Journal articles: 'Ground improvement applications'

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Raju, Venu R., and Jonathan Daramalinggam. "Ground improvement: principles and applications in Asia." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 165, no. 2 (May 2012): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.10.00033.

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Che Lat, Diana, Nazri Ali, Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed Jais, Nor Zurairahetty Mohd Yunus, Roslizayati Razali, and Adrina Rosseira Abu Talip. "A review of polyurethane as a ground improvement method." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 16, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v16n1.1235.

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Ground improvement based on lightweight materials is commonly applied as a method to overcome the problem related to excessive and differential settlement. The application of polyurethane (PU) as a ground improvement work currently increases in demand due to its well performance in many ground improvement projects. The properties and strength of different types of PU available in the market, together with the safety issues and precautions are highlighted in this paper. Due to its lightweight properties, buoyancy behavior of the lightweight foam often causes uplift which jeopardize the stability of the existing structure. Since it is applied in the ground, awareness on PU degradation needs to be emphasized. The suitability and applications of PU as one of alternative method for ground improvement works are also highlighted in this paper.

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Shuplik, Mikhail, and Petr Nikolaev. "Advanced ground freezing method and its applications in underground construction." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926504021.

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During underground construction works in complex geological environment, special ground improvement techniques have to be used. One of them is artificial ground freezing (AGF). It can be applied in diverse projects in dense populated urban areas that place constraints on an application of other ground improvement methods. In Russia in the late 1980th was developed one new method of ground freezing. It uses solid carbon dioxide (SCD) that is loaded directly into freeze pipes, where it sublimates. As the result, the quite low temperature of freezing can be achieved easily. In this article are discussed several first application cases of this method. The results of these projects allow SCD freezing became widely used ground improvement method in Russia.

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Vojtasik, Karel, Milan Chodacki, and Tomas Hochsmann. "Ground Improvement by a Nonparallel Layout of Soil Nails." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.447.

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Soil nails are components retaining a ground to give it support particular in cases when the ground doesn’t satisfy fully the requirements and it is expected an excessive deformation or the worst a collapse. Today in all geotechnical applications the soil nails are arranged in the simplest way i.e. they are all parallel and almost perpendicular the boundary face of the ground body to be bound. Submitted article is a feasibility study on application the soil nails in another a nonparallel scheme of nails arrangement. The nails are located in two closely adjacent parallel plains. The nails are inclined in each plain with regard to a boundary face of the ground body and the nail inclination heads in opposite direction in each plain. This way the nails build up a quasi-web scheme in the ground. Article analyzes the effect of the quasi-web scheme nails arrangement on the ground and looks for an exact solution to evaluate effect on ground strength and strain behavior. The force balance approach is employed for the exact analysis.

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Munfakh, G. A. "Ground improvement in transportation projects: from old visions to innovative applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 7, no. 2 (April 2003): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/grim.2003.7.2.47.

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Chun, Byung-Sik, and Dong-Seong Ryu. "A study on applications of polyurethane injection material for ground improvement." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 4, no. 2 (June 2000): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02830823.

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Suryawanshi, M. P., Raju Narwade, and Karthik Nagrajan. "Optimisation of Cost in Ground Improvement for Upcoming Navi Mumbai International Airport." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 6 (August 30, 2021): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.f3061.0810621.

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This study aimed to optimise the cost of ground improvement by considering the residual settlement in marshy lands for development of new International airport by applying the appropriate treatment to overcome the issues that meets cost and time. Globally the increasing demands of trading and servicing activities require the development of an International airport in major cities. The Mumbai is one of the biggest commercial destinations of our country also necessitates the development of another airport besides the existing airport in the region. From the past few decades, researches and studies show various ways of ground improvements for the airport area in coastal regions. This study shows the cost optimization of ground improvement work by adopting the end on dumping of locally available blasted rocks instead of ground improvement techniques. This study works on principle that stone is puncturing to the very soft to soft clay and at the same time clay are getting displaced thus, effective thickness of clay is getting reduced. The objectives of this study are to optimize the cost of ground improvement and reduce the residual settlement of airport land in coastal regions. Adopting of end on dumping methods is appropriate in view of cost and feasibility of site than the ground improvement techniques. The cost of end on dumping is Thirty-six percent less than the stone columns technique. It can be concluded that for future ground development projects filling of stones by the end of the dumping method can be considered as the appropriate solution concerning time and cost.

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Khinda, Jaspal Singh, Malay Ranjan Tripathy, and Deepak Gambhir. "Improvement in Depth of Return Loss of Microstrip Antenna for S-Band Applications." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 04 (December 6, 2017): 1850058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500585.

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For S-band applications, a microstrip fractal antenna is designed by extending narrow impedance bandwidth into wide impedance bandwidth with use of partial ground plane. In the designed fractal antenna, the six elliptical slots in ground plane and two elliptical slots in radiating patch are embedded to improve the depth of return loss. Further, the parametric study is performed on width of microstrip feeding line, position/size of ellipses in radiating patch and ground plane to achieve mismatch loss [Formula: see text] 0.044[Formula: see text]dB and power delivered to antenna 99%, i.e., return loss [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB for S-band. The simulated antenna results are obtained using electromagnetic solver software and fabricated antenna results are measured using Vector Network Analyzer Bench MS46322A and they are found to be in good agreement.

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Weber, T. M. "Centrifuge modeling of ground improvement under embankments." Pollack Periodica 1, no. 2 (August 2006): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/pollack.1.2006.2.1.

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Munfakh, G. A. "Ground improvement engineering – the state of the US practice: part 2. Applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 1, no. 4 (October 1997): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/gi.1997.010403.

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ISHIKUMA, Hiromu, Tetsuo IIDA, Takeshi YAMADA, and Shinya INAZUMI. "Field Applications of Columnar Ground-Improvement Method by Replacement, Compaction and Solidification." Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan 71, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2472/jsms.71.79.

