams, while overstory community composition differs demonstrably from that on high ground. High-ground soils are dystrophic, well-drained through the wet season, brown or red-yellow in color, with finer texture, higher moisture retention, and low macro-nutrient status in the surface horizons compared to low-ground soils. Forest canopies are, on average, taller, more regular, and more closed on high ground. Low-ground areas can be envisioned as energy and nutrient sinks, where, because of hydrologic cycles, canopy disturbance likely occurs more frequently than at high-ground positions if not necessarily at larger scales.

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YOKOTA, Kozo, Yutaka HASHIZUKA, Masae NAKAHARA, and Yoshihito KONDO. "Characteristics of the Ground Alumina Powders by Wet Rotation Ball Milling." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 103, no. 1203 (1995): 1167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.103.1167.

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DURMAZ, Ufuk, and Orhan YALÇINKAYA. "Comparing the Effect of Process Fluid for Wet Ground Heat Exchanger." International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering 5, no. 3 (November 30, 2019): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.629842.

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33

Davies, P., C. H. Gale, and M. Lees. "Quantitative studies of modern wet-ground molluscan faunas from Bossington, Hampshire." Journal of Biogeography 23, no. 3 (May 1996): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1996.00023.x.

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Bradley, J. Gavin, and Perri K. Eason. "Predation risk and microhabitat selection by cave salamanders, Eurycea lucifuga (Rafinesque, 1822)." Behaviour 155, no. 10-12 (2018): 841–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003505.

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Abstract Habitat selection is driven by many factors, but no one location is likely to be best for all factors; thus, individuals are subject to trade-offs when selecting habitat. Caves provide a clear example of such trade-offs because these habitats are energy deprived. Cave salamanders (Eurycea lucifuga) commonly inhabit caves at least in part because this habitat is cool and wet. We tested the hypothesis that caves also provide cave salamanders with a reduction in predation risk. We used clay models to test for differences in predation risk in caves vs. forests and at low (e.g., ground) vs. elevated (e.g., cave wall) positions, and recorded locations of cave salamanders to assess vertical (i.e., wall) vs. non-vertical (e.g., ground) substrate selection in a cave. Overall, a mean of 3.2 models in caves were damaged and a mean of 8.2 were damaged in forests. Cave salamanders selected vertical substrate more often than non-vertical substrate (, ), and in caves, low-positioned models were more likely to be damaged than models on walls, although there was no effect of model height in forests. This study suggests that caves provide salamanders a refuge from increased predation pressure, a benefit that likely compensates for the costs of moving between caves and the richer foraging grounds outside them.

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Qiu, Jin Yu, Koji Watari, Yuji Hotta, Yoshiaki Kinemuchi, and Kenshi Mitsuishi. "Grinding of Agglomerate AlN Powder by Wet Milling." Key Engineering Materials 317-318 (August 2006): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.317-318.45.

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Fine AlN powder doped with Y2O3 and CaO as sintering additives was ground by a ball mill, a planetary ball mill and a super-fine grinding mill in order to obtain fine homogenous powder for low-temperature sintering. The size reduction and the sinterability of ground powders at 1500oC for 6 h were investigated. The size and shape of the agglomeration showed no significant change after the ball mill and planetary mill processes, resulting in poor densification. On the contrary, AlN particles with size of 50~100 nm was pulverized and dispersed by a super-fine grinding mill with very small ZrO2 beads as a mill media. The microstructures of the specimen exhibited equiaxed and homogenous grains with size of 0.3~0.4 μm. Pores in the specimens were eliminated. The thermal conductivity was 70W/mK, which is better than that of Al2O3 ceramics (~20W/mK).

