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Journal articles on the topic 'Ground Water contamination'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Verma, Sanjay Kumar, and Dr Ajay Kr Upadhyay. "Arsenic Contamination of Ground water and Health Risk." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 836–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd14125.

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2

KRESSE, F. C. "Exploration for Ground-Water Contamination." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience xxii, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxii.3.275.

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3

Kiilerich, Ole, and Erik Arvin. "Ground Water Contamination from Creosote Sites." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 16, no. 1 (February 1996): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1996.tb00578.x.

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4

Ityel, Daniel. "Ground water: Dealing with iron contamination." Filtration & Separation 48, no. 1 (January 2011): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(11)70043-x.

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5

Schiffman, Arnold. "GROUND-WATER CONTAMINATION -A REGULATORY FRAMEWORK." Ground Water 26, no. 5 (September 1988): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1988.tb00788.x.

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6

Olivieri, Adam, Don Eisenberg, Martin Kurtovich, and Lori Pettegrew. "Ground‐Water Contamination in Silicon Valley." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 111, no. 3 (July 1985): 346–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1985)111:3(346).

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7

Assmuth, T. W., and T. Strandberg. "Ground water contamination at Finnish landfills." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 69, no. 1-2 (July 1993): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00478358.

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8

AKMAM, Wardatul, and Md Fakrul ISLAM. "Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water in Bangladesh." Studies in Regional Science 37, no. 3 (2007): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.37.829.

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9

Rosenfeld, Jeffrey K., and Russell H. Plumb. "Ground Water Contamination at Wood Treatment Facilities." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 11, no. 1 (February 1991): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1991.tb00360.x.

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10

Yates, Marylynn V. "Septic Tank Density and Ground-Water Contamination." Ground Water 23, no. 5 (September 1985): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb01506.x.

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11

Aharonson, N. "Potential contamination of ground water by pesticides." Pure and Applied Chemistry 59, no. 10 (January 1, 1987): 1419–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac198759101419.

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12

Miller, Cass T. "Protection of Public Water Supplies from Ground‐Water Contamination." Journal of Environmental Quality 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1988.00472425001700010042x.

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13

Bennett, GaryF. "Protection of public water supplies from ground-water contamination." Journal of Hazardous Materials 17, no. 2 (December 1988): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(88)80015-3.

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14

Parmar, Vikas, and Madhubala Purohit. "Faecal Contamination in Ground Water Resources of Urban Areas of Ujjain." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 8, no. 03 (March 28, 2020): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v8i03.b01.

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Ground water is one of the most important natural resource next to air being essential for life. Quality of ground water depends upon natural process, such as wet/dry condition, salts, many geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Among all contamination ground water is more susceptible to microbial contamination. According to WHO report about 80% of all diseases in human being are caused due to drinking water contaminated by bacteria of faecal origin. Various water born diseases are prevalent in Ujjain like typhoid, dysentery, jaundice, amebeosis, colitis etc. Purpose of the study was to assess the bacterial contamination of faecal origin in ground water resources of urban area of Ujjain. For this ground water samples (well, bore well and hand pump) were collected from 6 sub areas of Ujjain city. For the assessment of bacterial contamination of faecal origin H2S strip test of Manja,et.al.(1982) was used. Results clearly indicated that bore well water was found to be safe for drinking, domestic and other purposes.

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15

Tanji, K. K. "GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION CONCERNS IN HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 335 (April 1993): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.335.2.

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16

Gr⊘n, C., J. Ø. Madsen, Y. Simonsen, and H. Borén. "Contamination of Ground Water Samples from Well Installations." Environmental Technology 17, no. 6 (June 1996): 613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593331708616425.

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17

Clancy, Kathleen M., and Aaron A. Jennings. "EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF MULTICOMPONENT GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION PREDICTIONS." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 24, no. 2 (April 1988): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb02988.x.

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18

Ishiga, Hiroaki, Kaori Dozen, Md Badrul Islam, Md Hamidur Rahman, Md Abdus Sattar, Chikako Yamazaki, and Ahmed Faruque. "Ground Water Contamination of Arsenic in Ganges Plain." Gondwana Research 4, no. 4 (October 2001): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70438-x.

