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Academic literature on the topic 'Ground Rules'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ground Rules"

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Pirie, N. W. "Ground rules." Nature 357, no. 6377 (June 1992): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/357373a0.

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de Hostos, Eugenio L. "Ground rules." Nature 385, no. 6615 (January 1997): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/385385d0.

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DeHoff, R. T. "Stereological ground rules." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100148538.

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Microstructures have three primary attributes: chemistry; physics; and geometry. The chemical and physical attributes are routinely quantified. The geometry of microstructures is almost never quantified in spite of the existence of a sophisticated but easy to use measuring apparatus for the purpose called stereology.Stereology is a mathematical apparatus that permits statistical inference of the geometric properties of three dimensional microstructures from information obtained from images of the structure that are essentially two dimensional. This tool is not widely used mostly because the ground rules have been presented vaguely, or with limited application, or perhaps because the basic relationships are too simple to be believable.This presentation briefly reviews the geometric properties that may be accessed through the stereological apparatus, the kinds of measurements required, and the expected value theorems that connect the measurements to the three dimensional geometry.Table 1 summarizes these three aspects of the content of stereology.
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Wagstaff, T. A. J., and N. Soni. "Monitoring-ground rules?" Current Anaesthesia & Critical Care 15, no. 6 (December 2004): 357–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cacc.2004.11.002.

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Krepon, Michael. "Ground rules for space." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 61, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2968/061003017.

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Krepon, Michael. "Ground rules for space." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 61, no. 3 (May 2005): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2005.11460890.

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Tillman, Hope N. "Web Review Ground Rules." Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship 2, no. 1 (November 15, 1996): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j109v02n01_07.

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Nelson, Michael. "Ground Rules for Ethical Ecology." American Scientist 109, no. 4 (2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2021.109.4.246.

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Chaya Addagarrala, Krishna, and Patrick Kinnicutt. "Safety critical software ground rules." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.28 (May 16, 2018): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.28.13209.

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Safety critical software development field is one of the active research areas in many industries like automotive, medical, railways, nuclear and aerospace are placing increased value on safety and reliability. Safety critical software systems are those systems whose failure could result in the death or a serious injury to the people’s life, security is one of the important topics in the field of safety-critical systems and it must be addressed completely in order to operate safety critical software successfully. In this paper we present a study about the set of standards and different ground rules to be followed in critical software development practices in different industries and the challenges in applying these standards. We also discuss the role of static analysis and software integrity levels in these standards, similarities in these standards and the set of activities followed in the development process of these standards.
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Wyatt, Wendy. "Ground Rules for Musing Journalists." Journal of Mass Media Ethics 27, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2012.644147.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ground Rules"

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Green, Dror. "Ground rules in online psychotherapy." Thesis, City University London, 2006. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8508/.

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Online psychotherapy dates from 1995 and is still in its infancy. This research focuses on the therapeutic qualities of online psychotherapy and the role of ground rules in creating a secure frame for the therapeutic relationship in this new medium. Chapter 1 presents the history of online psychotherapy and a description of the main modalities for therapeutic interaction, namely, e-mail therapy and chat room therapy. Chapter 2 reviews the literature dealing with the psychotherapeutic relationship, with regard to the definition of ground rules. In this chapter I identify seven categories of ground rules that are common to all approaches to psychotherapy. These categories will serve as a prism in evaluating the options for creating ground rules in online psychotherapy. Chapter 3 explores the therapeutic qualities of e-mail and chat room therapy according to the seven categories of ground rules. It also presents a survey of 236 therapeutic web sites. According to the findings of this survey, online psychotherapy is not a substitute for face-to-face psychotherapy, although there is. a potential for creating a secure frame in a virtual clinic, which does not yet exist. In Chapter 4I present my limited experience with online psychotherapy and the virtual clinic which I have developed according to the guidelines of the seven categories of ground rules. It is too early to draw conclusions based on this limited experience, but it opens several options for further research.
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Bonac, Vesna A. "Unconscious communication of children in psychotherapy : analysis of sessions with respect to variables pertaining to Langsian ground rules of psychotherapeutic relationship." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30372.