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36

Souza, Leiliane Cristine de, Maximiliane Alavarse Zambom, Claudete Regina Alcalde, Tatiane Fernandes, Deise Dalazen Castagnara, Ana Claudia Radis, Sérgio Mangano de Almeida Santos, Ana Paula Possamai, and Michele Pasqualoto. "Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition in dairy cows fed silage of wet brewers grain." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 2 (April 26, 2016): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p1069.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the supply of wet brewers grain silage with and without nutrient additives in ensiling (wheat bran, soybeans hulls and ground corn), and the effect of additives on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients as well as the efficiency, production and milk composition of Holstein cows. Four multiparous Holstein cows were used, with an average milk production of 25 liters per day. The cows were randomly assigned, via the Latin Square design (4x4), to one of four experimental diets. The experimental period was 21 days. The results obtained in the experiment were evaluated by analysis of variance, Fisher’s F test and Tukey’s test at 5 % probability. The experimental diets consisted of wet brewers grain silage alone, and this silage with the addition of wheat bran, soybean hulls or ground corn. The diets did not affect the initial body weight of the animals. Diets containing wheat bran and ground corn provided a higher intake of dry matter (21.78 and 21.50 kg day-1) and organic matter (20.42 and 20.22 kg day-1) compared to the wet brewers grain silage alone and the diet containing soybean hulls. The results observed for dry matter (636.96 and 632.96 g kg-1), organic matter (659.16 and 654.35 g kg-1 DM), crude protein (712.84 and 717.79 g kg-1 DM) and neutral detergent fiber (598.99 and 538.90 g kg-1 DM) when cows were fed diets containing soybean hulls and ground corn, respectively, were higher than other diets. The different diets did not change daily milk production, milk production corrected for 3.5 % fat or milk composition. The milk urea nitrogen from cows fed ground corn diets was a lower concentration (17.67 mg dL-1), however, it was still above the suitable range (10 to 14 mg dL-1). Providing wet brewers grain silage with soybeans hulls or ground corn to Holstein cows increased the digestibility of dry matter and nutrients. However, the use of silages with wheat bran, soybean hulls or ground corn did not alter the efficiency, production or milk composition of cows fed with these silages.

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Mello, Raquel Rodrigues Costa, Elizângela Mirian Moreira, Daniel Montanher Polizel, Marcos Vinícius Castro Ferraz Júnior, Janaina Socolovski Biava, Evandro Maia Ferreira, and Alexandre Vaz Pires. "Wet citrus pulp in finishing diets for feedlot lambs:." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 57, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): e161434. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2020.161434.

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Pectin industry generates a citrus pulp residue compounded by peduncle, endocarp, juice vesicles, columella, seeds and tiny fractions of epicarp and mesocarp of citrus fruits, denominated Wet Citrus Pulp (WCP), which has not yet been tested as food for lamb’s nutrition. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of partial replacement of ground corn by WCP in high-concentrate diets on the performance and hepatic enzyme concentration of feedlot lambs. Forty-two male lambs (15 Santa Inês and 27 ½ Dorper × Santa Inês), with 24.7 ± 1.5 kg of BW and 60 ± 5 d of age was assigned to a randomized complete block design. Within blocks (n = 14), lambs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 0WCP (control) – diet containing 75.5% ground corn without WCP; 20WCP – diet containing 20% WCP in replacement of ground corn, and 40WCP – diet containing 40% WCP in replacement of ground corn. The experiment lasted 70 days, which was split in 3 experimental periods (14 days of diets’ adaptation and 2 sub-periods of 28 days each). Statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of the SAS. Orthogonal polynomials for diet response were determined by linear and quadratic effects. There was a quadratic effect for DM, CP, ash, ether extract and NFC intake The highest DM and CP intake was observed for lambs fed 20WCP, however, the control diet increased the ash, ether extract and NFC intake. The increased levels of WCP decreased the ADG and feed efficiency (FE) during the adaptation period, however, did not affect the ADG and FE on periods 1 and 2. Consequently, the increased levels of WCP inclusion decreased linearly the BW. There was no effect of WCP inclusion in diets on Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) concentration. However, there was a linear increase for Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) concentration during the adaptation period, but without difference in other periods. In conclusion, adding up to 40% of WCP in finishing diets for feedlot lambs decrease performance during adaptation period, compromising the final body weight, but without damages effects on liver enzymes.

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Wibowo, Singgih Aji, and Dena Hendriana. "Implementation device for measuring water depth at proving ground test track." ACMIT Proceedings 5, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/acmit.v5i1.80.

