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1
Heng, Jiayao, Hongwei Wang, Ying Fan, Zhengwei Wang, and Yibo Gao. "Simulation and Optimization of Urban–Rural Settlement Development from the Perspective of Production–Life–Ecology Space: A Case Study for Aksu City." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 7452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137452.
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To explore the future development state of urban and rural settlements, we combined random forest algorithm (RFA) and cellular automata (CA) to simulate high precision in urban and rural settlements in Aksu city. The settlement distribution was predicted for the next 10 years, and suggestions for urban and rural settlements were proposed based on a “production–life–ecology” space. The results show the following: Transportation factors and administrative location have an important influence on the development of settlements, and infrastructure has a greater impact on the development of settlements. The overall accuracy of the 2019 settlement distribution obtained through the RFA–CA model simulation is 93.8%, with a G-mean coefficient of 0.815. The simulation accuracy is better and more suitable for the simulation and prediction of settlement expansion than the logistic-CA model. The forecasted settlement expansion in 2029 for Aksu city is 58.36 km2 of settlement expansion compared to the 2019 settlement distribution, with an overall growth trend for sparse north-south and dense central areas. This study analyzed the causes of settlement expansion in 19 regions of Aksu city, explored the main function of “production–life–ecology” space in different areas, and proposed layout optimizations from the perspective of production, life, and ecology. The results of this study can provide a reference for the spatial planning and rural revitalization strategy of Aksu city.
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Zhao, Zijuan, Beilei Fan, Qingbo Zhou, and Shihao Xu. "Simulating the Coupling of Rural Settlement Expansion and Population Growth in Deqing, Zhejiang Province, Based on MCCA Modeling." Land 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111975.
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Analyzing the relationship between rural settlements and rural population change under different policy scenarios is key in the sustainable development of China’s urban and rural areas. We proposed a framework that comprised the mixed land use structure simulation (MCCA) model and the human–land coupling development model to assess the spatiotemporal dynamic changes in rural settlements and its’ coupling relationship with the rural population in the economically developed region of Deqing, Zhejiang Province. The results showed that rural settlements and urban land increased by 14.36 and 29.07 km2, respectively, over the last 20 years. The expansion of some rural settlements and urban land occurred at the cost of cropland occupation. Rural settlements showed an expansion trend from 2000 to 2020, increasing from 42.69 km2 in 2000 to 57.05 km2 in 2020. In 2035, under the natural development scenario, the cropland protection scenario, and the rural development scenario, rural settlements are projected to show an expansion trend and Wukang and Leidian are the key regions with rural settlement expansion. The distance to Hangzhou, nighttime light data, distance to rivers, and precipitation are important factors influencing the expansion of rural settlements. The coupling relationship between rural settlements and the rural population developed in a coordinated manner from 2000 to 2020. For 2035, under different scenarios, the coupling relationship between rural settlements and the rural population showed different trends. In the rural development scenario, the highest number of towns with coordinated development between rural settlements and the rural population is in Deqing, predominantly with Type I coupling. Overall, an important recommendation from this study is that the sustainable development of regional land use can be promoted by controlling the occupation of cropland for urban and rural construction, balancing rural settlement expansion and rural population growth, and formulating land use policies that are more suitable for rural development.
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Salvia, Rosanna, Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Sirio Cividino, Luca Salvati, and Giovanni Quaranta. "From Rural Spaces to Peri-Urban Districts: Metropolitan Growth, Sparse Settlements and Demographic Dynamics in a Mediterranean Region." Land 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9060200.
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Considering settlement characteristics and population dynamics together over multiple spatio-temporal scales, the present study analyzes the spatial distribution of sparse settlements and population surrounding a large city in Southern Europe (Athens, Greece), in relation with long-term metropolitan growth and recent economic downturns. Results of the analysis identify regional-scale processes of urban compaction during economic expansion (2000s) with incorporation of scattered settlements in a high-density urban fabric, and moderate urban dispersion affecting low-density, peripheral areas in the subsequent period of recession (2010s). However, more heterogeneous dynamics were observed at the local scale. With economic expansion, a slight increase in the number of settlements was observed in local districts experiencing intense sprawl in earlier decades. With recession, a slight decrease in the number of settlements was, in turn, recorded in some rural districts surrounding compact urban centers, likely acting as local hotspots of urban re-densification. Given the multiplicity of socioeconomic factors involved, our findings highlight how urban development follows sequential phases of compaction and dispersion, based on locally differentiated spatial regimes characterizing settlement expansion and population growth. Sustainable urban management should face more actively with increasingly fragmented settlement dynamics at the fringe, prefiguring an appropriate spatial balance between urban centers and sparse settlements in light of recent demographic trends.
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Brown, Donald. "Towards a comparative research agenda on in situ urbanisation and rural governance transformation." International Development Planning Review: Volume 43, Issue 3 43, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 289–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2020.15.
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This article explores how rural settlements urbanise, and how rural governance transforms in the process. The question is motivated by the significant contribution that smaller urban centres are projected to make to the world’s future urban growth, the majority of which will occur in the global South. Many smaller centres are emerging through in situ urbanisation, wherein a rural settlement becomes urban. Given the importance of small town growth, the article proposes a comparative research agenda with the aim of exploring and comparing the institutional transformations occurring in ‘transitional spaces’, the governance complexities these transformations present and the consequences for establishing urban planning systems in historically rural settlements. The agenda is operationalised in sub-Saharan Africa through a case study of Karonga Town, an emerging urban centre in Malawi. The agenda draws on a varied body of case-study research on small town growth and rural transformation in sub-Saharan Africa generally and Malawi specifically. The agenda has the potential to make a significant contribution to the literature seeking to reveal the informality in different governance landscapes and the forms of urbanisation in which these landscapes are embedded in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.
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Egidi, Gianluca, Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Sirio Cividino, Giovanni Quaranta, Luca Salvati, and Andrea Colantoni. "Rural in Town: Traditional Agriculture, Population Trends, and Long-Term Urban Expansion in Metropolitan Rome." Land 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9020053.
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Mediterranean regions have experienced a shift from accelerated urban growth typical of a post-industrial phase to a more recent spatial delocalization of population and economic activities reflecting discontinuous settlement expansion, land take, and the abandonment of cultivated areas around central cities. On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of land-use, settlement, and demographic indicators, the present study explores urban growth and population density over a sufficiently long time period in a metropolitan region of Southern Europe (Rome, Italy). Local-scale population trends were compared with the evolution of the primary sector (workers in agriculture, number of farms, cultivated land) between 1951 and 2011. Our results indicate non-linear growth waves alternating compact and discontinuous expansion shaping fringe land. The future development of metropolitan regions is increasingly dependent on the relationship between urban diffusion and economic viability of peri-urban agriculture. Crop abandonment and land take rates increase in local contexts where peri-urban agriculture rapidly declines. Policies managing ex-urban development and promoting the recovery of fringe soils are increasingly required to contain the expansion of dispersed settlements and preserve relict agricultural systems from land conversion to urban use.
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Chuchkalov, A. S., and A. I. Alekseev. "“New” rural settlements – former urban-type settlements." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019618-34.
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Since the 1920s, when the notion of urban-type settlement (UTS) was introduced in Russia, and until the 1980s the number of UTSs was constantly increasing. But since the 1990s, their rapid decline began, and by 2019 more than a third of them were transformed into rural settlements. In this article, the authors try to find out what the new villages the former UTSs are; where they are located; what their functions (largely lost) are, and what the specific features of their population are. From 1989 to 2010, the processes of transformation of UTSs into rural settlements administratively increased rural population of Russia by 2.4 mln people and held back the growth of the urban population share, which increased only slightly from 73.4 to 73.7%. When comparing the census data of 1989 and 2010 in many regions, the administrative ruralization radically changed the dynamics of the population: instead of a real decrease in the number of rural residents, Census-2010 showed the increase of rural population. Former UTSs are losing population more rapidly than the rural areas of their municipal districts, and the most intensive outflow is in logging settlements, centers of construction and colonies-settlements. The average population size of the former UTSs is minimal in the North of European Russia and the Far North, and maximum in the European South and in the Ural-Volga area, where the former UTSs-district centers are mostly concentrated, in which change of their status was purely formal.
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Krylov, Petr M. "Changes in transport use in Russian urban and rural settlements of different population sizes over the period 2014–2022." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Earth Sciences 23, no. 4 (December 18, 2023): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7663-2023-23-4-235-241.
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The aim of the study is to examine the dynamics of transport use and transport service in urban and rural settlements of Russia with different population sizes in 2014–2022. The hypothesis of the study is that the dynamics of transport use and transport service in rural settlements repeats the dynamics of transport use and transport service in urban settlements with a certain time delay. With the general growth of transport use, there is a continuing growth in the use of personal passenger cars (including motorbikes) with a simultaneous decrease in the use of public transport. Gradually decreasing differences between urban and rural settlements have been revealed for most of the comparable indicators. In manycases thestudied indicators for ruralsettlementschange along thesame trajectory (with thesame dynamics) as the indicators for urbansettlements, with a lag ofseveral years. Transport use and transportservices for men and women also tend to approach thesame values in all types of settlements. A general pattern is observed: as the population density of a settlement increases, the problems of transport service of the population decrease.