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19

McLaughlin, Dennis, Lynn B. Reid, Shu-Guang Li, and Jennifer Hyman. "A Stochastic Method for Characterizing Ground-Water Contamination." Ground Water 31, no. 2 (March 1993): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb01816.x.

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20

Hamed, Maged M., Joel P. Conte, and Philip B. Bedient. "Probabilistic Screening Tool for Ground-Water Contamination Assessment." Journal of Environmental Engineering 121, no. 11 (November 1995): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1995)121:11(767).

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21

Díaz-Cruz, M. Silvia, and Damià Barceló. "Trace organic chemicals contamination in ground water recharge." Chemosphere 72, no. 3 (June 2008): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.031.

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22

Klimeš, F., and S. Kužel. "Application of modelling by the study of ground water contamination with nitrates under grasslands." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 3 (December 6, 2011): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4017-pse.

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At permanent grassland in the foothill regions of the &Scaron;umava (545 m a.s.l. subassociation Trifolio-Festucetum alopecuretosum Neuhäusl 1972), relations between the use of different doses of N(+PK) and contamination of ground waters with nitrates have been studied with the application of deterministic and probabilistic models with the aim of elaborating a theoretical basis and new methodological approaches for polycriterial optimisation of fertilisation of grass stands. Mutual relations between the use of doses N(+PK), build-up of primary production and perlocations of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> into ground waters, expressed by that of unit and marginal values of both these processes showed a mirror-like inversion course with a remarkable co-incidence of reverse local extremes. Within the range of doses from 0 to 100 kg N(+PK)/haP helps, at the ratio of the applied doses P:N 1:1.5–2.5, to a considerable decrease in the concentration of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> in ground waters. Specification of suitable doses of N(+PK) to ecologically and phytocenologically similar stands is discussed.

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23

Sharma, Sahil, Alifia Ibkar, Danish Javid, Neha Sharma, Kashish Bhatia, Manmath Prasad Panda, Kamil Khan, Prachika Rajput, and Anupama Rajput. "Bio remedial Process: A Review on Removal of Fluoride from the Waste Water." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.073.

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Ground water has always been an important and most dependable source of water since prehistoric ages, but with rapid industrialization to meet the needs of growing population has stressed the ground water reservoir. Stress to ground water reservoir is just one problem; industrial waste has also introduced lots of new chemical substances in water bodies. Fluorides are one such pollutant that undermines living life forms especially human beings .There are primarily two sources of fluoride contamination in ground water. Geogenic sources and anthropogenic sources. Talking about the status of fluoride contamination it can be seen in more than 25 countries worldwide. In India itself 19 states and at least 132 districts have witnessed the problem of water contamination, Fluoride contamination is also impacting the health of people adversely. Diseases like skeletal fluorosis, non –skeletal fluorosis, and dental fluorosis are the most common health problem from fluoride contamination .Due to fluoride contamination diseases in plants like Chlorosis, Necrosis is impacting plant body. Thus, to remove fluorine contamination from water we can use bioremediation process. Bioremediation strategies can be classified mainly in two categories in – situ techniques and ex –situ techniques. Its mode of action primarily includes use of microbes in processing the fluoride contamination. This shows that bioremediation has lots of advantages like it’s a natural process, cost effective etc. But it too have some disadvantages like they are highly specific and it takes longer time etc. Considering all the merits and demerits of bioremediation, it is the most effective technological tool that holds great value for the future as scientists learn more about its capabilities and the curiosity to find more appropriate methods are still going on. This review article deals with ground water pollution due to fluoride concentration. We have thoroughly reviewed on its impact on health of plants and animals and the bioremediation processes to cure the water contamination

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24

Miller, Robert H. "Ground water pollution: Research strategies and priorities." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 1 (1987): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001466.

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AbstractPollution of ground water by agricultural chemicals and nitrate is one of the major problems facing agriculture in the 1980s. Before this problem is resolved additional research is needed in the following areas: 1) identification of areas within each state where ground water contamination is most likely to occur; 2) data to establish levels of pesticides in ground water that present health risks; 3) the fate and transport of pesticides in soil and underlying strata; 4) improved nitrogen use efficiency of agronomic and horticultural crops and improved management of nitrogen fertilizers; and 5) cropping and management systems that reduce or eliminate the need for problem pesticides. Improved research information in these areas should assist society in resolving current problems of ground water contamination.

