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Journal articles on the topic 'Ground loop'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 May 2022

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1

Davis, Aaron, and James Macnae. "Measuring AEM waveforms with a ground loop." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 6 (November 2008): F213—F222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2976791.

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Measuring a transmitter-current waveform provides critical data unavailable for some airborne electromagnetic (AEM) systems yet needed to model AEM data quantitatively. We developed a novel experimental method of measuring an airborne transmitter waveform by monitoring the current induced in a closed, multiturn, insulated ground loop of known inductance [Formula: see text] and resistance [Formula: see text]. The transmitter waveform of five different time-domain systems is deconvolved from the measured ground-loop response when excited by the primary electromagnetic field of the AEM system. In general, our measurements agree well with contractor-described transmitter current waveforms, although crucial differences exist between our deconvolved waveforms and those described in the literature. Using the pulse-per-second feature of a GPS antenna, the ground loop can monitor the frequency drift of a frequency-domain system. The ground loop behaves like a lossy electric-field antenna when the resistance closing the ground loop is too large. This leads to negatives in the response of coincident-loop systems without including induced polarization effects. After observing exponentially decaying, oscillating-current responses in high-resistance ground loops, we model the observed current with an LRC circuit whose resistance and capacitance represent generalized effective antenna and free-space values. Our model predicts responses that closely match the damped oscillations seen in the airborne response during flyover; however, it does not work well on conductive ground.

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2

Cho, O., H. Choi, and H. Kim. "Loop-type ground antenna using capacitor." Electronics Letters 47, no. 1 (2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2010.3215.

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3

Tanimoto, Yoh. "Ground State Representations of Loop Algebras." Annales Henri Poincaré 12, no. 4 (March 10, 2011): 805–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00023-011-0095-2.

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4

Yin, Changchun, and Ruo Wang. "Power line ground resistance detection using helicopter electromagnetic systems." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): E125—E133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0421.1.

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Power line grounding can be a serious concern for the power supply industry. Only a small amount of ground resistance is acceptable because a good electric contact of power line towers with the earth reduces the possibility of the natural hazard associated with lightning. We investigated the possibility of using helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HEM) apparatus to detect the ground resistances of power line towers. Two induction systems were considered: a transmitter-earth-receiver system and a power line loop-earth-receiver system. The transmitter-earth-receiver system built the background signal in the HEM receiver, whereas the power line loop-earth-receiver system produced the signal used for resolving the power line ground resistances. By ignoring the mutual coupling between the two systems, we calculated the induced electromotive forces in the power line loop above which the HEM bird was flown and its two immediate neighbor loops. We replaced other loops along the power line with the Norton-Thevinin equivalence and solved the current flow in the power line loop by the mesh current method. Using the current in the power line loop as induction source, we calculated the electromagnetic responses in the HEM receiver from the power line loop-earth-receiver system. For identification of the poorly grounded towers, we introduced ratios of in-phase and quadrature to signal amplitude and the HEM phase. We evaluated numerical experiments showing that these parameters can well identify power line towers with high ground resistances, and they were insensitive to the flight altitude and direction. Moreover, we also took the catenaries of the power line into consideration so that the elevation differences between towers resulting from rugged mountains could be easily incorporated into the interpretation. We considered vertical coaxial (VCA) and horizontal coplanar (HCP) coil configurations. It was found that the signal for HCP coil has multiple peaks, whereas the VCA coil signal has only a single peak, so we recommend the VCA coil array for power line ground resistance detection. The inversion of synthetic data showed that the power line ground resistances can be resolved from the HEM survey.

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5

Lee, Hongkoo, Zeeshan Zahid, and Hyeongdong Kim. "Loop-Type Ground Radiation Antenna for a C-Shaped Ground Plane." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2019.19.1.1.

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6

Oraevsky, V. N., Yu Ya Ruzhin, and Kh D. Kanonidi. "Alfven echo of giant ground loop current." Advances in Space Research 12, no. 12 (December 1992): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(92)90365-5.

