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Journal articles on the topic 'Ground effect'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 September 2023

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1

Coulliette, C., and A. Plotkin. "Aerofoil ground effect revisited." Aeronautical Journal 100, no. 992 (February 1996): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000027305.

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AbstractSteady state aerofoil ground effect is studied both numerically and analytically. Discrete vortex and linear vortex panel methods are applied to a parabolic arc and symmetric Joukowski aerofoil, respectively. A single vortex model for the flow over the parabolic arc aerofoil is developed. The single vortex model and other analytical solutions, valid either near or far from the ground, are compared with the numerical results. The numerical results are used to delineate the influences of angle of attack, camber and thickness. For small values of camber and angle of attack, normalised lift is enhanced near the ground and reduced far from it. For a fixed distance above the ground, normalised lift decreases with increasing angle of attack and camber. Thickness reduces lift at all heights above the ground.

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2

SETO, Kunisato, Zhixiang XU, Yuuji Yamada, and Liqiang Wang. "On ground liquefaction effect of a ground improvement machine." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2004.57 (2004): 449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2004.57.449.

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3

Plotkin, A., and S. S. Dodbele. "Slender wing in ground effect." AIAA Journal 26, no. 4 (April 1988): 493–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.9920.

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4

Garcia, Darwin L., and Joseph Katz. "Trapped Vortex in Ground Effect." AIAA Journal 41, no. 4 (April 2003): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.1997.

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5

LaPierre, Ray. "Hall effect breaks new ground." Nature Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (October 28, 2012): 695–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.191.

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6

Attenborough, Keith, Imran Bashir, Toby Hill, and Shahram Taherzadeh. "Diffraction assisted rough ground effect." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128, no. 4 (October 2010): 2374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3508435.

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7

Gupta, H., M. Zhang, and A. P. Parakka. "Barkhausen effect in ground steels." Acta Materialia 45, no. 5 (May 1997): 1917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(96)00315-1.

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8

Wu, J., and N. Zhao. "Ground Effect on Flapping Wing." Procedia Engineering 67 (2013): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.029.

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9

Rozhdestvensky, Kirill V. "Wing-in-ground effect vehicles." Progress in Aerospace Sciences 42, no. 3 (May 2006): 211–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2006.10.001.

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10

Taraldsen, Gunnar, and Hans Jonasson. "Aspects of ground effect modeling." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 1 (January 2011): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3500694.

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11

Quinn, Daniel B., George V. Lauder, and Alexander J. Smits. "Flexible propulsors in ground effect." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 9, no. 3 (March 26, 2014): 036008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/9/3/036008.

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12

Jamei, S., A. Maimun, N. Azwadi, M. M. Tofa, S. Mansor, and A. Priyanto. "Ground Viscous Effect on 3D Flow Structure of a Compound Wing-in-Ground Effect." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 9 (June 30, 2014): 1550–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.9.2013.6.0128.

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13

Shabarov, Vasiliy, Pavel Kaliasov, and Fedor Peplin. "Influence of ground effect on longitudinal aerodynamic damping of wing-in-ground effect vehicles." Ship Technology Research 67, no. 2 (February 9, 2020): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09377255.2020.1724647.

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14

Yang, Hao, Guanghua He, Weihao Mao, Weijie Mo, and Hassan Ghassemi. "Blockage effect and ground effect on oscillating hydrofoil." Ocean Engineering 286 (October 2023): 115680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115680.

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15

Wang, Yan, Hua Wang, Cunyan Cui, and Beilei Zhao. "Investigating Different Grounds Effects on Shock Wave Propagation Resulting from Near-Ground Explosion." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173639.

