Journal articles on the topic 'Ground and surface water biodiversity'
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1
Çolak, Mehmet Arda, Barış Öztaş, İbrahim Kaan Özgencil, Melisa Soyluer, Mustafa Korkmaz, Arely Ramírez-García, Melisa Metin, et al. "Increased Water Abstraction and Climate Change Have Substantial Effect on Morphometry, Salinity, and Biotic Communities in Lakes: Examples from the Semi-Arid Burdur Basin (Turkey)." Water 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14081241.
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Global warming and altered precipitation patterns are predicted to intensify the water loss in semi-arid and arid regions, and such regions in Turkey will be particularly affected. Moreover, water abstraction, not least for irrigation purposes, is expected to increase markedly, posing major threats to the water balance of the lakes and thus their biodiversity. Among the closed basins in Turkey, the Burdur Closed Basin (BCB), located in the southwest of Turkey, is expected to be most affected. The BCB includes several types of aquatic ecosystems which support high biodiversity, including one Ramsar site, six Important Bird Areas, and a considerable richness of native and endemic fish species. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the potential environmental impacts of climate change and increased water abstraction on BCB lakes and their biotic communities. Here, we combined historical data on ecosystems as well as meteorological, remote sensing, and ground-truth data to analyze the changes in the temperature and precipitation of the BCB, water surface areas, and land use, as well as the potential effects on waterbird and fish communities. We calculated the water budget to elucidate water availability in the basin over the last few decades and predicted future conditions based on rainfall and temperature forecasts using climate models. The Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was used to relate the water surface area to precipitation and temperature change in the basin. Crop-farming irrigation in the BCB has increased notably since 2004, leading to intensive water abstraction from the lakes and their inflows, as well as from ground water, to meet the increased demand for irrigation. The water abstraction from the lakes, inflows to the lakes, and the groundwater in the basin has increased the water loss in the catchment substantially. Remotely sensed data on lake surface areas showed a major shrinkage of shallow lakes in the last 40 years. Moreover, the largest lake in the basin, Lake Burdur, lost nearly half of its surface area, which is worrisome since the shallower areas are the most suitable for supporting high biodiversity. Climate models (CNRM-ESM2-1GCM for temperature and GFDL-ESM4-GCM for precipitation) suggest that from 2070, the BCB will face long-term, moderate-to-severe dry periods. This, and the increased demand for water for irrigation, along with climate change, may accelerate the drying of these lakes in the near future with devastating effects on the lake ecosystems and their biodiversity.
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P S, Dr Anju, and Dr Jaya D S. "Impacts of Clay Mining Activities on Aquatic Ecosystems: A Critical Review." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.d3495.0411422.
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The unconsolidated earth surface is a rich source of minerals, of which clay is one of the richest natural minerals, having various natural and anthropogenic properties. Natural clay is widely available as a cheaper resource, which is non toxic to ecosystems and has the property of preserving ground water and aquifers. At the same time, the ubiquitous and widespread occurrence of clay will have the property to control toxic materials. The uncontrolled exploitation or mining of clay minerals will affect the aquatic ecosystem's sustainability in many ways. Water quality is very essential for the healthy environment and human life, whereas unpredictable conditions like flooding, drought, groundwater loss, loss of biodiversity, and health impacts on the surrounding inhabitants are some of the signs of ecosystem loss. The unwanted mined clay is deposited into the surrounding area of the mining environment, resulting in top soil, ground water, and surface water pollution. The review paper describes the pollution aspects of the aquatic ecosystem with special emphasis on ground water, aquifers, fresh water (lotic and lentic), sediment, and marine ecology and hydrology.
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Singh, Sanjay. "Forestry Research in Mine Reclamation in India: Past, Present and Future." Indian Journal of Forestry 43, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2021-82p483.
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Minerals greatly influence the economic growth of any country. However, extensive mining can adversely affect the natural environment in the form of loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, contamination of surface and ground water. Therefore, restoration and reclamation of mined sites become priority areas of intervention. This review paper deals with history, current status and priorities of forestry research in the area of mine reclamation in India. The foresters need to align their activities in line with the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration during 2021-2030.
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Schirmer, M., J. Luster, N. Linde, P. Perona, E. A. D. Mitchell, D. A. Barry, J. Hollender, et al. "Morphological, hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological changes and challenges in river restoration – the Thur River case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 6 (June 27, 2014): 2449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2449-2014.
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Abstract. River restoration can enhance river dynamics, environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity, but the underlying processes governing the dynamic changes need to be understood to ensure that restoration projects meet their goals, and adverse effects are prevented. In particular, we need to comprehend how hydromorphological variability quantitatively relates to ecosystem functioning and services, biodiversity as well as ground- and surface water quality in restored river corridors. This involves (i) physical processes and structural properties, determining erosion and sedimentation, as well as solute and heat transport behavior in surface water and within the subsurface; (ii) biogeochemical processes and characteristics, including the turnover of nutrients and natural water constituents; and (iii) ecological processes and indicators related to biodiversity and ecological functioning. All these aspects are interlinked, requiring an interdisciplinary investigation approach. Here, we present an overview of the recently completed RECORD (REstored CORridor Dynamics) project in which we combined physical, chemical, and biological observations with modeling at a restored river corridor of the perialpine Thur River in Switzerland. Our results show that river restoration, beyond inducing morphologic changes that reshape the river bed and banks, triggered complex spatial patterns of bank infiltration, and affected habitat type, biotic communities and biogeochemical processes. We adopted an interdisciplinary approach of monitoring the continuing changes due to restoration measures to address the following questions: How stable is the morphological variability established by restoration? Does morphological variability guarantee an improvement in biodiversity? How does morphological variability affect biogeochemical transformations in the river corridor? What are some potential adverse effects of river restoration? How is river restoration influenced by catchment-scale hydraulics and which feedbacks exist on the large scale? Beyond summarizing the major results of individual studies within the project, we show that these overarching questions could only be addressed in an interdisciplinary framework.
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Kędziora, Andrzej. "The Network Of Shelterbelts As An Agroforestry System Controlling The Water Resources And Biodiversity In The Agricultural Landscape." Papers on Global Change IGBP 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/igbp-2015-0016.
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Abstract Long-term human activity has led to many unfavourable changes in landscape structure. The main negative effect has been a simplification of landscape structure reflecting the removal of stable ecosystems, such as forests, shelterbelts, strips of meadows and so on, which were converted into unstable ecosystems, mainly farmlands. Thanks to these changes, serious threats have been posed to the sustainable development of rural areas. The most hazardous of these involve a deteriorating of water balance, increased surface and ground water pollution, and impoverishment of biodiversity. An agroforestry system can serve as a toolkit which allows counteracting such negative changes in the landscape. This paper presents the main findings emerge from long-term investigations on the above issues carried out by the Institute for the Agricultural and Forest Environment of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
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Schirmer, M., J. Luster, N. Linde, P. Perona, E. A. D. Mitchell, D. A. Barry, O. A. Cirpka, P. Schneider, T. Vogt, and E. Durisch-Kaiser. "River restoration: morphological, hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological changes and challenges." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2013): 10913–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-10913-2013.
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Abstract. River restoration is essential as a means to enhance river dynamics, environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity. The underlying processes governing the dynamic changes need to be understood thoroughly to ensure that restoration projects meet their goals. In particular, we need to understand quantitatively how hydromorphological variability relates to ecosystem functioning and services, biodiversity and (ground)water quality in restored river corridors. Here, we provide a short overview on the literature and present a study of a restored river corridor in Switzerland combining physical, chemical, and biological observations with modeling. The results show complex spatial patterns of bank infiltration, habitat-type, biotic communities and biogeochemical processes. In particular, we found an increase in taxonomic and functional diversity for earthworms, testate amoebae and bacteria in the restored part of the river. This complexity is driven by river hydrology and morphodynamics, which are in turn actively coupled to riparian vegetation processes. Given this complexity and the multiple constraints on the uses and management of floodplains, a multi-disciplinary approach is needed to monitor the success of restoration measures and to make recommendations for future restoration projects.
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de Vries, Wim, Hans Kros, Oene Oenema, and Jan Willem Erisman. "Assessment of Nitrogen Ceilings for Dutch Agricultural Soils to Avoid Adverse Environmental Impacts." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 898–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.333.