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The central thesis of this study says that the ground rules and boundaries of the psychotherapeutic relationship (the frame), as defined by Robert Langs for adults and adolescents, are the same for children. Transcripts from memory of verbalisation and behaviours from 12 sessions of children in individual psychotherapy were analyzed with the purpose to test Langsian communicative psychoanalytic hypotheses. Unconscious communications were analyzed in accordance with Langs' theories to determine the impact of the state of the frame on children. The dependent variable, unconscious communication, was analyzed with respect to the following nine independent variables of the frame: (a) change in therapy rooms, (b) audio recording of session, (c) missed sessions and holidays, (d) therapist's contact third parties, (e) disruption of session, (f) time extension and time reduction of session, (g) observation mirror, (h) forced termination of treatment, and (i) touching toys. The analysis of data was limited to: (a) triggers, (b) polarity of themes and images, (c) perceptions of the therapist, (d) models of rectification, and (e) vicissitudes of resistances. This is a limited, multiple case empirical study of two boys (ages 5 and 11) and one girl (age 6) in individual psychotherapy in a public clinic setting. The process of unconscious validation and non-validation by the client was used to determine the correctness of individual hypotheses, which were formed for each session on the basis of the state of the frame. Conclusive empirical proof of the effects of three types of breaks in the frame on the process of child psychotherapy is presented: contact with third parties, observation mirror, and changing the time for sessions adversely influence the process of child psychotherapy. These three findings were made possible because the available data included the breaking as well as securing of the frame which permitted the execution of complete Langsian analysis. Each of the three instances represents a piece of conclusive evidence of the predictive value of Langs' theory regarding children and therefore conclusive evidence of the three aspects of the basic thesis of this study. The analysis of data revealed that the individual Langsian hypotheses were correct in all instances. The analysis also revealed that none of the data would satisfy a rival hypothesis which would propose an outcome opposite to Langsian hypotheses. A limitation of the study is the fact that the majority of available data contained material that allowed only partial Langsian analysis of the impact of the frame on the child. Further studies of secure frame psychotherapy are needed to complete the set of ground rules and boundaries of child psychotherapy by empirical means.
Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Wåhlin, Linnéa. "De ska föregå med gott exempel! : En undersökning om elevers syn på lärares förhållningssätt till ordningsfrågor - disciplin, regler och konsekvenshantering." Thesis, Södertörn University College, Lärarutbildningen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3432.

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There are very few studies that have taken the matter of teacher’s leadership in disciplinary actions into research. That is why the purpose of this essay has been to investigate the relationship of how students think their teachers appear in questions of discipline. The study has been narrowed down to gather and analyze the experiences that students have about teachers, and how teachers uphold and set themselves to ground rules in the classroom. The study has shown how the students interpret teacher’s act of following up consequences of classroom rules. It has also shown that the pupils get a feeling and believe that teachers think they’re above the rules that actually have been created by them selves. Nor are the teachers consequent enough in following up the rules that has been placed to follow in the classroom. Conclusively the teacher’s rules are not for the teachers while it is they who should set an example.

 

The report is based on researching material, consisting of a questionnaire with complementary interviews. The participants are 70 students who currently stay in the grades four and five at a countryside school in the outskirts of southern Stockholm. The research material is very detailed with a high validity and reliability.

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McHugh, Kathleen M. "Western water law and the stream-aquifer system and how models are used to determine permitting and compliance of rules governing ground and surface water interaction." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2003. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0234_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Sánchez, Brigido Rodrigo E. "Groups, rules and legal practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439314.

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Hahsler, Michael, and Radoslaw Karpienko. "Visualizing association rules in hierarchical groups." Springer, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11573-016-0822-8.

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Association rule mining is one of the most popular data mining methods. However, mining association rules often results in a very large number of found rules, leaving the analyst with the task to go through all the rules and discover interesting ones. Sifting manually through large sets of rules is time consuming and strenuous. Although visualization has a long history of making large amounts of data better accessible using techniques like selecting and zooming, most association rule visualization techniques are still falling short when it comes to large numbers of rules. In this paper we introduce a new interactive visualization method, the grouped matrix representation, which allows to intuitively explore and interpret highly complex scenarios. We demonstrate how the method can be used to analyze large sets of association rules using the R software for statistical computing, and provide examples from the implementation in the R-package arulesViz. (authors' abstract)
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Koh, Yun Sing, and n/a. "Generating sporadic association rules." University of Otago. Department of Computer Science, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070711.115758.