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März, Olaf. "An urban–rural continuum? A spatial comparison in mid-eighteenth-century northern Germany." Urban History 47, no. 3 (April 17, 2020): 421–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392682000022x.
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AbstractThe spatial growth of German cities in the years of upheaval in the nineteenth century has been, and remains, the subject of intense historical research. However, the origins of the socio-economic processes underlying these transformations actually predate the epochal transition into the modern era. This article deals critically with the popular conception of a ‘town–country dichotomy’ by comparing, on an empirical basis, urban, semi-urban and rural settlements in a sub-region of the north-west of Germany in the mid-eighteenth century. With the aid of a Geographical Information System (GIS), the cartographic and serial material of the ‘Brunswick Land Survey’ is evaluated in terms of its relevance to a socio-topographic comparison of the spatial micro-structures of the three respective settlement segments. The comparison focuses on the general morphology of the settlement segments, the conditions accompanying the growth of the settlements and the spatial structures of the agricultural activities pursued. In addition, it identifies the factors which led to the erosion of differences between town and country.
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Rebernik, Dejan. "Population and spatial development of settlements in Ljubljana Urban Region after 2002." Dela, no. 42 (December 1, 2014): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.42.1.75-93.
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The paper is analysing spatial and population development of settlements in Ljubljana Urban Region after 2002. On the basis of population change we determined the main urbanisation processes in the region. To the end of 1970s fast population growth was due to immigration from rural parts of Slovenia and the rest of Yugoslavia. In the 1980s and 1990s deconcentration of population within the region with intense suburbanisation were the main processes. After 2002 the fastest population growth was in in the rural hinterland. Dispersed settlement pattern with all negative implications of urban sprawl is thus characteristic.
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Rebernik, Dejan. "Population and spatial development of settlements in Ljubljana Urban Region after 2002." Dela, no. 42 (December 1, 2014): 75–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.42.75-93.
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The paper is analysing spatial and population development of settlements in Ljubljana Urban Region after 2002. On the basis of population change we determined the main urbanisation processes in the region. To the end of 1970s fast population growth was due to immigration from rural parts of Slovenia and the rest of Yugoslavia. In the 1980s and 1990s deconcentration of population within the region with intense suburbanisation were the main processes. After 2002 the fastest population growth was in in the rural hinterland. Dispersed settlement pattern with all negative implications of urban sprawl is thus characteristic.
11
MD AJIJUR RAHAMAN. "Physical Features and Settlement of Coochbehar." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.59364/ijhesm.v4i1.240.
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Abstract:
One of the biggest obstacles to sustainability is urbanization. It is an intricate transformational process that impacts both people and environments. As a result, the size and number of urban areas worldwide are constantly growing. Urbanization is the process of becoming urban, or to put it another way, urbanization is a cycle that a country goes through as it transitions from rural to industrial society. People move from rural to urban regions, which are referred to as the concentration of people linked with the non-agricultural sector with changes in land usage and rural suffering. It is a geographical phenomenon that affects people, places, and infrastructure and involves population concentration, structural change, and socio-cultural change. While a sign of growth, the quantity and expansion of urban areas have negative effects on individuals and society as well as the long-term viability of the environment. Because tomorrow's bigger cities will be smaller communities today. With planned or unplanned expansion throughout time, towns have more environmental issues than their rural environs do from their inception to their maturity. So, in this situation, it is critical to examine each urban area's growth pattern since the majority of environmental issues have their origins in a town's development or expansion, which has a negative impact on the town's natural stability. The unfortunate situation of numerous first-order towns and cities, as well as metropolitan and agglomeration cities, suffering from numerous environmental tribulations frequently makes headlines, but towns of lower order of sequence or smaller in size are not properly highlighted, even though they will face the same problems in the future. The primary topics of this paper are coochbehar physical features and its settlement patterns.
Key Words: Coochbehar, Environment, Infrastructure, Settlements Patterns.
12
Rezayee, Maqsood, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling, and Siti Hajar Misnan. "Approaches to Addressing Informal Settlement Problems: A Case Study of District 13 in Kabul, Afghanistan." Engineering Management Research 9, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v9n1p1.
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Afghanistan witnessed rapid urbanization in recent decades due to the post-war recovery process. When the war ended in 2001 with the fall of Taliban regime, most Afghan refugees returned to urban areas of Afghanistan, especially in Kabul. Moreover, the rapid urbanization, migration from rural areas, and population growth impacted Kabul with the manifestation of informal settlement. The residents of informal settlements suffer social and economic exclusion from the benefits and opportunities of an urban environment. Furthermore, the residents of informal settlements experience disadvantages such as geographical marginalization, shortage of basic infrastructure, improper governance framework, vulnerability to the effect of poor environment, and natural disasters. With all the above, the problems of informal settlements are considered enormous challenges for informal residents. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the proper approaches to addressing informal settlement problems in District 13 of Kabul. To reach the aim of the research, the interview and questionnaires survey were used as instrument in data collection. The finding of this paper indicates that through the resident’s preferences, government capacity, and District 13 physical condition, there are three approaches that can be implemented and adopted for improvement of informal settlement in District 13 of Kabul, which is settlement upgrading, the land readjustment, and urban redevelopment.
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Mühlbach, Ann-Kristin, Olaf Mumm, Ryan Zeringue, Oskars Redbergs, Elisabeth Endres, and Vanessa Miriam Carlow. "TOPOI RESOURCES: Quantification and Assessment of Global Warming Potential and Land-Uptake of Residential Buildings in Settlement Types along the Urban–Rural Gradient—Opportunities for Sustainable Development." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084099.
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The METAPOLIS as the polycentric network of urban–rural settlement is undergoing constant transformation and urbanization processes. In particular, the associated imbalance of the shrinkage and growth of different settlement types in relative geographical proximity causes negative effects, such as urban sprawl and the divergence of urban–rural lifestyles with their related resource, land and energy consumption. Implicitly related to these developments, national and global sustainable development goals for the building sector lead to the question of how a region can be assessed without detailed research and surveys to identify critical areas with high potential for sustainable development. In this study, the TOPOI method is used. It classifies settlement units and their interconnections along the urban–rural gradient, in order to quantify and assess the land-uptake and global warming potential driven by residential developments. Applying standard planning parameters in combination with key data from a comprehensive life cycle assessment of the residential building stock, a detailed understanding of different settlement types and their associated resource and energy consumption is achieved.
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Zambon, Cerdà, Gambella, Egidi, and Salvati. "Industrial Sprawl and Residential Housing: Exploring the Interplay between Local Development and Land-Use Change in the Valencian Community, Spain." Land 8, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8100143.
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Urbanization in Mediterranean Europe has occurred in recent decades with expansion of residential, commercial and industrial settlements into rural landscapes outside the traditional metropolitan boundaries. Industrial expansion in peri-urban contexts was particularly intense in Southern Europe. Based on these premises, this work investigates residential and industrial settlement dynamics in the Valencian Community, Spain, between 2005 and 2015, with the aim to clarify the role of industrial expansion in total urban growth in a paradigmatic Mediterranean region. Since the early 1990s, the Valencian industrial sector developed in correspondence with already established industrial nodes, altering the surrounding rural landscape. Six variables (urban hierarchy, discontinuous settlements, pristine land under urban expansion, isolated industrial settlements, within- and out-of-plan industrial areas) were considered with the aim at exploring land-use change. Empirical results indicate a role of industrial development in pushing urban sprawl in coastal Valencia. A reflection on the distinctive evolution of residential and industrial settlements is essential for designing new planning measures for sustainable land management and containment of urban sprawl in Southern Europe. A comparative analysis of different alternatives of urban development based on quantitative assessment of land-use change provides guidelines for local development and ecological sustainability.
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Ilyin, Alexey Y., and Vladimir V. Kanishchev. "Microdemographic processes in the agrarian field: growth points and islands of stability." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 5 (2023): 1295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2023-28-5-1295-1304.
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Importance. In modern conditions of depopulation and migration outflow of rural population it is important to study the facts of sustainable development of rural population and factors of such stability. Materials and methods. The research is based on the published and Internet statistical materials of the settlement level. A sample of several dozens of urban-type settlements and suburban rural councils located in rural areas is created as an object of study. Sociological materials on the issue of marriage of rural population are also involved. Results and Discussion. The research show that the population dynamics in the selected group of settlements at the beginning of the 21st century developed unevenly. Along with the reduction in the number of residents in most settlements and villages there were facts of the indicator growth due to migration inflow. The cases of population growth and decline in some segments of the last decades indicate the non-linearity of demographic processes. The revealed order of figures in the indicators of natural and migratory movement of residents of the studied settlements indicates the absence of extreme values. The study of the problem of economic employment of residents of suburban rural settlements and urban-type settlements show a considerable number of jobs to retain the population in these settlements. Conclusions. Demographic data at the micro-level do not allow us to speak about widespread depopulation and devastation of the rural population of the Tambov Region. But “islands of stability” and “growth points” should be studied more thoroughly, using interdisciplinary approaches of humanitarian, socio-political, natural and other exact sciences.