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In the Netherlands, high traffic density and intensive animal husbandry have led to high emissions of reactive nitrogen (N) into the environment. This leads to a series of environmental impacts, including: (1) nitrate (NO3) contamination of drinking water, (2) eutrophication of freshwater lakes, (3) acidification and biodiversity impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, (4) ozone and particle formation affecting human health, and (5) global climate change induced by emissions of N2O. Measures to control reactive N emissions were, up to now, directed towards those different environmental themes. Here we summarize the results of a study to analyse the agricultural N problem in the Netherlands in an integrated way, which means that all relevant aspects are taken into account simultaneously. A simple N balance model was developed, representing all crucial processes in the N chain, to calculate acceptable N inputs to the farm (so-called N ceiling) and to the soil surface (application in the field) by feed concentrates, organic manure, fertiliser, deposition, and N fixation. The N ceilings were calculated on the basis of critical limits for NO3concentrations in groundwater, N concentrations in surface water, and ammonia (NH3) emission targets related to the protection of biodiversity of natural areas. Results show that in most parts of the Netherlands, except the western and the northern part, the N ceilings are limited by NH3emissions, which are derived from critical N loads for nature areas, rather than limits for both ground- and surface water. On the national scale, the N ceiling ranges between 372 and 858 kton year–1depending on the choice of critical limits. The current N import is 848 kton year–1. A decrease of nearly 60% is needed to reach the ceilings that are necessary to protect the environment against all adverse impacts of N pollution from agriculture.
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Sishu, Feleke K., Seifu A. Tilahun, Petra Schmitter, Getachew Assefa, and Tammo S. Steenhuis. "Pesticide Contamination of Surface and Groundwater in an Ethiopian Highlands’ Watershed." Water 14, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213446.
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Agricultural intensification in sub-Saharan African countries has significantly increased pesticide applications. Information on pesticide residues and their transport in groundwater and streams is needed to properly manage and reduce any harm to the ecosystem and environment. This information is lacking in the volcanic soils of Ethiopian highlands. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess pesticide concentrations in ground and surface water and their risk to humans and aquatic life. The 9 km2 rural watershed Robit Bata in the Lake Tana Basin was selected. Crops were grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Pesticide use was assessed, and groundwater samples were collected from eight wells and surface water samples at the outlet twice in the rain phase and once in the dry phase. Samples were analyzed for chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, (α and β) endosulfan, profenofos, NO3−, and pH. Chlorpyrifos and endosulfan, which are strongly adsorbed and slowly degrading pesticides, were found in nearly all surface and groundwater samples, with maximum concentrations in surface water of 8 µg L−¹ for chlorpyrifos and 3 µg L−¹ endosulfan. Maximum groundwater concentrations were only slightly lower. The weakly adsorbed and fast degrading pesticides, dimethoate, and profenofos were detected only in the rain phase after spraying in the groundwater, indicating preferential transport to groundwater at depths of up to 9 m. The average concentration was 0.38 μg L−¹ for dimethoate in surface waters and 1.24 μg L−¹ in groundwater. Profenofos was not detected in surface water. In the groundwater, the average concentration was 0.05 μg L−¹. Surface water concentrations of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan were highly toxic to fish. The World Health Organization banned these pesticides worldwide. It should be phased out for use in Ethiopia to safeguard the ecological health of Lake Tana, which is rich in biodiversity and endemic fish species.
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Khan, Mehreen. "Impact of urbanization on water resources of Pakistan: A review." NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24949/njes.v12i1.230.
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This paper summarizes the various dimensions and impacts of urbanization on Pakistan’s water resources in order to provide foundations for future water policy that will lead towards country’s socio-economic development. Urbanization is considered as a major trend of 21st century in many developing countries. Along with urbanization, increase in population growth in recent years has put a pressure on the world’s water resources in terms of water demand and pollution. Various issues related to water sector in urban areas of Pakistan have been identified including contamination of surface and ground water resources through industrial, agricultural and domestic discharge of waste and waste water, increasing floods, loss of wetlands and aquatic biodiversity, sea water intrusion and subsidence, physical reduction in water resources quantity and quality and operational and managerial incapacities. There are some other issues like unequal water distribution which together with population burden, rapid urbanization and growing industrialization are posing a huge challenge for Pakistan’s water management in 21st century. Taken together all the studies, this review suggests that to reduce vulnerability to water resources of Pakistan, there is a need for new systems of urban planning and governance institutions as the core of Pakistan’s water crisis is water management.
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Knapp, Schmauck, and Zehnsdorf. "Biodiversity Impact of Green Roofs and Constructed Wetlands as Progressive Eco-Technologies in Urban Areas." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 5846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205846.
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The total amount of sealed surfaces is increasing in many urban areas, which presents a challenge for sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants when extreme rainfall events occur. One promising solution approach is the application of decentralized eco-technologies for water management such as green roofs and constructed wetlands, which also have the potential to improve urban biodiversity. We review the effects of these two eco-technologies on species richness, abundance and other facets of biodiversity (e.g., functional diversity). We find that while green roofs support fewer species than ground-level habitats and thus are not a substitute for the latter, the increase in green roof structural diversity supports species richness. Species abundance benefits from improved roof conditions (e.g., increased substrate depth). Few studies have investigated the functional diversity of green roofs so far, but the typical traits of green roof species have been identified. The biodiversity of animals in constructed wetlands can be improved by applying animal-aided design rather than by solely considering engineering requirements. For example, flat and barrier-free shore areas, diverse vegetation, and heterogeneous surroundings increase the attractiveness of constructed wetlands for a range of animals. We suggest that by combining and making increasing use of these two eco-technologies in urban areas, biodiversity will benefit.
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Richardson, William, Tamzen K. Stringham, Wade Lieurance, and Keirith A. Snyder. "Changes in Meadow Phenology in Response to Grazing Management at Multiple Scales of Measurement." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 4028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204028.
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Riparian and ground-water dependent ecosystems found in the Great Basin of North America are heavily utilized by livestock and wildlife throughout the year. Due to this constant pressure, grazing can be a major influence on many groundwater dependent resources. It is important for land managers to understand how intensity and timing of grazing affect the temporal availability of these commodities (i.e., biodiversity, water filtration, forage, habitat). Shifts in forage or water availability could potentially be harmful for fauna that rely on them at specific times of the year. Seven meadow communities, each consisting of three distinct vegetative communities, were grazed at three intensities to determine the relationship between grazing management and phenological timing of vegetation. The agreement of on-the-ground measurements, near-surface digital cameras (phenocams), and satellite-based indices of greenness was examined for a two-year period (2019–2020) over these grazing and vegetative community gradients. Field determined phenology, phenocam Green Chromatic Coordinate (GCC), and Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were all highly correlated and the relationship did not change across the treatments. Timing of growth varied in these ecosystems depending on yearly precipitation and vegetative type. Communities dominated by mesic sedges had growing seasons which stopped earlier in the year. Heavier grazing regimes, however, did not equate to significant changes in growing season. Ultimately, shifts in phenology occurred and were successfully monitored at various spatial and temporal scales.
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Seidel, Michael, Christopher Hutengs, Felix Oertel, Daniel Schwefel, András Jung, and Michael Vohland. "Underwater Use of a Hyperspectral Camera to Estimate Optically Active Substances in the Water Column of Freshwater Lakes." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111745.
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Freshwater lakes provide many important ecosystem functions and services to support biodiversity and human well-being. Proximal and remote sensing methods represent an efficient approach to derive water quality indicators such as optically active substances (OAS). Measurements of above-ground remote and in situ proximal sensors, however, are limited to observations of the uppermost water layer. We tested a hyperspectral imaging system, customized for underwater applications, with the aim to assess concentrations of chlorophyll a (CHLa) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the water columns of four freshwater lakes with different trophic conditions in Central Germany. We established a measurement protocol that allowed consistent reflectance retrievals at multiple depths within the water column independent of ambient illumination conditions. Imaging information from the camera proved beneficial for an optimized extraction of spectral information since low signal areas in the sensor’s field of view, e.g., due to non-uniform illumination, and other interfering elements, could be removed from the measured reflectance signal for each layer. Predictive hyperspectral models, based on the 470 nm–850 nm reflectance signal, yielded estimates of both water quality parameters (R² = 0.94, RMSE = 8.9 µg L−1 for CHLa; R² = 0.75, RMSE = 0.22 m−1 for CDOM) that were more accurate than commonly applied waveband indices (R² = 0.83, RMSE = 13.2 µg L−1 for CHLa; R² = 0.66, RMSE = 0.25 m−1 for CDOM). Underwater hyperspectral imaging could thus facilitate future water monitoring efforts through the acquisition of consistent spectral reflectance measurements or derived water quality parameters along the water column, which has the potential to improve the link between above-surface proximal and remote sensing observations and in situ point-based water probe measurements for ground truthing or to resolve the vertical distribution of OAS.