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Association rule mining is an essential part of data mining, which tries to discover associations, relationships, or correlations among sets of items. As it was initially proposed for market basket analysis, most of the previous research focuses on generating frequent patterns. This thesis focuses on finding infrequent patterns, which we call sporadic rules. They represent rare itemsets that are scattered sporadically throughout the database but with high confidence of occurring together. As sporadic rules have low support the minabssup (minimum absolute support) measure was proposed to filter out any rules with low support whose occurrence is indistinguishable from that of coincidence. There are two classes of sporadic rules: perfectly sporadic and imperfectly sporadic rules. Apriori-Inverse was then proposed for perfectly sporadic rule generation. It uses a maximum support threshold and user-defined minimum confidence threshold. This method is designed to find itemsets which consist only of items falling below a maximum support threshold. However imperfectly sporadic rules may contain items with a frequency of occurrence over the maximum support threshold. To look for these rules, variations of Apriori-Inverse, namely Fixed Threshold, Adaptive Threshold, and Hill Climbing, were proposed. However these extensions are heuristic. Thus the MIISR algorithm was proposed to find imperfectly sporadic rules using item constraints, which capture rules with a single-item consequent below the maximum support threshold. A comprehensive evaluation of sporadic rules and current interestingness measures was carried out. Our investigation suggests that current interestingness measures are not suitable for detecting sporadic rules.
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Fiorentini, Gianluca. "Electoral rules, pressure groups' activities, and economic policies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357531.

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Justi, Steven. "Eliminating Direct Ground Combat Definition and Assignment Rule: Internal Preparations for Implementation." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3792.

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Decades before the elimination of gender restrictions in the U.S. military, ground combat was an equal opportunity issue for women. Direct combat units, such as infantry and artillery, are now open to female enlistment. The purpose of this study was to examine the efforts, challenges and/or successes, of incorporating women into a U.S. Army combat brigade in a single state. The frame-critical approach was used to outline the competing arguments between supporters and opponents of women in combat. The research questions guiding the study included how gender integration is perceived with regards to strength and survivability of the unit, and how future conflict will govern decisions about sending women into combat. A qualitative case study was employed with semi structured interviews with commanders of the combat brigade, given their proximity to the issue and responsibility in the implementation process. The selected brigade was serving as the initial test bed of evaluation for the rest of the state's combat units. The data collected via the interviews were cross-checked with documentary data including declassified memorandums, technical reports, and execution orders. During the analysis phase, the data were organized and coded to identify themes related to the experiences of the command structure. Overall, the officers were supportive of the policy mandate and expressed viewpoints that validated both oppositional and advocacy arguments. The implications for social change include how the military is working to validate performance standards to positively influence policy on gender integration, and the combat brigade utilized in this study is an example for the rest of the United States as it is slated to have the most female recruits for combat positions than any other state beginning in 2017.
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Hall, Jack Kingsbury Mathematics &amp Statistics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Some branching rules for GL(N,C)." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Mathematics and Statistics, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/29473.

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This thesis considers symmetric functions and algebraic combinatorics via the polynomial representation theory of GL(N,C). In particular, we utilise the theory of Jacobi-Trudi determinants to prove some new results pertaining to the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients. Our results imply, under some hypotheses on the strictness of the partition an equality between Littlewood-Richardson coefficients and Kostka numbers. For the case that a suitable partition has two rows, an explicit formula is then obtained for the Littlewood-Richardson coefficient using the Hook Length formula. All these results are then applied to compute branching laws for GL(m+n,C) restricting to GL(m,C) x GL(n,C). The technique also implies the well-known Racah formula.
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Books on the topic "Ground Rules"

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Morris, R. J. B. Local government ground rules. Harlow: Longman, 1990.

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Ground rules: Baseball & myth. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.

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Walter, Benjamin, ed. Research: Some ground rules. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

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Roberts, B. R. Ground rules: [perspectives on land stewardship]. Toowoomba, Qld: USQ Press, 1993.

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R, Barnes Douglas, ed. School writing: Discovering the ground rules. Milton Keynes [England]: Open University Press, 1991.

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Radatz, Clark. The ground rules of a special session. [Madison, Wis.]: State of Wisconsin, Legislative Reference Bureau, 1996.

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Soo Chun, Alice Min, and Irene E. Brisson, eds. AD Reader Ground Rules for Humanitarian Design. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119148784.

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Service, Alberta Forest. Alberta timber harvest planning and operating ground rules. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, Forest Service, 1987.

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Shirley, Ardener, ed. Women and space: Ground rules and social maps. Oxford, UK: Berg, 1993.