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Ischak, Mohammad. "PERAN PLACE IDENTITY DALAM MENCIPTAKAN COMMUNITY RESILIANCE DI WILAYAH URBAN FRINGE." Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v1i2.12254.
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The urban growth in today's world is marked by rapid and massive urban expansion into rural areas. In the Tangerang area, the expansion is marked by the acquisition of agricultural land and settlements by developers as happened in the development of the new town of Gading Serpong. One of the impacts of land acquisition and settlement by developers has led to the emergence of many settlements confined within Gading Serpong's new town area. In spite of the changes in the immediate environment that are very fast and still going on today, changes also occur in native settlements, especially in the area because many land and its inhabitants are moved as a result of being freed by the developer. With very extreme changes occurring in the enclave settlement, raises the question of why and in what ways can an enclave settlement survive?To get answers to these questions, it is necessary to study the characteristics of settlements and indigenous peoples, as well as to examine the potential of the region in the context of place identity that can be maximized for the benefit of adaptation to environmental changes due to the growth of the region that is going on around it. The research use a qualitative method by obtaining the data directly through observation and in-depth interviews with residential dwellers to obtain the characteristics of settlements as well as characteristics of sosial life in the locus of study. The results obtained are that there is potential possessed by the native settlement that is place identity as the basis on the resilience of the inhabitants. Place identity is formed because of several factors that are actually very possible to synergize with all the factors involved in the growth of urban fringe. Thus it is expected that development in the urban fringe area will not leave the settlements and life of its pre-existing inhabitants as the content attached to the concept of sustainable development.Keywords : place identiry, sustainable development, segregasi, kebertahanan
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Ischak, Mohammad, Bambang Setioko, and Dedes Nurgandarum. "CONFORMITY BEHIND THE SOCIAL AND SPATIAL SEGREGATION IN SUB-URBAN AREA A CASE AT GADING SERPONG NEW TOWN, TANGERANG." TATALOKA 21, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.21.2.361-370.
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The phenomenon of urban growth in rural areas created sub-urban areas like Tangerang region. Occupancy of space created by planned settlement against unplanned settlement raises spatial and social segregation. Previous studies have shown more on the negative side of the collision phenomenon with the point of view of the occurrence of physical and social unconformity between the newcomers as residents of planned settlements with the natives. On the other hand, it turns out that unplanned settlements still exist, thus raising the question of research is there conformity in the point of view of unplanned settlement settlers? To get an answer to the question, this research used analytical descriptive method, where data obtained directly from the field through observation and in-depth interviews with unplanned settlement settlers. The result of the analysis showed that although the spatial and social segregation is apparent, the community of unplanned settlers does not feel disturbed and the daily social economic activity of the community keeps going well, even the quality of life improves in some points. Such conditions create a form of internal conformity with parameters formulated by the community, including access to and from unplanned settlements, integrated infrastructures, open access to economic activities, and still guaranteed socio-cultural activities.
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Cao, Congjie, and Wei Song. "Discerning Spatiotemporal Patterns and Policy Drivers of Rural Settlement Changes from 1962 to 2020." Land 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081317.
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Despite two centuries of urbanisation worldwide, 45% of the world’s people still live in rural areas. Driven by urban development, the form and structure of rural settlements have undergone drastic changes. Reasonable planning according to the scale of the land and spatial layout of rural settlements is particularly important for the development of rural areas. The continuous development of the economy means that the housing needs of farmers and the macro policy background will inevitably change. We create a relationship curve for the “policy-scale of rural settlements” in different periods according to the laws of Maslow’s psychological demand theory and game theory and conduct an empirical study on Dingzhou City, China. The limited availability of remote sensing data means it is difficult to map the evolution patterns of rural settlements on medium and long time scales, and therefore, this paper explores and decrypts military satellite images, reveals the spatial evolution characteristics of rural settlements in Dingzhou, China from 1962 to 2020, and discusses the impact of policy factors on changes to rural settlements in different periods. The study found that from 1962 to 2020, the total area of rural settlements in Dingzhou showed a trend of continual increase, with a total increase of 8354.97 ha (73%). The average annual growth rates in 1962–1972, 1972–1990, 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020 were 0.29%, 1.17%, 1.81%, 1.26%, and 0.05%, respectively. The growth rate of rural settlements was relatively slow from 1962 to 1972. The policy was mainly because rural homesteads (land for building rural residences) were transformed from private ownership to “one homestead, two systems”, and the expansion of rural settlements was inhibited. From 1972 to 1990, with the deepening of reform and opening up, there was a boom in building houses in rural areas, and the growth rate of rural settlements increased. From 1990 to 2000, although the state strengthened the management of rural settlement use, there was still an increasing trend in the area of rural settlements; from 2000 to 2020 the implementation of policies such as “one house for one household" and “connecting increase and decrease" meant that the growth rate of rural settlements slowed.
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Valdez, Lidio M., and J. Ernesto Valdez. "From Rural to Urban: Archaeological Research in the Periphery of Huari, Ayacucho Valley, Peru." Journal of Anthropology 2017 (February 13, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3597297.
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For hundreds upon hundreds of years, humans lived in small settlements where most individuals, if not all, were linked by kinship ties. Many of these villages were occupied for generations and thus their occupants had a strong connection to the place. The villages were politically and economically autonomous, yet they were connected with adjacent villages by means of barter and intermarriage. Within a relatively short period of time, centuries-long occupied small villages were left vacant and replaced by fewer but much larger settlements identified as cities. In contrast to the rural based villages, cities began to house much larger numbers of residents, who not only were unfamiliar with each other but also were mainly concerned with their own well-being. Recent archaeological research carried out in the immediate periphery of Huari provides crucial information that indicates that the growth of Huari paralleled the abandonment of rural villages apparently in the midst of increasing conflict. The rural settlement of Huaqanmarka was occupied for several centuries, yet it was abandoned within a short period of time simultaneously with the desertion of other adjacent settlements.
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Nganro, Sudirman, Slamet Trisutomo, Roland Barkey, Mukti Ali, Hidefumi Imura, Akio Onishi, Pei-I. Tsai, and Mohd Amirul Mahamud. "Prediction of Future Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) in Makassar City." TATALOKA 23, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.23.2.183-189.
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Migration from rural area to urban area increases urban population. It increases and needs for settlements, leading to conversion of agricultural lands into settlement areas. Inconsistent land use compared with spatial planning causes change in land use. Spatial land use expansion can be monitored and predicted by modeling. NetLogo application is a software integrated with Agent-Based Modeling (ABM), which can be used to predict change of land use with various complex parameters. The present study used population growth as a parameter to predict change of land use of Makassar in 2050 based on 2017 land use classification map as the start of the prediction. The analysis result showed that the biggest change of land use happens to Settlement class which is 594.74 hectares and the smallest is Water Body class which is 8.76 hectares.
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Collinson, Mark A., Stephen M. Tollman, and Kathleen Kahn. "Migration, settlement change and health in post-apartheid South Africa: Triangulating health and demographic surveillance with national census data1." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35, no. 69_suppl (August 2007): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14034950701356401.
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Background: World population growth will be increasingly concentrated in the urban areas of the developing world; however, some scholars caution against the oversimplification of African urbanization noting that there may be ``counterurbanization'' and a prevailing pattern of circular rural—urban migration. The aim of the paper is to examine the ongoing urban transition in South Africa in the post-apartheid period, and to consider the health and social policy implications of prevailing migration patterns. Methods: Two data sets were analysed, namely the South African national census of 2001 and the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system. A settlement-type transition matrix was constructed on the national data to show how patterns of settlement have changed in a five-year period. Using the sub-district data, permanent and temporary migration was characterized, providing migration rates by age and sex, and showing the distribution of origins and destinations. Findings: The comparison of national and sub-district data highlight the following features: urban population growth, particularly in metropolitan areas, resulting from permanent and temporary migration; prevailing patterns of temporary, circular migration, and a changing gender balance in this form of migration; stepwise urbanization; and return migration from urban to rural areas. Conclusions: Policy concerns include: rural poverty exacerbated by labour migration; explosive conditions for the transmission of HIV; labour migrants returning to die in rural areas; and the challenges for health information created by chronically ill migrants returning to rural areas to convalesce. Lastly, suggestions are made on how to address the dearth of relevant population information for policy-making in the fields of migration, settlement change and health.
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Zhang, Hanxuan, Xiangjuan Zhao, Jun Ren, Wenjing Hai, Jing Guo, Chengying Li, and Yapei Gao. "Research on the Slope Gradient Effect and Driving Factors of Construction Land in Urban Agglomerations in the Upper Yellow River: A Case Study of the Lanzhou–Xining Urban Agglomerations." Land 12, no. 4 (March 26, 2023): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040745.