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Beazley, Lindsay I., Ellen L. Kenchington, Francisco Javier Murillo, and María del Mar Sacau. "Deep-sea sponge grounds enhance diversity and abundance of epibenthic megafauna in the Northwest Atlantic." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 7 (August 16, 2013): 1471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst124.
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AbstractBeazley, L. I., Kenchington E. L., Murillo, F. J., and Sacau, M. 2013. Deep-sea sponge grounds enhance diversity and abundance of epibenthic megafauna in the Northwest Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: . The influence of structure-forming deep-water sponge grounds on the composition, diversity, and abundance of the local epibenthic megafaunal community of the Flemish Pass area, Northwest Atlantic was statistically assessed. These habitats are considered vulnerable marine ecosystems and, therefore, warrant conservation measures to protect them from bottom fishing activities. The epibenthic megafauna were quantified from four photographic transects, three of which were located on the western slope of the Flemish Cap with an overall depth range of 444–940 m, and the fourth in the southern Flemish Pass between 1328 and 1411 m. We observed a diverse megafaunal community dominated by large numbers of ophiuroids and sponges. On the slope of the Flemish Cap, sponge grounds were dominated by axinellid and polymastid sponges, while the deeper sponge ground in the southern Flemish Pass was formed mainly by geodiids and Asconema sp. The presence of structure-forming sponges was associated with a higher biodiversity and abundance of associated megafauna compared with non-sponge habitat. The composition of megafauna significantly differed between sponge grounds and non-sponge grounds and also between different sponge morphologies. Surface chlorophyll a and near-bottom salinity were important environmental determinants in generalized linear models of megafaunal species richness and abundance.
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Naber, Elias, Rebekka Volk, Kai Mörmann, Denise Boehnke, Thomas Lützkendorf, and Frank Schultmann. "Namares—A Surface Inventory and Intervention Assessment Model for Urban Resource Management." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 8485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148485.
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Densely built-up areas are challenged by reduced biodiversity, high volumes of runoff water, reduced evaporation, and heat accumulation. Such phenomena are associated with imperviousness and low, unsustainable utilisation of land and exterior building surfaces. Local authorities have multiple objectives when (re-)developing future-proof districts. Hence, exploiting local potentials to mitigate adverse anthropogenic effects and managing the resource of urban land/surfaces have become key priorities. Accordingly, a five-level hierarchy for a land-sensitive urban development strategy was derived. To support the operationalisation of the hierarchy, we present the model Namares, a highly resolved GIS-based approach to enable spatially explicit identification and techno-economic and environmental assessment of intervention measures for advantageous utilisation of available surfaces per land parcel. It uses existing data and covers the management of economic, natural, and technical resources. Nine intervention measures are implemented to identify potentials, estimate investments and annual costs, and assess the appeal of existing subsidies. The approach was applied to a case study redevelopment area in a large city in Germany. The results provide spatially explicit information on greening potentials, estimated investments, subsidy demand, and other quantified benefits. The case study results show the limited potential for additional unsealing of impervious surfaces by transforming ca. 10% of sealed ground surface area into new urban gardens. At the same time, up to 47% of roof and 30% of facade surfaces could be utilised for greening and energy harvesting. The approach enables a comprehensive localisation and quantitative assessment of intervention potentials to enhance decision support in land-sensitive urban development strategies.
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Mioduszewski, Waldemar. "Small (natural) water retention in rural areas / Mała (naturalna) retencja wodna na obszarach wiejskich." Journal of Water and Land Development 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2014-0005.
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Abstract Since 1960`s in Poland a phrase „small retention” has been used although it has been unknown in other countries. “Small retention” means various forms of human activity aiming towards limiting the fast water runoff after snow melting and heavy rains. It is believed that water that has been retained in periods of its excess can supply water courses during summer. It can also be used for agricultural purposes as it increases water availability for crops and improves biodiversity of rural areas. Many different methods of water retention have been defined. Among others, increase of potential retention of surface waters can be achieved by construction of reservoirs or damming on rivers and lakes. Ground water retention capacity can be improved by increasing recharge of aquifers and improvement of soil structure in the aeration zone. Due to the form and way of implementation of small retention measures they can be divided into technical and non-technical measures. In other words, small retention can be defined as a set of measures aiming towards reconstruction of natural retention in the catchment that has been modified or destroyed by human activity. In this paper, it has been stressed that activities and tasks undertaken in Europe in recent years under phrase “increase of natural retention” can be covered by the definition of small retention.
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Jotheri, Jaafar, Malath Feadha, Jassim Al-Janabi, and Raheem Alabdan. "Landscape Archaeology of Southern Mesopotamia: Identifying Features in the Dried Marshes." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710961.
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The landscape of the Mesopotamian floodplain is mainly structured by channel processes, including the formation of levees, meanders, scrollbars, oxbow lakes, crevasse splays, distributary channels, inter-distributary bays, and marshes. Moreover, several human-made features also form and shape this landscape, such as canals, roads, trenches, farms, and settlement sites ranging in size from villages to cities. A significant part of the Mesopotamian floodplain is covered by marshes, especially the southern region. These marshlands have thrived for thousands of years and are well known for their sustainable biodiversity and ecosystem. However, after the deliberate draining of the marshes in the 1990s, the areas have become dry and only small areas of shallow water and narrow strips of vegetation remain. Several kinds of archaeological landscape features have appeared on the surface and can be clearly identified in both ground surveys and with the use of remote sensing tools. This paper aims to determine the type and nature of the preserved archaeological features that appear in the landscape of the dried marshes and whether they are different from other features elsewhere in the Mesopotamian floodplain. An intensive ground survey was carried out in a selected area of the dried marshland, resulting in the identification of six types of archaeological features: settlement sites, rivers, canals, farms, grooves, and roads (hollow ways). These features used to be covered by bodies of deep water and dense zones of vegetation (reeds and papyrus).
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Centeri, Csaba. "Effects of Grazing on Water Erosion, Compaction and Infiltration on Grasslands." Hydrology 9, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9020034.
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Seventy-seven percent of all agricultural land is related to livestock, meat and dairy, including grazing land and arable fields used for animal feed production. The effect of livestock on the natural environment is well documented. Many types of research describe these effects on biodiversity. The surface runoff and soil erosion on grasslands and pastures are investigated with smaller intensity since grasslands are one of the two major land uses that are considered as natural or at least semi-natural lands. Still, mainly due to overuse, grazing on sloping pasture lands can cause severe soil damage, the trampling can cause compaction, compaction decrease infiltration and thus increase runoff and, consequently, soil loss. There are several consequences of the grazing pressure that cause water erosion and surface runoff above the acceptable limit, such as a dramatic decrease in grass densities and/or above-ground bio-mass, compaction, animal tracks, etc. Related research started as early as 1911 and continues until today. There are several methods to analyse the consequences of grazing pressure, e.g., in situ rainfall simulations, infiltration and soil resilience measurements, modelling of runoff, soil loss and infiltration, calculation of ecological costs, etc. Furthermore, most importantly, scientists are investigating the possibilities for improvement of the achieved unstable grazing system due to bad management. Numerous publications have been publishing results on positive changes with the removal of grazing livestock from the grasslands. However, since the socio-economic situation is changing on Earth, more people requiring the products of the pastures, an optimal grazing solution is greatly needed. One of the solutions can be the planning of the optimal animal unit per area, based on the expected grass yields. However, due to the big differences in yields, caused by the greatly unreliable weather, the solution for the future must be a multifunctional agriculture and a flexible land use.
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Samara, Fatin, Nadia Solovieva, Thouraya Ghalayini, Zaina Anwar Nasrallah, and Maria Saburova. "Assessment of the Environmental Status of the Mangrove Ecosystem in the United Arab Emirates." Water 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061623.
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In the Arabian Gulf, mangroves play a particularly important role in maintaining biodiversity. Water and intertidal sediments were collected from eight sampling locations in April 2017 to assess the environmental status of the mangrove forest in the Khor al Beida, Umm Al Quwain, which is one of the largest natural mangrove forests in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Khor al Beida is also a breeding ground for the largest Gulf colony of a regionally endemic Socotra cormorant. Total metal concentrations of water and sediments were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ranged between 0.001–2.873 mg/L and 0.08–12683.02 mg/kg, respectively. Most metals were within permissible levels, except for copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, and nickel. Hazard Quotient calculations showed low risk to the ecosystem in relation to the presence of heavy metals, with the exception of zinc. Fifty-three diatom species of pennate benthic forms were identified in the intertidal sediments. For the first time in the UAE, diatom composition and diatom diversity values were quantitatively estimated in the surface sediments and a short sediment core. Overall, the assessment suggests that the mangrove forest is currently undisturbed and shows very little anthropogenic impact; yet, protection and conservation efforts are necessary in order to maintain its current status.