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25

Abdalla, Charles W., and Lawrence W. Libby. "Agriculture and ground water quality: A public policy perspective." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 1 (1987): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000148x.

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AbstractAgricultural production is an important source of ground water contamination in many regions of the U.S. Ground water contamination is the unintended side effect of actions by economic agents pursuing their interests within the legal framework established by current public policy. Under existing policy, agricultural producers do not have changes as noted to consider off-site effects of their decisions on ground water supplies. Given these policy rules, producers can be expected to cause such damage until their rights and obligations are adjusted by policy. The farmer is simply responding in a predictable manner to opportunities existing within the economic system. Possible rationales for government action to protect ground water quality include: 1) the existence of “third party” effects in the form of off-site damages associated with degraded water supplies; 2) overuse of an “open-access” resource; 3) society's desire to make conservative ground water management decisions to avoid the risks of contamination; and 4) individuals' demands for ground water protection even though they may not expect to directly benefit. Alternative policy instruments for ground water protection include taxes, subsidies, regulations and prohibitions, education, and public spending. Different policy approaches are being employed to address agricultural contamination of ground water. One policy approach emphasizes producers ' lack of accurate information and appropriate decision-making, and recommends educating farmers about how their profits can be increased by improved decisions regarding inputs. A second approach is to change the rules and incentives to compel or induce producers to act in a way that improves ground water quality. If ground water quality follows the pattern of most public issues, effective policies will be developed only as the cost of failing to act becomes known. Research and delivery of information on the costs of ground water protection and the costs of not protecting ground water are likely to be key factors affecting the formation of future ground water quality policies.

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26

Aram, Simon Appah, Benjamin M. Saalidong, and Patrick Osei Lartey. "Comparative assessment of the relationship between coliform bacteria and water geochemistry in surface and ground water systems." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): e0257715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257715.

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The occurrence of pollution indicator bacteria (total and faecal coliform) has been used as a sanitary parameter for evaluating the quality of drinking water. It is known that these indicators are associated with disease causing organisms which are of great concern to public health. This study assessed the relationship between coliform bacteria and water geochemistry in surface and ground water systems in the Tarkwa mining area using logistic regression models. In surface water sources, higher values of chloride (OR = 0.891, p<005), phosphates (OR = 0.452, p<0.05), pH (OR = 0.174, p<0.05) and zinc (OR = 0.001, p<0.05) were associated with lower odds of faecal coliform contamination. In groundwater sources, higher values of phosphates (OR = 0.043, p<0.001), total dissolved solids (OR = 0.858, p<0.05), turbidity (OR = 0.996, p<0.05) and nickel (OR = 6.09E-07, p<0.05) implied non-contamination by faecal coliform. However, higher values of electrical conductivity (OR = 1.097, p<0.05), nitrates (OR = 1.191, p<0.05) and total suspended solids (OR = 1.023, p<0.05) were associated with higher odds of faecal coliform contamination of groundwater sources. Nitrates and total suspended solids, in this case, were completely mediated by the heavy metals. For total coliform in surface water systems, higher values of magnesium (OR = 1.070, p<0.05) was associated with higher odds of total coliform contamination while higher values of phosphates (OR = 0.968, p<0.05) was associated with lower odds of total coliform contamination although the presence of heavy metals completely mediated these relationships. For ground water systems, higher values of pH (OR = 0.083, p<0.05), phosphates (OR = 0.092, p<0.05), turbidity (OR = 0.950, p<0.05) and chloride (OR = 0.860, p<0.05) were associated with lower odds of total coliform contamination. However, higher values of total suspended solids (OR = 1.054, p<0.05) and nitrates (OR = 1.069, p<0.05) implied contamination of total coliform in ground water sources. The relationship between nitrates and total coliform were mediated by the heavy metals. This study establishes the need to monitor, manage and remediate surface and ground water sources for potential disease causing microbes in ways that takes into consideration the factors that create different conditions in the two water systems. This study validates the usefulness of statistical models as tools for preventing surface and ground water contamination.