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A massive explosion of a liquid-propellant rocket in the course of an accident can lead to a truly catastrophic event, which would threaten the safety of personnel and facilities around the launch site. In order to study the propagation of near-ground shock wave and quantify the enhancement effect on the overpressure, models with different grounds have been established based on an explicit nonlinear dynamic ANSYS/LS-DYNA 970 program. Results show that the existence of the ground will change the propagation law and conform to the reflection law of the shock wave. Rigid ground absorbs no energy and reflects all of it, while concrete ground absorbs and reflects some of the energy, respectively. Ground may influence the pressure-time curve of the shock wave. When the gauge is close to the explosive, the pressure-time curve presents a bimodal feature, while when the gauge reaches a certain distance to the explosive, it presents a single-peak feature. For gauges at different heights, different grounds may have different effects on the peak overpressure. For gauges of height not greater than 4 m, the impact on the shock wave is obvious when the radial to the explosive is small. On the contrary, as for the gauges of height greater than 4 m, the impact on the shock wave is obvious when the radial to the explosive is big. Ground has the enhancement effect on peak overpressure, but different grounds have different ways. For rigid ground, the peak overpressure factor is about 2. However, for the concrete and soil ground, peak overpressure factor is from 1.43 to 2.1.

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16

ISHIDA, Hiroyuki, and Takenori MATSUBARA. "Aerodynamic performance of Wing In Ground effect craft (1^ Report, Dual-Wings In Ground effect)." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2003.2 (2003): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2003.2.0_317.

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17

Pillai, Nikhil, Anil T., Aravind Radhakrishnan, Rahul Vinod, Sudheesh Kumar E., Zahir Zaid, Antony Jacob, and Manojkumar M. "Investigation on airfoil operating in Ground Effect region." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 4 (November 16, 2014): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i4.3245.

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The idea of using a wing in ground effect vehicle has been suggested with the objective of developing a very economical and efficient means of rapid transportation across water bodies. This paper investigates into wing in ground effect airfoil geometry. ANSYS is used to perform the CFD analysis of the airfoils. CFD analysis has been performed on various airfoils operating in the ground effect region and a special class of airfoil called DHMTU has been found to have maximum aerodynamic efficiency. The DHMTU studied here is DHMTU 8-40-2-10-3-6-2-15. Aerodynamic efficiency for this particular airfoil has been determined through CFD analysis at various angles of attack. It has been found that the DHMTU possesses superior aerodynamic efficiency at low angle of attack and the maximum aerodynamic efficiency is found at 60 angle of attack. From CFD analysis it has also been determined that as the proximity to the ground reduces, the value of lift increases. The characteristics of this airfoil at various air speeds have also been determined through CFD analysis. These studies have illustrated the unique characteristics of the DHMTU airfoils and indicated areas for further optimization of the design of ground effect airfoils. The use of this airfoil for the ground effect vehicle can further lead to increase in efficiency of the craft.Abbreviations:CFD Computational Fluid DynamicsDHMTU Department Of Hydro-Mechanics of the Marine Technical UniversityNACA National Advisory Committee on AeronauticsL/D Lift to Drag RatioWIG Wing in GroundV Free stream velocityRe Reynolds number h/c Height to Chord RatioCL Coefficient of liftCD Coefficient of dragAOA Angle Of Attack

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18

Marshall, D. W., S. J. Newman, and C. B. Williams. "Boundary layer effects on a wing in ground‐effect." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 82, no. 2 (March 23, 2010): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00022661011053391.

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19

Rajalingam, P., J. Sharpe, and W. E. Baker. "Ground Rubber Tire / Thermoplastic Composites: Effect of Different Ground Rubber Tires." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 664–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538337.

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Abstract Thermoplastic composites containing different Ground Rubber Tire (GRT) materials, Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and, in some case, a coupling agent (IB‘E’, an ethylene glycidyl methacrylate copolymer) were prepared by melt blending. The impact energies of all the thermoplastic composites (normally containing 40 wt % GRT) were evaluated using an instrumented impact tester. The effects of the GRT particle-size, particle size distribution and shape, the mode of grinding, and the oxygen surface concentration were analyzed. The wet-ambient-ground GRT based composites show higher surface oxidation and give better impact energy than cryo-ground and normal air-ground GRT based composites. Smaller GRT particle size results in a small increase in the impact property of the composite and a greater influence on the melt processability of the composites. Of the different GRT surface modification techniques studied for improved composite interfacial adhesion and impact properties the composites from electron beam radiation treated GRT yield higher increases in impact energy in comparison to corona and plasma treated GRT based composites.

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20

Yang, Zhi-Gang, Wei Yang, and Qing Jia. "Ground Viscous Effect on 2d Flow of Wing in Ground Proximity." Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics 4, no. 4 (January 2010): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2010.11015338.