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Menzies, Colin. Ground rules: A social planning handbook for local government. Sydney: Local Government Association of NSW, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ground Rules"

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Langs, Robert. "Ground Rules and Boundaries." In Fundamentals of Adaptive Psychotherapy and Counselling, 60–80. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-62953-0_6.

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Anderson, James H., and Andrew H. Bellenkes. "Introductions and ground rules." In Leading Dynamic Seminars, 32–46. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-92615-2_4.

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Hartley, Peter, and Mark Dawson. "Agree your ground rules." In Success in Groupwork, 28–32. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-01375-0_6.

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Prange, Henry D. "Ground Rules of Gas Exchange." In Respiratory Physiology, 1–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1167-6_1.

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Schaffer, Jonathan. "Ground Rules: Lessons from Wilson." In Scientific Composition and Metaphysical Ground, 143–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56216-6_6.

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Marino, Bruno. "Setting the ground." In Party Leaders and their Selection Rules in Western Europe, 21–39. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003142218-3.

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Hartley, Peter, and Mark Dawson. "Reviewing and revising your ground rules." In Success in Groupwork, 74–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-01375-0_12.

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Shotton, Gillian. "Establishing the ground rules and feelings cards." In A Session by Session Guide to Life Story Work, 39–45. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429280160-1.

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Goldstein, Susan B. "Ground rules for discussing diversity: Complex considerations." In Navigating difficult moments in teaching diversity and social justice., 17–29. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000216-002.

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Gillett, Carl. "The Metaphysics of Nature, Science, and the Rules of Engagement." In Scientific Composition and Metaphysical Ground, 205–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56216-6_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ground Rules"

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Antman, Steve, Roger Nolter, and Danny Liggett. "New rules for Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters." In 2011 IEEE IAS Electrical Safety Workshop (ESW). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esw.2011.6164712.

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Schroeder, Uwe P., Chin-Chin Yap, Chandra S. Sarma, and Alan Thomas. "ACLV performance dry vs. immersion on 45nm ground rules." In Advanced Lithography, edited by Donis G. Flagello. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.713113.

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Reilly, Scott Neal, James Niehaus, and Peter Weyhrauch. "Modeling Ground Soldier situational awareness for constructive simulation with rules." In 2010 Winter Simulation Conference - (WSC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc.2010.5679050.

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LUBIN, DAVID, CAROLYNN CONLEY, and JAMES BILODEAU. "Space Station Freedom flight crew integration ground rules and constraints." In Space Programs and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-1634.

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Cai, Le-Wen, Wang-Zhou Dai, Yu-Xuan Huang, Yu-Feng Li, Stephen Muggleton, and Yuan Jiang. "Abductive Learning with Ground Knowledge Base." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/250.

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Abductive Learning is a framework that combines machine learning with first-order logical reasoning. It allows machine learning models to exploit complex symbolic domain knowledge represented by first-order logic rules. However, it is challenging to obtain or express the ground-truth domain knowledge explicitly as first-order logic rules in many applications. The only accessible knowledge base is implicitly represented by groundings, i.e., propositions or atomic formulas without variables. This paper proposes Grounded Abductive Learning (GABL) to enhance machine learning models with abductive reasoning in a ground domain knowledge base, which offers inexact supervision through a set of logic propositions. We apply GABL on two weakly supervised learning problems and found that the model's initial accuracy plays a crucial role in learning. The results on a real-world OCR task show that GABL can significantly reduce the effort of data labeling than the compared methods.
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Ashton, C. J. "Differential Linewidth Structures For Overlay Measurements At 0.25 Micron Ground Rules." In Microlithography Conference, edited by Kevin M. Monahan. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.940428.

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Caragiannis, Ioannis, Christos Kaklamanis, Nikos Karanikolas, and George A. Krimpas. "Evaluating Approval-Based Multiwinner Voting in Terms of Robustness to Noise." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/11.

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Approval-based multiwinner voting rules have recently received much attention in the Computational Social Choice literature. Such rules aggregate approval ballots and determine a winning committee of alternatives. To assess effectiveness, we propose to employ new noise models that are specifically tailored for approval votes and committees. These models take as input a ground truth committee and return random approval votes to be thought of as noisy estimates of the ground truth. A minimum robustness requirement for an approval-based multiwinner voting rule is to return the ground truth when applied to profiles with sufficiently many noisy votes. Our results indicate that approval-based multiwinner voting can indeed be robust to reasonable noise. We further refine this finding by presenting a hierarchy of rules in terms of how robust to noise they are.
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Manley, Bengi, and Lance Sherry. "Impact of ground delay program rationing rules on passenger and airline equity." In 2008 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsurv.2008.4559179.