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Eijsackers, H., M. Maboeta, and P. Doelman. "Vital soil as basis for sustainable soil management, a survey of soil problems in The Netherlands and the way to tackle it, with an assessment for the South African situation." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 25, no. 4 (September 22, 2006): 300–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v25i4.174.
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In the past decades, soils in South Africa as well as The Netherlands have become increasingly deteriorated as a result of chemical and physical factors. Soil contamination, acidification, desiccation and erosion have caused negative impacts on land surfaces which are still on the increase. Soil functions like primary plant production, natural soil water clean up, basis and substrate for the above ground biodiversity and food chains, have become completely or partially impaired. The awareness, that soil is a vital and living system has to become the basis of soil policy and soil management. This paper is a plea for such an approach. It describes the various threats, what a vital soil is and which factors play a key role in this vital system: soil structure, buffer capacity, organic matter content, and the variety of soil organisms. It also indicates how the vitality of the soil should be monitored.
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El Kenawy, Ahmed M., Mohamed E. Hereher, and Sayed M. Robaa. "An Assessment of the Accuracy of MODIS Land Surface Temperature over Egypt Using Ground-Based Measurements." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 12, 2019): 2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202369.
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Space-based data have provided important advances in understanding climate systems and processes in arid and semi-arid regions, which are hot-spot regions in terms of climate change and variability. This study assessed the performance of land surface temperatures (LSTs), retrieved from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua platform, over Egypt. Eight-day composites of daytime and nighttime LST data were aggregated and validated against near-surface seasonal and annual observational maximum and minimum air temperatures using data from 34 meteorological stations spanning the period from July 2002 to June 2015. A variety of accuracy metrics were employed to evaluate the performance of LST, including the bias, normalized root-mean-square error (nRMSE), Yule–Kendall (YK) skewness measure, and Spearman’s rho coefficient. The ability of LST to reproduce the seasonal cycle, anomalies, temporal variability, and the distribution of warm and cold tails of observational temperatures was also evaluated. Overall, the results indicate better performance of the nighttime LSTs compared to the daytime LSTs. Specifically, while nighttime LST tended to underestimate the minimum air temperature during winter, spring, and autumn on the order of −1.3, −1.2, and −1.4 °C, respectively, daytime LST markedly overestimated the maximum air temperature in all seasons, with values mostly above 5 °C. Importantly, the results indicate that the performance of LST over Egypt varies considerably as a function of season, lithology, and land use. LST performs better during transitional seasons (i.e., spring and autumn) compared to solstices (i.e., winter and summer). The varying interactions and feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere, especially the differences between sensible and latent heat fluxes, contribute largely to these seasonal variations. Spatially, LST performs better in areas with sandstone formations and quaternary sediments and, conversely, shows lower accuracy in regions with limestone, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. This behavior can be expected in hybrid arid and semi-arid regions like Egypt, where bare rocks contribute to the majority of the Egyptian territory, with a lack of vegetation cover. The low surface albedo of igneous and limestone rocks may explain the remarkable overestimation of daytime temperature in these regions, compared to the bright formations of higher surface albedo (i.e., sandy deserts and quaternary rocks). Overall, recalling the limited coverage of meteorological stations in Egypt, this study demonstrates that LST obtained from the MODIS product can be trustworthily employed as a surrogate for or a supplementary source to near-surface measurements, particularly for minimum air temperature. On the other hand, some bias correction techniques should be applied to daytime LSTs. In general, the fine space-based climatic information provided by MODIS LST can be used for a detailed spatial assessment of climate variability in Egypt, with important applications in several disciplines such as water resource management, hydrological modeling, agricultural management and planning, urban climate, biodiversity, and energy consumption, amongst others. Also, this study can contribute to a better understanding of the applications of remote sensing technology in assessing climatic feedbacks and interactions in arid and semi-arid regions, opening new avenues for developing innovative algorithms and applications specifically addressing issues related to these regions.
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M. Ogunmodede, Adewale. "Conservation Agriculture: An Agroecological Approach to Adapting and Mitigating Climate Change Impacts on Malawi’s Agriculture." International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, no. 67 (September 30, 2020): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijwpds.67.88.96.
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Although Africa’s contribution to the world’s greenhouse gas emission is the smallest compared to other continents, yet they tend to be affected most by the variability in Climate. Malawi is not an exception to this climate change, as they are not just faced with rising temperatures and variable rainfall patterns, but with reoccurring droughts and severe flooding. Agriculture has been noted to contribute significantly to not only climate change but also has significant impacts on global warming through its greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, not all farming systems impact negatively on climate change. Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that encourages no or minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of crop species. These three interlinked principles combined with good agricultural practices promote biodiversity and normal biotic processes, both on and under the ground surface, thereby increasing the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of water, into a more resilient farming system which will help sustain and improve agricultural production. This review looks at Conservation Agriculture practices in the Machinga Agricultural Development Division of Malawi and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper shows that Conservation Agriculture has played an active role in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions but suggested there is a need for the government to formulate a CA framework that is founded on the three interlinked principles and not just based on soil and water conservation principles which are currently being advocated and practised.
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Ruengsawang, Nisit, Narumon Sangpradub, and Renata Manconi. "Aquatic Insects in Habitat-Forming Sponges: The Case of the Lower Mekong and Conservation Perspectives in a Global Contest." Diversity 14, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110911.
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Shallow water sponges settled on a raft along the Pong River (Lower Mekong Basin, Thailand) were investigated to highlight the taxonomic richness, composition, relative abundance and lifestyle of sponge-dwelling aquatic Insecta. The three-dimensional biogenic structures of the model sponges hosted 4 orders of Insecta, belonging to 10 families and 19 genera/species, able to strictly coexist at the level of the sponges in aquiferous canals and/or at the body surface, and/or dwelling in the extracellular matrix. On the basis of the identified 379 larvae and pupae, Trichoptera and Diptera were found to be the dominant inhabitants of Corvospongilla siamensis (Demospongiae: Spongillida), endemic to Southeast Asia. In the focused lotic ecosystem, dominated by soft bottoms, sponges play a functional role. Insecta use sponges as a substratum, nursery ground, food source, and shelter microhabitat, protecting them from predation and environmental aggression. Moreover, their feeding behavior indicates the insects’ adaptive traits to recycle sponge siliceous spicules as a source of exogenous material to strengthen the larval–pupal cases and the digestive system. The results of the Thai sponge model contribute to the inventory of global engineering species richness, ecosystem types, and biogeographic diversity, thus raising awareness for freshwater biodiversity conservation. In this regard, the present data, along with the worldwide inventory, focus on sponges as (a) key habitat-forming species for aquatic insect assemblages, (b) ecosystem engineers in river/lake/wetland ecosystems, providing water purification, the processing of organic matter, recycling of nutrients, and freshwater–terrestrial coupling, and (c) promising candidates in restoration projects of tropical freshwater ecosystems by bioremediation.
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Lyalko, Vadym I., Inna F. Romanciuc, Lesia A. Yelistratova, Aleksandr A. Apostolov, and Viktor M. Chekhniy. "Detection of Changes in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Ukraine Using Remote Sensing Data." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 1 (April 9, 2020): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112010.
