Academic literature on the topic 'Groote Eylandt'

Abstract ContextAustralia has experienced the highest number of mammal extinctions of any continent over the past two centuries. Understanding the demography and spatial requirements of populations before declines occur is fundamental to confirm species trajectory, elucidate causes of decline and develop effective management strategies. AimsWe evaluated the demography and spatial requirements of a northern quoll, Dasyurus hallucatus, population on Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory. Groote Eylandt is considered a refuge for the species because key threatening processes are absent or limited; cane toads and introduced ungulates are absent, feral cats are infrequently detected and the fire regime is benign compared with mainland Northern Territory. MethodsWe conducted a 4-year capture–mark–recapture study to monitor growth, reproduction and survival of northern quolls within a 128-ha area, and we evaluated spatial requirements by attaching GPS units to both sexes. To assess the status of the Groote Eylandt population, we compared the demographics with existing data from mainland populations. Key resultsThe average density of northern quolls was 0.33ha−1. However, there was a 58% decline in female density, primarily between 2012 and 2013, corresponding with a decrease in female body mass. Females survived and bred in up to 3 years and adult survival rates did not vary among years, suggesting that juvenile recruitment drives population fluctuations. Male quolls were semelparous, with die-off occurring in the months following breeding. The median female and male home ranges were 15.7ha and 128.6ha respectively, and male ranges increased significantly during breeding, with 1616ha being the largest recorded. ConclusionsThe northern quoll population on Groote Eylandt had a higher density, female survival and reproductive success than has been previously recorded on the mainland. However, a marked decline was recorded corresponding with a decrease in female mass, indicating below-average rainfall as the likely cause. ImplicationsGroote Eylandt remains a refuge for the endangered northern quoll. However, even in the absence of key threatening processes, the population has declined markedly, highlighting the impact of environmental fluctuations. Maintaining the ecological integrity of Groote Eylandt is imperative for population recovery, and managing threats on the mainland over appropriate spatial scales is necessary to increase population resilience.

Tidal range in the Arafura and Teimor Sea region is estimated from the actual field records collected by five tidal stations during March 2011. These stations include Rote and Saumlaki tidal stations of Badan Koordinasi Survei dan Pemetaan Nasional (Bakosurtanal) Indonesia, and Broome, Darwin and Groote Eylandt tidal stations of Australia Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). In addition to data from these stations, datasets of sea surface height obtained from Topex/Poseidon altimetry at seven (7) virtual stations were used. Generally, the results of this study are in agreement with that of Wyrtki (1961). However, by utilizing spectral analysis and form factor, this study shows difference in terms of tidal types from that of Wyrtki's, particularly at Karumba and Groote Eylandt stations.

Current documentation and specimen data for Notomys aquilo are restricted to three localities: Cape York (one record from the nineteenth century), Groote Eylandt, and central Arnhem Land (one record). A field survey based on signs of N. aquilo and Aboriginal information indicated that the species occurs widely on sandy substrates of Arnhem Land. Recent observation of signs suggests that it may also persist on Cape York Peninsula. The species is reasonably common on Groote Eylandt, where it was recorded most frequently in shrublands (dominated by either Acacia spp., Hakea arborescens or Banksia dentata), but occurred also in coastal grasslands and other strand vegetation. Its abundance there is associated with the cover of hummock grass and several pea species. The conservation status of the species appears to be secure.

Over the last decade, the combination of biological surveys, genetic diversity assessments and systematic research has revealed a growing number of previously unrecognised vertebrate species endemic to the Australian Monsoonal Tropics. Here we describe a new species of saxicoline velvet gecko in the Oedura marmorata complex from Groote Eylandt, a large island off the eastern edge of the Top End region of the Northern Territory. Oedura nesos sp. nov. differs from all congeners in combination of moderate size, and aspects of tail morphology and colouration. It has not been reported from the nearby mainland regions (eastern Arnhem Land) suggesting it may be an insular endemic, although further survey work is required to confirm this. While Groote Eylandt is recognised as a contemporary ecological refuge for declining mammal species of northern Australia, newly detected endemic species suggest it may also be of significance as an evolutionary refuge for many taxa, especially those associated with sandstone escarpments.