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7

Wang, Xuli, Jing Ma, Feng Zhao, Liang Tang, and Lei Wang. "The modeling and energy efficiency analysis of thermal energy management operation of ground source heat pump air-conditioning system." Thermal Science 24, no. 5 Part B (2020): 3229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci191123114w.

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To improve the energy-saving effect of the ground source heat pump air-conditioning system, an example is investigated, and the annual loads of the building are simulated and analyzed. The thermal energy management operation modelling is conducted. The hydraulic analysis is performed for different modes in each section. Given the same flow and tube type, a larger pipe diameter indicates a smaller hydraulic loss. Compared with the parallel 5-well loop and the parallel 10-well loop, the hydraulic loss of the series 2-well loop is the highest. When the sub-catch is connected to 5 loops, as the number of series wells increases, the tube length gets longer, the flow rate allocated by the loop gets less, and the load increases. Besides, the energy efficiency ratio of the ground source side decreases as the heat rejection load increases. Therefore, by adjusting the pipe diameter, the pipe type, and the depth of the well, the hydraulic loss can be reduced. The energy-saving effect of the loop in the parallel mode is better. Given the limited number of the managed wells, the parallel circuit can be adjusted to the same program. The connection allows the collector to distribute the flow evenly. The energy efficiency ratio of the ground source can be improved by changing the diameter of the horizontal trunk pipe. It is hoped that the hydraulic optimization design of the ground source heat pump air-conditioning system can provide a theoretical basis for the application and promotion of the ground source heat pumps.

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8

Liu, Y., X. Lu, H. Jang, H. Choi, K. Jung, and H. Kim. "Loop-type ground antenna using resonated loop feeding, intended for mobile devices." Electronics Letters 47, no. 7 (2011): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2011.0094.

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9

Zhou, Xiang, Ying Ying Ma, and Xiao Feng Liu. "Research on Dual Ground Loop Vehicle Detection System of Intelligent Transportation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.491.

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To against the inadequate of current gateway detection device in parking lots, toll stations and other public places, the paper provides the program of the use of two ground loops to detect and judge the vehicle entrance and exit actions, designs the dual ground loop vehicle detection system correspondingly, and analyzes how the system works. According to the findings, recommendations will be given to the application scope of the system.

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10

Wibbels, M., and K. Den Braven. "The Effect of Cyclic Operation of a Horizontal Ground Loop on Ground Coupled Heat Pump Performance." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2871801.

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When the required load for single-speed heat pump is a fraction of its capacity, the heat pump must cycle. Multispeed heat pumps are able to vary their speed, and so cycle much less than single-speed heat pumps. The effect of cyclic operation on the heat pump ground loop and the consequent effect on heat pump performance have been examined. To analyze the effect of cyclic operation on heat transfer within the ground, separate finite element models were written for the ground loop and the surrounding soil. The models were used to compare the operation of the ground loop for single-speed and multispeed systems. Results were used to explore the effects of the pipe length, and to examine parameters which alter the effects of cycling. Parameters included pipe size and percent capacity. Results show that cyclic operation will decrease the performance of the heat pump, based solely on the performance of the ground loop (i.e., the total load remains fixed). It is also shown that as the pipe radius is increased, the effect of cyclic operation decreases, again due to the fluid capacity, and that as percent capacity decreases the cycling penalty increases.

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11

Shin, Jeong Soo, Jong Woo Park, and Sean Hay Kim. "Measurement and Verification of Integrated Ground Source Heat Pumps on a Shared Ground Loop." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 6, 2020): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071752.