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In recent years, Ukraine has been affected by climate change. This has led to frequent extreme weather events (heavy / high rains, floods, droughts, squalls). As a result of droughts, desertification is one of the most dangerous and transient consequences of modern climate change. The research is devoted to the diagnostic assessment of the modern climate of Ukraine. Remote sensing data and instrumental observations of 30 weather stations of Ukraine were used. Temperature increase was registered in the study area by all stations, which significantly affected the level of precipitation. At the moment there is not enough moisture for the Earth’s surface. Precipitation in Ukraine is currently characterized by an uneven distribution. It leads to accelerated processes of soil degradation and it’s fertility loss. The aim of the study was to identify areas prone to desertification using satellite imagery and meteorological observations. Over the past 17 years (2000-2017), the average air temperature in Ukraine has increased by 1.5 ºC. Particularly anomalous warming has been recorded in recent years, starting in 2015. During the XXI century, a slight decrease in precipitation was observed in Ukraine. Both a decrease in precipitation and an increase in temperature may lead to a decrease in soil moisture levels. According to ground meteorological data, the tendency of dryness in Ukraine was confirmed. Lack of water leads to prompt manifestation of this process. Water indexes were used to estimate the moisture content of surface soils. It is possible to assess the susceptibility of the desert area to climate change. Relevant quantitative information on water availability in Ukraine is provided. Two water indices (Normalized Difference Infrared Index NDII and Ratio Drought Index RDI) have been taken estimate the moisture content. It can be estimated from the MODIS MOD13C2 product data obtained from the MODIS satellite sensor and used for regional research. The main conclusion of this study is to determine the changes in natural terrestrial ecosystems in Ukraine. This was shown on the basis of temperature and humidity. Such trends may lead to changes in the biodiversity of the territory and loss of natural soil properties.
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Gao, Z. Q., C. S. Liu, W. Gao, and N. B. Chang. "A coupled remote sensing and the Surface Energy Balance with Topography Algorithm (SEBTA) to estimate actual evapotranspiration over heterogeneous terrain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-119-2011.
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Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) may be used as an ecological indicator to address the ecosystem complexity. The accurate measurement of ET is of great significance for studying environmental sustainability, global climate changes, and biodiversity. Remote sensing technologies are capable of monitoring both energy and water fluxes on the surface of the Earth. With this advancement, existing models, such as SEBAL, S_SEBI and SEBS, enable us to estimate the regional ET with limited temporal and spatial coverage in the study areas. This paper extends the existing modeling efforts with the inclusion of new components for ET estimation at different temporal and spatial scales under heterogeneous terrain with varying elevations, slopes and aspects. Following a coupled remote sensing and surface energy balance approach, this study emphasizes the structure and function of the Surface Energy Balance with Topography Algorithm (SEBTA). With the aid of the elevation and landscape information, such as slope and aspect parameters derived from the digital elevation model (DEM), and the vegetation cover derived from satellite images, the SEBTA can account for the dynamic impacts of heterogeneous terrain and changing land cover with some varying kinetic parameters (i.e., roughness and zero-plane displacement). Besides, the dry and wet pixels can be recognized automatically and dynamically in image processing thereby making the SEBTA more sensitive to derive the sensible heat flux for ET estimation. To prove the application potential, the SEBTA was carried out to present the robust estimates of 24 h solar radiation over time, which leads to the smooth simulation of the ET over seasons in northern China where the regional climate and vegetation cover in different seasons compound the ET calculations. The SEBTA was validated by the measured data at the ground level. During validation, it shows that the consistency index reached 0.92 and the correlation coefficient was 0.87.
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Gao, Z. Q., C. S. Liu, W. Gao, and N. B. Chang. "A coupled remote sensing and the Surface Energy Balance with Topography Algorithm (SEBTA) to estimate actual evapotranspiration under complex terrain." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 22, 2010): 4875–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-4875-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Evapotranspiration (ET) may be used as an ecological indicator to address the ecosystem complexity. The accurate measurement of ET is of great significance for studying environmental sustainability, global climate changes, and biodiversity. Remote sensing technologies are capable of monitoring both energy and water fluxes on the surface of the Earth. With this advancement, existing models, such as SEBAL, S_SEBI and SEBS, enable us to estimate the regional ET with limited temporal and spatial scales. This paper extends the existing modeling efforts with the inclusion of new components for ET estimation at varying temporal and spatial scales under complex terrain. Following a coupled remote sensing and surface energy balance approach, this study emphasizes the structure and function of the Surface Energy Balance with Topography Algorithm (SEBTA). With the aid of the elevation and landscape information, such as slope and aspect parameters derived from the digital elevation model (DEM), and the vegetation cover derived from satellite images, the SEBTA can fully account for the dynamic impacts of complex terrain and changing land cover in concert with some varying kinetic parameters (i.e., roughness and zero-plane displacement) over time. Besides, the dry and wet pixels can be recognized automatically and dynamically in image processing thereby making the SEBTA more sensitive to derive the sensible heat flux for ET estimation. To prove the application potential, the SEBTA was carried out to present the robust estimates of 24 h solar radiation over time, which leads to the smooth simulation of the ET over seasons in northern China where the regional climate and vegetation cover in different seasons compound the ET calculations. The SEBTA was validated by the measured data at the ground level. During validation, it shows that the consistency index reached 0.92 and the correlation coefficient was 0.87.
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Moretti, Marco, and Marco Conedera. "Ecologia degli incendi nella Svizzera sudalpina: effetti su suolo, vegetazione e fauna | Fire ecology on the southern side of the Alps in Switzerland: Effect on soil, vegetation and fauna." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 156, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2005.0338.
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The region on the southern side of the Alps in Switzerland is the region most often affected by forest fires. Understanding the effect of the fire on the main components of the ecological system (soil, vegetation, fauna) is extremely important in order to plan possible countering measures and provide correct information for specialists and the public. The present contribution provides a synthesis of all that is known today of forest fire ecology in southern Switzerland. At ground level, fire eliminates the biomass on the surface of the soil creating a level of ash, which changes the chemical and physical characteristic of the soil and renders it temporarily impermeable. Subsequent precipitation, especially during the first year following the fire, flows off the surface and increases water erosion. After an initial temporary increase in the number of species, the diversity of the vegetation becomes impoverished for long periods, especially in cases where fires occur repeatedly. If, on the other hand, surface fires occur at only isolated intervals, the vegetation cover experiences no great changes. The fires have diverse effects on invertebrates: following a single occurrence, species diversity remains constant and the community regenerates itself after 6–14 years. The situation is different if repeated fires occur: the number of species increases and is maintained over a period of 17–24 years after the event. The forest invertebrates that profit most from fires are those that live in openings where sunlight can enter: pollinators and predators that find abundant food on the burnt surfaces. In addition, 12 pyrophile species of plants, fauna and fungi have been recorded on the southern side of the Alps,which depend on fire in their reproductional or life cycles. From a practical point of view, the results show that fires threaten the protective function of forests. In order to generate positive effects of the fire on biodiversity, specific management measures are conceivable that promote the various development stages of the forest and thus its diversity. The discussion with regard to pyrophile species remains open in view of their inseparable union with fire.
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Benchelha, M., F. Benzha, H. Rhinane, and A. Zilali. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF RADAR REMOTE SENSING VIA SENTINEL-1 DATA AND PHOTO-INTERPRETATION BY GOOGLE EARTH IMAGES FOR WETLAND MAPPING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W3-2021 (January 10, 2022): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w3-2021-45-2022.
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Abstract. Wetlands are considered as sensitive ecosystems exposed and threatened by climate change and the urbanization of natural environments. In the purpose of managing these sensitive areas and conservatizing their biodiversity, remote sensing is an efficient way to track environmental variables over large areas as wetlands. However, when it comes to the study of hydrologic dynamics, high temporal and spatial resolutions are essential. Since the access to optical satellite imagery is restrictive because of the large cloud cover that masks the ground, radar sensors that are working in the microwave field, are particularly suited to the characterization of hydrological dynamics due to the sensitivity of their measurements in the presence of water, regardless of the vegetation in place. Recently, radar remote sensing has experienced a real revolution with the launch of the Sentinel-1A satellite in 2014, followed by its twin Sentinel-1B two years later by the European Space Agency as part of the Copernicus program. These sensors acquire C-band data (λ = 5.6 cm) with a temporal resolution of 12 days by satellite and their distribution is open and free. This article aims to assess the potential of Sentinel A1 SAR data for wetland mapping in the city of Benslimane (Central Morocco). The first part is explaining the methodology for mapping water surfaces. We identified a confusion of the C-band radar response of water surfaces and that of certain bare soils. We then showed that the VH polarization is the most suitable for the mapping of water surfaces, comparing four methods of detecting areas in water. It. The second part is discussing the use of unsupervised methods without a priori data demonstrating that the methods taking into account the spatial neighborhood give better results. Temporal filtering has been developed and has made it possible to improve detection and to overcome confusion between bare soil and permanent water surfaces. Water surfaces larger than 0.5 ha are at 80% detected. Classification was performed using the SVM (Support Vector Machine) algorithm. This latter information was then implemented into the thematic map derived from SPOT-4 images to obtain the final weltands map.
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Bouma, Johan, Teresa Pinto-Correia, and Cees Veerman. "Assessing the Role of Soils When Developing Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems Focused on Achieving the UN-SDGs and the EU Green Deal." Soil Systems 5, no. 3 (September 3, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems5030056.
