Journal articles: 'Grip strength – Testing'

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Waldo, Brain R. "Grip Strength Testing." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 18, no. 5 (1996): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1996)018<0032:gst>2.3.co;2.

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Hamilton, Ann, Ron Balnave, and Roger Adams. "Grip Strength Testing Reliability." Journal of Hand Therapy 7, no. 3 (July 1994): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1130(12)80058-5.

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Maurissen, Jacques P. J., Brian R. Marable, Amanda K. Andrus, and Kenneth E. Stebbins. "Factors affecting grip strength testing." Neurotoxicology and Teratology 25, no. 5 (September 2003): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-0362(03)00073-4.

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Stevenson, Peter E., Todd R. Skochdopole, L. Cassady, Dennis Pihs, and Ajit D. Kelkar. "Testing of High Strength Fabrics: Reporting Modulus, Low Strain Properties, and Ultimate Tensile Strength." Journal of Industrial Textiles 29, no. 4 (April 2000): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152808370002900403.

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Measurement of the tensile properties of high strength woven and knit fabrics, including geotextiles and geogrids traditionally make use of roller grip-type clamping systems. These grips are designed to allow a sample to be pulled in tension without applying an excessive crimping or compressive force on the specimen, thus avoiding premature failure. Roller grips, also known as capstan grips, also have the advantage of allowing the specimen to align itself with the applied force therefore loading the specimen uniformly across the width. However, since the specimen tightens itself around the grip during testing, crosshead travel cannot be used to measure specimen strain, which makes the determination of low strain properties and the selection of modulus values difficult. Two issues that must be addressed in obtaining low strain properties are how to measure sample strain and how to get an accurate and repeatable starting point for the test. This paper will explore alternate methods of gripping systems, strain measurement and data analysis with the objective of accurately measuring and reporting low strain properties of woven and knit textiles.

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Bleeker, Margit L., and Sania Amr. "Clinical Update: Strength Testing–Grip and Pinch." Guides Newsletter 4, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.mayjun06.

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EL-SAIS, WALAA M., and WALAA S. MOHAMMAD. "BIOMECHANICAL EFFECT OF TESTING POSITIONS ON HAND GRIP STRENGTH." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 03 (May 2016): 1650026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500263.

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Hand grip strength (HGS) is a useful functional measure of the integrity of the upper extremities, however, many studies have examined it from selected positions (i.e., supine, sitting, standing), with no emphasis on other derived positions that are used in clinical setting. This study’s objective was to evaluate HGS in different body positions that are used in clinical setting by using a standard protocol. The study sample was a convenience sample of 40 healthy male participants with no history of psychiatric, neurological, or upper extremity orthopedic dysfunction. Grip strength in the dominant hand was measured with a Jamar Plus[Formula: see text] digital hand dynamometer in five positions: Supine, prone, side-lying, sitting, and standing. The HGS value in prone position was significantly lower than in standing position ([Formula: see text]) and sitting position ([Formula: see text]). However, no statistically significant difference was found in HGS among the supine, prone, and side-lying positions. Grip strength was moderately correlated with age ([Formula: see text]). This study provides useful evaluation for grip strength in different positions. In identical upper extremity positions, grip strength varies between different body positions. Grip strength is equivalent when tested from the supine, side-lying, or prone positions, thus the position can be adjusted according to the patient’s condition. Finally, age is an important determinant of hand grip evaluation, particularly when standing position is used.

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Savva, C., C. Karagiannis, and A. Rushton. "Test–retest reliability of grip strength measurement in full elbow extension to evaluate maximum grip strength." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 38, no. 2 (June 19, 2012): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193412449804.

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The objective of this study was to investigate the test–retest reliability of measurement of grip strength in full elbow extension. The grip strengths of 19 healthy participants were measured using the Jamar dynamometer by the same rater on two occasions with an interval of 7 days between measures. Test–retest reliability of grip strength measurement was excellent in full elbow extension and associated with low values of standard error of measurement and small variations in the differences between the two measurements in both testing sessions.

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Weinstock-Zlotnick, Gwen, Jane Bear-Lehman, Margaret Burdo, Jennifer Eisenberg, Laura Vasquez, and Tzu-Ying Yu. "Grip Strength Testing- Does Visual Feedback Impact Scores?" Journal of Hand Therapy 21, no. 4 (October 2008): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2008.07.015.

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TREDGETT, M. W., and T. R. C. DAVIS. "Rapid Repeat Testing of Grip Strength for Detection of Faked Hand Weakness." Journal of Hand Surgery 25, no. 4 (August 2000): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2000.0433.

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This study assessed the use of rapid, repeated measurement of grip strength to detect feigned hand weakness. Normal participants, performing with maximum effort or feigning hand weakness, and patients recovering from carpal tunnel surgery were asked to grip a Jamar dynamometer alternately with each hand on ten occasions. The results showed that grip strength fatigued by an average of 23% during the test in the normal participants, 18% in participants faking weakness, and increased by 2% in the carpal tunnel decompression patients. An increase in grip strength after the first effort was found in 39% of normal participants, 52% of participants faking hand weakness and in 69% of the carpal tunnel decompression patients. These results suggest that rapid, repeated measurement of grip strength is not a reliable discriminator of true and faked hand weakness.

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Vollert, Jan, Carina Pasqualicchio, Mike Papenhoff, Burkhard Heitmann, Frank Müller, and Christoph Maier. "Grip strength feigning is hard to detect: an exploratory study." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 43, no. 2 (August 30, 2017): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193417728409.

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Detecting submaximal effort when testing grip strength is difficult. Research so far has focused on the discrimination between sincere and feigning healthy participants, whereas the clinically relevant distinction is between injured patients and feigning participants. The aim of our study was to compare rapid exchange grip and isometric grip strength testing in 41 participants feigning weakness with 39 patients with decreased hand function. Various parameters that describe grip strength were recorded and tested for differences between the groups. Only the maximum grip strength during rapid exchange grip was found to be significantly higher in feigning participants compared with patients, but this cannot be used for decision-making on an individual basis. We found no parameters that are useful for the detection of feigned weakness in an individual case. Level of evidence: III

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Sadeghifar, A. R., A. Karbalaeikhani, and A. R. Saied. "An assessment of the effects of variations in the Palmaris longus tendon and the fifth superficial flexor digitorum on pinch and grip strength." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 33, no. 5 (September 17, 2020): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-170916.

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INTRODUCTION: The effect of the absence or presence of the Palmaris longus tendon on pinch and grip strength was investigated in this study. Similarly, the effect of the presence or absence of the fifth superficial flexor digitorum on grip strength in the hand was studied. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined effect of these anatomical variations on pinch and grip strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 523 volunteers and their 1046 hands were enrolled. Each hand was assessed for the presence or absence of the Palmaris longus tendon and for variations in the fifth superficial flexor digitorum function. Then the grip and pinch power of the hands were measured with the Jammar Dynamometer. RESULTS: The presence or absence of Palmaris longus had no effect on grip strength in the individuals studied. Likewise, variations in fifth superficial flexor digitorum function had no effect on grip and pinch strengths. But the results of statistical testing showed the effect of the presence of Palmaris longus on pinch strength (25.38 lbs in hands with Palmaris present vs 24.43 lbs in hands without Palmaris). Pinch and grip power was higher in men than in women and in the right hand than in the left. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of the present study, it seems that absence of the Palmaris longus tendon is associated with a reduction in pinch strength but has no effect on grip strength, and the variations in the fifth superficial flexor digitorum (flexor digitorum superficialis, or FDS) have no effect on pinch and grip strengths.