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Analyses of the scale and structural characteristics of construction land serve as the basis for optimizing the spatial pattern of territorial planning. Existing studies have focused mainly on the horizontal expansion of urban construction land. Therefore, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, in this paper, we use high-precision land-use cover data, DEM data and socioeconomic data to construct the standard dominant comparative advantage index (NRCA) using the geological mapping analysis method and we systematically analyze the horizontal scale, slope spectrum characteristics, gradient effects and driving factors of construction land in the Lanzhou–Xining urban agglomeration (LXUA) from 1990 to 2020 at four scales: the urban agglomeration, provincial area, typical city and county (district) scales. The results of the study show that urban construction land, rural settlement land and other construction land in the LXUA show “linear”, inverted-“U” and “J” growth patterns, respectively. Three types of construction land show different spatial transfer characteristics. The scale and extent of climbing of urban construction land in the LXUA is gradually decreasing over time, and the number of climbing rural settlement lands in 2000–2010 was as high as 34 counties (districts), while the number of counties (districts) with strong climbing degrees of other construction land rose to 12 from 2010 to 2020. The relative hotspots of the slope-climbing phenomenon of the three types of construction land have gradually expanded spatially, with Lanzhou city and Xining city as the center, and the overall spatial characteristics are “more in the east and less in the west”. The population and GDP are the main factors influencing the slope-climbing phenomenon of urban construction land, while rural settlements are influenced mainly by natural conditions, and accessibility is the key factor affecting other construction land.
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Krenz-Niedbała, Marta. "Growth and health status of children and adolescents in medieval Central Europe." Anthropological Review 80, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anre-2017-0001.
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AbstractSubadult growth and health have been analyzed in three cemetery samples from medieval Poland, including two early-urban sites: Cedynia dated to the 10t-14th centuries AD, and Ostrów Lednicki dated to the 13th-15th centuries AD, and a rural site Słaboszewo dated to the 14th-17th centuries AD. The nutritional status was not expected to have substantially differed among the settlements, due to the culturally induced undiversified diet of children, and predominant share of medium-to-low status individuals. However, city life and village life were supposed to differ in factors correlated with the spread of infections, and as such it was expected to find significant differences in respiratory health among early-urban and rural dwellers.The prevalences of diet-dependent diseases, scurvy and rickets, were found to be statistically indistinguishable among the three studied populations, while higher frequency of skeletal signs of poor respiratory health was observed in early-urban Cedynia than rural Słaboszewo. Slightly lower prevalences of skeletal stress indicators were found for the rural than the early-urban site. Skeletal growth profiles and the dynamics of long bone growth were found to be remarkably similar for the early-urban samples (Cedynia and Ostrów Lednicki), with the rural subadults having the shortest diaphyseal lengths, and lower growth dynamics.It can be concluded that adverse factors associated with the urban settlement were more detrimental to respiratory health than those in the village. A variety of factors are potentially responsible for this pattern, including population density, building structure, quality of air and water, sanitation, and occupation. Perhaps, the key factor in response to environmental and socio-cultural constraints was the stability of living conditions in the village, which allowed the inhabitants to develop sufficient adaptive mechanisms. In contrast, the history of strongholds such as Cedynia was changeable due to political situation, military threats and migrations of people.
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Bianchini, Leonardo, Alvaro Marucci, Adele Sateriano, Valerio Di Stefano, Riccardo Alemanno, and Andrea Colantoni. "Urbanization and Long-Term Forest Dynamics in a Metropolitan Region of Southern Europe (1936–2018)." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 12164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112164.
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Although peri-urban landscapes in Southern Europe still preserve a relatively high level of biodiversity in relict natural places, urban expansion is progressively consuming agricultural land and, in some cases, forest cover. This phenomenon has (direct and indirect) environmental implications, both positive and negative. The present study contributes to clarifying the intrinsic nexus between long-term urban expansion and forest dynamics in a representative Mediterranean city based on diachronic land-use maps. We discuss some counterintuitive results of urbanization as far as forest expansion, wildfire risk, and biodiversity conservation are concerned. Forest dynamics were investigated at two time intervals (1936–1974 and 1974–2018) representing distinctive socioeconomic contexts in the Rome metropolitan area in Central Italy. Additionally, the spatial relationship between forest cover and urban growth was evaluated using settlement density as a target variable. All over the study area, forest cover grew moderately over time (from 18.3% to 19.9% in the total landscape), and decreased along the urban gradient (i.e., with settlement density) more rapidly in 2018 than in 1936. The diversification of forest types (Shannon H index) was higher in areas with medium-density settlements, indicating a tendency towards more heterogeneous and mixed structures in rural and peri-urban woods that undergo rising human pressure. The dominance of a given forest type (Simpson’s D index) was higher at high settlement density areas. Evenness (Pielou’s J index) was the highest at low settlement density areas. The long-term assessment of land-use dynamics in metropolitan fringes enriched with a spatially explicit analysis of forest types may inform regional planning and environmental conservation, which could delineate appropriate strategies for sustainable land management in Southern European cities.
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Imbrenda, Vito, Casandra Munoz-Gomez, Mariagrazia D’Emilio, Caterina Samela, Luca Salvati, Nadia Matarazzo, Maria Lanfredi, and Rosa Coluzzi. "Remote sensing and spatial databases for investigating latent urban-rural dynamics in rural, inland districts of Southern Italy." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 49, no. 2 (December 13, 2023): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.5806.
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It is well-known that rural-urban patterns help to capture socioeconomic interactions between different settlement forms. The sustainability challenge requires to consider the evolution of these patterns as a reliable indicator of the dynamics of land use change and potential land degradation processes occurred in a time frame. In this research, by using multisource data (Corine Land Cover, Keyhole KH-9 and Landsat satellite images), we trace the diachronic evolution (1990-2018) of the rural-urban pattern in the provinces of Avellino and Benevento (Campania region, Southern Italy) with a specific focus on the key municipality of Ariano Irpino (1975-2018). The analysis confirms the considerable urban growth occurred in the study area, mostly in the form of urban sprawl phenomena decoupled from population growth. This happens concurrently with a transformation of the agricultural sector projected toward a greater specialization favouring agritourism activities and valuable crops (e.g., vineyards). These findings can support policy makers in future planning activities by mixing conservation, mitigation, and restoration actions.
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Khawaja, Aamir Waheed, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "An Analytical Study On Socio-Economic Conditions Of Squatter Settlements In Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (September 8, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v8i1.319.
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This research study was conducted on socio-economic conditions of families living in squatter’s settlement of Karachi. The urban population is booming with unprecedented growth due to heavy influx or migration of rural population to the cities especially in Karachi. The rural families are migrating to the city in a way to have better employment; improved lifestyles in urban societies. Migrators usually accommodated in squatters’ settlements of Karachi because of high residing cost in urban areas. The squatters’ settlements are located at outskirt of the city on government owned lands. However the provincial government has set up Sindh Katchi Abadi Authority (SKAA) department for upgrading or regularizing Katchi Abadis which are working under specific rules and regulations. In this study the role of SKAA also highlighted to analyze the working preferences of organization for the rehabilitation or betterment of squatter settlements. The research topic is chosen in order to investigate about the socio-economic issues of families living in squatters settlements. The data is collected from 200 respondents of squatters from squatters’ settlements which are situated in six different districts of Karachi. Data is collected by the self-prepared questionnaire which was prepared in a way to investigate socio-economic issues and problems of squatters’ families living in the settlements. This research found that whole sample of squatters is of migrators. These settlements are considered illegal and have no provision of basic necessities including drinking safe water; inadequate sanitation system; and low standard of housings.
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Sharp, Jeff S., and Jill K. Clark. "Between the Country and the Concrete: Rediscovering the Rural–Urban Fringe." City & Community 7, no. 1 (March 2008): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00241.x.
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Substantial U.S. population growth in relatively rural areas adjacent to large urban areas is sparking renewed interest in the rural–urban fringe. This research identifies some of the roots of the rural–urban fringe concept and reviews recent scholarly interest in the related exurban concept. Analysis of primary and secondary data is conducted to examine the fringe in relation to both urban/suburban areas and rural areas of Ohio, seeking to determine the extent to which the fringe is similar to or dissimilar from the suburbs or more rural areas. Comparisons are made across a number of ecological, occupational, and sociocultural attributes. Differences between incorporated (cities and villages) and unincorporated (township) areas are also considered. Findings support the notion of the fringe being distinct from the suburbs, with more modest differences compared to more rural places. Practical implications of this research are discussed as are future research needs for further understanding an increasingly important settlement area of the United States.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, Valentina Dobryakova, Alexey Smirnov, and Nikita Ryazantsev. "Impact of Demographic and Migration Processes on the Settlement System in the Tyumen Region." DEMIS. Demographic Research 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2023.3.3.11.
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The article analyzes the transformation of the settlement system of Tyumen Region between censuses in the context of demographic processes and population migration. The paper reveals trends in the natural movement of population in the region, including natural increase, birth rate and mortality in the context of urban and rural settlements. The growth of population in large and medium-sized cities in the region and rural municipalities has been analyzed. We have also analyzed the absolute volumes of migration, as well as various forms of migration that are represented in the region. Their contribution to demographic and socio-economic processes has been determined. The results of the sociological survey have been used to analyze the migration patterns of the Tyumen Region population with regard to their departure from the region. It has been established that migration not only replenishes the population of the region, but also forms the structure of population with a high proportion of migrants. This is a prerequisite for a high level of migratory attitudes among the population of the region with a view to moving to other regions of the country or abroad. Highlighted features of the settlement network development in the Tyumen Region, characterized trends in the transformation of the settlement system and the framework of settlement pattern of the territory.