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Biancheri-Astier, M., A. Diet, Y. le Bihan, and M. Grzeskowiak. "UWB Vivaldi Antenna Array Lower Band Improvement for Ground Penetrating Radar Applications." Radioengineering 27, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/re.2019.0092.

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Varaksin, Serge. "THE PENETRATION OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT INTO THE REALMS OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS." Construction and Geotechnics 11, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2224-9826/2020.4.09.

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Ground improvement as a means for allowing the replacement of piled foundations with shallow footings is systematically being used by engineers for many decades. Some ground improvement techniques that are installed by piling rigs and include cementituous columnar rigid inclusions makes it difficult to distinguish where ground improvement ends and deep piled foundations commence. This paper assists the geotechnical engineer by reviewing the concepts of rigid inclusions, how they differ with piles, and presenting of case studies of very deep applications of rigid inclusions.

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14

Garimella, S. "Absorption Heat Pump Performance Improvement Through Ground Coupling." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 119, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794997.

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The present study investigates the improvement in the performance of an absorption heat pump for residential space-conditioning due to the use of the ground as the heat source in the heating mode and the heat sink in the cooling mode. A baseline air-coupled single-effect ammonia-water heat pump is first designed to deliver 10.55 kW (36,000 Btu/h) of cooling load at the ARI rating conditions. Particular attention is paid to incorporating many realistic details of an operating system such as fuel combustion efficiencies of the burner, nonequilibrium conditions, and moist air processes in the air-coupled heat exchangers. A range of parametric studies is also conducted to investigate the variation in performance of this system with ambient conditions in the heating and cooling modes. The same system is then analyzed in a ground-coupled configuration. The instantaneous COP for the ground-coupled system is compared with the COP of the air-coupled system as a function of the time of the year and the corresponding variations in ambient and ground temperatures using 30-yr average climate data for various locations from the National Weather Service. Improvements in COP of up to 20 percent over the air-coupled system values (cooling mode COP of 0.495 at 35°C (95°F) and heating mode COP of 1.20 at 8.33°C (47°F)) are demonstrated in diverse geographic locations with widely varying heating and cooling loads. These improvements indicate that an efficient ground-coupled heat pump could be developed for residential space-conditioning applications using simple thermodynamic cycles and existing technology for the heat and mass exchange components.

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Ou, Chang-Yu, Fu-Chen Teng, and I.-Wen Wang. "Analysis and design of partial ground improvement in deep excavations." Computers and Geotechnics 35, no. 4 (July 2008): 576–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.09.005.

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Almeida, Marcio, Maria Marques, Mario Riccio, Diego Fagundes, Bruno Lima, Uberescilas Polido, Alessandro Cirone, and Iman Hosseinpour. "Ground improvement techniques applied to very soft clays: state of knowledge and recent advances." Soils and Rocks 46, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): e2023008222. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2023.008222.

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Soft ground improvement techniques have evolved substantially in Brazil in recent years. However, their application in soft and very soft clays requires a good understanding of the fundamentals of ground improvement techniques suited to the problem as well as the actual field behavior when implemented on a real scale. This paper describes some of the most widely used ground improvement techniques in the context of very soft clays in Brazil. The techniques described in the paper use prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) such as vacuum preloading; or combine PVD and rigid inclusion, such as CPR grouting; or are purely column-like elements such as piled embankments (including those executed with the deep mixing technique, DSM); or combine column-like elements with the drainage function, such as stone columns and geosynthetic encased columns; or use cementitious binders such as shallow soil mixing. The paper reference condition is a soft clay foundation in which no strengthening is implemented, such as, an embankment with basal reinforcement or soft clay with vertical prefabricated drains, or the use of vacuum preloading to speed up the consolidation rate. The applications of the ground improvement techniques are illustrated by case histories, numerical analyses, or physical models. Different types of measurements are used to evaluate the performance of each technique, including settlements, horizontal displacements, excess pore pressures, embankment applied stresses, stress concentration factors, and clay strength following the ground treatment. The settlement improvement factor β, the ratio between the settlements for untreated and treated conditions, is shown to be a suitable parameter to assess the degree of improvement imposed in the soft foundation by ranking the various methods in increased order of strengthening effect.

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Reddy, B. Rama Sanjeeva, and D. Vakula. "Compact dual-band truncated patch antenna with fractal defected ground structure for wireless applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078715000987.

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In this paper, a compact, dual-band patch antenna is proposed over Minkowski fractal defected ground structure (DGS) for bandwidth enhancement of global positioning system (GPS) applications. The proposed design combines the truncated dual L-shaped slits cut on diagonal corners of radiating patch and fractal defect on the metallic ground plane. This concept shifts the frequencies to lower bands with improvement in antenna radiation properties. By deploying symmetrical and asymmetrical boundaries to the structure for the fractal DGS on metallic ground plane, improvement in bandwidth and gain are obtained. Compact antenna size is achieved for dual-band GPS frequencies of L1 (1.575 GHz) and L2 (1.227 GHz). The measured results for antenna prototype are (1.2–1.245 GHz): L2 band and (1.51–1.59 GHz): L1 band for 10 dB return loss bandwidth with better pattern radiation. Gain value with and without DGS is observed for compact antenna overall volume of 0.32λ0 × 0.32λ0 × 0.024λ0.

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Patil, Ankur S., and Emily J. Arnold. "Sensor-Driven Preliminary Wing Ground Plane Sizing Approach and Applications." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6378635.

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Structurally integrated antenna arrays provide synergies allowing the integration of large apertures onto airborne platforms. However, the surrounding airframe can greatly impact the performance of the antenna array. This paper presents a sensor-driven preliminary wing ground plane sizing approach to provide insight into the implications of design decisions on payload performance. The improvement of a wing-integrated antenna array that utilizes the wing as a ground plane motivated this study. Relationships for wing span, wing chord, and thickness are derived from extensive parametric electromagnetic simulations based on optimum antenna performance. It is expected that these equations would be used after an initial wing-loading design point has been selected to provide the designer guidance into how various wing parameters might affect the integrated antenna performance.