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21

Farber, Alex, and Boris Katz. "Coupling effect in substation ground measurements." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 9, no. 3 (2012): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1203315f.

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A method to measure ground impedance in various soil structures is described, which takes into account inductive coupling between current and potential wires. For this purpose, a family of coupling effect curves versus the potential wire length was calculated. It was found that these curves are not dependent on the current wire length and are practically identical to the same soil resistivity. The true resistance of the substation grounding is determined using received coupling effect curves, and a simple formula which subtracts the coupling effect from the measured substation grounding resistance. Practical comparative measurements were performed to validate the method.

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22

Ogunka, Uchenna E., Mohsen Daghooghi, Amir M. Akbarzadeh, and Iman Borazjani. "The Ground Effect in Anguilliform Swimming." Biomimetics 5, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics5010009.

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Some anguilliform swimmers such as eels and lampreys swim near the ground, which has been hypothesized to have hydrodynamic benefits. To investigate whether swimming near ground has hydrodynamics benefits, two large-eddy simulations of a self-propelled anguilliform swimmer are carried out—one swimming far away from the ground (free swimming) and the other near the ground, that is, midline at 0.07 of fish length (L) from the ground creating a gap of 0.04 L . Simulations are carried out under similar conditions with both fish starting from rest in a quiescent flow and reaching steady swimming (constant average speed). The numerical results show that both swimmers have similar speed, power consumption, efficiency, and wake structure during steady swimming. This indicates that swimming near the ground with a gap larger than 0.04 L does not improve the swimming performance of anguilliform swimmers when there is no incoming flow, that is, the interaction of the wake with the ground does not improve swimming performance. When there is incoming flow, however, swimming near the ground may help because the flow has lower velocities near the ground.

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23

Brown, Richard E., and Glen R. Whitehouse. "Modelling Rotor Wakes in Ground Effect." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 49, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 238–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.49.238.

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24

Staufenbiel, R. W., and U. J. Schlichting. "Stability of airplanes in ground effect." Journal of Aircraft 25, no. 4 (April 1988): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.45562.

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25

Lee, Pai-Hung, C. Edward Lan, and Vincent U. Muirhead. "Experimental investigation of dynamic ground effect." Journal of Aircraft 26, no. 6 (June 1989): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.45793.

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26

Tanabe, Yasutada, Hideaki Sugawara, Shigeru Sunada, Koichi Yonezawa, and Hiroshi Tokutake. "Quadrotor Drone Hovering in Ground Effect." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0339.

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A variable-pitch-controlled quadrotor drone was simulated in the ground effect using a high-fidelity CFD solver. In contrast to a single rotor in the ground effect, which has been extensively studied for conventional helicopters, the flow fields around multiple rotors are complex. In this study, the rotating speed of the rotors was maintained constant, and the blade pitch angles were adjusted so that the total thrust of the multicopter was the same regardless of the rotor height from the ground. It was observed that the power required for the quadrotors, which generate the same thrust, decreases when the rotors are approaching the ground from the height where they can be considered to be out of the ground effect, but increases locally when the rotor height is approximately the rotor radius, owing to flow recirculation into the rotor, and then decreases abruptly when the rotors further approach the ground. The outwash from the quadrotors depends heavily on the direction relative to the quadrotor layout. Along the plane crossing the diagonal rotor centers, the outwash velocity profiles resemble those of a single rotor; however, the outwash from the rotor gaps is stronger and extends to a much higher altitude.

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27

Barber, Tracie, Christopher Beves, Sam Diasinos, Graham Doig, Eddie Leonardi, and Andrew Neely. "Studies of ground effect automotive aerodynamics." ATZautotechnology 7, no. 2 (March 2007): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03246992.

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28

Kobayashi, H. "Ultrasonic ground speedometer utilizing Doppler effect." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 4 (October 1993): 2468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.407433.

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29

Makarewicz, Rufin. "Does air absorption modify ground effect?" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 102, no. 5 (November 1997): 3048–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.420361.

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30

Stith, Doug. "Constructing a model ground-effect vehicle." Physics Teacher 58, no. 5 (May 2020): 362–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.5145540.

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31

Makarewicz, R., and P. Kokowski. "Simplified model of the ground effect." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101, no. 1 (January 1997): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417982.