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Cimini, Angela, Paolo De Fioravante, Nicola Riitano, Pasquale Dichicco, Annagrazia Calò, Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza, Marco Marchetti, and Michele Munafò. "Land Consumption Dynamics and Urban–Rural Continuum Mapping in Italy for SDG 11.3.1 Indicator Assessment." Land 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010155.
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For the first time in human history, over half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. This rapid growth makes cities more vulnerable, increasing the need to monitor urban dynamics and its sustainability. The aim of this work is to examine the spatial extent of urban areas, to identify the urban–rural continuum, to understand urbanization processes, and to monitor Sustainable Development Goal 11. In this paper, we apply the methodology developed by the European Commission-Joint Research Center for the classification of the degree of urbanization of the Italian territory, using the ISPRA land consumption map and the ISTAT population data. The analysis shows that the availability of detailed and updated spatialized population data is essential to calculate SDG indicator 11.3.1, which assesses the ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate. Three new indicators are also proposed to describe the main trends in urban sprawl, analyzing the spatial distribution of land consumption in terms of infill and settlement dispersion. The research shows good results in identifying class boundaries and describing the Italian urbanized landscape, highlighting the need for more detailed spatialized demographic data. The classification obtained lends itself to a variety of applications, such as monitoring land consumption, settlement dynamics, or the urban heat islands, and assessing the presence and state of green infrastructures in the urban context, driving the development of policies in urban areas toward sustainable choices focused on urban regeneration.
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D’Agata, Alessia, Daniele Ponza, Florin Adrian Stroiu, Ioannis Vardopoulos, Kostas Rontos, Francisco Escrivà, Francesco Chelli, Leonardo Salvatore Alaimo, Luca Salvati, and Samaneh Sadat Nickyain. "Toward Sustainable Development Trajectories? Estimating Urban Footprints from High-Resolution Copernicus Layers in Athens, Greece." Land 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12081490.
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Land imperviousness reflects settlement growth and urban sprawl. Grounded on a comparative approach, a set of multidimensional statistical techniques were adopted here to quantify the evolution of land imperviousness from Copernicus High-Resolution Layers (HRLs) in a representative case study of Southern Europe (Athens, Greece). A two-way data matrix reporting the percent share of the surface land exposed to different sealing levels (101 classes ranging continuously from 0% to 100%) in the total municipal area was computed for two years (2006 and 2018) individually for 115 municipalities in metropolitan Athens. This matrix represented the information base needed to derive place-specific urban footprints and a comprehensive (global) profile of land imperviousness. Results of a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) delineated a metropolitan structure still organized along the density gradient, moving from dense settlements in central locations with dominant land classes sealed for more than 90% of their surface area to completely pervious land (0%) typical of rural locations. While the density gradient became less steep between 2006 and 2018, it continued to aliment a socioeconomic polarization in urban and rural districts with distinctive profiles of land imperviousness. Intermediate locations had more mixed imperviousness profiles as a result of urban sprawl. Differential profiles reflect place-specific urban footprints with distinctive land take rates.
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Bezrukov, L. A. "Mongolia's Settlement System and Its Supporting Framework: Features, Dynamics, Effects." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 45 (2023): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2023.45.15.
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The peculiarities of the hierarchy of administrative-territorial division and the system of settlements of Mongolia are revealed. Somons (330 in total) – the second level of this division - were accepted as the initial territorial units of the study. The dynamics for 1980-2021 of the population of the country as a whole is considered, the trends of changes in the number and proportion of urban (including Ulaanbaatar) and rural (including nomadic) populations are clarified. It is established that the main demographic indicators of Mongolia are significantly more favorable than similar indicators of neighboring Siberian regions of Russia. A significant differentiation of population dynamics by somons and urban settlements over the past two decades has been revealed. It is determined that in conditions of constant natural population growth, an important contribution to the formation of its territorial structure was made by the migration factor, primarily migration from rural areas to the capital and individual aimag centers. The basic framework of settlement is highlighted, which is formed by the capital and the centers of the aimags (as nodal elements) and the railways connecting them and the main national paved roads (as linear elements). A high effect of the importance of linear elements of the frame (highways) has been established for the concentration of the population of Mongolia. At the same time, the size of the effect of saving actual distances in the framework of the country compared to the theoretical ones is insignificant, which indicates a relatively uniform placement of centers compared, for example, with a more heterogeneous Siberia. The main problems of the settlement system of Mongolia and its supporting framework are formulated, possible directions of their solution in the future are outlined.
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Selikhova, Y. "HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ECOLOGICAL SETTLEMENTS, CLASSIFICATION AND WORLD EXAMPLES." Municipal economy of cities 3, no. 163 (June 29, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-3-163-22-29.
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The article considers the movement of ecological settlements since the end of the 18th century, namely from the stage of industrial and scientific-technological revolution - industrial revolution, which provoked the eviction of people from rural areas, thus causing intensive development and rapid urban growth in many countries. Poor living conditions and the acute environmental situation have given impetus to scientists in various fields of science, prompted to find ways to overcome this situation. The relevance of the article is due to the need for historical analysis, the invention of the brightest foreign examples of urban formations, namely energy-efficient ecological settlements, which will improve the environmental situation resulting from the industrial revolution, thereby causing severe damage and affecting the living conditions of our society. Recently, scientific interest in energy-efficient ecological settlements, both from a theoretical and empirical point of view, has greatly increased, so first of all, the article cited several terms that clearly describe what is meant by energy-efficient ecological settlements. based on the use of alternative energy sources, trying to change and oppose the main environmental, social, economic and political institutions. Historical data show that each urban planning entity has its own chronology and preconditions for organization. The article analyzes the main stages of the formation of the first settlements, which later evolved into energy efficient and completely independent of external resources of the settlement. The first settlements arose in the illegally occupied territories. Since seas and rivers were an extremely important geopolitical factor for ancient world civilizations and countries, they determined both the directions of migration and settlement, as well as conquests and colonization. The main prerequisites for the organization of settlements were geographical and climatic factors. The settlement required areas with fresh water, recreational areas, fertile land and a warm mild climate. It was found that ecological settlements are classified by type, structure, region and location. Here are some examples of energy-efficient ecological settlements that have been operating successfully since the early 1990s to the present day. The article contains general plans of these settlements, and briefly describes each example. In conclusion, the role of energy-efficient ecological settlements is very large, they regulate many environmental and economic aspects through passive construction, rational use of resources, waste management and application of urban planning principles and design standards.
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Modica, G., M. Vizzari, M. Pollino, C. R. Fichera, P. Zoccali, and S. Di Fazio. "Spatio-temporal analysis of the urban–rural gradient structure: an application in a Mediterranean mountainous landscape (Serra San Bruno, Italy)." Earth System Dynamics 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2012): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-263-2012.
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Abstract. The most recent and significant transformations of European landscapes have occurred as a consequence of a series of diffused, varied and often connected phenomena: urban growth and sprawl, agricultural intensification in the most suitable areas and agricultural abandonment in marginal areas. These phenomena can affect dramatically ecosystems' structure and functioning, since certain modifications cause landscape fragmentation while others tend to increase homogeneity. Thus, a thorough comprehension of the evolution trends of landscapes, in particular those linked to urban-rural relations, is crucial for a sustainable landscape planning. In this framework, the main objectives of the present paper are: (a) to investigate Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) transformations and dynamics that occurred over the period 1955–2006 in the municipality of Serra San Bruno (Calabria, Italy), an area particularly representative of the Mediterranean mountainous landscape; (b) to compare the settlement growth with the urban planning tools in charge in the study area; (c) to examine the relationship between urban–rural gradient, landscape metrics, demographic and physical variables; (d) to investigate the evolution of urban–rural gradient composition and configuration along significant axes of landscape changes. Data with a high level of detail (minimum mapping unit 0.2 ha) were obtained through the digitisation of historical aerial photographs and digital orthophotos identifying LULC classes according to the Corine Land Cover legend. The investigated period was divided into four significant time intervals, which were specifically analysed to detect LULC changes. Differently from previous studies, in the present research the spatio-temporal analysis of urban–rural gradient was performed through three subsequent steps: (1) kernel density analysis of settlements; (2) analysis of landscape structure by means of metrics calculated using a moving window method; (3) analysis of composition and configuration of the urban–rural gradient within three landscape profiles located along significant axes of LULC change. The use of thematic overlays and transition matrices enabled a precise identification of the LULC changes that had taken place over the examined period. As a result, a detailed description and mapping of the landscape dynamics were obtained. Furthermore, landscape profiling technique, using continuous data, allowed an innovative and valuable approach for analysing and interpreting urban–rural gradient structure over space and time.
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Modica, G., M. Vizzari, M. Pollino, C. R. Fichera, P. Zoccali, and S. Di Fazio. "Spatio-temporal analysis of the urban-rural gradient structure: an application in a Mediterranean mountainous landscape (Serra San Bruno, Italy)." Earth System Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2012): 827–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esdd-3-827-2012.