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Krasnoperova, Azalia A., Robert P. Rippstein, Alex L. Flamholz, Ernst Kratschmer, Shalom Wind, Cameron J. Brooks, and Michael J. Lercel. "Imaging capabilities of proximity x-ray lithography at 70-nm ground rules." In Microlithography '99, edited by Yuli Vladimirsky. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.351118.

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Besin, Viktor, Markus Hecher, and Stefan Woltran. "Body-Decoupled Grounding via Solving: A Novel Approach on the ASP Bottleneck." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/353.

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Answer-Set Programming (ASP) has seen tremendous progress over the last two decades and is nowadays successfully applied in many real-world domains. However, for certain types of problems, the well-known ASP grounding bottleneck still causes severe problems. This becomes virulent when grounding of rules, where the variables have to be replaced by constants, leads to a ground pro- gram that is too huge to be processed by the ASP solver. In this work, we tackle this problem by a novel method that decouples non-ground atoms in rules in order to delegate the evaluation of rule bodies to the solving process. Our procedure translates a non-ground normal program into a ground disjunctive program that is exponential only in the maximum predicate arity, and thus polynomial if this arity is assumed to be bounded by a constant. We demonstrate the feasibility of this new method experimentally by comparing it to standard ASP technology in terms of grounding size, grounding time and total runtime.
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Reports on the topic "Ground Rules"

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Amaza, Paul, Sunday Mailumo, and Asenath Silong. The Political Economy of the Maize Value Chain in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.015.

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The aim of this case study is to understand the underlying political economy dynamics of the maize value chain in Nigeria, with a focus on how this can contribute to comprehending the drivers and constraints of agricultural commercialisation. The study is informed by theories of political settlements, rents, and policy processes. It asks questions around (1) the key actors and interests: who participates and how do they benefit? (2) Rules and policies: who makes the rules, and who wins and loses? And (3), what are the implications across different social groups?
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Levy, Brian. How Political Contexts Influence Education Systems: Patterns, Constraints, Entry Points. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-2022/pe04.

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This paper synthesises the findings of a set of country studies commissioned by the RISE Programme to explore the influence of politics and power on education sector policymaking and implementation. The synthesis groups the countries into three political-institutional contexts: Dominant contexts, where power is centred around a political leader and a hierarchical governance structure. As the Vietnam case details, top-down leadership potentially can provide a robust platform for improving learning outcomes. However, as the case studies of Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Tanzania illustrate, all-too-often dominant leaders’ goals vis-à-vis the education sector can veer in other directions. In impersonal competitive contexts, a combination of strong formal institutions and effective processes of resolving disagreements can, on occasion, result in a shared commitment among powerful interests to improve learning outcomes—but in none of the case studies is this outcome evident. In Peru, substantial learning gains have been achieved despite messy top-level politics. But the Chilean, Indian, and South African case studies suggest that the all-too-common result of rule-boundedness plus unresolved political contestation over the education sector’s goals is some combination of exaggerated rule compliance and/or performative isomorphic mimicry. Personalised competitive contexts (Bangladesh, Ghana, and Kenya for example) lack the seeming strengths of either their dominant or their impersonal competitive contexts; there are multiple politically-influential groups and multiple, competing goals—but no credible framework of rules to bring coherence either to political competition or to the education bureaucracy. The case studies show that political and institutional constraints can render ineffective many specialised sectoral interventions intended to improve learning outcomes. But they also point to the possibility that ‘soft governance’ entry points might open up some context-aligned opportunities for improving learning outcomes. In dominant contexts, the focus might usefully be on trying to influence the goals and strategies of top-level leadership. In impersonal competitive contexts, it might be on strengthening alliances between mission-oriented public officials and other developmentally-oriented stakeholders. In personalised competitive contexts, gains are more likely to come from the bottom-up—via a combination of local-level initiatives plus a broader effort to inculcate a shared sense among a country’s citizenry of ‘all for education’.
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Levy, Brian. How Political Contexts Influence Education Systems: Patterns, Constraints, Entry Points. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/122.