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32

Boulanger, Patrice, Keith Attenborough, Shahram Taherzadeh, Tim Waters-Fuller, and Kai Ming Li. "Ground effect over hard rough surfaces." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 104, no. 3 (September 1998): 1474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424358.

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33

Koga, R. "Single-event effect ground test issues." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 43, no. 2 (April 1996): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.490909.

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34

Doig, G. "Transonic and supersonic ground effect aerodynamics." Progress in Aerospace Sciences 69 (August 2014): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2014.02.002.

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35

Zhang, Xin, Willem Toet, and Jonathan Zerihan. "Ground Effect Aerodynamics of Race Cars." Applied Mechanics Reviews 59, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2110263.

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We review the progress made during the last 30years on ground effect aerodynamics associated with race cars, in particular open wheel race cars. Ground effect aerodynamics of race cars is concerned with generating downforce, principally via low pressure on the surfaces nearest to the ground. The “ground effect” parts of an open wheeled car’s aerodynamics are the most aerodynamically efficient and contribute less drag than that associated with, for example, an upper rear wing. While drag reduction is an important part of the research, downforce generation plays a greater role in lap time reduction. Aerodynamics plays a vital role in determining speed and acceleration (including longitudinal acceleration but principally cornering acceleration), and thus performance. Attention is paid to wings and diffusers in ground effect and wheel aerodynamics. For the wings and diffusers in ground effect, major physical features are identified and force regimes classified, including the phenomena of downforce enhancement, maximum downforce, and downforce reduction. In particular the role played by force enhancement edge vortices is demonstrated. Apart from model tests, advances and problems in numerical modeling of ground effect aerodynamics are also reviewed and discussed. This review article cites 89 references.

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36

Aoi, S., T. Kunugi, and H. Fujiwara. "Trampoline Effect in Extreme Ground Motion." Science 322, no. 5902 (October 31, 2008): 727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1163113.

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37

Chun, H. H. "Turbulence Flow Simulation For Wings In Ground Effect With Two Ground Conditions: Fixed and Moving Ground." International Journal of Maritime Engineering 145, a3 (2003): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.ijme.2003.a3.29031.

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38

Hu, Tianyou. "Analysis of The Venturi Tunnel and Ground Effect." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 38 (March 16, 2023): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v38i.5933.

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The amendment of Formula One racing rules in 2022 has changed the situation of competitions and championships. In the 2022 season, the FIA will allow teams to use the ground effect again after 1978 to increase the possibility of overtaking and make the race more intense. The amendment is the most noticeable change in these years, and it is very effective. Wind tunnel research and the use of ground effect in the field of racing have special significance and practical value. It has always played an important role in the design and performance improvement of the car. In the design of traditional car styling, the influence of ground effect is not taken into account, so that in the course of the race, accidents often occur when the car body is off the ground. The reason is that the adhesion is reduced. The ground effect is an important method to improve the adhesion and stability of the car. In recent years, with the advancement of wind tunnel experiments, wind tunnels are gradually used in the design of racing cars. This paper will analyze the use of Venturi Wind Tunnel and ground effects in F1 and aircraft, and explain how and why adding ground effects to F1 has such a huge impact.

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39

Wibbels, M., and K. Den Braven. "The Effect of Cyclic Operation of a Horizontal Ground Loop on Ground Coupled Heat Pump Performance." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 119, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2871801.

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When the required load for single-speed heat pump is a fraction of its capacity, the heat pump must cycle. Multispeed heat pumps are able to vary their speed, and so cycle much less than single-speed heat pumps. The effect of cyclic operation on the heat pump ground loop and the consequent effect on heat pump performance have been examined. To analyze the effect of cyclic operation on heat transfer within the ground, separate finite element models were written for the ground loop and the surrounding soil. The models were used to compare the operation of the ground loop for single-speed and multispeed systems. Results were used to explore the effects of the pipe length, and to examine parameters which alter the effects of cycling. Parameters included pipe size and percent capacity. Results show that cyclic operation will decrease the performance of the heat pump, based solely on the performance of the ground loop (i.e., the total load remains fixed). It is also shown that as the pipe radius is increased, the effect of cyclic operation decreases, again due to the fluid capacity, and that as percent capacity decreases the cycling penalty increases.