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Akınoğlu, Bihter, Tuğba Kocahan, Necmiye Ün Yıldırım, Çağlar Soylu, and Adnan Hasanoğlu. "Determination of the relationship between the wrist isokinetic muscle strenght and the grip strength in tennis players aged between 12-14." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 2_suppl2 (February 1, 2017): 2325967117S0007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117s00070.

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Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between isokinetic wrist muscle strenght and grip strength in tennis players aged between 12-14. Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 9 (3 female and 6 male) tennis players aged between 12-14 (means 13,22±0,83). Weight, height, body mass index and dominant extremity of the players were recorded. İsokinetic measurement was performed with Isomed 2000® device. İsokinetic testing protocol; before the test all players performed the wrist flexion and extension isokinetic test with the 5 repeating at 90 º/sec as a warm-up and for comprehenting the test. Then, wrist flexion and extension concentric-concentric strength measurements were performed with the 5 repeating at 60 º/sec and with the 15 repeating at 240 º/sec with the angle between 50 degrees of wrist flexion and 60 degrees of wrist extension and peak torque values were recorded. Standard Jamar® Dynamometer was used for grip strength measurements. Grip strenght was performed firstly in sitting position, which is the position of standard measurement. Secondly, in standing position, the elbow was in full ekstansion and the forearm was in neutral position. Thirdly, in standing position the wrist was positioned approximately 30° extension and 10° ulnar deviation. This test was repeated 3 times in all test position and the mean of three scores were recorded. Firstly, the dominant hand, then the non-dominant hand was evoluated. They were allowed to rest for 30 seconds between each grip measurement. Correlation between peak tork of isokinetic muscle strenght and grip strength was done having been used Spearman correlation test. Findings: It was determined that there was a significant positive relation between wrist flexion-extension isokinetic muscle strength and grip strenght in tennis players aged between 12-14. Clinically, grip strength measured in the standard sitting position was found more as compared to the other positions but these values were not statistically significant (p>0,05). Accordingly, grip strength measured in the standard sitting position correlated with much more of the parameters which we evaluated for isokinetic muscle strength comparing to grip strenght measured in the other two positions (p<0,05). Results: It was concluded that isokinetic muscle strength of wrist can be affected by grip strength, therefore measurement needs to be done in the sitting position which maximum grip strength may reveal. [Table: see text]

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Brigham, Christopher R. "Clinical Update: Grip Strength: An Uncommon Impairment." Guides Newsletter 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2003.sepoct03.

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Abstract Upper extremity impairment rarely is assessed using grip strength, according to the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), because results can be influenced by subjective factors that are difficult to control, including sex, age, comorbidities, fatigue, handedness, time of day, pain, and the individual's cooperation. The AMA Guides, Section 16.5b, Impairment Evaluation Methods, discusses the approach used for rating peripheral nerve injuries, but this section applies only to specific nerve lesions with resulting weakness of the muscles supplied or sensory changes. Strength correlates only poorly with performance of the activities of daily living, and grip strength testing using a dynamometer or other types of isometric strength testing has not been shown to reliably discriminate between submaximal and maximal efforts. Grip strength usually is not used in the presence of decreased motion, painful conditions, deformities, or absence of body parts (eg, missing digit), nor is it used to rate weakness from a peripheral nerve lesion. In rare cases, the AMA Guides allows the use of loss of strength (eg, due to a severe muscle tear that healed leaving a palpable muscle defect). Impairment ratings based on objective anatomic findings take precedence, and loss of strength is rarely combined and only if based on unrelated etiologic or pathomechanical causes.

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Harris-Love, Michael, Kimberly Benson, Erin Leasure, Bernadette Adams, and Valerie McIntosh. "The Influence of Upper and Lower Extremity Strength on Performance-Based Sarcopenia Assessment Tests." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 3, no. 4 (November 3, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk3040053.

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The optimal management of sarcopenia requires appropriate endpoint measures to determine intervention efficacy. While hand grip strength is a predictor of morbidity and mortality, lower extremity strength may be better associated with functional activities in comparison to hand grip strength. The purpose of our study was to examine the comparative association of upper and lower extremity strength with common measures of physical performance in older adults. Thirty community-dwelling men, aged 62.5 ± 9.2 years, completed body composition analysis, quantitative strength testing, and performance-based tests of functional status. Hand grip force values were not significantly associated with knee extensor or flexor torque values (p > 0.05). Hand grip force was only associated with fast gait speed, while knee extensor torque at 60°/s was the only variable significantly associated across all functional outcome measures: customary gait speed, fast gait speed, sit to stand time, and the Physical Performance Test (p < 0.02). Hand grip strength was not a proxy measure of lower extremity strength as assessed in this study. Overall, lower extremity muscle strength values had the strongest associations with participant functional performance. Lower extremity strength testing may provide additional value as an endpoint measure in the assessment and clinical management of sarcopenia.

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Bowser, J. E., S. H. Elder, A. M. Rashmir-Raven, and C. E. Swiderski. "A cryogenic clamping technique that facilitates ultimate tensile strength determinations in tendons and ligaments." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 24, no. 05 (2011): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-10-09-0128.

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SummaryObjective: To describe the use of a cryogenic clamp of novel design for tensile strength testing of tendinous and ligamentous tissues with inherently high tensile strength.Methods: Inexpensive, easily machined steel clamps were manufactured to facilitate rapid insertion into a standard wedge-screw grip apparatus installed on a testing system with a control system attached. The deep digital flex-or tendon (DDFT) of six horses was trimmed to a uniform dumbbell shape and secured in clamps using partial submersion in liquid nitrogen for approximately 45 seconds and immediately tested. Approximate time between removal from liquid nitrogen and failure of tendon was four minutes.Results: Failure was achieved in all tendons tested in a region approximating a midpoint between the clamps. Ultimate failure loads of up to 6745 N were achieved without slippage of the tissue from the grips. The ultimate tensile strength of the normal equine DDFT determined in this study was 111.82 ± 11.53 N/mm2, and the stress versus grip-to-grip elongation plots for our equine DDFT were representative of a standard non-linear elastic curve obtained in similar studies.Clinical significance: We present a low cost device for quantifying physical properties of specimens with high connective tissue concentrations and inherent high tensile strength. Results of this study indicate that this device provides a practical alternative to other more costly methods of adequately securing larger tendons and ligaments for tensile strength testing.