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This paper synthesises the findings of a set of country studies commissioned by the RISE Programme to explore the influence of politics and power on education sector policymaking and implementation. The synthesis groups the countries into three political-institutional contexts: Dominant contexts, where power is centred around a political leader and a hierarchical governance structure. As the Vietnam case details, top-down leadership potentially can provide a robust platform for improving learning outcomes. However, as the case studies of Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Tanzania illustrate, all-too-often dominant leaders’ goals vis-à-vis the education sector can veer in other directions. In impersonal competitive contexts, a combination of strong formal institutions and effective processes of resolving disagreements can, on occasion, result in a shared commitment among powerful interests to improve learning outcomes—but in none of the case studies is this outcome evident. In Peru, substantial learning gains have been achieved despite messy top-level politics. But the Chilean, Indian, and South African case studies suggest that the all-too-common result of rule-boundedness plus unresolved political contestation over the education sector’s goals is some combination of exaggerated rule compliance and/or performative isomorphic mimicry. Personalised competitive contexts (Bangladesh, Ghana, and Kenya for example) lack the seeming strengths of either their dominant or their impersonal competitive contexts; there are multiple politically-influential groups and multiple, competing goals—but no credible framework of rules to bring coherence either to political competition or to the education bureaucracy. The case studies show that political and institutional constraints can render ineffective many specialised sectoral interventions intended to improve learning outcomes. But they also point to the possibility that ‘soft governance’ entry points might open up some context-aligned opportunities for improving learning outcomes. In dominant contexts, the focus might usefully be on trying to influence the goals and strategies of top-level leadership. In impersonal competitive contexts, it might be on strengthening alliances between mission-oriented public officials and other developmentally-oriented stakeholders. In personalised competitive contexts, gains are more likely to come from the bottom-up—via a combination of local-level initiatives plus a broader effort to inculcate a shared sense among a country’s citizenry of ‘all for education’.
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Colomb, Claire, and Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.

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Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.
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Wang, Yingxuan, Cheng Yan, and Liqin Zhao. Rapid switching kVp dual energy CT Material Quantitative Determination for Non-invasive Assessment of Portal Hypertensive Esophagus Varices in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0121.

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Review question / Objective: This meta-analysis investigated the value of rsDECT -based non-invasive assessment of the severity of esophagus varices and the risk of hemorrhage in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension. Eligibility criteria: Studies meeting the following criteria were included: Studies evaluating the effect of rsDECT on EV in patients with hepatic cirrhosis, and published in Chinese or English; The diagnosis was based on acknowledged gold standard. Containing complete four-grid table data of diagnostic tests, which can be extracted directly or indirectly. Review, case-report, conference summary, animal study, and repeatedly published study were excluded.Based on the severity of EV shown in the endoscopy, patients in the study group were classified into the mild EV (EV1), medium EV (EV2), or severe EV (EV3) groups according to the General Rules for Recording Endoscopic Findings of Esophagogastric varices (The Japan Society for Portal Hypertension) : EV1, slightly linear expansions; EV2, moderately beaded expansions; EV3, significantly nodular or neoplastic expansions.
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Ripey, Mariya. NUMBERS IN THE NEWS TEXT (BASED ON MATERIAL OF ONE ISSUE OF NATIONWIDE NEWSPAPER “DAY”). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11106.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the digital content of publications of one issue of the daily All-Ukrainian newspaper “Den” (March 13-14, 2020). The author aims to identify the main thematic groups of digital designations, as well as to consider cases of justified and unsuccessful use of digital designations. Applying the content analysis method, the author identifies publications that contain numerical notations, determines the number of such notations and their affiliation with the main subject groups. Finds that the thematic group of digital designations “time” (58.6% of all digital designations) is much more dominant. This indicates that timing is the most important task of a newspaper text. The second largest group of digital designations is “measure” (15.8% of all digital designations). It covers dimensions and proportions, measurements of distance, weight, volume, and more. The third largest group of digital signage is money (8.2% of all digital signage), the fourth is numbering (5.2% of all digital signage), and the fifth is people (4.4% of all digital signage). The author focuses on the fact that the digits of the journalist’s text are both a source of information and a catch for the reader. Vivid indicators give the text a sense of accuracy. When referring digital data to the text, journalists must adhere to certain rules for the writing of ordinal numbers with incremental graduation; submission of dates; pointing to unique integers that are combined (or not combined) with units of physical quantities, monetary units, etc.; writing a numerator at the beginning of a sentence; unified presentation of data. This will greatly facilitate the reader’s perception of the information.
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Nazneen, Sohela, and Maria Fernanda Silva Olivares. Strengthening Women’s Inclusion in Social Accountability Initiatives. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.002.