Cette thèse sur l’anindilyakwa, langue gunwinyguan, fournit une analyse empirique de l'expression temporelle, aspectuelle et modale (TAM) dans une langue peu documentée de l'archipel de Groote Eylandt, au nord-est de la région d’Arnhem en Australie.Les objectifs de la thèse sont à la fois descriptifs et théoriques. Le premier objectif est de fournir une description détaillée de certaines des propriétés grammaticales les plus importantes de l'anindilyakwa, en particulier celles liées au groupe verbal. Cet objectif descriptif est enrichi par le deuxième objectif, qui est de contribuer à la recherche dans le domaine de la sémantique et de la pragmatique du TAM (et de leurs interfaces avec la morphosyntaxe) en entreprenant une analyse à fondement théorique de l'expression et de l'interaction temporelles, aspectuelles et modales en anindilyakwa. La principale innovation de cette thèse réside dans la combinaison (i) d'approches théoriques morphosyntaxiques, sémantiques et pragmatiques dans l'étude de l'expression du TAM dans les langues naturelles avec (ii) une approche descriptive de terrain. Le présent travail est une manière de réponse à la double question suivante : comment les langues peu documentées et étudiées éclairent-elles notre compréhension d'un domaine catégoriel général comme le TAM, comment ces, et comment peut-on aborder la documentation de catégories TAM dans un travail de terrain portant sur de telles langues ?L’anindilyakwa est une langue particulièrement intéressante à examiner à cet égard, étant donné la nature polysynthétique et la composition morphologique complexe et combinatoire du verbe. Inflexionnellement, l'expression TAM y est réalisée par la combinaison de deux, voire trois, positions morphologiques discontinues dans le gabarit verbal. En plus de la combinatoire morphologique complexe du gabarit verbal, ce système d'inflexion présente une sous-spécification aspectuo-temporelle conséquente, associée à un syncrétisme généralisé, c’est-à-dire à un manque prononcé de contrastivité dans plusieurs des formes paradigmatiques. L'analyse minutieuse et la compréhension de ces propriétés verbales flexionnelles, par rapport à l'expression du TAM, sont dès lors au coeur de cette thèse.La présente étude sémantique et morphosyntaxique approfondie du système TAM de l'anindilyakwa contribue non seulement à la description de cette langue très peu documentée, mais aussi à notre connaissance des langues peu étudiées (en particulier non européennes) dont le système TAM a fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie. Ceci garantira l’accès des futurs travaux typologiques multilingues sur le TAM à des données plus riches et plus accessibles dans un échantillon plus large des langues du monde
This thesis provides an empirically driven and theoretically informed examination of temporal, aspectual and modal (TAM) expression in Anindilyakwa, an underdescribed and underdocumented Gunwinyguan language of the Groote Eylandt archipelago, north-east Arnhem Land, Australia.The goals of the thesis are both descriptive and theoretical. The first is to provide a detailed description of some of the core grammatical properties of Anindilyakwa, particularly related to the verbal complex. This descriptive goal is linked to, and builds the infrastructure for, the second goal of the thesis: to provide a theoretically-informed examination of temporal, aspectual and modal expression and interaction in Anindilyakwa, thus contributing towards (and building upon) research in the area of TAM semantics and pragmatics (and their interfaces with morpho-syntax). The original contribution of this thesis lies in the cross-section between theoretically-informed morpho-syntactic, semantic and pragmatic approaches to TAM expression in natural languages, and the exploration and examination of this domain in a fieldwork and language documentation setting: how do underdescribed languages inform our understanding of this domain, and how should we approach the documentation of these concepts in the field?Anindilyakwa is a particularly interesting language to examine in this regard, given the polysynthetic nature and complex morphological make-up and combinatorics of the verb. Inflectionally, TAM expression is realised through the combination of (at least) two discontinuous morphological slots of the verb structure. In addition to the complex morphological combinatorics of the verbal structure, this inflectional system displays widespread aspectuo-temporal underspecification, coupled with a widespread lack of contrastiveness in many of the paradigmatic forms (i.e. syncretism). Thus, unpacking and understanding these inflectional verbal properties, with respect to TAM expression, is where the core of this thesis lies.This comprehensive semantic and morpho-syntactic investigation into the TAM system of Anindilyakwa contributes not only to the description of this underdocumented language, but it also bolsters the representation of understudied (particularly non-European) languages that have received detailed TAM study, ensuring that future cross-linguistic typological work on TAM has access to richer data in a wider sample of the world’s languages

Anindilyakwa is the language spoken by over 1,000 Warnindilyakwa Aborigines on Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory. In the Australian language families, it is placed in the Groote Eylandt Family (Oates 1970:15) or the Andilyaugwan Family (Wurm 1972:117). As Yallop (1982:40) reports, Anindilyakwa and Nunggubuyu "are similiar in grammar and possibly share the distinction of being the most gramatically complex Australian languages. They are diverse in basic vocabularly, however, and are therefore allocated to separate families".