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27

Sato, Motoyuki, and Qi Lu. "Evaluation of soil and ground water contamination by GPR." BUTSURI-TANSA(Geophysical Exploration) 58, no. 5 (2005): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3124/segj.58.511.

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28

Gayathri, Purushothaman, Sunitha R, and Mahimairaja S. "Assessment of ground water contamination in Erode District, Tamilnadu." African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 7, no. 6 (June 30, 2013): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajest12.169.

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29

Kumar, Arun, Md Samiur Rahman, Md Asif Iqubal, Mohammad Ali, PintooKumar Niraj, Gautam Anand, Prabhat Kumar, Abhinav, and AshokKumar Ghosh. "Ground water arsenic contamination: A local survey in India." International Journal of Preventive Medicine 7, no. 1 (2016): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2008-7802.188085.

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30

Pandit, Ashok, Bijay K. Panigrahi, Lee Peyton, Lakshmi N. Reddi, Sayed M. Sayed, and H. Emmett. "Ground-Water Flow and Contamination Models: Description and Evaluation." Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management 1, no. 3 (July 1997): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-025x(1997)1:3(127).

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31

Ahmad, Sk Akhtar, Don Bandaranayake, Abdul Wadud Khan, Sk Abdul Hadi, Gias Uddin, and Md Abdul Halim. "Arsenic contamination in ground water and arsenicosis in Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 7, no. 4 (December 1997): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603129773724.

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32

Canter, Larry W., and David A. Sabatini. "Contamination of public ground water supplies by Superfund sites." International Journal of Environmental Studies 46, no. 1 (June 1994): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207239408710909.

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33

Exner, Mary E., and Roy F. Spalding. "Ground-Water Contamination and Well Construction in Southeast Nebraska." Ground Water 23, no. 1 (January 1985): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1985.tb02776.x.

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34

Massmann, Joel, R. Allan Freeze, Leslie Smith, Tony Sperling, and Bruce James. "Hydrogeological Decision Analysis: 2. Applications to Ground-Water Contamination." Ground Water 29, no. 4 (July 1991): 536–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00545.x.

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35

Ehteshami, Majid, Richard C. Peralta, Hubert Eisele, Howard Deer, and Terry Tindall. "Assessing Pesticide Contamination to Ground Water: A Rapid Approach." Ground Water 29, no. 6 (November 1991): 862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1991.tb00573.x.

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36

Rautman, Christopher A., and Jonathan D. Istok. "Probabilistic Assessment of Ground-Water Contamination: 1. Geostatistical Framework." Ground Water 34, no. 5 (September 1996): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02084.x.

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37

Lesage, Suzanne, Hao Xu, and Kent S. Novakowski. "Distinguishing Natural Hydrocarbons from Anthropogenic Contamination in Ground Water." Ground Water 35, no. 1 (January 1997): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00070.x.

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38

Chowdhury, Shafiul H., Alan E. Kehew, and Richard N. Passero. "Correlation Between Nitrate Contamination and Ground Water Pollution Potential." Ground Water 41, no. 6 (November 2003): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02415.x.

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39

Ceplecha, Z. L., R. M. Waskom, T. A. Bauder, J. L. Sharkoff, and R. Khosla. "Vulnerability Assessments of Colorado Ground Water to Nitrate Contamination." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 159, no. 1 (November 2004): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:wate.0000049188.73506.c9.

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40

Jackson, Nancy L. "Application of state theory to ground water contamination incidents." Geoforum 23, no. 4 (January 1992): 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(92)90005-o.

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41

Sinha, Shradha, Neeraj Agarwal, Shailja Pandey, and Vandana Grover. "IMPACT OF TANNERIES ON GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION IN UNNAO DISTRICT." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 2, no. 2 (June 6, 2016): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2016.2211.

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Attempt is made to understand the impact of tanneries on ground water quality of Unnao. Study was undertaken to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and chromium, lead iron concentration in ground water near tannery industries. The results revealed that only two parameters fluoride and chromium are present in slight high concentration than permissible limit. Ground water quality % sample compliance / violation with respect to BIS standard were also studied.