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In the last 20 years, social accountability initiatives have facilitated the inclusion and participation of marginalised groups in governance processes. This Policy Briefing focuses on how and what factors prove effective in strengthening women’s voice in processes holding public service providers accountable. We argue that initiatives must: (a) build technical and other forms of capacity amongst women; (b) change formal rules on women’s inclusion; (c) apply political economy analysis to unpack power dynamics, identify actors in favour of gender equality, and build a network in support of women; and (d) make long-term funding commitments for sustainable change in gender-biased norms.
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Lewis, Dustin, ed. International Counterterrorism Efforts: An Initial Mapping. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/ktkl6017.

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The number, range, and scope of intergovernmental entities and initiatives with a counterterrorism component have grown significantly in recent years. Today, a web of counterterrorism laws, policies, and enforcement approaches is developed and overseen by over 70 international institutions, bodies, and networks around the world. These efforts focus on everything from promulgating international legal rules to developing global policy standards, from drafting model criminal laws to promoting intelligence- and information-sharing. To date, the full scope of these efforts has not, to our knowledge, been captured in one place. We set out to identify and summarize these efforts in a single online resource.
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Böhm, Franziska, Ingrid Jerve Ramsøy, and Brigitte Suter. Norms and Values in Refugee Resettlement: A Literature Review of Resettlement to the EU. Malmö University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178771776.

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As a result of the refugee reception crisis in 2015 the advocacy for increasing resettlement numbers in the overall refugee protection framework has gained momentum, as has research on resettlement to the EU. While the UNHCR purports resettlement as a durable solution for the international protection of refugees, resettlement programmes to the European Union are seen as a pillar of the external dimension of the EU’s asylum and migration policies and management. This paper presents and discusses the literature regarding the value transmissions taking place within these programmes. It reviews literature on the European resettlement process – ranging from the selection of refugees to be resettled, the information and training they receive prior to travelling to their new country of residence, their reception upon arrival, their placement and dispersal in the receiving state, as well as programs of private and community sponsorship. The literature shows that even if resettlement can be considered an external dimension of European migration policy, this process does not end at the border. Rather, resettlement entails particular forms of reception, placement and dispersal as well as integration practices that refugees are confronted with once they arrive in their resettlement country. These practices should thus be understood in the context of the resettlement regime as a whole. In this paper we map out where and how values (here understood as ideas about how something should be) and norms (expectations or rules that are socially enforced) are transmitted within this regime. ‘Value transmission’ is here understood in a broad sense, taking into account the values that are directly transmitted through information and education programmes, as well as those informing practices and actors’ decisions. Identifying how norms and values figure in the resettlement regime aid us in further understanding decision making processes, policy making, and the on-the-ground work of practitioners that influence refugees’ lives. An important finding in this literature review is that vulnerability is a central notion in international refugee protection, and even more so in resettlement. Ideas and practices regarding vulnerability are, throughout the resettlement regime, in continuous tension with those of security, integration, and of refugees’ own agency. The literature review and our discussion serve as a point of departure for developing further investigations into the external dimension of value transmission, which in turn can add insights into the role of norms and values in the making and un-making of (external) boundaries/borders.
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Hernández, Ana, Magaly Lavadenz, and JESSEA YOUNG. Mapping Writing Development in Young Bilingual Learners. CEEL, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.article.2012.2.

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A growing interest in Two-Way Bilingual Immersion (TWBI) programs has led to increased attention to bilingualism, biliteracy, and biculturalism. This article describes the writing development in Spanish and English for 49 kindergarten students in a 50/50 Two-Way Bilingual Immersion program. Over the course of an academic year, the authors collected writing samples to analyze evidence of cross-linguistic resource sharing using a grounded theoretical approach to compare and contrast writing samples to determine patterns of cross-linguistic resource sharing in English and Spanish. The authors identified four patterns: phonological, syntactic, lexical, and metalinguistic awareness. Findings indicated that emergent writers applied similar strategies as older bilingual students, including lexical level code-switching, applied phonological rules of L1 to their respective L2s, and used experiential and content knowledge to write in their second language. These findings have instructional implications for both English Learners and native English speakers as well as for learning from students for program improvement.
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