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Rivas-Cruz, Fernando, Eduardo Gamaliel Hernandez-Martinez, Rogelio de Jesús Portillo-Velez, and Leonardo Rejón-García. "Nanotechnology Applications in Ground Heat Exchanger Pipes: A Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 9, 2022): 3794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083794.

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The use of Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) has grown exponentially around the world over recent decades. The GSHP represents an alternative device to electric heating systems and oil boilers. Additionally, it requires a lower power consumption and less maintenance than combustion-based heating systems. Moreover, the CO2 emissions produced by a GSHP are lower than other systems based on burning oil, gas, or biomass. However, the main obstacle for the widespread use of GSHPs is the high cost of Ground Heat Exchanger (GHE) installation, a technology that exhibits low thermodynamic efficiencies. Over the past decade, some studies have been conducted to improve heat transfer in GHE pipes using traditional working fluids, creating new pipe materials or designing new heat exchanger configurations. The main contribution of this paper is a summarization of the outcomes of theoretical, numerical and experimental studies to improve heat transfer in GHEs using nanotechnology. Additionally, the development of new fluids (nanofluids) and new materials (nanoparticles and nanocomposites) applied to heat exchanger pipes and the designs and configurations of GHEs are highlighted. As a result, the present review provides a perspective for future research regarding the use of nanotechnology to reduce the costs involved in GHE for GSHP improvement.

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Verma, Alka, Anil Kumar Singh, Neelam Srivastava, Shilpee Patil, and Binod Kumar Kanaujia. "Slot loaded EBG-based metasurface for performance improvement of circularly polarized antenna for WiMAX applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 212–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719001211.

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AbstractIn this paper, an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) metasurface (MS) superstrate-based circularly polarized antenna for the WiMAX (3.5 GHz) band is proposed. The proposed structure comprises a 2 × 2 slot-loaded rectangular patch MS array that can be perceived as a polarization-dependent EBG MS superstrate. Furthermore, to achieve circular polarization, the proposed antenna has an inclined coupling slot onto the ground with a conventional coplanar waveguide feed line. The proposed antenna has a compact structure with a low profile of 0.037λ0 (λ0 stands for the free-space wavelength at 3.48 GHz) and a ground size of 30 × 30 mm2. The measured results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidth for the proposed antenna is 34.6% and the 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is 6.8% with a peak gain of 3.91 dBi in the desired operating band. Good agreement between the simulated and the measured results verifies the performance of the proposed antenna.

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Pasyanos, Michael. "Validation of Attenuation Models for Ground Motion Applications in Central and Eastern North America." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 4 (November 2015): 2281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/052714eqs074m.

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Recently developed attenuation models are incorporated into standard one-dimensional (1-D) ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs), effectively making them two-dimensional (2-D) and eliminating the need to create different GMPEs for an increasing number of sub-regions. The model is tested against a data set of over 10,000 recordings from 81 earthquakes in North America. The use of attenuation models in GMPEs improves our ability to fit observed ground motions and should be incorporated into future national hazard maps. The improvement is most significant at higher frequencies and longer distances which have a greater number of wave cycles. This has implications for the rare high-magnitude earthquakes, which produce potentially damaging ground motions over wide areas, and drive the seismic hazards. Because the attenuation models can be created using weak ground motions, they could be developed for regions of low seismicity where empirical recordings of ground motions are uncommon and do not span the full range of magnitudes and distances.

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M. Jyothsna, K., and S. Suganthi. "Design of a Square-Shaped Broadband Antenna with Ground Slots for Bandwidth Improvement." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.6 (July 4, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.6.14935.

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This paper portrays the design of a compact square-shaped microstrip broadband antenna using ground slots. Polygon shaped slots are placed on the ground under the feed line for bandwidth improvement. Similarly, rectangular slots are placed on the square patch for gain enhancement. Effect of these slots on the performance of the antenna in terms of impedance bandwidth, gain and directivity are studied. Results of simulation tests show that a ground slot with proper dimensions placed under the feed line can improve the impedance matching and hence increase the bandwidth without affecting much the performance of the antenna. This compact antenna of size 9.098 x 9.098 mm can be very useful for applications where size is a major constraint. Simple microstrip feed is used to feed the patch. The percentage bandwidth of this antenna is 75.57 %.

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Kamei, Takeshi, Aly Ahmed, Hideto Horai, and Keizo Ugai. "A novel solidification technique for fluorine-contaminated bassanite using waste materials in ground improvement applications." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 17, no. 2 (April 20, 2014): 380–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-014-0251-0.

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Cirik, Funda, and Bahadir Süleyman Yildirim. "Analysis and design of a 3.5-GHz patch antenna for WiMAX applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 8, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078714001238.

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A high-gain microstrip patch-type WiMAX antenna operating at 3.5 GHz has been designed with a parasitic radiator and a raised ground plane. Antenna design has been carried out through extensive three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations. The patch antenna itself provides a realized gain of about 3.6 dB at 3.5 GHz. When a parasitic radiator is placed on top of the patch antenna, the gain increases from about 3.6 dB to about 7.4 dB. The raised ground plane further enhances the gain by about 1.5 dB. Hence the overall gain improvement is about 5.3 dB without the need of a radio-frequency amplifier.

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Liu, Bo, Chengmeng Shao, and Wen Xu. "Influenced Zone of Deep Excavation on Adjacent Tunnel Displacement and Control Effect of Ground Improvement in Soft Soil." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 9047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189047.