Doctor of Philosophy
Anindilyakwa is the language spoken by over 1,000 Warnindilyakwa Aborigines on Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory. In the Australian language families, it is placed in the Groote Eylandt Family (Oates 1970:15) or the Andilyaugwan Family (Wurm 1972:117). As Yallop (1982:40) reports, Anindilyakwa and Nunggubuyu "are similiar in grammar and possibly share the distinction of being the most gramatically complex Australian languages. They are diverse in basic vocabularly, however, and are therefore allocated to separate families".

The aim of the project was to establish rate and mechanisms of solid state reduction of manganese ores. The project studied carbothermal reduction of manganese oxide MnO, two Groote Eylandt (Australian) and Wessels (South African) manganese ores in hydrogen, helium and argon atmospheres at temperatures up to 1400C for MnO and 1200C for manganese ores. Experiments were conducted in the fixed bed reactor with on-line off-gas analysis. The major findings are as follows. ?? Rate and degree of reduction of MnO and ores increased with increasing temperature. ?? Reduction of MnO and manganese ores at temperatures up to 1200C was faster in helium than in argon, and much faster in hydrogen than in helium. The difference in MnO reduction in hydrogen and helium decreased with increasing temperature to 1400C. ?? Addition of up to 7 vol% of carbon monoxide to hydrogen had no effect on MnO reduction at 1200C. ?? In the process of carbothermal reduction of ores in hydrogen at 1200C, silica was reduced. ?? Reduction of both GE ores was slower than of Wessels ore. This was attributed to high content of iron oxide in the Wessels ore. ?? Carbon content in the graphite-ore mixture had a strong effect on phases formed in the process of reduction; thus, in the reduction of Wessels ore with 12-16 wt% C, a-Mn and Mn23C6 were formed; when carbon content was above 20 wt%, oxides were reduced to carbide (Mn,Fe)7C3. ?? Kinetic analysis showed that mass transfer of intermediate CO2 from oxide to graphite in carbothermal reduction in inert atmosphere was a contributing factor in the rate control. ?? High rate of reduction of manganese oxide in hydrogen was attributed to formation of methane which facilitated mass transfer of carbon from graphite to oxide. Hydrogen was also directly involved in reduction of manganese ore reducing iron oxides to metallic iron and higher manganese oxides to MnO. Reduction of Wessels and Groote Eyland Premium Fines ores in the solid state is feasible at temperatures up to 1200C; while temperature for solid state reduction of Groote Eyland Premium Sands is limited by 1100C.

This thesis examines the ways missionary encounters with indigenous languages challenged or contributed to processes of colonisation - an issue that is contested by historians and anthropologists alike. Missionaries all over the world have faced the challenge of sharing their Word with another culture, another language. The thesis grapples with the question of whether the imperatives of translation resulted in cooperative relationships with local people or whether the determination to translate made indigenous languages and cultures vulnerable to 'colonisation' by the missionary 'expert'. That is, did missionaries turn indigenous languages themselves into instruments of colonisation? In the case of Christian missions to Aboriginal people in Australia, the Australian languages have, so far, received little attention from historians. In redressing this, the thesis discusses Australia's Aboriginal mission history to the context of broad international debate about the colonising nature of missionary engagement with indigenous languages. It does this by investigating the relatively recent case of the Church Missionary Society missions to the Anindilyakwa people of Groote Eylandt in the Northern Territory from 1943 to 1973. The thesis argues that the mission was a site of diverse engagements, strategic resistance, adaptation and negotiation on behalf of Anindilyakwa people and missionaries. Missionaries used language both to assure themselves of their own ascendency and to coax Anindilyakwa people to listen to their teachings. Yet the missionaries' dependence on interpreters meant that their power was always limited, their message mediated, and their teachings translated. Furthermore, ideas and practices were transmitted or translated across cultures in ways that were not always expected or harmonious. Differences in language and in cultures of orality and literacy, as well as the possibilities of translation, allowed Anindilyakwa people to selectively embrace missionary teachings and practices, incorporating them into their own cultures in diverse ways. Missionaries, likewise, found themselves unexpectedly transformed as they were increasingly immersed in Anindilyakwa language, culture and society. The thesis concludes that translation was simultaneously a site of colonisation and an opportunity for indigenous agency and challenges to colonisation. Aboriginal agency was not limited to collaboration or resistance. Rather, Anindilyakwa people engaged with missionaries and their Word in diverse ways, some supporting missionaries, others reacting, resisting or disengaging, and still others translating and reinterpreting missionary imports for themselves. The thesis explores themes of translation of language and culture; texts and literacies; missionary linguistic projects; and of songs in translation across cultures. It adopts an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on insights from anthropology, linguistics, missiology and musicology. It uses language as a lens to engage with broader histories of assimilation, indigenous modernities, cultural engagement and survival, of race and identity in twentieth-century Australia. It also sheds light on a broader story of colonisation, revealing the struggle to speak Aboriginal languages as a pivotal part of the struggle for Aboriginal land and identities.