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Li, Zongzhen. "ISOKINETIC MUSCLE STRENGTH TESTING AND TECHNOLOGY OF TRAINING IN SPORTS MEDICINE." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 28, no. 6 (December 2022): 757–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202228062022_0050.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Current research in sports medicine on muscles adjacent to joints in patients with joint instability focuses on functional instability. However, few studies on muscle strength in the muscles adjacent to the joints in typical patients. Objective This study tests the changes in isokinetic muscle strength in flexion-extension muscle groups in common subjects’ knees and elbows. Methods Randomly selected ordinary citizens to perform isokinetic muscle strength testing with grip strength, explosive pedaling force, and elbow and knee joint movement speeds of 60°/s. Results The single work of the normal knee flexors and extensors decreases with test speed at different movement speeds. Conclusion The grip strength test and isokinetic pedaling test can be used as simple muscle strength tests for fitness monitoring. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

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Bohannon, Richard W. "Grip strength measured by manual muscle testing lacks diagnostic accuracy." Isokinetics and Exercise Science 26, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ies-182162.

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Jensen, Anne M., Richard J. Stevens, and Amanda J. Burls. "Muscle testing for lie detection: Grip strength dynamometry is inadequate." European Journal of Integrative Medicine 17 (January 2018): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2017.11.001.

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Dunn, Jennifer A., Sabrina Koch-Borner, M. Elise Johanson, and Johanna Wangdell. "Toward Consensus in Assessing Upper Limb Muscle Strength and Pinch and Grip Strength in People With Tetraplegia Having Upper Limb Reconstructions." Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 27, no. 3 (April 30, 2021): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46292/sci20-00012.

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Objectives: To reach agreement on standardized protocols for assessing upper limb strength and grip and pinch force for upper limb reconstructive surgery for tetraplegia. Methods: Selected members of an expert panel composed of international therapists formed at the 2018 International Congress for Upper Limb Surgery for Tetraplegia conducted a literature review of current practice that identified gaps and inconsistencies in measurement protocols and presented to workshop attendees. To resolve discrepancies, a set of questions was presented to workshop attendees who voted electronically. Consensus was set at 75% agreement. Results: For manual muscle testing, consensus was reached for using the Medical Research Council scale, without plus or minus, and the use of resistance through range when testing grade 4 and grade 5 strength. Pectoralis major and serratus anterior should be routinely tested, however there was no consensus on other shoulder muscles. Grip and pinch strength should be tested according to the American Society of Hand Therapists positioning. For grip strength, either the Jamar or Biometrics dynamometer expressed in kilograms should be used. For grip and pinch strength, three measurements should be performed at each testing. No consensus was reached on a device for pinch strength. Conclusion: This work is an important step to enable comparable data in the future. Further consensus methods will work toward developing more comprehensive guidelines in this population. Building international consensus for pre- and postoperative measures of function supports objective evaluation of novel therapies and interpretation of multicenter studies.

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Shechtman, Orit, Bhagwant S. Sindhu, and Paul W. Davenport. "Using the “Visual Target Grip Test” to Identify Sincerity of Effort during Grip Strength Testing." Journal of Hand Therapy 25, no. 3 (July 2012): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2011.12.007.

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Wu, Kitty, Romeet Ahluwalia, Shrikant J. Chinchalkar, Joshua I. Vincent, Robert S. Richards, and Nina Suh. "The Effect of Simulated Total Distal Interphalangeal Joint Stiffness on Grip Strength." Plastic Surgery 26, no. 3 (April 23, 2018): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2292550318767925.

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Purpose: Production of a functional grip pattern requires the concerted action of numerous structures within the hand. This study quantifies the effect of total distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) stiffness to grip strength. Methods: Fifty (25 men, 25 women, 100 hands) individuals with a mean age of 38 years (range: 17-69 years) were recruited. Exclusion criteria included history of previous upper limb injury, neuropathies, or systemic disease. Custom thermoplastic orthoses were used to splint participants’ DIPJ in full extension simulating stiffness. Grip strength before and after splinting was measured using a calibrated Jamar dynamometer. Data were analyzed using paired and independent sample t tests and 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance with hand dominance and configuration (splinted or unsplinted) as within-subject factors. Results: Restriction of DIPJ flexion led to a 20% decrease in grip strength ( P < .001). There was no significant difference in this decrease between dominant and non-dominant hands. Univariate analysis did not demonstrate any interaction between hand dominance and testing configuration. Post hoc analysis revealed no statistical difference in baseline grip strength between the dominant and non-dominant hands. Furthermore, men had significantly stronger grip strength than women in all configurations ( P < .001). Conclusions: Flexion at the DIPJ contributes significantly to grip strength, and stiffness at this joint greatly limits functional capabilities of the hand. This necessitates the need for targeted rehabilitation in DIPJ injuries to minimize adverse effects on grip strength.

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Lo, Victor Ei-Wen, Yi-Chen Chiu, and Hsin-Hung Tu. "Can We Use Grip Strength to Predict Other Types of Hand Exertions? An Example of Manufacturing Industry Workers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030856.

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Background: There are different types of hand motions in people’s daily lives and working environments. However, testing duration increases as the types of hand motions increase to build a normative database. Long testing duration decreases the motivation of study participants. The purpose of this study is to propose models to predict pinch and press strength using grip strength. Methods: One hundred ninety-eight healthy volunteers were recruited from the manufacturing industries in Central Taiwan. The five types of hand motions were grip, lateral pinch, palmar pinch, thumb press, and ball of thumb press. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to explore the relationship between force type, gender, height, weight, age, and muscle strength. Results: The prediction models developed according to the variable of the strength of the opposite hand are good for explaining variance (76.9–93.1%). Gender is the key demographic variable in the predicting models. Grip strength is not a good predictor of palmar pinch (adjusted-R2: 0.572–0.609), nor of thumb press and ball of thumb (adjusted-R2: 0.279–0.443). Conclusions: We recommend measuring the palmar pinch and ball of thumb strength and using them to predict the other two hand motions for convenience and time saving.

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Shea, Mark J., Anika Weightman, Bradley Wibrow, and Matthew H. Anstey. "A Prospective Evaluation of Grip Strength Comparing a Low-Tech Method to Dynanometry in Preoperative Surgical Patients and Weak Intensive Care Patients." Critical Care Research and Practice 2022 (October 19, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3428851.

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Objective. Grip strength testing offers a mechanism to identify patients in whom frailty might be present, discriminate between robust elderly and vulnerable younger patients, and can be used as a tool to track changes in muscle bulk over the course of an inpatient stay. We compared gold-standard quantitative grip strength measurement to a low-tech alternative, a manual bedside sphygmomanometer. Design. Under supervision, subjects performed hand-grip strength testing with each instrument. A mean score is calculated from three measurements on the dominant and nondominant hand. Setting. Testing was performed in a tertiary centre in Perth, Western Australia, in both outpatient clinics and intensive care units. Participants. 51 adult pre-operative surgical outpatients were assessed, alongside 20 intensive care inpatients identified as being weak. Main outcome measures. A statistical correlation between the two measures was evaluated. Feasibility, safety, and convenience were also assessed in outpatient and bedside settings. Results. Highly correlated results in both tertiary surgical outpatients (rs = 0.895, p ≤ 0.001 , N = 102; r (100) = 0.899, p ≤ 0.001 ) and weak intensive care patients (rs = 0.933, p ≤ 0.001 , N = 39 r (37) = 0.935, p ≤ 0.001 ) Conclusions. Modifying a manual bedside sphygmomanometer to measure grip strength is feasible and correlates well with a formal dynamometer in preadmission surgical patients and weak patients in the intensive care unit. The use of an existing, safe, and available device removes barriers to the measurement of weakness in patients and may encourage uptake of objective measurement in multiple settings.