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The aim of this study is to predict the influenced zone of deep excavation on adjacent tunnel displacement, evaluate the control effect of ground improvement, and give the optimal parameters for ground improvement. Based on the current research, a series of finite element method (FEM) numerical simulations were conducted to study the deep excavation-induced tunnel displacement behaviors, considering different tunnel positions outside the pit. On this basis, the influenced zone of deep excavation on an adjacent tunnel was divided corresponding to 3-level tunnel displacement control standards. Then, the commonly used control measure of ground improvement was chosen to study the effects of strength, depth, and width of the improved soil outside the pit on the displacement behaviors of the tunnel. An index of tunnel displacement control effectiveness (η) was proposed to quantitively characterize the control effect on tunnel displacement. Considering the control effect and engineering economy, the suggested values of strength, depth, and width of the improved soil were provided. Finally, the control effect of ground improvement outside the pit on the influenced zone of deep excavation was studied using the suggested parameters. The research indicates that the range outside the pit can be divided into: I—primary influenced zone, II—secondary influenced zone, III—general influenced zone, and IV—weak influenced zone. Considering the control effect and engineering economy, it is suggested that the ground improvement strength should be kept within 1.5~2 MPa, the ground improvement depth should be 2 times the excavation depth, and the ground improvement width should be increased as much as possible if the site condition allows. After the ground improvement using the suggested parameters, the scope of the influenced zone of deep excavation is reduced and the I—primary influenced zone no longer exists.

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Duman, E., Y. E. Sarıçiçek, O. Pekcan, R. Gurbanov, and A. G. Gözen. "Applications of Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation on Non-Woven Geotextiles." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1260, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1260/1/012024.

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Abstract Recently, an innovative ground improvement method known as microbially induced calcium precipitation (MICP) has been proposed as an alternative to conventional ground improvement techniques. Having numerous advantages such as being environmentally friendly and promoting sustainable solutions, MICP has been studied by researchers from various civil engineering sub-disciplines to solve problems related to crack propagation of concrete, insufficient soil strength characteristics, soil erosion, asphalt cracks, etc. This study aims at moving MICP one step further by introducing a hybrid approach that combines MICP and geotextiles to produce a good quality product for reliable field use. Within this scope, MICP is applied on non-woven geotextiles. Physical (imaging) and mechanical (puncture resistance) properties of non-woven geotextiles subjected to MICP treatments under soaking conditions are investigated. Puncture resistance tests are performed and the details of laboratory work including specimen preparation and MICP treatments are presented in this paper. This study, together with its implications for future works, also highlights the next steps to be taken for properly using the MICP method when other geosynthetics are used.

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Kaewunruen, Sakdirat, and Victor Martin. "Life Cycle Assessment of Railway Ground-Borne Noise and Vibration Mitigation Methods Using Geosynthetics, Metamaterials and Ground Improvement." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 3753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103753.

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Significant increase in the demand for freight and passenger transports by trains pushes the railway authorities and train companies to increase the speed, the axle load and the number of train carriages/wagons. All of these actions increase ground-borne noise and vibrations that negatively affect people who work, stay, or reside nearby the railway lines. In order to mitigate these phenomena, many techniques have been developed and studied but there is a serious lack of life-cycle information regarding such the methods in order to make a well-informed and sustainable decision. The aim of this study is to evaluate the life-cycle performance of mitigation methods that can enhance sustainability and efficacy in the railway industry. The emphasis of this study is placed on new methods for ground-borne noise and vibration mitigation including metamaterials, geosynthetics, and ground improvement. To benchmark all of these methods, identical baseline assumptions and the life-cycle analysis over 50 years have been adopted where relevant. This study also evaluates and highlights the impact of extreme climate conditions on the life-cycle cost of each method. It is found that the anti-resonator method is the most expensive methods compared with the others whilst the use of geogrids (for subgrade stiffening) is relatively reliable when used in combination with ground improvements. The adverse climate has also played a significant role in all of the methods. However, it was found that sustainable methods, which are less sensitive to extreme climate, are associated with the applications of geosynthetic materials such as geogrids, composites, etc.

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Arab, Mohamed G., Rami Alsodi, Abdullah Almajed, Hideaki Yasuhara, Waleed Zeiada, and Mohamed A. Shahin. "State-of-the-Art Review of Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) for Ground Improvement: Applications and Prospects." Geosciences 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11120492.

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The global construction industry consumes huge amounts of mined materials that are considered unsustainable for earth resources. In addition, Portland cement which is a key element in concrete and most construction materials is considered one of the main contributors to worldwide CO2 emissions. On the other hand, natural cemented soil deposits are examples of sustainable structures that have survived decades of severe environmental conditions. Mimicking these natural biological systems provide an alternative to the current practices of construction materials production. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is a bio-inspired technique based on the precipitation of calcium carbonate for enhancing the geo-mechanical properties of soils. In this technique, calcium carbonate acts as a cementitious agent that binds the soil particles together at the points of contact, hence, increasing the strength and stiffness of treated soils, while relatively reducing the soil permeability and porosity. The achieved enhancements make EICP useful for applications such as ground improvement, construction materials, and erosion control over traditional binders. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of EICP for ground improvement including the fundamental basics of EICP treatment. The paper also discusses the chemical and physical factors affecting the performance of EICP such as enzyme source, enzyme activity and solution constitutes. Moreover, the paper reviews the different methods and testing techniques used in the application of EICP for soil treatment. Furthermore, the paper compares EICP with other biomineralization techniques in terms of performance and applicability on ground improvement. Finally, the paper discusses the research gaps and existing challenges concerning the commercialization and large-scale implementation of the technology.

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Lavor, Otávio Paulino, Humberto Dionisio De Andrade, Humberto Cesar Chaves Fernandes, and Marinaldo Pinheiro De Sousa Neto. "Miniaturization of Microstrip Antennas for Applications in 4G Technology." EQUATIONS 1 (April 8, 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232021.2021.1.4.