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Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1989

This thesis presents an archaeological study of contact where an island Aboriginal society in northern Australia experienced first contact with non­ Aboriginal cultural groups in the recent past. The island society is that of the Anindilyakwa-speaking clans of the Groote Eylandt archipelago in the Northern Territory of Australia. The research is based on eleven months of fieldwork conducted on Groote Eylandt over three periods in 1990, 1991 and 1992 and reports on the results of test-excavations carried out at 18 different archaeological sites. I put forward the thesis that changes in resource use and residence patterns can be identified in the archaeological record during the period of Macassan contact, and that there is a trajectory of change leading into the last seventy years of Mission settlement. I present a three part model of resource use and residence patterns encompassing the pre-contact period, Macassan contact and the period of Mission settlement. I further suggest that the changes identified in the archaeological record are indicative of a re-structuring of the cultural landscape as result of contact, first with Macassans and later with missionaries. The analyses of archaeological, ethnographic and archival information presented in this thesis suggest that the influence of Macassan contact on Aboriginal culture was more far reaching than has previously been considered. In this thesis the relationship between Aboriginal society of Groote Eylandt and outsiders is analysed as a process of interaction and mediation. The concept of mediation provides for an active and negotiated relationship between Macassans and Aboriginal people, and Europeans and Aboriginal people. The concept of mediation is also used to describe and analyse the way in which the direction of this project was the outcome of negotiations between myself and the Aboriginal community. The process of mediation thus establishes a conceptual link between contact in the past, and contact between myself and the Aboriginal community in the present. There are several inter-connected components to this thesis. The primary aim of the research is to identify and explain changes and continuities in resource use and residence patterns across a time span of 25OO years, a period which encompasses contact with Macassans and colonisation by Missionaries. A secondary concern of the thesis is a reflexive exploration of the social and personal context in which the research took place. Although this is not the main focus of this thesis, it is, however, inextricably interwoven into the fabric of the archaeology because the act of doing fieldwork within an Aboriginal cultural landscape fundamentally transformed both the research and myself, the researcher. There is a subsidiary outcome of the thesis. The fieldwork has provided the first descriptions of the late Holocene archaeology of Groote Eylandt.

This thesis provides an empirically driven and theoretically informed examination of temporal, aspectual and modal (TAM) expression in Anindilyakwa, an underdescribed and underdocumented Gunwinyguan language of the Groote Eylandt archipelago, north-east Arnhem Land, Australia. The goals of the thesis are both descriptive and theoretical. The first is to provide a detailed description of some of the core grammatical properties of Anindilyakwa, particularly related to the verbal complex. This descriptive goal is linked to, and builds the infrastructure for, the second goal of the thesis: to provide a theoretically-informed examination of temporal, aspectual and modal expression and interaction in Anindilyakwa, thus contributing towards (and building upon) research in the area of TAM semantics and pragmatics (and their interfaces with morpho-syntax). The original contribution of this thesis lies in the cross-section between theoretically-informed morpho-syntactic, semantic and pragmatic approaches to TAM expression in natural languages, and the exploration and examination of this domain in a fieldwork and language documentation setting: how do underdescribed languages inform our understanding of this domain, and how should we approach the documentation of these concepts in the field? Anindilyakwa is a particularly interesting language to examine in this regard, given the polysynthetic nature and complex morphological make-up and combinatorics of the verb. Inflectionally, TAM expression is realised through the combination of (at least) two discontinuous morphological slots of the verb structure. In addition to the complex morphological combinatorics of the verbal structure, this inflectional system displays widespread aspectuo-temporal underspecification, coupled with a widespread lack of contrastiveness in many of the paradigmatic forms (i.e. syncretism). Thus, unpacking and understanding these inflectional verbal properties, with respect to TAM expression, is where the core of this thesis lies. This comprehensive semantic and morpho-syntactic investigation into the TAM system of Anindilyakwa contributes not only to the description of this underdocumented language, but it also bolsters the representation of understudied (particularly non-European) languages that have received detailed TAM study, ensuring that future cross-linguistic typological work on TAM has access to richer data in a wider sample of the world's languages.