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WERLE, S., J. GOLDHAHN, S. DRERUP, B. R. SIMMEN, H. SPROTT, and D. B. HERREN. "Age- and Gender-Specific Normative Data of Grip and Pinch Strength in a Healthy Adult Swiss Population." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 34, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408096763.

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Assessment of hand strength is used in a wide range of clinical settings especially during treatment of diseases affecting the function of the hand. This investigation aimed to determine age- and gender-specific reference values for grip and pinch strength in a normal Swiss population with special regard to old and very old subjects as well as to different levels of occupational demand. Hand strength data were collected using a Jamar dynamometer and a pinch gauge with standard testing position, protocol and instructions. Analysis of the data from 1023 tested subjects between 18 and 96 years revealed a curvilinear relationship of grip and pinch strength to age, a correlation to height, weight and significant differences between occupational groups. Hand strength values differed significantly from those of other populations, confirming the thesis that applying normative data internationally is questionable. Age- and gender-specific reference values for grip and pinch strength are presented.

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Kuh, Diana, Rebecca Hardy, Joanna M. Blodgett, and Rachel Cooper. "Developmental factors associated with decline in grip strength from midlife to old age: a British birth cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e025755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025755.

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ObjectivesTo test whether developmental factors are associated with grip strength trajectories between 53 and 69 years, and operate independently or on the same pathway/s as adult factors.DesignBritish birth cohort study.SettingEngland, Scotland and Wales.Participants3058 men and women.Main outcome measuresGrip strength (kg) at ages 53, 60–64 and 69 were analysed using multilevel models to estimate associations with developmental factors (birth weight, growth parameters, motor and cognitive development) and father’s social class, and investigate adult factors that could explain observed associations, testing for age and sex interactions.ResultsIn men, heavier birth weight, beginning to walk ‘on time’, later puberty and greater weight 0–26 years and in women, heavier birth weight and earlier age at first standing were independently associated with stronger grip but not with its decline. The slower decline in grip strength (by 0.07 kg/year, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.11 per 1 SD, p=0.003) in men of higher cognitive ability was attenuated by adjusting for adult verbal memory.ConclusionsPatterns of growth and motor development have persisting associations with grip strength between midlife and old age. The strengthening associations with cognition suggest that, at older ages, grip strength increasingly reflects neural ageing processes. Interventions across life that promote muscle development or maintain muscle strength should increase the chance of an independent old age.

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Niebuhr, Bruce R., Rodger Marion, and M. Laurita Fike. "Reliability of Grip Strength Assessment with the Computerized Jamar Dynamometer." Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 14, no. 1 (January 1994): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944929401400101.

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The purpose of our study was to determine the reliability of the model PC5030PT computerized Jamar dynamometer (J. A. Preston, Jackson, MI). A test-retest reliability study was conducted in which 33 normal subjects were tested three times over a 6-week period. Standard procedures for assessing grip strength were followed. Both left and right hands were tested. We quantified three characteristics of the force curve: (a) the slope of the rise in force, (b) the maximal or peak force, and (c) the mean sustained force over the last 3 sec of a 5-sec contraction. Reliability was good with intraclass reliability coefficients ranging from .84 to .93. We conclude that the computerized Jamar will yield reliable measurement of grip strength if the instrument is calibrated properly and if standardized procedures for grip strength testing are followed.

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Robinson, Michael E., Michael E. Geisser, Carolyn S. Hanson, and Patrick D. O'Connor. "Detecting submaximal efforts in grip strength testing with the coefficient of variation." Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 3, no. 1 (March 1993): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01076741.

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Ahmed, Taghread. "The Effect of Upper Extremity Fatigue on Grip Strength and Passing Accuracy in Junior Basketball Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 37, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0027.

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Fatigue is an unavoidable part of a basketball game, which may affect an athlete’s performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of upper extremity fatigue on grip strength and passing accuracy in basketball, and ascertain if the effects of different fatigue protocols on grip strength and passing accuracy are the same. Twenty-four juniors under 18 years old (age: 16.75 ± 0.62 years; body height: 184.5 ± 3.31 cm; body mass: 77.25 ± 3.22 kg) volunteered to participate in the study, and were divided into two groups. After a warm-up, both groups performed the basketball passing test and grip strength was recorded for each group under three different testing conditions: rest, 70% and 90% exercise intensity. The protocol used for the first group was the chest press, and for the second group the wrist curls. Results show that after the upper extremity fatigue protocol all parameters of the study (grip strength and passing accuracy) showed a significant decrease, and there was no significant difference between both groups regarding grip strength and passing accuracy. The study suggested that in order to avoid upper extremity fatigue, basketball trainers and coaches need to include upper extremity conditioning exercises into their training sessions.

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Fortin, Joseph D. "Environmental Conditions and Performance Outcomes: A Preliminary Report of Implications for Patient Outcomes." October 2008 5;11, no. 10;5 (October 14, 2008): 655–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2008/11/655.

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Background: Whereas a host of studies have established various forms of experimental bias, few clinical investigations have examined the relationship of the behavior of the observer or examiner to a subject’s physical performance. Objective: To measure the grip strength of volunteers in 2 distinct clinical “environments.” Methodology: Twenty subjects were randomized in a crossover design to undergo grip strength testing in positive and negative environments as created by the distinctly different behavioral/communication approaches of the research staff. Each subject underwent 4 consecutive trials in both settings. Results: A paired t- test was conducted to determine if the contrasting environments impacted the volunteer’s performance. Eight of the 10 subjects demonstrated a significantly stronger grip in the positive environment. One subject’s grip remained essentially unchanged and one subject provided a slightly higher performance in the negative setting. Conclusions: The study suggests that clinical environmental conditions influence the physical performance of a grip strength maneuver. Thus, it seems probable that clinical or experimental settings may affect diagnostic test results and/or functional outcome. Key words: environment, improved outcomes, support, physicians’ attitudes

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Labott, Berit Kristin, Steffen Held, and Lars Donath. "Grip Strength-Endurance in Ambitious and Recreational Climbers: Does the Strength Decrement Index Serve as a Feasible Measure?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249530.

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The present study investigated the time course of repetitive maximal isometric grip strength, depending on the arm position, laterality (dominant vs. non-dominant side), and climbing level. The intervention aimed to provide a feasible indicator of maximal strength-endurance in climbing. Seventeen recreational (climbing level (CL): 6.8 (SD 0.5) on the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA) metric scale) and eleven ambitious (CL: 8.7 (SD 0.6) UIAA metric scale) climbers (age: 27 (8) years; BMI: 21.6 (1.9) kg/m2; ape index (arm span divided by body height): 1.05 (0.18); training volume: 2.2 (1.0) h/week). Participants completed maximal isometric handgrip strength (Fmax) tests in four positions (left and right hand beside the trunk as well as left and right hand above the shoulder) plus twelve repetitive work-relief cycles, lasting 4 and 1 s where isometric strength, heart rate, and perceived exertion were recorded. Fmax differed between groups in nearly all positions. A large side × position × time × group interaction was observed for repetitive isometric grip strength (p = 0.009, ηp2 = 0.71). However, subsequent post-hoc tests did not reveal a significant difference between groups during each testing position. Additional correlation analysis between asymmetry and CL showed an inverse relationship for ambitious climbers (r = −0.71). In conclusion, the degree of grip strength decline did not relevantly differentiate between ambitious and recreational climbers. Thus, the time course of handgrip strength seems to mainly rely on maximal grip strength during the first contraction.