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42

Ryabtseva, G. P., N. I. Ivanushkina, and A. L. Shevchenko. "Ground Waters of the Ukrainian Polessje (Woodlands) after the Accident at Chernobyl Atomic Station." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 11 (December 1, 1991): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0342.

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To conserve ground waters in the Ukrainian Polessje under the condition of their poor protection on large areas against any contamination, including radioactive, it was necessary to evaluate initial contamination of both the waters themselves and the soil surface after the accident at Chernobyl atomic station. Investigations carried out at hydrotechnical systems of Polessje showed that ground waters contamination with caesium-137 doesn't exceed 2.37 × 103 Bq/m3, with strontium-90 being 8.88 × 103. It should be noted that on the surface the caesium radionuclide storage is from 100 to 250 times greater than that in water. Recent influence of Rovenskaya and Khmelnitskaya (near Rovno and Khmelnitsky) atomic stations located on Polessje upon ground waters is extremely difficult to define against the background of the contamination after the accident at Chernobyl station. Soils all over the territory had weakened absorption capacity; that is why gravitational water solutions, even of low concentration, will reach the ground water table and will stay in water for a long period of time. However forecasts show that considerable penetration of radionuclides into ground waters shouldn't be expected: the activity will not exceed maximum allowable values. A network of observation wells will give regular information and control ground water cleanness.

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43

Hallberg, George R. "Agricultural chemicals in ground water: Extent and implications." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 2, no. 1 (1987): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300001405.

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AbstractThe accelerated use of agricultural chemicals over the past 20–30 years has increased production and generally has been profitable, but it has also had an adverse impact on ground water quality in many major agricultural areas. The contamination of ground water, related to nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides, from widespread, routine land application, as well as from point sources has become a serious concern. Ground water contamination also impairs surface water quality. Research, world-wide, has shown increases in NO3-N in ground water concurrent with major increases in N-fertilization. Many shallow ground water supplies now exceed recommended NO3-N drinking water standards. While many sources contribute N into the environment, synthetic fertilizers have become the major component. There are clear economic incentives to improve management; harvested crops often account for less than 50 percent of the purchased fertilizer inputs. Pesticides are appearing in ground water with unanticipated frequency, and while their concentrations are generally below acute toxic levels, many are of concern for possible chronic effects. Such widespread contamination is of real concern because of the potential for long-term and widespread exposure of the public through drinking water. Surveys of farmers indicate a desire to improve management practices and reduce chemical inputs. Promoting the principles of alternative, sustainable agriculture is a necessary element in the resolution of these problems.

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44

Ivanushkina, N. I., and G. P. Ryabtseva. "Groundwaters in Location of Chernobyl Atomic Station and Their Contamination with Radionuclides after the Accident." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 11 (December 1, 1991): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0331.

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An evaluation of the influence of the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station (APS) accident upon ground waters of meliorative systems was carried out in a 30 km zone around the station. At the locations where elevation exceeds 5 m, the danger of contamination is minimum in the first 5 years, which is why emphasis was placed on flood plains of river valleys. In flood plains the ground water table (GWT) before the accident varied from 0.2 to 3.3 m with fluctuation from 0.5 to 3 m. Since the accident the systems haven't been in operation, the GWT fluctuation amplitude has decreased, the period of high water table has lengthened, and locations with secondary waterlogging have appeared. The ground waters chemical composition influencing the migration and sorption processes is typical for surplus soil water regions: mineralization is up to 1.0 g/l and pH from 6 to 7.5. Ground waters are not naturally protected here against radionuclide migration because of the small thickness of aeration zone, the sandy and loamy composition of soils, and their low adsorption. In 1989 contamination of ground waters with caesium-137 amounted from 2.26 × 102 to 2.413x 103 Bq/m3 and with strontium-90 it was from 37 Bq/m3 to 3.66 × 104 Bq/m3. Radionuclide migration towards ground waters depends not so much on surface contamination intensity as on soil physical and chemical characteristics in the aeration zone. It appeared that there were no direct dependencies between soil surface contamination intensity and that of ground waters contamination. It was noted that the amount of radionuclides depends upon the season. Analysis of radionuclides concentration in ground waters at different depths, considering soil surface contamination, allows us to define a relatively safe level of GWT with initial contamination; this information contributes to working out the measures on GWT lowering to optimum levels.