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We propose an integrated geothermal system that consists of air-conditioning and hot water service ground source heat pumps, both of which share a ground water loop. The proposed system increases the COP of the service hot water ground source heat pump by recovering the condensation heat of the air-conditioning ground source heat pump as an evaporator heat source for the hot water service ground source heat pump. Eventually this integration expands the scope and capacity of the evaporator source in addition to the underground water of heat exchangers, which also leads to increase the COP of the air-conditioning ground source heat pump. The integrated geothermal heat pump system was installed in a hotel, and then data were measured for a limited period due to the hotel’s ongoing business activities. A TRNSYS simulation model has been developed as a baseline, and the baseline has been calibrated with the measured data. By running one-year simulations, it turns out that the annual electricity use for heating and cooling, and service hot water was reduced by 19.1% in the cooling season, and by 9.6% in the heating season, with respect to the conventional configuration in which the air-conditioning heat pump and hot water service heat pump work individually on their own ground loops.

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12

Govindanarayanan, Idayachandran, and Nakkeeran Rangaswamy. "A Broadband Stepped Monopole Antenna with Loop Ground." Wireless Personal Communications 96, no. 3 (May 22, 2017): 4251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4384-z.

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13

Borchardt, John J. "Loop Antennas for Use On/Off Ground Planes." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 138763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3011280.

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14

Ishimiya, Katsunori, Chi-Yuk Chiu, and Jun-ichi Takada. "Multiband Loop Handset Antenna With Less Ground Clearance." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12 (2013): 1444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2013.2288987.

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15

Davis, Aaron C., and James Macnae. "Quantifying AEM system characteristics using a ground loop." GEOPHYSICS 73, no. 4 (July 2008): F179—F188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2943189.

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Quantitative interpretation of time-domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data is hampered by uncertainty in altimetry, system geometry, transmitter waveform, data averaging, and timing. We present a simple calibration method that serves to define these issues by the use of a closed multiturn loop of known electrical and physical properties that is insulated from the ground beneath it. By predicting the secondary response of the AEM receiver and comparing it with the measured data, we have identified and quantified systematic errors mentioned above in several systems. In addition, we identify an alternative subprocess that uniquely calculates altimeter and geometry errors by measuring the current induced in a ground loop of known properties and comparing it with predictions. The ground-loop method is used best over resistive cover to minimize limitations caused by nonuniform conductive ground and is a calibration tool that makes AEM data consistent with quantitative models. Fluctuating geometric errors caused by bird swing limit the accuracy of applying the geometry corrections from one flyover to an entire survey.

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16

Guillemoteau, Julien, Pascal Sailhac, Charles Boulanger, and Jérémie Trules. "Inversion of ground constant offset loop-loop electromagnetic data for a large range of induction numbers." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): E11—E21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0005.1.

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Ground loop-loop electromagnetic surveys are often conducted to fulfill the low-induction-number condition. To image the distribution of electric conductivity inside the ground, it is then necessary to collect a multioffset data set. We considered that less time-consuming constant offset measurements can also reach this objective. This can be achieved by performing multifrequency soundings, which are commonly performed for the airborne electromagnetic method. Ground multifrequency soundings have to be interpreted carefully because they contain high-induction-number data. These data are interpreted in two steps. First, the in-phase and out-of-phase data are converted into robust apparent conductivities valid for all the induction numbers. Second, the apparent conductivity data are inverted in 1D and 2D to obtain the true distribution of the ground conductivity. For the inversion, we used a general half-space Jacobian for the apparent conductivity valid for all the induction numbers. This method was applied and validated on synthetic data computed with the full Maxwell theory. The method was then applied on field data acquired in the test site of Provins, in the Parisian basin, France. The result revealed good agreement with borehole and geologic information, demonstrating the applicability of our method.

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17

BIN SELAMAT, Salsuwanda, and Akio MIYARA. "1006 Numerical simulation of thermal performance for horizontal slinky-loop ground heat exchanger." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2013.26 (2013): _1006–1_—_1006–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2013.26._1006-1_.

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18

Shin, Jeong Soo, Sean Hay Kim, and Jong Woo Park. "Economic Analysis of Integrated Ground Source Heat Pumps on a Shared Ground Loop." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 7, 2020): 2928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112928.