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This paper presents a new proposal of microstrip planar antennas designed for frequencies of 2.5 GHz and 700 MHz, with an improvement in bandwidth and miniaturization. Using the truncated ground plane, it is achieved a reduction of about 70% in size in both antennas. The antenna designed for 2.5 GHz has the bandwidth changed of 55 MHz for 580 MHz, whereas the antenna designed for 700 MHz, the change was of 20 MHz for 268 MHz.

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Santhanam, Suganthi, and Thiruvalar Selvan Palavesam. "Microstrip Feed Trapezoidal Shape Antenna Array with Defected Ground Structure for S Band Applications." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.d2497.0610521.

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In this proposal new trapezoidal patch microstrip feed antenna array with ground defected by square shape is designed for detailed antenna parameter study in terms of return loss, VSWR, gain and radiation pattern for S band applications from 2 to 3 GHz. The bandwidth and radiation properties of four radiating element arranged in 2 x 2 array has been improved by defecting half of the ground by etching square shape opposite to the vertical feed point. 30 x 70 x 1.6 mm dimension structure has been fabricated in FR4 substrate for low cost applications and performance analyzed in three different planes. With comparison of four element array with full ground, the proposed array with defected ground has proved the improvement in behavior with return loss of -34.687 dB and ideally fit with VSWR of 1.038. Parametric study with feed length and substrate thickness has also been performed optimized decision of structure dimension. This study reveals that by reducing the substrate thickness and increasing the feed length, we can improve the performance of loss reduction. The front view has been simulated with full ground and defected ground for comparison and the compared results shows that the loss reduction of -22 dB has been achieved with VSWR value of 1.03 from 2.28 for defected ground structure. The designed structure has been simulated with CST software and the comparison of simulated results has conform that the proposed structure can be used for S band application like airport surveillance radars with wide bandwidth of 120 MHz and gain of 3.52 dBi. Comparison has been made between the proposed antenna array and the antennas available in literature with respect to bandwidth gain, reflection coefficient and defection type for better understanding.

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S. Jalaja, Mrs, Dr V. Prithivirajan, K. Gajalakshimi, S. Chitra, and R. Nithya. "CPW based Band Pass Filter Using DGS for ISM Band Applications." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.34 (September 1, 2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.19340.

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The design and simulation of coplanar waveguide (CPW) bandpass filter (BPF) has been described in this paper. It mainly focuses on Defected Ground Structure (DGS), where U-shaped DGS with open stub in transmission line has been introduced. By etching the DGS pattern in ground and transmission will change the distribution of inductance and capacitance to produce filtering effect. This paper also discusses about the influence of geometrical parameter l for the improvement in the frequency response of bandpass filter. As increasing the dimension of the geometric parameter l shift the center frequency to the higher frequencies. This filter offers a bandwidth of 1.65 GHz with passband ranging from 2.1 GHz to 3.75 GHz with a stopband rejection is about -28 dB.

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Pramudita, A. A., A. Kurniawan, and A. Bayu Suksmono. "Hexagonal Monopole Strip Antenna with Rectangular Slot for 100–1000 MHz SFCW GPR Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2008 (2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/391386.

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A printed ultra wideband (UWB) monopole antenna is proposed for applications on stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) ground penetrating radar (GPR) within a frequency range of 100–1000 MHz. The proposed antenna consists of a hexagonal strip line with resistive loading and a rectangular slot that is added to the ground plane side of the printed antenna implemented on FR4 epoxy materials. The resistive loading at the hexagonal monopole is effective to increase bandwidth in the higher frequency region, while the rectangular slot is used to improve bandwidth characteristic in the lower frequency region. This paper investigates the characteristic improvement in the lower frequency region by applying a parametric study on the rectangular slot that is added at the ground plane side of the UWB monopole antenna. Computer simulation was conducted and measurements were carried out to validate the result.

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Sarade, Shrenik Suresh, and S. D. Ruikar. "A Different Shaped Radiating Element Wide Band Multi-Band Massive MIMO Antenna for 5G/WLAN applications with Enhanced Correlation Coefficient." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1187, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1187/1/012017.

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Abstract In this paper, a different shaped 8-element multiband multiple input multiple output (MIMO) massive antenna is investigated for 5G and various applications. It can be operated on various wireless communication application such as WLAN (5.15GHz to 5.30GHz and 5.73GHz to 5.85GHs) and 5G band & C-band (4 to 8GHz) for satellite communication with wideband. The 8-element Massive MIMO antenna is designed for 6GHz. This antenna is working on multiband with wideband bandwidth. The defected ground structure (DGS) systems are used for enhancement of return loss, isolation, total active reflection coefficients (TARC), correlation coefficients (CC) and envelope correlation coefficients (ECC). The rectangular shaped DGS is used in the ground plane for improvement of various parameter of antenna. This antenna provides return loss (RL) and isolation is less than -10dB.

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Hutter, Florina G., and Anja Pfennig. "Reduction in Ground Times in Passenger Air Transport: A First Approach to Evaluate Mechanisms and Challenges." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031380.

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Rising air travel demand, airport capacity issues, and schedule disruptions form part of the challenges that aviation stakeholders have to face in the upcoming decades. Minimizing ground times is one of their recent objectives as extended ground times induce operational, economic, and environmental risks. The flow of ground operations has a high impact on the overall air transportation system. Therefore, the impact and risks of extended ground times in passenger air transport were thoroughly compared, weighed, and compared based on pre-selected individual literature sources. Several studies deliver solution approaches to reduce ground times. The turnaround especially is a key element of any flight operation and impacts the competitive advantage of airlines and airports. Next to infrastructural changes, technological advancements, and operational performance improvements, the cooperation of stakeholders is a measure to shorten ground times. Special focus lies on the improvement of boarding procedures. They are essential for passenger air transport and reducing ground times.

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Jones, A. H., and P. Roffey. "The improvement of hard facing coatings for ground engaging applications by the addition of tungsten carbide." Wear 267, no. 5-8 (June 2009): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2009.01.042.