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The general concept of sustainable development has been specified in terms of goals, targets, and indicators by the UN Sustainable Development Goals, adopted in 2015, followed by the Green Deal of the European Union in 2019. The focus on targets and indicators does, however, not address the issue as to how these goals can be achieved for land-related SDGs in the real world, and attention in this paper is therefore focused on how land management can contribute to providing ecosystem services in line with the aims of the SDGs and the Green Deal. Agricultural production systems should at least produce healthy food (SDG2 and 3), protect ground- and surface water quality (SDG6), mitigate climate change (SDG13), avoid soil degradation, and support biodiversity (SDG15). The corresponding ecosystem services are discussed with particular emphasis on the role of soils, which are characterized in terms of soil health, defined as: contributing to ecosystem services in line with the SDGs and the Green Deal. Appropriate management, as developed and proposed by researchers working jointly with farmers in living labs, can only be realized when it is part of sound long-term business plans, supported by independent advice that is focused on farmers’ concerns based on the requirements for adaptive management. The research effort in living labs, addressing “wicked” problems, needs to be judged differently from classical linear research. As the development of successful ecosystem services requires an interdisciplinary research effort based on a systems analysis, SDG-oriented soil research in the future should be focused on: (i) presenting suitable data to the interdisciplinary effort beyond standard data to be found in existing databases; (ii) using soil types as “carriers of information” to allow extrapolation of results; (iii) providing data with a comparable degree of detail when analyzing the various ecosystem services, and (iv) revisit past experiences in soil survey and soil fertility research when contact with farmers was intense, as is again needed in future to realize ecosystem services in line with the SDGs and the Green Deal.
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Prica, Milijana, Gordana Andrejic, Jasmina Sinzar-Sekulic, Tamara Rakic, and Zeljko Dzeletovic. "Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in common reed (Phragmites australis) growing spontaneously on highly contaminated mine tailing ponds in Serbia and potential use of this species in phytoremediation." Botanica Serbica 43, no. 1 (2019): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb1901085p.
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Heavy metal contamination of aquatic ecosystems directly threatens the health, production and biodiversity of aquatic and surrounding terrestrial ecosystems, and it represents a serious global problem. Metal extraction during ore processing produces large amounts of wastes that remain in tailings at the mining site. Fine waste particles represent a long-term source of potentially toxic metals that can be released into the ground and surface water as a result of their progressive chemical weathering. Aquatic macrophythes have a major role in absorption and accumulation of heavy metals and thereby in natural water purification. The presence of naturally growing plants on mine tailing ponds indicates their tolerance of heavy metal pollution and suggests a possible role for them in phytoremediation. In the present study, we analysed the concentrations of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu) in Phragmites australis plants growing spontaneously in shallow water of several mine tailing ponds. The aims of the study were to define chemical properties of the mine spoils, determine the concentrations of heavy metals in different plant organs and assess the phytoremediation potential of common reed. The investigated sediments were notably rich in both total and available forms of Fe, Pb, Zn and Cu, with their upper concentrations close to phytotoxic levels. The greatest amounts of almost all of the investigated metals in plants from all three mine tailing ponds were found in the roots, with their concentrations positively correlated with the amounts of their available forms in the corresponding sediment. The far higher metal concentrations in the roots in comparison with other plant organs clearly indicate that the metals were strongly sequestrated within root cortical tissues and were not transferred across the endodermis. Taken altogether, the presence of the greatest amounts of metals in roots, high bioaccumulation factor and low translocation factor show that P. australis is an excluder plant species with a good phytostabilisation potential. As such, it might be efficiently used in rhizofiltration of wastewaters.
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Jiang, Lu, Tengfei Cui, Hui Liu, and Yong Xue. "Remote Sensing Monitoring and Analytical Evaluation of Grasslands in the Muli Region of Qinghai, China from 2000 to 2021." Land 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101733.
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The mining area in the Muli region, Qinghai Province, China, is an important source of water and an ecological security barrier in the Qilian Mountains region and has a very important ecological status. A series of ecological problems such as vegetation degradation and loss of biodiversity caused by mining have attracted widespread attention. In this paper, we used Landsat secondary data from 2000 to 2021 from the Muli region to obtain the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the vegetation in the Muli region by inversion of the fractional vegetation cover, above-ground biomass and the land surface phenology to comprehensively analyze the ecological changes in the vegetation in the Muli region. The results showed the following: (1) the above-ground biomass and cover of grassland in the Muli region showed a decreasing trend between 2000 and 2021, with a particularly pronounced decrease in grassland cover between 2009 and 2016; (2) the start of the vegetation growth cycle, i.e., the beginning of the vegetation growing season (SOG) became more advanced, the end of the vegetation growing season (EOG) was delayed, and the length of the growing cycle (LOG) became longer for most of the vegetation in the Muli region; (3) the results of this comprehensive analysis showed that the grassland in the Muli region showed dynamic changes with complex characteristics from 2000 to 2021, and anthropogenic disturbances had some influence on ecological indicators such as fractional vegetation cover and biomass. The extension of the vegetation growing season might be related to climate change. Based on the results of this paper, it is recommended to utilize biomass and fractional vegetation cover as indicators to assess the grass growth status of mining sites. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal characteristics of grasslands in the Muli area with several indicators, which will help relevant departments continue to improve and optimize ecological restoration measures. In addition, this study provides a reference for achieving comprehensive restoration of the ecological environment and ecological functions in mining areas.
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Buma, Willibroad Gabila, and Sang-Il Lee. "Multispectral Image-Based Estimation of Drought Patterns and Intensity around Lake Chad, Africa." Remote Sensing 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 2534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11212534.
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As the world population keeps increasing and cultivating more land, the extraction of vegetation conditions using remote sensing is important for monitoring land changes in areas with limited ground observations. Water supply in wetlands directly affects plant growth and biodiversity, which makes monitoring drought an important aspect in such areas. Vegetation Temperature Condition Index (VTCI) which depends on thermal stress and vegetation state, is widely used as an indicator for drought monitoring using satellite data. In this study, using clear-sky Landsat multispectral images, VTCI was derived from Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Derived VTCI was used to observe the drought patterns of the wetlands in Lake Chad between 1999 and 2018. The proportion of vegetation from WorldView-3 images was later introduced to evaluate the methods used. With an overall accuracy exceeding 90% and a kappa coefficient greater than 0.8, these methods accurately acquired vegetation training samples and adaptive thresholds, allowing for accurate estimations of the spatially distributed VTCI. The results obtained present a coherent spatial distribution of VTCI values estimated using LST and NDVI. Most areas during the study period experienced mild drought conditions, though severe cases were often seen around the northern part of the lake. With limited in-situ data in this area, this study presents how VTCI estimations can be developed for drought monitoring using satellite observations. This further shows the usefulness of remote sensing to improve the information about areas that are difficult to access or with poor availability of conventional meteorological data.
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Vervloesem, Jeffrey, Ernesto Marcheggiani, MD Abdul Mueed Choudhury, and Bart Muys. "Effects of Photovoltaic Solar Farms on Microclimate and Vegetation Diversity." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 20, 2022): 7493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127493.
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The need for energy and the increasing importance of climate change mitigation are leading to a conversion from conventional to renewable energy sources. Solar photovoltaic (PV) power has seen the most significant increase among all renewable energy sources. However, most of these installations are land-based, significantly changing global land use (LU). The real impacts, whether positive or negative, are poorly understood. This study was undertaken to have a better understanding of the impacts of solar parks on the microclimate and vegetation dynamics. First, different solar parks were visited to take measurements of the surface temperature (Tsurf), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), air temperature (Tair), and humidity (RH) to quantify the microclimate and perform a vegetation relevé. The measurements were taken at different positions: underneath, in between, and outside solar panels. For vegetation, the data were first converted to diversity indices, which in turn contributed to a multi-indicator land use impact assessment that evaluated effects on vegetation, biodiversity, soil and water. Solar parks had clear effects on microclimate: if the panels were high enough from the ground, they could lower the Tsurf by providing shade and enough airflow. Additionally, the multidimensional functional diversity (FD) analysis of the vegetation indicated that there was less light at a higher humidity and lower temperature underneath the panels. Interestingly, the species underneath the panels also preferred a lower pH and a higher nitrogen level. Finally, the land use impact assessment found that the total land use impact for a wheat field was higher than that of the solar park, which suggests that the conversion of conventional intensive agriculture to a solar park would be beneficial.