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An integrated geothermal system in which heat pumps for air conditioning and hot water both share the same ground loop was proposed in our previous study. Although this system produced electricity savings of 15% compared to a conventional system in which the two heat pumps operated on their own ground loop, practical requirements regarding further lowering the operation cost of the integrated geothermal system and the possibility of the energy savings being low during winter initiated further investigation into potential energy conservation measures at no initial cost increase, if possible. Outdoor reset control for hot water supply and sequential heat pump operation, both of which could be included at no extra cost, were subsequently targeted as potential measures for greater electricity savings and economic feasibility. When these measures were incorporated into the integrated geothermal system, electricity savings of approximately 25% during the heating season compared to the conventional system were predicted. Eventually it led to annual electricity savings of about 25% compared to the conventional system, which is up to 9.6 million South Korean won a year at today’s rates. Additionally, it reached the break-even point earlier than one year after installation.

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19

Zahid, Zeeshan, and Hyeongdong Kim. "Loop‐type ground radiation antenna for a discontinuous square ring‐shaped ground plane." Electronics Letters 53, no. 12 (June 2017): 760–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.1173.

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20

Zahid, Zeeshan, and Hyeongdong Kim. "Enhancement technique for loop type ground radiation antenna using ground mode tuning structure." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30319.

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21

Marcotte, Denis, and Philippe Pasquier. "Fast fluid and ground temperature computation for geothermal ground-loop heat exchanger systems." Geothermics 37, no. 6 (December 2008): 651–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.08.003.

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22

Zhou, Yu, Asal Bidarmaghz, Nikolas Makasis, and Guillermo Narsilio. "Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems: The Effects of Variable Trench Separations and Pipe Configurations in Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 3919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133919.

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Ground-source heat pump systems are renewable and highly efficient HVAC systems that utilise the ground to exchange heat via ground heat exchangers (GHEs). This study developed a detailed 3D finite element model for horizontal GHEs by using COMSOL Multiphysics and validated it against a fully instrumented system under the loading conditions of rural industries in NSW, Australia. First, the yearly performance evaluation of the horizontal straight GHEs showed an adequate initial design under the unique loads. This study then evaluated the effects of variable trench separations, GHE configurations, and effective thermal conductivity. Different trench separations that varied between 1.2 and 3.5 m were selected and analysed while considering three different horizontal loop configurations, i.e., the horizontal straight, slinky, and dense slinky loop configurations. These configurations had the same length of pipe in one trench, and the first two had the same trench length as well. The results revealed that when the trench separation became smaller, there was a minor increasing trend (0.5 °C) in the carrier fluid temperature. As for the configuration, the dense slinky loop showed an average that was 1.5 °C lower than those of the horizontal straight and slinky loop (which were about the same). This indicates that, when land is limited, compromises on the trench separation should be made first in lieu of changes in the loop configuration. Lastly, the results showed that although the effective thermal conductivity had an impact on the carrier fluid temperature, this impact was much lower compared to that for the GHE configurations and trench separations.

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23

Helaly, A., and L. Shafai. "Effect of ground conductivity on the secondary field of a horizontal current-carrying loop." Canadian Journal of Physics 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 446–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p88-073.

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The radiation field of a circular loop carrying an electric current and located horizontally above a lossy ground is formulated using the dyadic Green's functions. The resulting field vectors are then split into the primary and secondary components. The primary components represent those that would exist in the absence of the ground, leaving the secondary components to represent the contribution of the Earth. For different frequencies and various ground conductivities, the secondary components are determined and compared with the primary ones. The results indicate that in the vicinity of the loop, both within and outside the ground, the secondary fields are small at low frequencies and may be neglected. This provides a simplifying approximation to handle the return response of buried objects, excited by a circular loop located in the air.

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24

Qu, Longyue, Rui Zhang, and Hyeongdong Kim. "Decoupling between ground radiation antennas with ground‐coupled loop‐type isolator for WLAN applications." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 10, no. 5 (April 2016): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2015.0562.