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Tires adhesion on the wet surface between the road surface and vehicle tires is one of the requirement from ECE Regulation No.117 for tires sold in European countries. When tested on a specified test track, tires will be tested and compared the test results with standard reference test tires (SRTT). As a result, the performance index from measured tires is given and indicated by a wet grip index (G). ECE Regulation R117 specifies the wet grip index at a level of water depth between 0.5 and 1.5 mm on the test track surface [1]. The measurements can be done using a simple 150 mm steel ruler with the graduation of 0.5 mm. Before measuring, the tip of steel ruler is polished with Kolor Kut to show the different color when ruler tip is dipped into the water perpendicularly. Then record the data for monitoring the water depth of the test track. Since ECE Regulation R117 specifies the water depth at 1.0 mm +/- 0.5 mm, then it will need a measuring device which has a graduation of less than 0.5 mm. For this reason, we develop a tool for measurements water depth which able to show measurements of one-tenth of a millimeter.

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39

Gurgel, K. W., G. Antonischki, H. H. Essen, and T. Schlick. "Wellen Radar (WERA): a new ground-wave HF radar for ocean remote sensing." Coastal Engineering 37, no. 3-4 (August 1999): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3839(99)00027-7.

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40

Drakopoulos, Aris, Thomas H. Wenzel, Stephen F. Shober, and Robert B. Schmiedlin. "Crash Experience on Tined and Continuously Ground Portland Cement Concrete Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1639, no. 1 (January 1998): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1639-15.

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Crash rates were compared between 290 km of continuously ground and 115 km of transversely tined portland cement concrete pavements in Wisconsin. All 11,219 reported crashes at the study sites during the 6-year period 1988 through 1993 were analyzed. Continuously ground surfaces were found to have lower crash rates than tined surfaces under dry and wet conditions during daytime and nighttime as well as under all four combinations of pavement and light conditions. Ground pavements had 58 percent the crash rates of tined pavements under dry and wet conditions; the ratio was 84 percent when snow or ice was present on the pavement; however, relatively limited vehicular travel occurred under such conditions and these results are viewed as preliminary. Ground pavements had 57 percent the crash rates of tined pavements during daytime; the ratio was 73 percent at night. On the basis of the available data, a hypothesis of increasing crash rates with time (based on frictional property deterioration with pavement age, cumulative vehicle passes since construction, or both) could not be confirmed for either type of pavement texture.

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41

Carey, H. V., and H. J. Cooke. "Intestinal secretion after jejunal bypass in the ground squirrel." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): R1209—R1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.6.r1209.

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The preceding paper [H. V. Carey, Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 32): R1202-R1208, 1992] demonstrated that a 3-day fast or the extended fast of hibernation enhanced the chloride secretory responses to a variety of agonists in the ground squirrel jejunum. Here we examined the effect of jejunal bypass on intestinal secretory capacity in squirrels that either remained active and continued to feed (ACT), or were induced to hibernate (HIB). Mucosal wet weights were reduced in jejunal segments that had little or no exposure to the luminal stream (all segments from HIB and bypassed segments from ACT) compared with segments in contact with luminal contents (sham and in continuity segments of ACT). Tissue conductances were greater in those segments not exposed to luminal contents. Short-circuit current (Isc) responses to electrical stimulation of submucosal neurons, or to serosal carbachol, were greater in segments not exposed to luminal contents when responses were normalized to serosal surface area. Normalization of secretory responses to crypt area produced a similar pattern. Isc responses to mucosal alanine, which reflect electrogenic Na+ absorption, were greatest in segments with little or no exposure to luminal contents. Tissue wet weights, conductances and secretory responses of bypassed segments of HIB and ACT squirrels were always similar. These results suggest that luminal contents directly influence jejunal secretory capacity.

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Rex, John, Stéphane Dubé, and Vanessa Foord. "Mountain Pine Beetles, Salvage Logging, and Hydrologic Change: Predicting Wet Ground Areas." Water 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2013): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w5020443.

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43

McNeill, Chris A., and James M. Sabatier. "Angle of incidence seismic/acoustic ratios during wet and dry ground conditions." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 5 (May 2007): 3164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782246.

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44

Huang, Zhichu, Mingxiang Chen, and Xurong Chen. "A developed technology for wet-ground fine cement slurry with its applications." Cement and Concrete Research 33, no. 5 (May 2003): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-8846(02)01035-9.

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45

Davis, James L., Gunnar Elgered, Arthur E. Niell, and Clara E. Kuehn. "Ground-based measurement of gradients in the “wet” radio refractivity of air." Radio Science 28, no. 6 (November 1993): 1003–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93rs01917.

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46

Tugushi, M., G. Partskhaladze, M. Loria, G. Chavleshvili, and B. Karasiev. "Lightning protection of buildings constructed in wet ground and near the seashore." Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4024/26tu19a.jbpc.20.03.