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Alikadić, Samir, Mirza Dautbašić, Osman Mujezinović, and Kenan Zahirović. "ANALYSIS OF THE FOREST FIRES IN THE KONJIC MUNICIPALITY IN THE PERIOD OF 2009 - 2013 YEAR." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 46, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2016.v46.i1.78.
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UDK: 630*43(497.6 Konjic)“2009/2013“
Forests as one of the largest renewable sources in nature, are extremely important for human survival. They cover about a quarter of the Earth's surface and are the lungs of all living beings. Rapid technological development has significantly improved the life of a man, but also made a great contribution to the destruction of the natural balance, and reducing biodiversity.
They represent a significant social wealth not only by producing precious and for its quality values in many ways irreplaceable wood material, edible and medicinal plants, but also because its existence is a very positive impact on the protection and improvement of the environment, regulation of climate and water regime, reducing damage from erosion, flood and spate, development of recreation, tourism, hunting and many other economic activities. Fires are one of the strongest and most dangerous agents that man were served in suppressing forest since ancient times, but unfortunately still used today. In many parts of world man suppresses forest and brush with fires, creating a short-term favorable conditions for its economy.
Research that are the subject of this paper is an analysis of the volume of forest fires in the period 2009-2013 year in the municipality of Konjic. The conducted analysis in this area in the period 2009-2013 year recorded 37 fires. Of that number, 20 fires were in the category of crown-fires and 17 ground-fires. The largest number of fires was 14 in 2011, with 310 hectares of fire-affected areas, while the lowest number was recorded in 2010, only three fires and burnt area amounted to 7 ha.
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Linol, Bastien, Warren Miller, Cheryl Rensburg, Renee Schoeman, Lucian Bezuidenhout, Fabien Genin, Barry Morkel, et al. "Earth Stewardship Science—Transdisciplinary Contributions to Quantifying Natural and Cultural Heritage of Southernmost Africa." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030420.
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Evaluating anthropogenic changes to natural systems demand greater quantification through innovative transdisciplinary research focused on adaptation and mitigation across a wide range of thematic sciences. Southernmost Africa is a unique field laboratory to conduct such research linked to earth stewardship, with ‘earth’ as in our Commons. One main focus of the AEON’s Earth Stewardship Science Research Institute (ESSRI) is to quantify the region’s natural and cultural heritage at various scales across land and its flanking oceans, as well as its time-scales ranging from the early Phanerozoic (some 540 million years) to the evolution of the Anthropocene (changes) following the emergence of the first human-culture on the planet some 200 thousand years ago. Here we illustrate the value of this linked research through a number of examples, including: (i) geological field mapping with the aid of drone, satellite and geophysical methods, and geochemical fingerprinting; (ii) regional ground and surface water interaction studies; (iii) monitoring soil erosion, mine tailing dam stability and farming practices linked to food security and development; (iv) ecosystem services through specific biodiversity changes based on spatial logging of marine (oysters and whales) and terrestrial (termites, frogs and monkeys) animals. We find that the history of this margin is highly episodic and complex by, for example, the successful application of ambient noise and groundwater monitoring to assess human-impacted ecosystems. This is also being explored with local Khoisan representatives and rural communities through Citizen Science. Our goal is to publicly share and disseminate the scientific and cultural data, through initiatives like the Africa Alive Corridor 10: ‘Homo Sapiens’ that embraces storytelling along the entire southern coast. It is envisioned that this approach will begin to develop the requisite integrated technological and societal practices that can contribute toward the needs of an ever-evolving and changing global ‘village’.
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Baines, Mick, and Caroline R. Weir. "Predicting suitable coastal habitat for sei whales, southern right whales and dolphins around the Falkland Islands." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): e0244068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244068.
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Species distribution models (SDMs) are valuable tools for describing the occurrence of species and predicting suitable habitats. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) and MaxEnt models to predict the relative densities of four cetacean species (sei whale Balaeanoptera borealis, southern right whale Eubalaena australis, Peale’s dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis, and Commerson’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii) in neritic waters (≤100 m depth) around the Falkland Islands, using boat survey data collected over three seasons (2017–2019). The model predictor variables (PVs) included remotely sensed environmental variables (sea surface temperature, SST, and chlorophyll-a concentration) and static geographical variables (e.g. water depth, distance to shore, slope). The GAM results explained 35 to 41% of the total deviance for sei whale, combined sei whales and unidentified large baleen whales, and Commerson’s dolphins, but only 17% of the deviance for Peale’s dolphins. The MaxEnt models for all species had low to moderate discriminatory power. The relative density of sei whales increased with SST in both models, and their predicted distribution was widespread across the inner shelf which is consistent with the use of Falklands’ waters as a coastal summer feeding ground. Peale’s dolphins and Commerson’s dolphins were largely sympatric across the study area. However, the relative densities of Commerson’s dolphins were generally predicted to be higher in nearshore, semi-enclosed, waters compared with Peale’s dolphins, suggesting some habitat partitioning. The models for southern right whales performed poorly and the results were not considered meaningful, perhaps due to this species exhibiting fewer strong habitat preferences around the Falklands. The modelling results are applicable to marine spatial planning to identify where the occurrence of cetacean species and anthropogenic activities may most overlap. Additionally, the results can inform the process of delineating a potential Key Biodiversity Area for sei whales in the Falkland Islands.
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DESAI, PRANAV S., V. JAYARAMAN, R. R. NAVALGUND, P. RAJARATNAM, R. SRIDHARAN, and B. H. SUBBARAYA. "Use of satellite data in the Geosphere-Biosphere Programme." MAUSAM 54, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v54i1.1511.
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This review paper attempts to present a few cases of the utilization of satellite remote sensing data in the Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (GBP), mainly confined to Indian studies, as the international field is too wide to be covered in a brief review.
In the overall greenhouse gas injection problem, one of the important questions is the extent of carbon fixation in both, terrestrial and marine eco-systems by photosynthesis. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite based sensor called ‘Wide Field Sensor (WiFS)’ and Landsat ‘Thematic Mapper (TM)’ have been used, to estimate terrestrial net-primary productivity, closely linked to carbon fixation. Overall forest area and parameters and biodiversity, are also being monitored. The biome-level characterisation of Indian vegetation is being done using WiFS. The carbon pool and cycle of the Indian regions’ terrestrial ecosystems, are also being estimated in a secular study over a number of years, including both carbon dioxide and methane budgeting; the basic data include both in-situ and satellite data sets. Studies on bio-mass burning are being done from WiFS and DMSP OLS data.
Similarly, attempts have been initiated to estimate the carbon fixation in marine ecosystems, with special reference to the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Productivity/Chlorophyll maps from Indian ‘Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM)’ sensor on Oceansat-1 are the key inputs.
As an important component of ‘Land Ocean Interaction at the Coastal Zone’ under GBP, the Chilika lagoon, Orissa, has been extensively studied with in-situ and satellite data from WiFS and OCM, along with LISS, PAN etc. Relevant processes such as transport of carbon, siltation, littoral drift are being studied, besides changes in water quality and productivity related to landuse modifications.
Climate modeling to predict future climate, particularly rainfall in response to changes in surface characteristics and atmospheric composition, is a vital study under GBP, in progress. In this context, surface factors like sea surface temperature, deforestation (and its effect on albedo), obtained from in-situ and satellite sources, are being incorporated. Another important surface parameter is ground wetness/soil moisture. Steps are initiated to relate brightness temperature observed by Indian ‘Multi-channel Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR)’ on Oceansat-1 to ground wetness and use this globally.
Changes in Himalayan Glaciers are being studied from satellite data. In this, besides WiFS with snow-sensitive channel, stereoscopic PAN is used. Another surface feature of climatic significance is sea-ice at polar regions (Arctic, Antarctic), which too has been mapped seasonally and even, the earlier Nimbus-SMMR based trend extended to present day, from the Indian Oceansat-1 MSMR, in different segments.
Another human disturbance occurs in the form of aerosols from industry, vehicles, domestic fuel etc. Indian Oceansat-1 OCM now, and earlier, IRS-P3’s German Payload ‘Multi-spectral Opto-electronic Scanner (MOS)’ are found useful for not only mapping but analysing size/source characteristics of aerosols. These in turn are being incorporated in model calculations.
The ocean-atmosphere exchange of latent heat (via evaporation) is being estimated from satellite data such as Oceansat-1 MSMR, which is assisting in diagnostics of models.