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25

Mark, Robert, Nipun Mishra, Kaushik Mandal, Partha Pratim Sarkar, and Soma Das. "Hexagonal Nested Loop Fractal Antenna for Quad Band Wireless Applications." Frequenz 73, no. 3-4 (February 25, 2019): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2018-0115.

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Abstract A compact hexagonal nested loop fractal antenna with L shaped slot on the ground plane is presented for multiband applications. In this paper, the effect of fractal iterations and position of L-slot on ground plane are optimized for better performance of the antenna. Multiple hexagon loops excite multiple resonant modes at 1.7, 2.4, 3.1, 4.5 and 6 GHz and an L-shaped slot on the ground plane helps to achieve wide bandwidth response with better impedance matching in the 4.25–6.41 GHz frequency band. An equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna is modelled and the same is verified using ADS. Reflection coefficient and radiation pattern are presented to further confirm the performance of the proposed design for wireless applications. The proposed antenna is fabricated on a low-cost FR4 substrate of dimensions 40×32×1.6 mm3 and measured results show good agreement with simulation results.

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26

Zahid, Zeeshan, and Hyeongdong Kim. "Coupling mechanism of a loop‐type ground radiation antenna." ETRI Journal 41, no. 4 (March 18, 2019): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.2018-0153.

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27

van Deursen, A. R. J., and J. B. M. van Waes. "Mitigation of ground loop effects in high-voltage measurements." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 51, no. 3 (June 2002): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2002.1017718.

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28

Gasser, J., M. A. Ivanov, E. Lipartia, M. Mojzis, and A. Rusetsky. "Ground-state energy of pionic hydrogen to one loop." European Physical Journal C 26, no. 1 (November 2002): 13–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10052-002-1013-z.

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29

Zhou, Qin Tao, Hua Dong, En Ze Zhou, and Wei Yi. "Simulation of Solar Assisted Ground Source Heat Pump System in Different Regions." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.798.

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This study presents a simulation approach to assess the viability of solar assisted ground source heat pump system in different regions of China. A short time step model of ground loop exchanger is employed in the simulation with a 30% solar fraction. Weather data files used in the simulation are created based on Chinese Typical Year Weather (CTYW) data. Borehole length is optimized with a safety stop temperature of 0°C. The minimum Entering Fluid Temperature (EFT) decreases 1.3°C after 20-year simulation time and the team effect of ground loop exchangers is weaken as a result of spontaneous recovery of storage temperature. Borehole length replaced by area of solar collector ranges from 3.9m to 2.5m in the six cities. The results show that the annual performance of ground loop exchanger is low in heating-dominated regions and a solar assisted ground source heat pump (SAGSHP) system is needed in order to improve the system performance.

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30

Yin, Changchun, and Greg Hodges. "Wire-loop surface conductor for airborne EM system testing." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 1 (January 2009): F1—F8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3008055.

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The known mineral deposits used to test and compare airborne electromagnetic systems are often difficult to model because of nonideal geology, and may also be inconvenient or costly to survey. A simple wire-loop conductor has the advantage of being easily transported to the survey location and can be tuned to deliver a range of responses that will closely match the theoretical response, particularly on resistive ground. We calculated the response for such a tuned loop laid out at the surface of conductive ground and compared that response to field data. For an AEM system flown over a surface loop, when neglecting the second order of mutual induction, the receiver signal can be divided into three parts: (1) transmitter-earth-receiver (TER) signal; (2) transmitter-loop-receiver (TLR) signal; and (3) loop-earth-receiver (LER) signal. While the TER response has been extensively addressed in the literature, we modeled the more complex case of TLR and LER system responses. We first calculated the mutual inductance between the transmitter and the surface loop, tak-ing the loop impedance (resistance and inductance) into account, and then we calculated the signal in the receiver by calculating the mutual inductance between the loop and the receiver. To calculate the LER response, we divided the surface loop into a series of transmitting dipoles, with the “transmitting” current in the dipoles obtained by analyzing the mutual induction between the transmitter and loop. The numerical experiments show that the free-space wire-loop response (TLR system) displays the standard exponential decay for a conductor. The loop resistance and inductance define the decay constant and initial signal value. While the TER system largely influences the receiver signal at early time channels for conductive earth, the LER system influences very late time channels. The more resistive the test ground is, the longer the time window is for the free-space wire-loop signal to dominate. For the survey over a test loop on conductive ground in the Dominican Republic, using the Fugro HeliGEOTEM system, the predicted response compares well to the collected data.