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47

Reitstetter, Raven, and Rittenhouse Larry R. "Cheatgrass Invasion - The Below-Ground Connection." Journal of Environment and Ecology 8, no. 1 (May 22, 2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v8i1.10536.

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Plant-soil microbial feedback loops play an important role in the establishment and development of plant communities. Microbial soil communities, including pathogens, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria and their reciprocal interactions, can influence plant health and nutrient cycling in many ways. We are proposing a model that accounts for cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion success and long-term persistence in both disturbed and undisturbed sites. In this model cheatgrass alters soil microbial communities that favor nitrifying microorganisms, resulting in elevated NO3- levels. Increased NO3- levels, coupled with B. tectorum life history and climatic and edaphic conditions in the semi-arid western U.S., result in long-term persistence of this invasive annual. In ecosystems that lack major precipitation during the growth season, B. tectorum induced shifts in the nitrifier community result in accumulation of plant available nitrogen during the summer when native perennials are primarily dormant. Increased NO3- levels can be efficiently utilized by cheatgrass ahead of native perennials during fall and winter. Restoration and management efforts must be guided by a thorough understanding of soil microbe-cheatgrass interactions to avoid nutrient flushes resulting from freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles that benefit this invasive grass.

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Mitchell, J., and R. Mayer. "Diggings by Feral Pigs Within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area of North Queensland." Wildlife Research 24, no. 5 (1997): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96041.

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The association of ground-digging activity of feral pigs with a range of environmental variables was examined in the wet tropics World Heritage Area of north Queensland. Approximately 4% of the surveyed ground was disturbed by digging activity of feral pigs. Significant differences in diggings were detected between highland and lowland areas and between habitat types. Diggings were more prevalent in lowland areas and coastal swamp habitats. Diggings were positively associated with roads, tracks and moist drainage lines.

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Grzywna, Antoni, Alina Kowalczyk-Juśko, and Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski. "The changes of surface and ground water level on the effect of regulated outflow." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW. Land Reclamation 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sggw-2017-0021.

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Abstract This paper aims to analyze the variability of the levels of surface and ground water in the Ochożanka basin. The depth at which the ground water table occurred was studied with reference to the adopted land drainage standards. The studies were carried out in 2009/2010–2014/2015 for natural and regulated water outflows. The analysis of annual total precipitation in the analyzed period some years were very wet (2009/2010 and 2013/2014), some of them were wet (2010/2011, 2012/2013), one year was dry (2014/2015) and one year was normal (2011/2012). The six-year average seasonal precipitation amounted to 593 mm, which was 66 mm higher than average precipitation recorded in 30 years. Under regulated outflow conditions the level of water in the river ranged from 55 to 77 cm. The level of water under natural outflow ranged from 18 to 49 cm. In the area with regulated outflow the average ground water level was 47 cm. In the remaining area of drainage system ground water level was 67 cm. Also, the dynamics of variance in the water level under natural outflow conditions was clearly higher.

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Nawalany, Grzegorz, and Paweł Sokołowski. "Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Ground Dampness on Heat Transfer between Greenhouse and Ground." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 3084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063084.

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This paper deals with the problem of the influence of ground dampness on heat exchange between greenhouse and ground. The effect of humidity on the distribution of ground temperature fields was analyzed. The analysis was performed based on the analytical numerical method in the WUFI®plus software. The computational tool was used after a validation process. Research and simulations were conducted on the example of a real single-span greenhouse located in Southern Poland. The results of indoor and outdoor air temperature measurements were used to determine the boundary conditions, while the measured ground temperatures were used to compare with the results of theoretical calculations. Three variants were used for calculation analysis, assuming different levels of ground dampness. Analysis of the test results showed that during the summer period, dry ground provides 8% more thermal energy to the interior of the greenhouse than the damp ground, and provides 30% more thermal energy than wet ground. In the transition period (autumn/spring), the ground temperature fields are arranged parallel to the floor level, while the heat flux is directed from the ground to the interior of the greenhouse, regardless of the ground dampness level. During this period, the ground temperature ranges from 4.0 °C to 13.0 °C. Beneficial effect of dry ground, which contributes to maintaining an almost constant temperature under the greenhouse floor, was found in winter.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ground Weta'

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