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Wahyuni, Lutfi, Siti Kotijah, and Catur Prasastia Lukita Dewi. "Range of Motion Spherical Grip Affected the Upper Extremity Muscle Strength in Post Stroke Patients." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) 9, no. 3 (December 22, 2022): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v9i3.art.p328-334.

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Stroke is a medical emergency. Post-stroke patients generally experience muscle weakness in the limbs, postural disturbances and muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to prove the effect of ROM Spherical Grip exercise on post-stroke patients. The type of the study was pre-experimental with one group pre-test-post-test design. The independent variable was Range Of Motion (ROM) Spherical Grip. The dependent variable was the degree of upper extremity muscle strength in post-stroke infarct patients who had hemiparesi. The sampling technique used a consecutive sampling technique. The sample was 33 respondents. The data were taken by measuring the muscle strength before and after being given the intervention. The instrument used an observation sheet for assessing muscle strength and manual muscle testing (MMT) physical examinations in post-stroke patients. The results of this study showed that most of the muscle strength before giving the Spherical Grip ROM exercise was Poor (there was movement but could not fight gravity) as many as 14 respondents (42.4%). After the intervention of the Spherical Grip ROM exercise, the muscle strength was mostly Fair (can move against gravity) as many as 19 respondents (57.6%). There is an increase in upper extremity muscle strength before and after being given ROM Spherical Grip exercise in post-stroke patients who experience hemiparesis. This showed that the Spherical Grip could improve the tone of those who experience weakness and if done continuously could increase muscle strength in post-stroke patients. It is hoped that with this research Spherical grip exercises can be used as one of the treatments for stroke patients who experience decreased upper extremity muscle strength and collaborate with physiotherapy also assisted by taking drugs according to doctor's advice.

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Nakanishi, Yuta, Yuichi Hoshino, Kouki Nagamune, Tetsuya Yamamoto, Kanto Nagai, Daisuke Araki, Noriyuki Kanzaki, Takehiko Matsushita, and Ryosuke Kuroda. "Radial Meniscal Tears Are Best Repaired by a Modified “Cross” Tie-Grip Suture Based on a Biomechanical Comparison of 4 Repair Techniques in a Porcine Model." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 232596712093581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120935810.

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Background: The tie-grip suture can fix radial tears more rigidly than simple conventional sutures. However, one shortcoming is the residual gap at the central margin of the tear. The tie-grip suture was modified to address this issue and named the “cross tie-grip suture.” Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare the suture stability and strength among 4 suturing techniques: the original tie-grip, cross tie-grip, and 2 conventional sutures (double horizontal and cross). It was hypothesized that the cross tie-grip suture would show the least displacement and resist the greatest maximum load. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 40 fresh-frozen porcine knees were dissected to acquire 80 menisci; 20 menisci were tested in each suture group. A radial tear was created at the middle third of the meniscal body. Repair was performed with the following: original tie-grip, cross tie-grip, double horizontal, and cross sutures. The mechanical strength of sutured menisci was evaluated using a tensile testing machine. All menisci underwent submaximal loading and load to failure. The gap distance and ultimate failure load were compared using analysis of variance. The failure mode was recorded after load-to-failure testing. Results: Displacement after 500 cycles was significantly smaller in the cross tie-grip group (0.4 ± 0.3 mm) compared with the tie-grip (0.9 ± 0.6 mm), double horizontal (1.2 ± 0.7 mm), and cross suture groups (1.4 ± 0.6 mm) ( P < .05). The ultimate failure load was significantly greater in the cross tie-grip (154.9 ± 29.0 N) and tie-grip (145.2 ± 39.1 N) groups compared with the double horizontal (81.2 ± 19.9 N) and cross suture groups (87.3 ± 17.7 N) ( P < .05). Tissue failure was the most common mode of failure in all groups. Conclusion: Upon repair of radial meniscal tears, the cross tie-grip suture showed less displacement compared with that of the tie-grip, double horizontal, and cross sutures and demonstrated equivalent load to failure to that of the tie-grip suture at time zero. Clinical Relevance: The cross tie-grip suture provided high resistance to displacement after repair of radial tears and may be advantageous in healing for radial meniscal tears.

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Vadivelu, R., A. S. Baker, and D. G. Chetwynd. "Mechanical testing of the wire clamping characteristics of the Fixclip™ internal fixation system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 216, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544110260216621.

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Stainless steel wires (Kirschner's wires) have been used for over 60 years to fix internally a wide range of osteotomies and fractures in bones. Fixclips™ (Corifix, Cirencester, UK) shaped like winged washers have been used to clamp pairs of K wires of diameters ranging from 0.8 to 3.0mm to standard orthopaedic screws and to fix bones internally in more than 400 patients. The system has proved to be biologically and mechanically very effective. This paper describes the design and some biomechanical test results of the Fixclip™. Preliminary strength tests conducted using a Hounsfield Tensometer show that the pull-out force, reflecting the grip of the clip on the wire, is dependent on the wire size and, throughout the clinically relevant range, increases linearly with increasing screw torque. Changing the surface finish of the clip did not confer any advantage over the existing polished clip in terms of grip strength.

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Wu, Feiran, Saurabh Sagar Mehta, David Dickson, Dee Catchpole, and Chye Yew Ng. "Effect of immobilization of the distal interphalangeal joint of fingers on grip strength." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 43, no. 5 (March 27, 2018): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193418765068.

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Arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger is an effective salvage treatment for end-stage arthropathy of the joint. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simulated fusion of individual distal interphalangeal joints on the overall grip strength of the hand. Custom moulded thermoplastic splints were used to simulate fusion by immobilizing the index, middle, ring and little fingers’ distal interphalangeal joints in turn in both hands of 56 healthy participants. Testing was performed with no immobilization and after immobilization of each of the individual digits. Grip strengths reduced significantly following immobilization of the distal interphalangeal joint. The degree of reduction became progressively more pronounced from the index to the little fingers (12%, 18%, 24% and 25%, respectively) and was similar for the dominant and non-dominant hands. This information may have clinical application when counselling patients regarding fusion of the distal interphalangeal joint of the fingers.

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Idenya, P. M., P. Gichangi, and J. Ogeng’o. "Directional asymmetry in handedness and hand efficiency." Anatomy Journal of Africa 9, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 1848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v9i2.199958.