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31

O'Brien, D. M., and R. S. Smith. "Transient electromagnetic response of a layered conducting medium at asymptotically late times." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 27, no. 1 (July 1985): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000004732.

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AbstractIn this paper we consider a pair of horizontal conducting loops in the air above a horizontally layered ground. The transmitting loop is driven by a current source which rises from zero at time zero to a final constant value at time τ. We first compute the e.m.f. induced in the receiving loop and derive an asymptotic series for the e.m.f. at late times. Secondly, we estimate the error in truncating the asymptotic series at N terms and design a reliable numerical algorithm for summing the asymptotic series.

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32

Rajkumar, R., and P. Marichamy. "Wide Band Meandered-Loop Ground Radiation Antenna for Biomedical Applications." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 2891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2021.3911.

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The concept of wireless implantable medical devices (IMDs) is becoming more popular as the world’s population ages and concerns about public health grow. Implantable antennas have figured prominently in wireless communication among IMDs and external infrastructures, yet they have subsequently become a major study area. Among the most difficult aspects of building implantable antennas is to varied physical tissues and fluids act as dielectric stress on antenna, affecting its efficiency dramatically. Ground radiation antenna was particularly designed for the antenna size reduction. The features of the ground have an impact on it. There is variance in the radiation field with similar frequency and antenna length yet varied ground conductance. It has been discovered that when the ground conductance is low, the radiation field is minimal and the orientation of the radiation field modifies. A meandered-loop ground radiation antenna (MGRA) was designed by coupling the meandered-loop structure to the ground radiating plane using only one electrical element. The proposed antenna was studied for biomedical applications at ISM band in the range between 2.4 to 2.8 GHz. The overall size of antenna is 30×24 mm2 making it suitable for the implantable applications. The bandwidth of the MGRA was further improved by using stub structures. The single layer skin model simulation showed that |S11| parameter as −21.21 dB at the resounding frequency of 2.40 GHz. Major factors like impedance match gain, radiation effectiveness and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) had also been evaluated in this study.

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33

Jia, Xiao, Lihua Liu, and Guangyou Fang. "The Finite-Conducting Ground’s Effect on the Inductance of a Rectangular Loop." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2765812.

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In an airborne electromagnetic system, which transmits time-domain half-sine current waves generated by a resonance circuit, the inductance of the transmitting loop is of great significance and directly related to parameters of the half-sine current waveform. However, in general, the effect of a finite-conducting ground on the inductance of the transmitting loop was neglected, or the ground was handled as a perfect conductor. In other words, there was no accurate method to evaluate ground’s effect on the inductance of the transmitting loop. Therefore, a new and convenient algorithm, calculating ground’s effect on the inductance of a rectangular loop, is proposed in this paper. An experiment was constructed afield, showing that the inductance increased gradually when the loop was lifted up from 0 m to 30 m, which supported the algorithm positively.

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34

Sternberg, Ben K. "Differential Target Antenna Coupling (DTAC) EM Surveying with Stationary Transmitter Loop and Moving In-Loop Receivers." Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics 25, no. 1 (March 2020): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/jeeg19-034.