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45

Shields, Dennis. "Agricultural Chemicals in Ground Water: Suggestions for The Environmental Protection Agency Strategy." Journal of the IEST 30, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.30.3.k7m58862mp07t481.

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Ground water, a hidden resource whose volume is over 50 times that of the nation's surface water, was once thought to remain forever pure. People had little reason not to believe that the soil would naturally purify water returning to an aquifer. It was not until the late 1970s when the Love Canal and Times Beach incidences redirected public opinion and touched off a nationwide concern for the protection of ground water. In August 1984, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a Ground Water Protection Strategy to "provide a common reference for responsible institutions as they work toward the shared goal of preserving, for current and future generations, clean ground water for drinking and other uses, while protecting the public health of citizens who may be exposed to the effects of past contamination."1 More specifically, "EPA will increase efforts to protect ground water from pesticide and nitrate contamination." In response, the EPA's Office of Pesticide Protection reviewed existing information on the extent and causes of pesticide contamination, its potential health hazards, existing statutory authorities, and programs available to aid state policy makers. An increased interest in solving problems associated with pesticides in ground water has resulted in the EPA's current development of a national strategy on Agricultural Chemicals in Ground Water. This strategy will outline the EPA's general course of action in addressing the problem of pesticides in ground water during the next 5 to 10 yr. The purpose of this report is to provide EPA with suggestions to be considered in the formulation of the strategy.

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46

Yates, Marylynn V., and S. R. Yates. "Virus Survival and Transport in Ground Water." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1988): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0299.

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Abstract:

Viruses are a significant cause of waterborne disease in the United States; it has been estimated that they may be responsible for as much as 50% of the reported outbreaks. This fact has led the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to propose a maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for viruses in drinking water. Septic tanks, which contribute over one trillion gallons of waste to the subsurface every year, are a major source of viruses in soils and ground water. The purpose of this research was to develop a model which could be used to estimate safe distances between septic tanks, or other sources of contamination, and drinking-water wells. The model was based on ground-water flow characteristics and the length of time that viruses remain infective in the subsurface environment. Water samples were collected from 71 continuously pumping municipal drinking-water wells. Viruses were inoculated into the water samples, and the rate at which the viruses were inactivated was calculated for each sample. The inactivation rates were determined to be spatially correlated by calculating a semivariogram. Kriging, a geostatistical technique, was used to estimate virus inactivation rates at unsampled locations using the measured values at nearby locations. The measured and kriged virus inactivation rates were used in conjunction with the regional ground-water flow characteristics to calculate septic tank setback distances over a city-wide area. The setback distance was defined as the distance required for a 7-log reduction in virus number in the time that the water traveled from the source of contamination to a drinking-water well. The model has been extended to account for alterations in the flow field caused by the presence of pumping wells. Setback distances of less than 15 m to greater than 300 m have been calculated using these models. The results of this research may be useful for community planning purposes, because areas with higher potentials for viral contamination of ground water may be identified based on the maps generated by the model. In addition, the models may be useful in granting variances from the mandatory ground-water disinfection requirement under consideration by the Environmental Protection Agency.

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Fick, Jerker, Hanna Söderström, Richard H. Lindberg, Chau Phan, Mats Tysklind, and D. G. Joakim Larsson. "CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE, GROUND, AND DRINKING WATER FROM PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28, no. 12 (2009): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/09-073.1.

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White, Richard B., and Randolph B. Gainer. "Control of Ground Water Contamination at an Active Uranium Mill." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 5, no. 2 (June 1985): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1985.tb00926.x.

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Greenhouse, John P., and Mark Monier-Williams. "Geophysical Monitoring of Ground Water Contamination Around Waste Disposal Sites." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 5, no. 4 (December 1985): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1985.tb00940.x.

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Stewart, Mark, and Robert Bretnall. "Interpretation of VLF Resistivity Data for Ground Water Contamination Surveys." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 6, no. 1 (March 1986): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb01226.x.

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