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Foye, Kevin C. "Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Conjunction with Ground Improvement: A Case History." Advances in Civil Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/808561.

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The use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in lieu of virgin crushed stone aggregate is becoming a widely accepted practice for a number of construction applications, particularly pavement base courses. A number of laboratory RAP studies have considered the mechanical properties of RAP bases in order to support pavement designs incorporating RAP. These studies have revealed a number of interesting relationships between RAP moisture content, compaction, and stiffness. This paper discusses the experiences of a design-build contractor integrating a geosynthetic ground improvement program with a RAP base during the reconstruction of a 1.95 ha asphalt parking lot. Field observations of base course construction with RAP explore some of the implications of laboratory findings. A number of interesting observations on the technical, construction, and economic issues resulting from the project challenges and the use of RAP are presented.

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Xu, Xinjun, Yang Lei, and Feng Yang. "Railway Subgrade Defect Automatic Recognition Method Based on Improved Faster R-CNN." Scientific Programming 2018 (June 14, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4832972.

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Railway subgrade defect is the serious threat to train safety. Vehicle-borne GPR method has become the main railway subgrade detection technology with its advantages of rapidness and nondestructiveness. However, due to the large amount of detection data and the variety in defect shape and size, defect recognition is a challenging task. In this work, the method based on deep learning is proposed to recognize defects from the ground penetrating radar (GPR) profile of subgrade detection data. Based on the Faster R-CNN framework, the improvement strategies of feature cascade, adversarial spatial dropout network (ASDN), Soft-NMS, and data augmentation have been integrated to improve recognition accuracy, according to the characteristics of subgrade defects. The experimental results indicates that compared with traditional SVM+HOG method and the baseline Faster R-CNN, the improved model can achieve better performance. The model robustness is demonstrated by a further comparison experiment of various defect types. In addition, the improvements to model performance of each improvement strategy are verified by an ablation experiment of improvement strategies. This paper tries to explore the new thinking for the application of deep learning method in the field of railway subgrade defect recognition.

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Kim, Dong Eon, Jiandong Liu, Shie-Yui Liong, Philippe Gourbesville, and Günter Strunz. "Satellite DEM Improvement Using Multispectral Imagery and an Artificial Neural Network." Water 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111551.

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The digital elevation model (DEM) is crucial for various applications, such as land management and flood planning, as it reflects the actual topographic characteristic on the Earth’s surface. However, it is quite a challenge to acquire the high-quality DEM, as it is very time-consuming, costly, and often confidential. This paper explores a DEM improvement scheme using an artificial neural network (ANN) that could improve the German Aerospace’s TanDEM-X (12 m resolution). The ANN was first trained in Nice, France, with a high spatial resolution surveyed DEM (1 m) and then applied on a faraway city, Singapore, for validation. In the ANN training, Sentinel-2 and TanDEM-X data of the Nice area were used as the input data, while the ground truth observation data of Nice were used as the target data. The applicability of iTanDEM-X was finally conducted at a different site in Singapore. The trained iTanDEM-X shows a significant reduction in the root mean square error of 43.6% in Singapore. It was also found that the improvement for different land covers (e.g., vegetation and built-up areas) ranges from 20 to 65%. The paper also demonstrated the application of the trained ANN on Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, where the ground truth data are not available; for cases such as this, a visual comparison with Google satellite imagery was then utilized. The DEM from iTanDEM-X with 10 m resolution categorically shows much clearer land shapes (particularly the roads and buildings).

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Omer, Abdeen Mustafa. "Cooling and Heating with Ground Source Energy." International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 1, no. 2 (April 2012): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2012040103.

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In the recent attempts to stimulate alternative energy sources for heating and cooling of buildings, emphasis has been put on utilisation of the ambient energy from ground source and other renewable energy sources. Exploitation of renewable energy sources and particularly ground heat in buildings can significantly contribute towards reducing dependency on fossil fuels. This paper highlights the potential energy saving that could be achieved through use of ground energy source. It also focuses on the optimisation and improvement of the operation conditions of the heat cycles and performances of the DX GSHP. It is concluded that the direct expansion of GSHP are extendable to more comprehensive applications combined with the ground heat exchanger in foundation piles and the seasonal thermal energy storage from solar thermal collectors. This article discusses the principle of the ground source energy, varieties of GSHPs, and various developments.

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Deng, Zhang, Cai, Xu, Zhao, Guo, and Suo. "Improvement and Assessment of the Absolute Positioning Accuracy of Chinese High-Resolution SAR Satellites." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 20, 2019): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121465.

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In recent years, China has launched YaoGan-13 and GaoFen-3, high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites that can acquire global high-resolution images. The absolute positioning accuracy of such satellites is important for mapping areas without ground reference points and for automated processing. However, satellites without geometric calibration have poor absolute positioning accuracy, greatly restricting their application (e.g., land resource surveys). Therefore, they cannot meet national demands for high-resolution SAR images with good geometric accuracy. Here, we propose a series of methods to improve the absolute positioning accuracy of YaoGan-13 and GaoFen-3, such as the multiple-image combined calibration strategy and geometric calibration model for a real continuously moving configuration, including consideration of atmospheric propagation delay. Using high-accuracy ground control data collected from different areas, the 2-D and 3-D absolute positioning accuracies of YaoGan-13 and GaoFen-3 were assessed after implementation of the improvement measures. Experimental results showed that, after calibration, the 2-D absolute positioning accuracy of YaoGan-13 and GaoFen-3 are improved from 43.86 m to 2.57 m and from 30.34 m to 4.29 m, respectively. In addition, the 3-D absolute positioning accuracies of YaoGan-13 in plane and elevation are 3.21 m and 2.22 m, respectively. Improving the absolute positioning accuracy of these satellites could broaden the scope of their potential applications in the future.