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Several studies analyse anthropometric dimensions of the hands, but few look at how they influence hand performance or hand efficiency. In this analytic cross-sectional study conducted amongst 162 preclinical medical students, directional asymmetry was evaluated in relation to hand preference and hand efficiency in order to determine whether it can be used as an indicator for outcomes of hand dominance. Directional asymmetry (DA) was established by calculating differences in the mean hand measurements and the mean hand volumes. Hand preference was assessed using the modified Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, and handedness categories determined by applying the Geschwind Score. Hand dominance was categorized from the laterality score obtained from differences between left and right hands. Differences in hand dimensions were evaluated in relation to hand preference and hand efficiency. An apparent similarity in the morphology of the hands was suggested by the highly positive statistically significant result in the paired samples correlation test across all the parameters (p < 0.001). A positive association (not statistically significant) was noted between the handedness categories and the demonstrated directional asymmetry. No gender disparity was found in the relationship between DA and Hand efficiency by grip strength testing. The EHI-GS hand preference category positively indicated the preferred hand but did not on its own designate hand dominance or hand proficiency. Notwithstanding the gender, EHI-GS handedness neither predicted DA nor hand efficiency. Similarly, neither EHI-GS hand preference nor hand efficiency by grip strength testing could predict DA in males and females alike. Key words: Hand performance, Hand proficiency, Hand dominance, Grip strength testing, Laterality

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Liu, Xiaojuan, Stephanie Pan, Vanessa Xanthakis, Vasan Ramachandran, Anne Newman, Jason Sanders, Thomas Austin, and Michelle Odden. "PLASMA PROTEOMIC SIGNATURE OF DECLINE IN GAIT SPEED AND GRIP STRENGTH." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.856.

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Abstract Physical function predicts health-related quality of life. The biological mechanisms underlying declines in physical function with age remain unclear. We examined the plasma proteomic profile associated with longitudinal changes of physical functions measured by gait speed and grip strength in community-dwelling adults. We applied aptamer-based platform to assay 1,161 plasma proteins on 2,871 participants (60% women, aged 76 years) in Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) in 1992/1993 and 1,550 participants (55% women, aged 54 years) in Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) in 1991-1995. Gait speed and grip strength were measured annually for 6 years in CHS and at cycles 7 (1998-2001) and 8 (2005-2008) in FOS. The associations of individual protein levels (log-transformed and standardized) with longitudinal changes of gait speed and grip strength in two populations were examined separately by linear mixed effect models. Meta-analyses were implemented using random effect models with a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. We found that plasma levels of 18 and 12 proteins were associated with changes in gait speed and grip strength, respectively (Bonferroni-corrected p < .05). The proteins most strongly associated with gait speed decline were growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) (uncorrected Meta-analytic p = 1.60E-15), pleiotrophin (PTN) (1.29E-08), and metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1) (2.02E-08). For grip strength decline, the strongest associations were for GDF-15 (1.39E-07), carbonic anhydrase III (6.60E-07), and TIMP-1 (3.21E-06). Several statistically significant proteins are involved in the alternative complement pathway, extracellular matrix remodeling or immune function. These novel proteomic biomarkers may inform our understanding of the pathophysiology of functional decline.

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Schapmire, D., J. D. St. James, Rob Townsend, Tom Stewart, Steven Delheimer, and Dan Focht. "Simultaneous bilateral testing: Validation of a new protocol to detect insincere effort during grip and pinch strength testing." Journal of Hand Therapy 15, no. 3 (July 2002): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1130(02)70007-0.

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Liao, Wan-Chun, Chun-Hou Wang, Shu-Yuan Yu, Li-Yuan Chen, and Ching-Yi Wang. "Grip strength measurement in older adults in Taiwan: A comparison of three testing positions." Australasian Journal on Ageing 33, no. 4 (September 24, 2013): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12084.

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Bobos, Pavlos, Goris Nazari, Emily A. Lalone, Ruby Grewal, and Joy C. MacDermid. "Recovery of grip strength and hand dexterity after distal radius fracture: A two-year prospective cohort study." Hand Therapy 23, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758998317731436.

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Introduction Clinicians often evaluate deficits after an injury by comparing the injured and uninjured side. It is important to understand what deficits occur in hand function after distal radius fracture, how they change over time and their clinical relevance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in grip strength and hand dexterity between the injured and uninjured hands of patients two years following distal radius fracture. Methods Patients with distal radius fracture were recruited in a specialized hand clinic. Grip strength and hand dexterity were examined bilaterally with a Jamar hand-held dynamometer and with the NK dexterity device at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months’ post-injury respectively. Generalized linear modeling was performed, with age and sex as covariates to assess changes over time, and between sides. Results Patients (n = 154) exhibited mean differences of grip strength between injured and uninjured side at 3 months’ (12.09 kg) and 6 months’ (7.47 kg) follow-up. The associated deficit standardized response means (SRM) were 1.30 and 0.73, respectively. At 2-years follow-up the mean deficit on the injured side was 2.30 kg with SRM = 0.22. One hundred and eleven patients who completed dexterity testing demonstrated small to trivial side to side differences across all time points. Conclusions There were clinically important differences in grip strength between the injured and uninjured hands in patients with a distal radius fracture at 3 and 6 months’ follow-up. However, at 12 and 24 months, grip strength differences were small and of uncertain clinical importance. Trivial to small differences in hand dexterity can be expected between the injured and uninjured hand by 2 years after distal radius fracture.

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Bobos, Pavlos, Emily A. Lalone, Ruby Grewal, and Joy C. MacDermid. "Do Impairments Predict Hand Dexterity After Distal Radius Fractures? A 6-Month Prospective Cohort Study." HAND 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944717701242.

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Background: The relationship of routinely measured grip and motion measures may be related to hand dexterity. This has not yet been thoroughly examined following a distal radius fracture (DRF). The purpose of this study was to investigate if impairments in range of motion (ROM) and grip strength predict hand dexterity 6 months following a DRF. Methods: Patients with DRFs were recruited from a specialized hand clinic. Hand grip was assessed with a J-Tech dynamometer; ROM was measured using standard landmarks and a manual goniometer. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify whether potential predictors (grip, ROM, age, hand dominance, and sex) were associated with 3-month or 6-month outcomes in large- and small-object subtests of the NK dexterity test in the affected hand. Results: Age, sex, and arc motion for radial-ulnar deviation were significant predictors of large-object hand dexterity explaining the 23% of the variation. For small-object hand dexterity, age and flexion-extension arc motion were significant predictors explaining 11% of the variation at 3 month after the fracture (n = 391). At 6 months post injury (n = 319), grip strength, arc motion for flexion-extension, and age were found to be significant predictors of large-object dexterity explaining 34% of the variance. For the small objects, age, grip strength, sex, and arc motion of radial-ulnar deviation explained 25% of the variation. Conclusions: Although this confirms that the impairments in ROM and grip that occur after a DRF can explain almost one-third of the variation in hand dexterity, it also suggests the need for dexterity testing to provide more accurate assessment.

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WALASZEK, I., and A. ZYLUK. "LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP AFTER FINGER REPLANTATION." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 33, no. 1 (February 2008): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193407088499.

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The aim of this retrospective study was to assess objective and subjective aspects of the long-term results of finger replantations and revascularisations. Forty patients with 59 successfully replanted or revascularised fingers, who had a mean age of 38 years, were followed-up over an average of 3.5 years. The assessment included: the profile of the blood flow in the digital arteries of replanted fingers with Doppler ultrasound, active range of motion, total grip strength, pinch grip, static two-point discrimination test and Semmes–Weinstein monofilament testing. The dexterity of the hand was evaluated subjectively with the Carlsson’s questionnaire and cold intolerance with a modified McCabe’s questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed and a statistically significant correlation was found between the Carlsson’s functional score, active range of motion and total grip strength. In 28 fingers (74%), blood flow in the digital arteries showed an undisturbed profile, while ten fingers showed mild stenosis or impaired microcirculation.