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Abstract. The most recent and significant transformations of European landscapes have occurred as a consequence of a series of diffused, varied and often connected phenomena: urban growth and sprawl, agricultural intensification in the most suitable areas and agricultural abandonment in marginal areas. These phenomena can affect dramatically ecosystems' structure and functioning, since certain modifications cause landscape fragmentation while others tend to increase homogeneity. Thus, a thorough comprehension of the evolution trends of landscapes, in particular those linked to urban-rural relations, is crucial for a sustainable landscape planning. In this framework, the main objectives of the present paper are: (a) to investigate Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) transformations and dynamics occurred over the period 1955–2006 in the municipality of Serra San Bruno (Calabria, Italy), an area particularly representative of the Mediterranean mountainous landscape; (b) to compare the settlement growth with the urban planning tools in charge in the study area; (c) to examine the relationship between urban-rural gradient, landscape metrics, demographic and physical variables; (d) to investigate the evolution of urban-rural gradient composition and configuration along significant axes of landscape changes. Data with a high level of detail (minimum mapping unit 0.2 ha) were obtained through the digitisation of historical aerial photographs and digital orthophotos identifying LULC classes according to the Corine Land Cover legend. The investigated period was divided into four significant time intervals, which were specifically analysed to detect LULC changes. Differently from previous studies, in the present research the spatio-temporal analysis of urban-rural gradient was performed through three subsequent steps: (1) kernel density analysis of settlements; (2) analysis of landscape structure by means of metrics calculated using a moving window method; (3) analysis of composition and configuration of the urban-rural gradient within three landscape profiles located along significant axes of LULC change. The use of thematic overlays and transition matrices enabled a precise identification of the LULC changes that had taken place over the examined period. As a result, a detailed description and mapping of the landscape dynamics were obtained. Furthermore, landscape profiling technique, using continuous data, allowed an innovative and valuable approach for analysing and interpreting urban-rural gradient structure over space and time.
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Chen, Chunlai. "The impact of foreign direct investment on urban-rural income inequality." China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 480–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-09-2015-0124.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on urban-rural income inequality in China. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the provincial-level panel data and employs the fixed-effects instrumental variable regression technique to investigate empirically the impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality in China. Findings The study finds that while FDI has directly contributed to reducing urban-rural income inequality through employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, FDI has also contributed to increasing urban-rural income inequality through international trade. Practical implications The study has some policy implications. First, as the study finds that FDI not only contributes to reducing urban-rural income inequality through employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, but also contributes to increasing urban-rural income inequality through international trade, therefore, apart from improving local economic and technological conditions to attract more FDI inflows, China should re-design FDI policies by shifting away from encouraging export-oriented FDI to encouraging FDI flows into the industries and sectors in line with China’s overall economic structural adjustments and industrial upgrading. Second, policies should focus on increasing investment in infrastructure development and in public education, which not only can reduce urban-rural income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows. And finally policies should be designed to accelerate urbanisation development by focusing on urban-rural integrated development, household registration system reform and proper settlement of rural migrants in urban areas, thus reducing urban-rural income inequality. Originality/value The paper makes two major contributions to the literature. First, the paper adopts the fixed-effects instrumental variable regression technique to deal with the endogeneity issues in estimating the impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality, producing more consistent estimates. Second, the paper investigates not only the direct impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality through the effects of employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, but also the indirect impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality through its activities in international trade, adding new empirical evidence to the sparse literature on the impact of FDI on income inequality in China.
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Prokopyev, Egor A. "The Average Wage in the North-West Federal District: An Assessment of Territorial Disparities on a Settlement Level." REGIONOLOGY 31, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.123.031.202302.335-356.
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Introduction. Effective management of regional socioeconomic development processes is not possible without an objective understanding of impact on the economy exerted by internal territorial disparities. The lack of open data in the official statistics concerning settlements and displaying such a basic indicator as an average wage does not contribute to the task also. For the first time, the suggested solution of the following problem is to use an alternative source of data ‒ Russian form of personal income tax (5-NDFL) tax reports. The goal of the article is to determine territorial disparities between average wages on the settlement level in the North-West Federal District. Materials and Methods. The research covers all municipalities of the North-West Federal District from 2015 to 2020. Average wages in urban and rural settlements, municipal districts and city districts were calculated based on the analysis of 7947 5-NDFL tax reports. A comparison was made with the data from the official statistics. The coefficient of variation and the Gini index were calculated for each area and the North-West District in whole as well as the difference between progressive and regressive types of average wages. Mappings were made for selected municipal areas. Results. Based on the data extracted from 5-NDFL forms, the research suggests a method of average wage calculation in municipalities. The proof is given that the following tax reports can be viewed as an appropriate source of data for determination of income inequality in case of settlements. It is established that territorial disparities in the Federal District have decreased due to the slight growth of average and median wages. Through the example of selected municipal districts, the research displays the existing difference in wages amid urban and rural settlements and also indicates the decisive role of the area center in the consolidated regional scores. Discussion and Conclusion. A comparative analysis of inequality indicators in wages has revealed higher values of territorial disparities at the settlement level. In practical terms, the transition from district values of indicators to settlement values in the state monitoring system makes it possible to increase the objectivity of assessing ongoing processes and improve the quality of managerial decision-making.
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Hosen, Bappa. "THE FUTURE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS OF EARTH: ANTICIPATING HUMAN HABITATS IN A CHANGING WORLD." Ecofeminism and Climate Change 4, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/efcc.02.2023.112.117.
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The global landscape of human settlement has undergone significant transformations throughout history, driven by technological advancements, societal shifts, and environmental changes. This article aims to explore the potential future settlement patterns of Earth, considering the interplay between various factors such as urbanization, climate change, technological innovation, and social dynamics. By analyzing current trends and projecting them into the future, we attempt to envision the possible scenarios that could shape the distribution and nature of human habitats on Earth. This article underscores the significance of sustainable development, adaptable infrastructure, and proactive policies in crafting resilient and harmonious settlements for forthcoming generations. In an era marked by unprecedented challenges, including rapid urbanization, climatic shifts, and technological leaps, understanding the potential future landscapes of human habitation becomes paramount. This research navigates through the drivers propelling these changes, such as urban growth, climate impacts, transformative technologies, and resource constraints. Addressing the challenges arising from these drivers – sustainable practices, resilient infrastructure, equitable societies, and effective governance – is pivotal. The article outlines conceivable future scenarios, including hyper-connected urban hubs, eco-centric communities, and decentralized rural clusters, each influenced by distinct drivers and dynamics. Navigating these complex trajectories demands interdisciplinary cooperation, informed policy-making, and a collective commitment to ensure that Earth’s future settlements are adaptive, sustainable, and capable of fostering human well-being amidst an ever-evolving backdrop.
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Ritohardoyo, Su, and P. Priyono. "Rural Settlement Development and Environment Carrying Capacity Changes in Progo River Basin." Forum Geografi 19, no. 2 (December 20, 2016): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v19i2.4843.
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Generally the broader rural settlement the heavier population pressure on agricultural land. It indicates that carrying capacity of the rural environment threatened lower. The spatial distribution of the threat in a river basin is quite important as one of the river basin management inputs. Therefore, this article aims at exposing result of research about influence rural population growth and rural settlement land changes to environment carrying capacity. This research was carried out in the rural area in Progo river basin consists 56 sub districts (34 sub districts part of Jawa Tengah Province, and 22 sub districts part of Yogyakarta Special Region). The whole sub districts are such as unit analysis, and research method is based on secondary data analysis. Several data consist Districts Region in Figure 1997 and 2003 (Temanggung, Magelang, Kulon Progo, Sleman and Bantul) such as secondary data analysis. Data analysis employs of frequency and cross tabulation, statistics of regression and test. Result of the research shows that population growth of the rural areas in Progo river basin are about 0.72% annum; or the household growth about 3.15% annum as long as five years (1996-2003). Spatial distribution of the population growth in the upper part of the Progo river basin is higher than in the middle and lower part of the basin. The number proportion of farmer in every sub district area in this river basin have increased from 69.95% in 1997 to 70.81% in the year of 2003. It means that work opportunities broadening are still sluggish. However, the number proportion of farmers in the upper part of the Progo river basin is lower than in the middle and lower part of the basin. The rates of settlement land areas changes (0.32 ha/annum) as long as five years (1997-2003) is not as fast as the rates of agricultural land areas changes (0.47 ha/annum). Spatial land settlement areas changes in the lower (6.1 ha/annum) and middle parts (2.4 ha/annum) faster than upper part of the river basin, as a consequence the different accessibility to urban area. Environment carrying capacity of every sub district areas in this river basin becomes lower as long as five years (1997-2003). In the upper part of the basin however, the index of environment carrying data (0.13) higher than in the lower part of this river basin (0.09), especially in the several sub districts surrounding urban area. The environment carrying capacity of Progo river basin depends on the land settlement and the growth of household number changes. However, influence of the land settlement area changes is stronger than the growth of household number changes to the environment carrying capacity. This result of research shows that spatial and temporal characteristics of settlement environment degradation in the lower and middle parts wider than in the upper part of Progo river basin in the coming twenty five of years.
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Rodrigo-Comino, Jesús, Gianluca Egidi, Adele Sateriano, Stefano Poponi, Enrico Maria Mosconi, and Antonio Gimenez Morera. "Suburban Fertility and Metropolitan Cycles: Insights from European Cities." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042181.