The radiation budget is an important driver as well as indicator of climate. Radiative fluxes from various satellites/sensors have been compared – e.g. NOAA-AVHRR, INSAT-VHRR, ERBSAT-ERBE. These have been standardized, and utilised in tuning/selecting climate models. Also, special radiative characteristics of the cloud systems in the Indian region have been brought out from such studies.
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Vicente-Vicente, José Luis, Sabine Fuss, Cholho Song, Jongyeol Lee, Moonil Kim, Woo-Kyun Lee, and Yowhan Son. "A Holistic View of Soils in Delivering Ecosystem Services in Forests: A Case Study in South Korea." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060487.
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In 1955, after the Korean War, only 35% of the national land area in South Korea was covered by forests. In the 1960s, the Korean Government implemented the national forestation program in order to increase the extent of the forest surface and thereby counteract the negative ecological consequences from deforestation, such as erosion and ground instability. According to previous studies, this led to an increase in carbon (C) accumulated in the forest biomass of 1.48 Gt CO2 (0.40 Gt C) in the period 1954–2012. However, these studies did not take into account the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) that was accumulated during that period and the influence of management practices on soil ecosystem services. Currently, South Korean authorities are considering the idea of implementing some forest management practices in order to increase timber extraction (e.g., by reducing the cutting age of the trees or by applying thinning and tending measures). In this study, we assess the influence of these management regimes on SOC dynamics and propose a theoretical framework to assess the influence of forest management practices on three ecosystem services, namely, C sequestration, water supply, and biomass production, while considering soil functioning, and especially SOC, as a group of supporting services underpinning the three named ecosystem services. We find that, in terms of SOC sequestration, reducing the cutting age from 80 to 40 years would be suitable only in the case of high biomass production forests, whereas in the case of lower biomass production forests reducing the cutting age would achieve very low SOC levels. However, we propose that increasing tree species diversity, even though it would not lead to a direct increase in the SOC content, could help to lessen the negative effects of reducing the cutting age by improving other soil properties, which in turn positively affect soil functioning (e.g., soil biodiversity, nutrient availability) and the resilience of the forest ecosystem. Finally, we discuss potential policy approaches to incentivize sustainable management practices in South Korean forests from a soil protection perspective.
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Čustović, Hamid, Melisa Ljuša, and Mirsad Kurtović. "SENSITIVITY OF LAND TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUBMEDITERRANEAN KARST AREA OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA." Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 21, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2016.v1.i1.283.
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UDK 631.4:551.583(497.6)
The value of the landscape in the karst region of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is the foundation of its existence and the key role in its appearance and formation is played by geomorphology and the soil. Through history the man has created a „cultural landscape” which is completely adapted to the natural conditions. He further enriches the space and makes it more appealing. Soils in B&H karst are extremely heterogeneous and form a real pedological mosaic. Found on the Mesozoic sediments of limestone and dolomite of the Middle and Upper Jurassic and Early and Late Cretaceous are Bare rocks (barren land), Rocky grounds (Lithosol), Limestone-dolomite Black soil (Calcomelanosol) and Brown soil on limestone and dolomite (Calcocambisol). A specificity of these rocks are the screes that are transported down the hillside. A series may occur on them in which, if shale materials are contained, Rendzina appears as a calcareous soil. In addition to the above mentioned limestone and dolomite, there are marly limestones of Jurassic and Cretaceous age and Quaternary sediments on which Alluvial soils (Fluvisol) developed as well as the soils of karst fields which are sometimes very porous and skeletal and sometimes heavy and clayey on impermeable substrate (hydromorphic soils).
The paper will provide an overview of characteristic soil types in the Sub-Mediterranean upper and lower karst region of B&H taking into account a range of properties that make them sensitive and vulnerable within the ecosystem. These should include a lack of water on the surface and large fluctuations in the amount of water during the rainy and dry seasons and whimsicality of climate in general, which has a huge impact on the state of biodiversity and human lives in this region.
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Heviánková, Silvie, Marian Marschalko, Jitka Chromíková, Miroslav Kyncl, and Michal Korabík. "Artificial Ground Water Recharge with Surface Water." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 44 (October 2016): 022036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/44/2/022036.
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itha, Kav, B. S. Polisgowdar, and Rubeena Tarranum. "Characterization of Surface Water and Ground Water Reservoirs." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 4070–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.476.
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Chin, David A., and Xing Qi. "Ground Water under Direct Influence of Surface Water." Journal of Environmental Engineering 126, no. 6 (June 2000): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2000)126:6(501).
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Daniel, John A., and James A. Staricka. "FROZEN SOIL IMPACT ON GROUND WATER-SURFACE WATER INTERACTION." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36, no. 1 (February 2000): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04256.x.
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Rossi, P., N. Dörfliger, K. Kennedy, I. Müller, and M. Aragno. "Bacteriophages as surface and ground water tracers." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-101-1998.
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Abstract. Bacteriophages are increasingly used as tracers for quantitative analysis in both hydrology and hydrogeology. The biological particles are neither toxic nor pathogenic for other living organisms as they penetrate only a specific bacterial host. They have many advantages over classical fluorescent tracers and offer the additional possibility of multi-point injection for tracer tests. Several years of research make them suitable for quantitative transport analysis and flow boundary delineation in both surface and ground waters, including karst, fractured and porous media aquifers. This article presents the effective application of bacteriophages based on their use in differing Swiss hydrological environments and compares their behaviour to conventional coloured dye or salt-type tracers. In surface water and karst aquifers, bacteriophages travel at about the same speed as the typically referenced fluorescent tracers (uranine, sulphurhodamine G extra). In aquifers of interstitial porosity, however, they appear to migrate more rapidly than fluorescent tracers, albeit with a significant reduction in their numbers within the porous media. This faster travel time implies that a modified rationale is needed for defining some ground water protection area boundaries. Further developments of other bacteriophages and their documentation as tracer methods should result in an accurate and efficient tracer tool that will be a proven alternative to conventional fluorescent dyes.
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Hsieh, Ping-Cheng, and Susan Bolton. "Laminar Surface Water Flow over Vegetated Ground." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 133, no. 3 (March 2007): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2007)133:3(335).
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Lin, Henry. "Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils." Journal of Environmental Quality 35, no. 5 (September 2006): 1967–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0618br.
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Ejaz, Muhammad Shafqat, and Richard C. Peralta. "Maximizing conjunctive use of surface and ground water under surface water quality constraints." Advances in Water Resources 18, no. 2 (January 1995): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(95)00004-3.
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Abdullateef Abdullahi Ibrahim, Muhammad Abdullahi Ibrahim, and Ali Gambo Yusuf. "Implications of industrial effluents on surface water and ground water." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 09, no. 03 (March 30, 2021): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.3.0110.
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The industrial discharge carries significant level of contaminants to the surface water and ground water. Whereas the quality of freshwater is very vital because is highly use by human for drinking, bathing, agriculture and other needs. The presence of contaminants from industries within the water may reduce the yield of crops and the growth of plants; it is also harmful to the aquatic living organisms, it alters the surface water and ground water quality. Industrial pollution is one of the major factors causing degradation of the environment, affecting the water we use, the air we breathe and the soil we live on. Hence, the pollution of water is arguably the most serious threat to current human welfare. This paper review elucidates reasons of contamination of surface water by the industrial effluents, highlights major causes of ground water pollution; the work also indicates some industrial discharges and their contaminants.
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Verberk, J. Q. J. C., J. Post, W. G. J. van der Meer, and J. C. van Dijk. "Direct capillary nanofiltration for ground water and surface water treatment." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0180.
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Capillary nanofiltration is a new concept in membrane filtration. This technique combines the advantages of the good water quality obtained from nanofiltration membranes with the easy hydraulic cleaning of capillary membranes. Direct capillary nanofiltration can be used to treat ground water or surface water without pre-treatment. At the Delft University of Technology several MSc-thesis projects have been carried out on this subject. This paper will describe some results of these studies. A model based on a mass balance to predict the flux of a capillary nanofiltration installation treating groundwater is proposed. In this model the only resistance taken into account is the concentration polarisation. Also a model to predict the flux when treating surface water has been developed. This model takes into account the resistance due to cake filtration.
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Woocay, Arturo, and John Walton. "Multivariate Analyses of Water Chemistry: Surface and Ground Water Interactions." Ground Water 46, no. 3 (May 2008): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00404.x.
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Hughes, Joseph D., and Jie Liu. "MIKE SHE: Software for Integrated Surface Water/Ground Water Modeling." Ground Water 46, no. 6 (September 17, 2008): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00500.x.
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