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40

Correia, J., L. S. Roberts, M. V. Finnis, and K. Knowles. "Scale effects on a single-element inverted wing in ground effect." Aeronautical Journal 118, no. 1205 (July 2014): 797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000009544.

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AbstractA study was conducted on a GA(W)-1 wing in order to investigate the effect of testing inverted wings in ground effect at low Reynolds numbers. The wing was tested at a range of ground clearances and Reynolds numbers and results showed that the wing’s performance was dependent on both these parameters. Surface flow-visualisation and numerical simulation results highlighted the existence of a laminar separation bubble on the wing’s suction surface. The results also indicated that both the bubble’s length and the onset of separation were sensitive to ground clearance and Reynolds number. Attempts were made to minimise the wing’s Reynolds number dependency by using transition strips on the suction surface. The transition strip results highlighted the influence that a laminar separation bubble has on the overall performance of the wing and how its presence alters the force enhancement and reduction mechanisms on an inverted wing in ground effect.

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41

Meng, Xueguang, Yinghui Han, Zengshuang Chen, Anas Ghaffar, and Gang Chen. "Aerodynamic Effects of Ceiling and Ground Vicinity on Flapping Wings." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 4012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12084012.

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The combined ceiling and ground effect on the aerodynamics of a hovering flapping wing is investigated using numerical simulations. In the simulations, the wing was located between the ceiling and the ground. Simulations were carried out for different wall clearances at two Reynolds numbers (Re = 10 and 100). Special efforts were paid to whether there exists aerodynamic coupling between the ceiling effect and the ground effect. At Re = 10, the combined ceiling and ground effect increases the aerodynamic forces monotonically through two effects, namely the narrow-channel effect and the downwash-reducing effect. Additionally, there exists a coupling effect of the ceiling and the ground for the combined case at Re = 10, where the force enhancement of the combined effect is much more significant than the sum of the ceiling-only effect and the ground-only effect. At Re = 100, the combined effect of ceiling and ground causes three non-monotonic force regimes (force enhancement, reduction and recovery) with increasing wall clearance. The narrow-channel effect at Re = 100 leads to a monotonic force trend, while the downwash-reducing effect results in a non-monotonic force trend. The two effects eventually lead to the three force regimes at Re = 100. Unlike the Re = 10 case, the coupling effect at Re = 100 is small.

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42

Zhou X. and Huang Y. "Aperture Effect of Normal Hovering Flight in Close Proximity to the Ground." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 14 (2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.14.55121.18796.

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Aerodynamics of a flapping foil at low Reynolds number in close proximity to the ground in aperture effect are studied by numerical simulations based on the normal hovering motion mode. A vortex street is interestingly generated by both ground and aperture effects and the rotation of the foil. The study reveals that the aperture takes a force-reduction effect and a large enough aperture effectively can remove the ground force-enhancement effect produced when the foil is in close proximity to the ground. This paper provides an effective method of optimizing foil-flapping flight design of flying robotics over a porous plane. Keywords: aerodynamics; flapping foil; low Reynolds number; ground effect; aperture effect

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43

Deng, Yangping, Baigang Mi, Hao Zhan, and Fei Cao. "Ground Test and Numerical Simulation on Ground Effect of Ducted Propeller System." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 38, no. 5 (October 2020): 1038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20203851038.

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The aerodynamic performances of a ducted propeller system applied in a manned vertical takeoff and landing aircraft considering the ground effect are investigated. Based on the ground test and CFD simulation combined with sliding mesh technique, the thrust and power characteristics of the ducted propeller under different heights between the duct and ground are compared and analyzed, and the influence mechanism of the ground effect on the aerodynamic performance of the ducted propeller is detailed analyzed based on the CFD simulation results. The test and simulation results show that, the ground near the ducted propeller leads to a high-pressure zone to block the jet flow through the outlet of the duct, while an upward rebounded flow with the vortex rings is also generated to affect the aerodynamic forces and powers of both the duct and propeller. As the influence of the high-pressure zone, the thrust of the propeller increases. However, the thrust of the duct decreases when the rebounded flow is inhaled again into the duct. With the increase of the heights between the ground and the ducted propeller, the ground effect is weakened, and the power of the system recovers more quickly than the thrust. In general, the ground effect seriously affect the aerodynamic efficiency of the ducted propeller in near ground hover state, which should be mainly considered in the process of aerodynamic and conceptual design.