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Being largely diversified along the urban–rural gradient, fertility gaps have demonstrated to fuel metropolitan expansion, contributing to natural population growth and social change. In this direction, population dynamics and economic transformations have continuously shaped urban cycles in Europe. Assuming suburban fertility to be a relevant engine of metropolitan growth, the present study investigates and discusses the intrinsic relationship between fertility transitions and urban expansion, focusing on European metropolitan regions. An average crude birth rate referring to the last decade (2013–2018) was estimated from official statistics at 671 Functional Urban Areas (FUAs, Eurostat Urban Audit definition) of 30 European countries, distinguishing ‘central cities’ from ‘suburban’ locations. Local contexts with a higher crude birth rate as compared with neighboring settlements were identified analyzing differential fertility levels in urban and suburban locations. By providing an indirect, comparative verification of the ‘suburban fertility hypothesis’ in European cities, the results of this study demonstrate how suburbanization has been basically associated to younger and larger families—and thus higher fertility levels—only in Eastern and Southern Europe. Birth rates that were higher in suburbs than in central cities were observed in 70% of Eastern European cities and 55% of Mediterranean cities. The reverse pattern was observed in Western (20%), Northern (25%) and Central (30%) Europe, suggesting that urban cycles in the European continent are not completely phased: most of Western, Central, and Northern European cities are experiencing re-urbanization after a long suburbanization wave. Demographic indicators are demonstrated to comprehensively delineate settlement patterns and socioeconomic trends along urban–suburban–rural gradients, giving insights on the differential metropolitan cycles between (and within) countries.
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GUD’, Ilya D. "DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF URBAN PLANNING RESERVES IN MEGAPOLISES." Urban construction and architecture 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2020.02.16.
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The article shows the results of theoretical research in the fi eld of spatial development of the territory and the sett lement. Infrastructure provision of the forming Greater Samara megapolis is considered in the dialectical confrontation of internal and external infl uence factors in relation to the global transport map. The practical proposals for the territorial sett lement formation system of Samara province based on the development of towns interaction in the structure of the marginal zone of Samara agglomeration with peripheral local systems of rural sett lement are made. The author makes models of multi-modal transport and logistics hubs (Multihubs) in promising “growth poles”, which are going to be at the points of contact of the peripheral marginal zone of the Samara agglomeration with local rural settlement systems.
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Breslavskii, Anatolii Sergeevich. "Urbanization processes in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia): the dynamics of key parameters (1989-2018)." Урбанистика, no. 1 (January 2020): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2310-8673.2020.1.32402.
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This article analyzes the key parameters of urbanization in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) on the background of urbanization processes in other republics in the East of Russia during the period from 1988 to 2018. Attention is paid to the dynamics of demographic development of the cities and workers’ settlements, changes in the structure of urban localities in the republic associated to abolishment of the settlements and turning them into the rural localities. The article also demonstrates which factors affected density or urban population in Yakutia, as well as analyzes the sources and vectors of continuing urbanization. The research leans on the extensive corpus of official statistical data on 11 cities and 67 urban-type settlements acquires based on the results of All-Union Census of 1989, Russian Censuses of 2002 and 2010, and special statistical examinations of Rosstat and its regional branck in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) conducted in 2011-2018. The conclusion is made on the overall deceleration of urbanization processes in the republic for the past 30 years. These changes were associated with restructuration of the regional industry, particularly reduction of urban-type settlement for 27 localities – from 67 to 40. At the same time, population of majority of the cities and settlements during the period from 1990 to 2018 was decreasing; however, the rapid demographic growth of Yakutsk partially compensated for these losses. It is concluded that urban population was concentrated mostly in the capital and its environs, as well as the largest cities of the republic – Neryungri, Mirny, Lensk and Aldan.
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Chen, Meinan, and Ruiying Shen. "Rural Settlement Development in Western China: Risk, Vulnerability, and Resilience." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021254.
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Rural development is an essential link in the social governance system, and it is the key to market rural development and enhancing farmers’ living conditions. It is a critical starting point for changing the agricultural landscape and improving agricultural social governance capability. It is also the proper means of encouraging the balanced growth of urban and rural society, as well as traditional wealth. Farmers no longer have to worry about “short of food and clothing,” but “housing challenges” pose a threat to the soundness, harmony, and growth of rural areas, social hazards are increasing, and rural areas in distant western areas continue to create risk and vulnerability of living setting. Most previous studies have focused on economic and regulatory elements; however, this study focuses on the composition of home environment risk factors, as well as the influence of fabric vulnerability, trust vulnerability, and emotional vulnerability produced by risks. To successfully resist residential surroundings threats, improving the effectiveness of risk response and boosting farmers’ resilience are all critical strategies to reduce susceptibility. This study, which employs in-depth interview methodology, explains how the growth of a gorgeous new country must enhance and ensure the safety of farmers’ living surroundings to prevent risk impact, as well as how the country’s resilience should be improved. The findings indicate that, in the technique of rural government, the preservation of living environments is not only one of the primary desires of farmers, but, furthermore, the key to increasing farmers’ flexibility to combat hazards, and also the lone way to come through property rural development. In accordance with the specific situation, the associated countermeasures, square measure, imply: to begin, the highest body’s role placement is treated to weaken the fabric, this weakness caused by the unclear role positioning. Second, we should always encourage excellent communication among subjects about the concept of trust in order to reduce the vulnerability of trust produced by insufficient policy coverage and differences in policy interpretation and knowledge. Third, we should always perceive and satisfy the emotional needs of farmers’ families in order to reduce the emotional vulnerability caused by policies and procedures that neglect their true feelings.
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Penev, Goran. "Natural change of the rural population of Yugoslavia with an emphasis on fertility in the early 1990s." Stanovnistvo 37, no. 1-4 (1999): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv9904045p.
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The process of intensive deruralization or decline in total rural population of the FR of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century ??m? exclusively as ? result of migration from rural to urban areas. Though constantly positive at the level of the country as ? whole, the downward tendency in rural population growth was observed throughout the period. The author analyzes components and dynamics of natural change in rural population with emphasis on the period from 1981 to 1997, regional specifics up to the republican and provincial levels, and the main differences from the specifics of natural change in urban population. The author highlights that in analyzing natural change b? type of settlement, particular attention should b? paid to the very pronounced interdependency between the components of population dynamics and the age-sex structure, the more so as the latter is becoming the most significant direct determinant of the natural population growth. Namely, crude birth rate of rural population in Yugoslavia has tor several decades now been lower th?n the corresponding measure for urban population, while the crude death rate has, however, been higher. At the same time, in age-specific terms, fertility was higher and mortality lower in rural relative to urban populations. Such discrepancy evolved primarily from the unfavorable age-specific structure of rural population and its notably disturbed sex-specific structure (pronounced surplus in male, particularly younger middle-aged population). The author goes on to analyze the main features of fertility and reproduction in rural population based on demographic statistics. ?? argues that the general and total fertility rates represent more adequate indicators of fertility in rural population, as the impact of age structure has been partially or even fully eliminated. Thus, in 1990-1992, both indicators are higher for rural relative to urban population, and sufficiently high relative to the mortality level to assure integral replacement (net reproduction was 1.0 in rural relative to 0.9 in urban population). In all m???r regions of the country, fertility was higher in rural relative to urb?n population. Such differences were minimal in low fertility regions, while remaining significant in Kosovo and Metohia. The analysis of fertility was supplemented b? the 1991 census data, which, for the first time, included the number of live born children b? age of mother and type of settlement. Despite the fact that such data on female population illustrate the situation at the moment of census taking only, and not at the moment of birth, the author thinks that the cohort analysis based on the census data provide ? much more realistic account of fertility in rural population than the period analysis based on vital statistics, primarily as it resolves the problem of ???ur?t? registration 0f vital events b? type of settlement. Thus, cohort fertility rates show that fertility of rural female population is notably higher than the effective fertility in urban areas. This is true for all five-year age groups without exception, and equally true for all major regions Finally, the author analyzes cohort fertility of the autochthon versus migrant populations, as well as fertility b? ethnic origin. ?? draws ? general conclusion that fertility is higher in migrant relative to autochthon female population, and that th? differences are much more pronounced in rural relative to urban populations. This phenomenon is explained b? the so-called marriage-motivated migration, which the author assumes to b? dominant in migrant female population. As for fertility rates b? ethnic origin, the well-known differences are also evident in rural population. Namely, all ethnic groups can b? classified b? level fertility into three categories. The highest rate is recorded for ethnic Albanian, Roma and Muslim women. Montenegrin women record moderately high fertility rates, while the rate recorded for women of Croatian descent is generally sufficient for generation replacement. The third category is made u? of Serb, Yugoslav, and ethnic Hungarian women as well as the great majority of women of other ethnic origin (?unj?va?, Romanian and Slovak). ?ll these nationalities record very low fertility levels, which have for years been insufficient to enable generation replacement.
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Fitriyani, Wahyu Ika Nur, Arfani Priyambodo, Joseph Edward Timothy Siahaan, and Misbahul Hayat Fathul Husni. "Transformasi Wilayah Kota Mandiri pada Kawasan Permukiman (Studi Kasus : Perkampungan Karawaci, Kabupaten Tangerang, Provinsi Banten)." Jurnal Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v17i3.37948.