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Ding, Xiujuan, Lichao Wang, and Chao Wu. "The Comfort Analysis Model Design of the Ground Light Environment of a Dome Reflective Badminton Court in a University." Scientific Programming 2022 (August 25, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2334108.

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School sports is an important part of sports. The participants are mainly school students. Students play an important role in the development of the country. The development of campus sports is particularly important for the future development of the country. With the continuous improvement of the level of sports technology, to achieve higher, faster, and stronger sports goals, the requirements for sports venues continue to increase. To study whether the environment of the school’s badminton court meets the requirements of the school’s teachers and students to exercise and whether it can achieve the purpose of improving their own sports skills, the above problems are studied. Through the analysis of the light environment in the school grounds, to judge some problems existing in the badminton field of the school, improvement measures are put forward through research, and feasibility analysis of the improvement measures is carried out.

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Samsuzzaman, Md, and Mohammad Islam. "Circularly Polarized Broadband Printed Antenna for Wireless Applications." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 4261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124261.

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A simple, compact sickle-shaped printed antenna with a slotted ground plane is designed and developed for broadband circularly polarized (CP) radiation. The sickle-shaped radiator with a tapered feed line and circular slotted square ground plane are utilized to realize the wideband CP radiation feature. With optimized dimensions of 0.29λ × 0.29λ × 0.012λ at 2.22 GHz frequency for the realized antenna parameters, the measured results display that the antenna has a 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 7.70 GHz (126.85%; 2.22–9.92 GHz) and a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 2.64 GHz (73.33%; 2.28–4.92 GHz). The measurement agrees well with simulation, which proves an excellent circularly polarized property. For verification, the mechanism of band improvement and circular polarization are presented, and the parametric study is carried out. Since, the proposed antenna is a simple design structure with broad impedance and AR bandwidth, which is a desirable feature as a candidate for various wireless communication systems. Because of the easy printed structure and scaling the dimension with broadband CP characteristics, the realized antenna does incorporate in a number of CP wireless communication applications.

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Chen, Pingshan, Weiqing Lyu, Xiaocong Liang, Jiangxu Deng, Chong Li, and Yong Yuan. "Multi-Factor Influence Analysis on the Liquefaction Mitigation of Stone Columns Composite Foundation." Applied Sciences 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 7308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12147308.

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To optimize the design of stone columns composite foundation for liquefiable ground improvement in the Tibar Bay Port Project, a 3D Finite Element (FE) analysis is implemented on the earthquake response and liquefaction mitigation effect. Nine improvement schemes are designed with the orthogonal design method. Taking peak ground acceleration and peak excess pore pressure ratio as the target indicators, the influences of four factors, including diameter, replacement ratio, stiffness, permeability ratio, of stone columns are analyzed by means of range analysis, and subsequently, the optimal ground improvement design is obtained. The analysis results indicate that the responses of ground acceleration and excess pore pressure ratio are relatively sensitive to stone columns’ permeability ratio and a little sensitive to the replacement ratio. The stiffness and diameter ranging in the prescribed boundary only have negligible effect. The mitigation effect of drainage is rather significant when the ratio of the stone columns’ permeability to the soils’ permeability is greater than 100.

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Li, Li, Suqin Wu, Xiaoming Wang, Ying Tian, Changyong He, and Kefei Zhang. "Seasonal Multifactor Modelling of Weighted-Mean Temperature for Ground-Based GNSS Meteorology in Hunan, China." Advances in Meteorology 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3782687.

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In this study, radiosonde observations during the period of 2012-2013 from three stations in the Hunan region, China, were used to establish regional Tm models (RTMs) that are a fitting function of multiple meteorological factors (Ts, Es, and Ps). One-factor, two-factor, and three-factor RTMs were assessed by comparing their Tm against the radiosonde-derived Tm (as the truth) during the period of 2013-2014. Statistical results showed that the bias and RMS of the one-factor RTM, in comparison to the BTM result, were reduced by 88% and 28%, respectively. The two-factor and three-factor RTMs showed similar accuracy and both outperformed the one-factor RTM, with an improvement of 7% in RMS. The bias and RMS of all the four seasonal two-factor RTMs were smaller than the yearly two-factor RTM, with the improvements of 3%, 10%, 2%, and 3% in RMS. The improvement of the conversion factors in mean bias and RMS resulting from the seasonal two-factor RTM is 92% and 31%. The bias and RMS of the PWV resulting from the seasonal two-factor RTM are improved by 37% and 12%, respectively. Therefore, the seasonal two-factor RTMs are recommended for the research and applications of GNSS meteorology in the Hunan region, China.

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Liao, H. J., and C. C. Lin. "Case studies on bermed excavation in Taipei silty soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 8 (August 2009): 889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-034.

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Bermed excavation (deep excavation supported by an excavation wall and a berm) can be an economical method for basement construction in urban areas if ground movement around the excavation is not the primary concern and the excavation site is large and (or) irregular in shape. This paper reviews three bermed excavation projects carried out in the Taipei Basin. One project was successful, one was successful after near failure, and one was a failure. Ironically, extensive ground improvement work had been done for the near-failure and failure cases; but no ground improvement was done for the successful case. It is of interest to find the similarities and differences among these bermed excavation projects. The causes of instability that result in unsuccessful bermed excavation projects and the applications of limit equilibrium analysis to the stability of bermed excavation are also discussed here. These three cases show that the existence of grout columns does not help to effectively increase the stability of the berm if the original safety factor against sliding of a berm slope is less than 1.0 and the improvement ratio of grout columns is low (say <20%).

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Kodavanti, Pradeep Vinaik, P. V. Y. Jayasree, and Prabhakara Rao Bhima. "Multi-input multi-output antenna measurements with super wide bandwidth for wireless applications using isolated T stub and defected ground structure." ACTA IMEKO 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v11i1.1213.