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Lin, David J., Kimberly S. Erler, Samuel B. Snider, Anna K. Bonkhoff, Julie A. DiCarlo, Nicole Lam, Jessica Ranford, et al. "Cognitive Demands Influence Upper Extremity Motor Performance During Recovery From Acute Stroke." Neurology 96, no. 21 (April 15, 2021): e2576-e2586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000011992.

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ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that cognitive demands influence motor performance during recovery from acute stroke, we tested patients with acute stroke on 2 motor tasks with different cognitive demands and related task performance to cognitive impairment and neuroanatomic injury.MethodsWe assessed the contralesional and ipsilesional upper extremities of a cohort of 50 patients with weakness after unilateral acute ischemic stroke at 3 time points with 2 tasks: the Box & Blocks Test, a task with greater cognitive demand, and Grip Strength, a simple and ballistic motor task. We compared performance on the 2 tasks, related motor performance to cognitive dysfunction, and used voxel-based lesion symptom mapping to determine neuroanatomic sites associated with motor performance.ResultsConsistent across contralesional and ipsilesional upper extremities and most pronounced immediately after stroke, Box & Blocks scores were significantly more impaired than Grip Strength scores. The presence of cognitive dysfunction significantly explained up to 33% of variance in Box & Blocks performance but was not associated with Grip Strength performance. While Grip Strength performance was associated with injury largely restricted to sensorimotor regions, Box & Blocks performance was associated with broad injury outside sensorimotor structures, particularly the dorsal anterior insula, a region known to be important for complex cognitive function.ConclusionsTogether, these results suggest that cognitive demands influence upper extremity motor performance during recovery from acute stroke. Our findings emphasize the integrated nature of motor and cognitive systems and suggest that it is critical to consider cognitive demands during motor testing and neurorehabilitation after stroke.

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Yin, Liqin, Changfa Tang, and Xia Tao. "Criterion-Related Validity of a Simple Muscle Strength Test to Assess Whole Body Muscle Strength in Chinese Children Aged 10 to 12 Years." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2802803.

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Objective. To study the criterion-related validity of simple muscle strength test (SMST) indicators and assess whole body muscle strength in Chinese children aged 10 to 12 years old.Methods. Two hundred and forty children were equally divided into four groups in different genders and residences. The SMST indicators (hand-grip, knee bent push-up, back muscle strength, sit-up, leg muscle strength, and standing long jump) were tested. We set up the total level of the whole-body muscle strength (Ftotal) through testing isokinetic muscle strength of the six joints’ flexion and extension movements. Pearson correlation analyses were used to analyze the correlation between the SMST indicators and theFtotal.Results.(1)Leg muscle strength and back muscle strength demonstrated the highest validity scores. Sit-ups, hand grip, and standing long jump demonstrated the lowest validity scores.(2)Leg muscle strength had the highest validity for males, but back muscle strength had the highest validity for females.Conclusions. Back muscle strength and leg muscle strength can give the highest validity of assessing whole body muscle strength, and also has higher validity in both the urban and rural children. For urban children, but not rural, the knee bent push-up also has a high validity indicator.

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Kallianpur, Kalpana J., Marissa Sakoda, Louie Mar A. Gangcuangco, Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu, Tracie Umaki, Dominic Chow, Suwarat Wongjittraporn, and Cecilia M. Shikuma. "Frailty Characteristics in Chronic HIV Patients are Markers of White Matter Atrophy Independently of Age and Depressive Symptoms: A Pilot Study." Open Medicine Journal 3, no. 1 (August 29, 2016): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874220301603010138.

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Background:Chronic HIV disease is associated with neurocognitive impairment and age-related conditions such as frailty.Objective:To determine whether regional brain volumetric changes correlate with frailty parameters in older (≥ 40 years) HIV+ patients on stable combination antiretroviral therapy.Method:Thirty-five HIV-infected participants in the Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort - Cardiovascular Disease study underwent T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging, frailty assessment and neuropsychological testing. Five physical frailty traits were assessed: low physical activity; exhaustion; unintentional weight loss; weak hand grip strength; slow walking speed. Linear regression quantified cross-sectional relationships of 12 brain regions to walking times and hand grip strength.Results:Participants were 50.6 ± 6.8 years old and 77% had undetectable plasma viral load. One subject was frail (possessing ≥ 3 frailty traits); 23% were pre-frail (1–2 frailty traits) and had worse composite learning and memory z-scores than did non-frail individuals (p=0.06). Pre-frail or frail subjects had reduced hand grip strength relative to the non-frail group (p=0.001). Longer walking times (slower gait) related independently to lower volumes of cerebellar white matter (p<0.001, β=−0.6) and subcortical gray matter (p<0.05, β=−0.30). Reduced thalamus volume was linked to weaker grip strength (p< 0.05, β=0.4). Caudate volume was negatively associated with grip strength (p<0.01, β=−0.5).Conclusion:Volumetric changes in cerebellar white matter and subcortical gray matter, brain regions involved in motor control and cognition, may be connected to frailty development in well-controlled HIV. Gait speed is particularly sensitive to white matter alterations and should be investigated as a predictor of frailty and brain atrophy in chronically infected patients.

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Ludwa, Izabella A., Kevin Mongeon, Malcolm Sanderson, Luis Gracia Marco, and Panagiota Klentrou. "Testing the Functional Model of Bone Development: Direct and Mediating Role of Muscle Strength on Bone Properties in Growing Youth." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063154.

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This study examines the functional model of bone development in peri-pubertal boys and girls. Specifically, we implemented a mixed-longitudinal design and hierarchical structural models to provide experimental evidence in support of the conceptual functional model of bone development, postulating that the primary mechanical stimulus of bone strength development is muscle force. To this end, we measured radial and tibial bone properties (speed of sound, SOS), isometric grip and knee extensors strength, bone resorption (urinary NTX concentration), body mass index (BMI), somatic maturity (years from peak height velocity) and skeletal maturity (bone age) in 180 children aged 8–16 years. Measurements were repeated 2–4 times over a period of 3 years. The multilevel structural equation modeling of 406 participant-session observations revealed similar results for radial and tibial SOS. Muscle strength (i.e., grip strength for the radial and knee extension for tibial model) and NTX have a significant direct effect on bone SOS (β = 0.29 and −0.18, respectively). Somatic maturity had a direct impact on muscle strength (β = 0.24) and both a direct and indirect effect on bone SOS (total effect, β = 0.30). Physical activity and BMI also had a significant direct impact on bone properties, (β = 0.06 and −0.18, respectively), and an additional significant indirect effect through muscle strength (β = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively) with small differences per bone site and sex. Muscle strength fully mediated the impact of bone age (β = 0.14) while there was no significant effect of energy intake on either muscle strength or bone SOS. In conclusion, our results support the functional model of bone development in that muscle strength and bone metabolism directly affect bone development while the contribution of maturity, physical activity, and other modulators such as BMI, on bone development is additionally modulated through their effect on muscle strength.