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The increasing population that occurs in the metropolis of Indonesia often causes problems with the structure of urban space utilization. It’s triggered by the phenomenon of urban sprawl that occurs in the outskirts of Jakarta, especially Tangerang, causing a transformation of the landscape. The existence of Lippo Karawaci which is supported by road accessibility and supporting facilities and infrastructures encourages the growth of a new city center titled independent city. The development of independent cities has the potential to change the structure of urban spaces that cause changes in the pattern of development of residential areas, especially in rural areas. This research emphasizes the condition of distance in the residential areas in Karawaci, namely Kampung Bencongan, Binong Village, Dadap Village, and Kampung Kelapa Dua as icons of traditional settlements associated with the city center. The purpose of this research is to know the transformation of land use and analyze spatial patterns of independent urban settlements in Karawaci Village. In conducting the analysis, the method used is descriptive spatial analysis with NNA (Nearest Neighbor Analysis) method to produce the pattern of settlements formed and land use transformation in residential areas through ArcMap 10.8 software. The required data was obtained through participatory mapping using the Google Earth platform for the 2003-2020 recording year as well as field observations by comparing the conditions of village distance to independent cities. The results showed an increase in settlement area of 11.4% (2.51 ha) in Binong Village, 14.2% (2.08 ha) in Dadap Village, 15.7% (4.84 ha) in Kampung Kelapa Dua, and 9.7% (3.67 ha) in Kampung Bencongan from 2003 to 2020. Spatial patterns formed in residential areas in Karawaci Village show that the closer the residential area with an independent city center will form a cluster settlement pattern. Meanwhile, the further the residential area from the city center independently will form a pattern of random settlements. So, it can be concluded that the transformation of the city space structure with the development of independent cities increases the area of settlements and forms different patterns of settlements to the city center.
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Qaja, Besjana. "Infrastructure: Proposals for planning and settlement models connection and better access development in the Lezhë region." Download Now: Editions: PDF DOI: 000-000 ISSN: 2959-4081 Spatial Proposals for the Post Pandemic City. The Case of Lezha 8, no. 1-2 (February 9, 2023): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37199/o41008104.
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The organization of rural settlements is an important measure to cope with rural decline and to improve the quality of life and rural attractions, tourism, assets, natural resources, etc. This study tries to analyze and present the relationship that these settlements have, what are their assets and values, and in what way they can be more connected and have permanent communication and access. Rural areas in the Lezhe region have experienced a rapid depopulation in the last 30 years, accompanied by rural-urban migration. This extraordinary transition has caused a series of negative consequences, requiring a reorganization of access and interaction of rural settlements, to increase their economic efficiency, promoting agrotourism and local production. In the continuation of the study, he takes into account the objectives of adaptability, compactness and local connection under the control of territorial limitations. The main goal of our work is to improve the infrastructure as an important tool in relation to the development of tourism and agro-tourism, taking into account the growth of the population of Lezha in the projection based on the data from INSTAT. The main ideas for improvement are based on expanding the information area of the "Rana e Hedhun" bicycle path; Connecting the most remote settlements with improved rural infrastructure and identifying natural areas that can be used for agricultural and tourist purposes.
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Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina, Patience Mususa, Karen Büscher, and Jeroen Cuvelier. "Boomtown Urbanization and Rural-Urban Transformation in Mining and Conflict Regions in Angola, the DRC and Zambia." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042285.
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Starting from temporary settlements turning into permanent urban centers, this paper discusses the transformations taking place through the process of so-called ‘boomtown’ urbanization in Central and Southern Africa. Based on data collected in Angola, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the paper identifies the different conditions for migration and settlement and the complex socio-economic, spatial, as well as political transformations produced by the fast growth and expansion of boomtowns. Different historical and contemporary processes shape boomtown urbanization in Africa, from colonial territorial governance to large- and small-scale mining or dynamics of violence and forced displacement. As centers of attraction, opportunities, diversified livelihoods and cultures for aspiring urbanities, boomtowns represent an interesting site from which to investigate rural-urban transformation in a context of resource extraction and conflict/post conflict governance. They equally represent potential catalyzing sites for growth, development and stability, hence deserving not only more academic but also policy attention. Based on the authors’ long-term field experience in the countries under study, the analysis draws on ethnographic fieldwork data collected through observations as well as interviews and focus group discussions with key actors involved in the everyday shaping of boomtown urbanism. The findings point to discernible patterns of boomtown consolidation across these adjacent countries, which are a result of combinations of types of migration, migrants’ agency and the governance structures, with clear implications for urban policy for both makeshift and consolidating towns.
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Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Rares, Sirio Cividino, Gianluca Egidi, Rosanna Salvia, and Luca Salvati. "Rapidity of Change in Population Age Structures: A Local Approach Based on Multiway Factor Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 2, 2020): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072828.
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In the light of complex adaptive system thinking, population age structures in Europe have increasingly reflected the interplay between ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ socioeconomic dynamics driven by natural population growth and migration. Assuming the importance of demographic dynamics shaping regional growth in recent times, a diachronic analysis of local-scale population age structures was developed for 156 districts of Greece between 1971 and 2011. By using appropriate indicators, the analysis was aimed at demonstrating how ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ transitions contribute to socioeconomic change in both urban and rural areas. A comprehensive analysis of change in population age structures between 1971 and 2011 allows identification of latent spatial structures as a result of population re-distribution from urban cores to broader rural regions. Following residential mobility, the empirical results of this study indicate (i) a late phase of urbanization (1971–1981) with population densification and settlement compactness, (i) a rapid suburbanization (1981–1991) consolidating distinctive demographic structures in urban and rural areas, (ii) a mild counter-urbanization (1991–2001) with moderate aging of suburban populations and (iii) a latent re-urbanization (2001–2011) reducing the suburban-urban divide in population age structures. Residential mobility contributed to a more balanced age structure during suburbanization and an increased demographic divide in the subsequent urban waves. A refined analysis of long-term population dynamics in metropolitan regions reflects spatial outcomes and latent aspects of demographic transitions shedding light on the debate over the future development of urban and rural societies in advanced economies.
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Kanja, K., M. Mwemba, and K. Malunga. "MONITORING THE RATE OF EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURAL FIELDS IN MWEKERA FOREST RESERVE USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W6 (July 26, 2019): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-377-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Rapid population growth and rural-urban migration amidst limited job opportunities lead to conversion of land from forests into agriculture and other land uses. In this study, Zambia’s Mwekera national forest reserve was used as a case study to assess the rate of expansion of agricultural fields using remote sensing and GIS. Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) as well as maximum likelihood supervised classification on four Landsat images as well as accuracy assessment of the classifications was performed. Over the period under observation, results indicate annual percentage changes to be &minus;0.03, &minus;0.49 and 1.26 for agriculture, forests and settlement respectively indicating a higher conversion of forests into human settlements and agriculture.</p>
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Raut, Radhika R., Kuldeep Kaur Bhatia, and Tushar Paithankar. "Planning Guidelines for the Development of Urban Periphery - Case of Akola." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 1159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54825.
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Abstract: The growth of any City, Village or Settlement is totally depend on, the opportunities it gives to the people in terms of the economic development and accommodation. Urbanization has caused the development of an area beyond its original municipal limits which leads to the haphazard growth of the city. This has caused the transformation of villages from rural to urban; giving them mixed characteristics of village and city. Rapid urbanization is the main cause of emergence of the urban periphery as well as slums in the cities. Urbanization is caused due to industrialization, as the small town grows into city, people starts migrating to city. As the urban land holds a very high value the lower income groups cannot afford them and starts living in the outskirts of the city which leads to the growth of urban peripheral area.
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Jochem, Warren C., and Andrew J. Tatem. "Tools for mapping multi-scale settlement patterns of building footprints: An introduction to the R package foot." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): e0247535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247535.
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Spatial datasets of building footprint polygons are becoming more widely available and accessible for many areas in the world. These datasets are important inputs for a range of different analyses, such as understanding the development of cities, identifying areas at risk of disasters, and mapping the distribution of populations. The growth of high spatial resolution imagery and computing power is enabling automated procedures to extract and map building footprints for whole countries. These advances are enabling coverage of building footprint datasets for low and middle income countries which might lack other data on urban land uses. While spatially detailed, many building footprints lack information on structure type, local zoning, or land use, limiting their application. However, morphology metrics can be used to describe characteristics of size, shape, spacing, orientation and patterns of the structures and extract additional information which can be correlated with different structure and settlement types or neighbourhoods. We introduce the foot package, a new set of open-source tools in a flexible R package for calculating morphology metrics for building footprints and summarising them in different spatial scales and spatial representations. In particular our tools can create gridded (or raster) representations of morphology summary metrics which have not been widely supported previously. We demonstrate the tools by creating gridded morphology metrics from all building footprints in England, Scotland and Wales, and then use those layers in an unsupervised cluster analysis to derive a pattern-based settlement typology. We compare our mapped settlement types with two existing settlement classifications. The results suggest that building patterns can help distinguish different urban and rural types. However, intra-urban differences were not well-predicted by building morphology alone. More broadly, though, this case study demonstrates the potential of mapping settlement patterns in the absence of a housing census or other urban planning data.