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The paper presents the idea of defective ground structures for the improvement in the radiation characteristics of the antenna especially in the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) configuration. The proposed antenna model with partially flared out feed system is designed and analyzed with defective ground in both single and array configuration. A T stub is a T shaped stub used in this work with defected ground structure. A T stub is included along with defective ground to enhance the MIMO configuration features. The simulations are carried out on electromagnetic modelling tool and analyzed by measuring the parameters like reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, radiation pattern and current distribution plots. For the fabrication of the proposed antenna these measurements are very important. The antenna is fabricated and validated in terms of S-parameters and VSWR. The proposed results are good agreement with the simulated results. The overall size of the antenna is 24 × 18 x 0.8 mm<sup>3</sup>.

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Kusuma, Bayu Nadya, and Dian Budhi Santoso. "Improvement of the automatic gamma correction method in cloud image detection." MATRIX : Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi dan Informatika 12, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/matrix.v12i3.137-146.

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Clouds become an important part of human life and are studied in several disciplines in the form of important analyses in some applications. Examples of application of cloud analysis on solar panels or photovoltaics, accurate weather forecasts, accuracy of rainfall predictions, application in the field of meteorology, imaging of the sky in some cases, air humidity survey, and the case of turbulence on Aircraft caused by clouds cumulonimbus. The structure and shape of the clouds are continuously changing, becoming an interesting part to detect. The cloud detection process can be done by taking several samples of imagery from the cloud and the image processing process is done. Most research processes RGB cloud imagery into HSV cloud imagery, Some research using the image detection method of flying apply the channel's convolution R-B, R/B, ????−????????+????, dan chroma C = max(R, G, B)-min(R, G, B). Gamma correction has an efficient characteristic of storing and dividing imagery by small bits, thus the study proposed an image detection development using automatic gamma correction, with ground truth being Image data from SWIMSEG Nanyang Technological University Singapore. The proposed method in the proposed study obtained a precision value and better computing time with a precision value of 0.93 and a computational time of 0.71 sec.

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Armaghani, Danial Jahed, Biao He, Edy Tonnizam Mohamad, Y. X. Zhang, Sai Hin Lai, and Fei Ye. "Applications of Two Neuro-Based Metaheuristic Techniques in Evaluating Ground Vibration Resulting from Tunnel Blasting." Mathematics 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11010106.

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Peak particle velocity (PPV) caused by blasting is an unfavorable environmental issue that can damage neighboring structures or equipment. Hence, a reliable prediction and minimization of PPV are essential for a blasting site. To estimate PPV caused by tunnel blasting, this paper proposes two neuro-based metaheuristic models: neuro-imperialism and neuro-swarm. The prediction was made based on extensive observation and data collecting from a tunnelling project that was concerned about the presence of a temple near the blasting operations and tunnel site. A detailed modeling procedure was conducted to estimate PPV values using both empirical methods and intelligence techniques. As a fair comparison, a base model considered a benchmark in intelligent modeling, artificial neural network (ANN), was also built to predict the same output. The developed models were evaluated using several calculated statistical indices, such as variance account for (VAF) and a-20 index. The empirical equation findings revealed that there is still room for improvement by implementing other techniques. This paper demonstrated this improvement by proposing the neuro-swarm, neuro-imperialism, and ANN models. The neuro-swarm model outperforms the others in terms of accuracy. VAF values of 90.318% and 90.606% and a-20 index values of 0.374 and 0.355 for training and testing sets, respectively, were obtained for the neuro-swarm model to predict PPV induced by blasting. The proposed neuro-based metaheuristic models in this investigation can be utilized to predict PPV values with an acceptable level of accuracy within the site conditions and input ranges used in this study.

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Singh, Simerpreet, Gaurav Sethi, and Jaspal Singh Khinda. "Improvement in Depth of Reflection Co-efficient below -20 dB for Millimeter–Wave Antenna." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012048.

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Abstract A low cost microstrip antenna is designed for mm–wave applications on FR4 substrate. It consist of patch, etched with an open polygon slot (OPS) at lower central edge of it and partial ground plane. This etching of OPS is used to improve depth of reflection co-efficient below -20 dB which is equivalent to mismatch loss (ML dB ) ≤ 0.04 dB. This proposed mm–wave antenna also provides 3 dBi– & 5 dBi–gain-bandwidth of 6 GHz (34.72—40.72GHz) & 3.91 GHz (34.72—38.63GHz) respectively with a peak gain of 12.4 dBi at 35.1 GHz and acceptable radiation efficiency of 58.05 %. Simple design, low manufacturing cost and ease of fabrication makes proposed antenna suitable for high end practical mm–wave applications.

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Kaur, Amandeep, and Amandeep Kaur. "Microstrip patch antenna performance analysis with Defected Ground structures: A review." International Journal of Intelligent Communication, Computing and Networks 1, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51735/ijiccn/001/08.

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Over last few decades, wireless communication system has sought more attention and plays predominant role in different areas for human personal and commercial applications. Day by day, with advancements in technology, wireless gadgets got more compact due to microelectronics fabrication and integration techniques. So, such applications put great demand over new design specifications on antenna structures used in transmitter and receiver for radio wave communication. In wireless applications depending upon, frequency bands and bandwidth requirements numerous compact antenna structures are used with improved efficiency. Microstrip patch antennas are highly regarded due to its compact size, easy integration with microwave circuits. In study of patch antenna, Defected Ground structures gain popularity these days due to its various benefits to enhance antenna performance. This research article, provides extensive literature survey over use of Defected Ground Structures (DGS) in microstrip patch antenna with its design consequences. This article also explores the enhancement in antenna parameters with implementation of DGS’s. DGS concept is used in microstrip patch antenna and microwave engineering for performance improvement of these devices. DGS can be merged with other techniques to enhance antenna operational parameters like gain, bandwidth, VSWR and spurious radiations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ground improvement applications'

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