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Following our previous studies of the Differential Target Antenna Coupling (DTAC) method with horizontal and vertical arrays for EM surveys, in this paper we study the application of the DTAC method to a different configuration, where a large, stationary transmitter loop is on the ground surface. We then run profile lines inside this loop. The DTAC method is effective in eliminating errors due to the large variations in the primary field along profile lines within the transmitting loop. Operational tests show that we obtain more diagnostic DTAC anomalies over buried targets than using just the B x and B y data. The DTAC method also produces smaller false-alarm targets due to background geology variations, compared with B z measurements. The DTAC method can be used with either time- or frequency-domain data and the receiver can be moved on the ground or deployed from an airborne vehicle, such as a drone.

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35

Hassan, Muhammad M., Zeeshan Zahid, Adnan A. Khan, and Moazam Maqsood. "A wideband loop‐type ground radiation antenna using ground mode tuning and optimum impedance level." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 61, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 2056–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.31859.

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36

Kim, Dong-Hyuk, Ki-Hyo Choi, Chan-Hee Lee, and Jin-Hoon Jeong. "Analysis of Small-Loop Electromagnetic Signals to Detect Subsurface Anomaly Zones." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 6329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186329.

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Recently, sinkholes have significantly increased in urban areas as a result of subsurface cavities and ground softening. In this study, a small-loop electromagnetic survey was conducted in a testbed where anomaly zones comprised of cavities, areas of ground softening, and underground facilities were simulated in the ground under road pavement using the CMD Mini Explorer. The equipment was only able to measure the electrical resistivity (ER) at three depths. As, occasionally, the equipment was unable to detect the anomaly zones using the ER measured at those three depths, survey measurements were taken at three heights to collect the ER at seven depths using the superposition method. The result shows that the anomaly zones can be detected qualitatively by visually observing the contour map of the ER. In addition, another method for detecting anomaly zones in the ground statistically using a box plot and the relative standard deviation was employed in this study. Consequently, the position and depth of the cavities, areas of ground softening, and underground facilities in the testbed can also be determined quantitatively.

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37

Chen, Gang, Zhong Li, Ping Li, Lei Liu, Miao Wang, Yan Jun Pang, and Yan Li. "A Substation DC System Grounding Fault Analysis and Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1784–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1784.

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A 220kV substation DC system ground fault detailed analysis and lookup scheme are proposed in this paper. The ground fault was mainly due to the cold weather as well as equipment wiring unreasonable wear the cable jacket rupture, causing 220kV main transformer cooler control box on the 2nd DC grounding occurred. In addition, through this ground fault finding, also found a DC system insulation monitoring device functional shortcomings and DC circuit loop back problems exist, the paper put forward DC circuit loop back detailed solutions, and the insulation monitoring device of the transformation proposal are proposed.

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Bajkowski, Jerzy, Marcin Jasiński, Jędrzej Mączak, Stanisław Radkowski, and Robert Zalewski. "The Active Magnetorheological Support as an Element of Damping of Vibrations Transferred from the Ground to Large-Scale Structure Supports." Key Engineering Materials 518 (July 2012): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.518.350.

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The active support of a large-scale structure, made up of two elements was designed and manufactured. The first of them - piezoelectric actuator, enables the simulations of vibrations transferred from the ground to the structure. In order to minimize vibrations transmitted through the ground to the construction, the second element of the active support - a system based on magnetorheological dampers was used. The active support enables the simulations of vibrations from the ground using a piezoelectric stack controlled in a reverse feedback loop. Control signals of the feedback loop are: the volume of deformation and vibrations in the selected structures node.

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Zahid, Zeeshan, Longyue Qu, Hyung-Hoon Kim, and Hyeongdong Kim. "Circularly Polarized Loop-Type Ground Radiation Antenna for IoT Applications." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 19, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2019.19.3.153.

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Chaldezos, I. P., and C. S. Karytsas. "Innovative High Efficiency Closed Loop Ground Coupled Heat Exchanger (GCHE)." Procedia Environmental Sciences 38 (2017): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.089.

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41

Gross, L. "Uniqueness of Ground States for Schrödinger Operators over Loop Groups." Journal of Functional Analysis 112, no. 2 (March 1993): 373–441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfan.1993.1038.