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44

Doig, G., T. J. Barber, E. Leonardi, and A. J. Neely. "The onset of compressibility effects for aerofoils in ground effect." Aeronautical Journal 111, no. 1126 (December 2007): 797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001913.

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Abstract The influence of flow compressibility on a highly-cambered inverted aerofoil in ground effect is presented, based on two-dimensional computational studies. This type of problem has relevance to open-wheel racing cars, where local regions of high-speed subsonic flow form under favourable pressure gradients, even though the maximum freestream Mach number is typically considerably less than Mach 0·3. An important consideration for CFD users in this field is addressed in this paper: the freestream Mach number at which flow compressibility significantly affects aerodynamic performance. More broadly, for aerodynamicists, the consequences of this are also considered. Comparisons between incompressible and compressible CFD simulations are used to identify important changes to the flow characteristics caused by density changes, highlighting the inappropriateness of incompressible simulations of ground effect flows for freestream Mach numbers as low as 0·15.

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45

OKA, Takayuki, Takenori MATSUBARA, and Muneshige OKUDE. "Lift Enhancement of Ground-Effect Wing (3rd Report, Analysis of Aerodynamic Performance of Wing in Ground Effect)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 71, no. 709 (2005): 2278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.71.2278.

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46

Barber, T. J., E. Leonardi, and R. D. Archer. "A Technical Note on the appropriate CFD boundary conditions for the prediction of ground effect aerodynamics." Aeronautical Journal 103, no. 1029 (November 1999): 545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000064368.

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The accurate prediction of ground effect aerodynamics is an important aspect of wing-in-ground effect vehicle (WIG) design. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions are useful alternatives to expensive (especially in the case of ground effect) wind-tunnel testing. However, the incorporation of the rigid surface effects often leads to confusion due to such a model being in a vehicle fixed reference frame (air moving, vehicle fixed) rather than the real-life situation of a ground fixed reference frame (air fixed, vehicle moving).

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47

Kowalik, Maria. "Fungi colonizing toxic acid soils in the dumping ground of the "Bełchatów" brown coal mine." Acta Mycologica 33, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1998.013.

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The results of two years' studies on post-mining toxic acid soils of thc "Bełchatów" dumping grounds neutralized with chalk, ash, limestone, burnt lime, and ground phosphate rock are presented. The neutralization with ground phosphate rock and ash had the most favourable effect on the development of soil fungi.

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Bai, Chong Xi, Xin Yan Shao, and Qiu Ping Wang. "Effect of Overload on Bearing Capacity of FRP Reinforced Ground." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.655.

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Concrete blocks were arranged on both sides of the strip foundation to simulate overload. Model tests with overload or not were conducted, for four test programs including pure sand ground, single plate reinforced ground, double plates reinforced ground and single plate with two anchorage ends reinforced ground. The influence of overload on bearing capacity and settlement of ground, earth pressure and strain of FRP was analyzed. The test results showed that overload can enhance the bearing capacity, and reduce the ground settlement in a certain extent, with the beneficial effects of overload on reinforcement effect being decreased while the amount of reinforcement was increased.

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NAKAGAWA, Toru, Satoshi KIKUCHI, Shigeki IMAO, and Yasuaki KOZATO. "207 Effect of Dihedral Angle on Wing in Ground Effect." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2011.60 (2011): _207–1_—_207–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2011.60._207-1_.

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Barbut, S. "Effect of lighting on ground beef acceptability." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-082.

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The effects of incandescent (INC), cool-white fluorescent (FL), and metal halide (MH) light sources on the appearance of medium, lean, and extra lean ground beef meat were investigated. Meat color with INC illumination was preferred (P < 0.05) over that with MH illumination for all meat types, and over FL illumination for extra-lean and medium meats. The majority of the panelists described the meat as red under INC lighting, but brown or dark red under FL and MH lighting. Relative luminance data, collected with a fiber optic probe connected to a photo diode array, demonstrated the reason to be a lack of redness in the FL and MH light sources. Key words: Acceptability, beef, color, hamburger, meat, spectra, sensory

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