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42

Singh, Abhishek, and Seng Thail Sron. "Active folded loop antenna with reconfigurable feed and ground points." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 6 (March 18, 2014): 1437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28365.

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Jeon, Jihwan, Zeeshan Zahid, and Hyeongdong Kim. "Dual band loop-type ground radiation antenna for mobile devices." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, no. 3 (January 27, 2016): 666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.29648.

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Sung-Joo Kim, Changwon Jung, Myun-Joo Park, Jongdoo Lee, Byeongkwan Kim, Hyunho Wi, Yonggyu Choi, Jeongkwan Lee, Woojae Jung, and Byungje Lee. "Ground Plane With Loop Structure for Reducing User's Hand Effect." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 11 (2012): 450–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2012.2195289.

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45

Davis, Aaron C., and James Macnae. "Calibration of time domain AEM systems using a ground loop." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2007, no. 1 (December 1, 2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2007ab028.

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Xie, Hui, Ming Yang, and Long Ji. "Mathematical Analysis of Super Low Frequency Ground Loop Receiving Antennas." Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/amis/070328.

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Liu, Yang, Hyung-Hoon Kim, and Hyeongdong Kim. "Loop-Type Ground Radiation Antenna for Dual-Band WLAN Applications." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 61, no. 9 (September 2013): 4819–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2013.2267716.

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48

Kurbak, Arif. "Models for basic warp knitted fabrics Part I: Chain stitches and their applications on marquisette and weft-inserted warp-knitted fabrics." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 10 (June 18, 2018): 1863–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518779992.

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Chain stitches are basics structures to obtain a group of net grounds in warp knitting such as marquisette, curtain-net ground and full-width weft-inserted fabrics. These net grounds are, in turn, used as technical fabrics as well as household goods. Modeling of warp-knitted fabrics started with some basic geometrical models and it was continued using non-uniform basis-spline (NURBS) curves and surfaces. There were discontinuities in the loop parts in the early models and the NURBS models needed some control points from some sources. In this work instead of using NURBS curves, an attempt is made to model warp-knitted fabrics using known curves and continuities in loop parts are attained as much as possible. First of all, open chain stitch is modeled. Closed chain stitch is obtained by changing some parts of open chain stitch model. Models then applied to marquisette, curtain-net ground and full-width weft-inserted warp-knitted fabrics are presented. Models created are drawn to scale by using 3DS-Max computer graphical program. It is seen that the shapes obtained by the models are similar to those which can be observed on real samples.

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Wang, Lei, Bin Yao, Wenxiao Fang, Chuangmian Huang, Yun Huang, and Yunfei En. "New Circular-Slot Circularly Polarized Antenna with Modified Characteristic." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (April 22, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5458069.

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In this article, a novel broad circularly polarized antenna (CPA) with circular-slot ground is presented. The circular-slot CPA is consisted of a circular-slot ground, an I-shaped slit and a semicircle loop feeding structure. By using semicircle loop feeding structure and adding a slit into the circular-slot ground as perturbation elements, the multiple CP resonant modes could be stimulated simultaneously. To demonstrate to the design radiational, an antenna model was printed, manufactured, and tested. The tested results reveal that the proposed antenna has a broad 3-dB ARBW of |S11| < −10 dB that could be obtained, which is suitable for the application of wireless communication systems.

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Johnson, Ian M., and Zbigniew B. Doborzynski. "A novel ground electromagnetic system." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 2 (February 1986): 396–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442098.

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A novel, moving‐source, ground electromagnetic system has been developed. The system, named the “Genie,” has been in routine field use since 1982. The system is based on measurement of the ratio of magnetic field amplitude at two widely separated frequencies. The design is presented and compared with traditional horizontal loop electromagnetic (HLEM) systems. Field survey results show the system is effective in detecting conductors at shallow to intermediate depths in resistive environments. The system is shown to be roughly equivalent in many aspects to conventional HLEM systems with important advantages in areas of moderate to rough terrain.

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