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Lunardini, Francesca, N. Alberto Borghese, Luca Piccini, Giuseppina Bernardelli, Matteo Cesari, and Simona Ferrante. "Validity and usability of a smart ball–driven serious game to monitor grip strength in independent elderlies." Health Informatics Journal 26, no. 3 (January 6, 2020): 1952–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460458219895381.

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Telemonitoring is one of the most expedient answers to the strong need for preventive care imposed by the rapidly aging society. We propose an innovative solution to the detection of early signs of frailty by presenting a serious game controlled by a smart sensorized soft plastic ball, designed to achieve continuous home-based monitoring of muscle weakness in older adults. Design, development, and testing of the smart ball and of the game interface devised to guide the monitoring procedure are presented. Reliability and concurrent validity of the system in measuring maximal grip strength against the clinical standard Jamar® were evaluated. Serious game usability and acceptance were investigated on 26 elderlies. Smart ball and Jamar measurements were well correlated (0.76 and 0.80 for dominant and non-dominant hands) and test–retest reliability of pressure measurements was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.94). The serious game was well accepted by the 96.1 percent of participants, who provided a strongly positive usability score (87.7/100). The smart ball–driven serious game demonstrated excellent reliability and good validity in measuring grip strength. The proposed smart ball–driven serious game can be used for home self-monitoring of grip strength in elderlies.

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Lee, Jeanette J., Karen Waak, Martina Grosse-Sundrup, Feifei Xue, Jarone Lee, Daniel Chipman, Cheryl Ryan, Edward A. Bittner, Ulrich Schmidt, and Matthias Eikermann. "Global Muscle Strength But Not Grip Strength Predicts Mortality and Length of Stay in a General Population in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit." Physical Therapy 92, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 1546–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20110403.

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Background Paresis acquired in the intensive care unit (ICU) is common in patients who are critically ill and independently predicts mortality and morbidity. Manual muscle testing (MMT) and handgrip dynamometry assessments have been used to evaluate muscle weakness in patients in a medical ICU, but similar data for patients in a surgical ICU (SICU) are limited. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of strength measured by MMT and handgrip dynamometry at ICU admission for in-hospital mortality, SICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and duration of mechanical ventilation. Design This investigation was a prospective, observational study. Methods One hundred ten patients were screened for eligibility for testing in the SICU of a large, academic medical center. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, diagnoses, and laboratory data were collected. Measurements were obtained by MMT quantified with the sum (total) score on the Medical Research Council Scale and by handgrip dynamometry. Outcome data, including in-hospital mortality, SICU LOS, hospital LOS, and duration of mechanical ventilation, were collected for all participants. Results One hundred seven participants were eligible for testing; 89% were tested successfully at a median of 3 days (25th–75th percentiles=3–6 days) after admission. Sedation was the most frequent barrier to testing (70.6%). Manual muscle testing was identified as an independent predictor of mortality, SICU LOS, hospital LOS, and duration of mechanical ventilation. Grip strength was not independently associated with these outcomes. Limitations This study did not address whether muscle weakness translates to functional outcome impairment. Conclusions In contrast to handgrip strength, MMT reliably predicted in-hospital mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, SICU LOS, and hospital LOS.

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Beaton, Dorcas E., Shawn W. O'Driscoll, and Robin R. Richards. "Grip strength testing using the BTE work simulator and the jamar dynamometer: A comparative study." Journal of Hand Surgery 20, no. 2 (March 1995): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-5023(05)80029-2.

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Nitz, JC, YR Burns, and RV Jackson. "A longitudinal physical profile assessment of skeletal muscle manifestations in myotonic dystrophy." Clinical Rehabilitation 13, no. 1_suppl (January 1999): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026921559901300109.

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Objectives: To develop an assessment that describes the skeletal muscle manifestations in myotonic dystrophy subjects and then use it to quantify the presentation of skeletal muscle disability and to show change over time. Design: A quantified skeletal muscle assessment was developed and applied three times over a two-year period at intervals around 12 months. Thirty-six subjects with myotonic dystrophy and 20 subjects without neuromuscular disability were evaluated. The assessment comprised manual muscle testing of five pairs of muscles, measuring neck flexor strength with a strain gauge, respiratory function tests, power and lateral pinch grip strength, all tests of impairment. Assessment of the ability to move from sitting to standing and fasten buttons tested disability. Results: Results from subjects with myotonic dystrophy were compared to the normal data. The subjects with myotonic dystrophy were significantly weaker in proximal upper limb muscles, quadriceps, tibialis anterior muscles and neck flexor muscles as well as power and lateral pinch grips. There was also significant reduction in forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Significant disability was seen in the myotonics in moving from sitting to standing and in fastening buttons. Over the two-year study period proximal upper limb and lower limb muscle strength, FVC and sit-to-stand ability declined significantly. Power grip declined but lateral pinch grip and FEV1 improved significantly. Button fastening ability improved significantly. Conclusion: The test developed was shown to be reliable and sensitive to the change in skeletal muscle manifestations in subjects with myotonic dystrophy who were shown to be significantly weaker than normal subjects.

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Pexa, Brett, Eric D. Ryan, J. Troy Blackburn, Darin A. Padua, J. Craig Garrison, and Joseph B. Myers. "Influence of Baseball Training Load on Clinical Reach Tests and Grip Strength in Collegiate Baseball Players." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 984–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0456.19.

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Context A baseball-specific training load may influence strength or glenohumeral range of motion, which are related to baseball injuries. Glenohumeral reach tests and grip strength are clinical assessments of shoulder range of motion and upper extremity strength, respectively. Objective To examine changes in glenohumeral reach test performance and grip strength between dominant and nondominant limbs and high, moderate, and low baseball-specific training-load groups. Design Repeated-measures study. Setting University laboratory and satellite clinic. Patients or Other Participants Collegiate baseball athletes (n = 18, age = 20.1 ± 1.3 years, height = 185.0 ± 6.5 cm, mass = 90.9 ± 10.2 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) Participants performed overhead reach tests (OHRTs), behind-the-back reach tests (BBRTs), and grip strength assessments using the dominant and nondominant limbs every 4 weeks for 16 weeks. Percentage change scores were calculated between testing times. After each training session, participants provided their duration of baseball activity, throw count, and body-specific and arm-specific ratings of perceived exertion. We classified them in the high, moderate, or low training-load group based on each training-load variable: body-specific acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR), arm-specific ACWR, body-specific cumulative load, and arm-specific cumulative load. Mixed models were used to compare training-load groups and limbs. Results The arm-specific ACWR group demonstrated as main effect for OHRT (F = 7.70, P = .001), BBRT (F = 4.01, P = .029), and grip strength (F = 8.89, P < .001). For the OHRT, the moderate training-load group demonstrated a 10.8% greater increase than the high group (P = .004) and a 13.2% greater increase than the low group (P < .001). For the BBRT, the low training-load group had a 10.1% greater increase than the moderate group (P = .011). For grip strength, the low training-load group demonstrated a 12.1% greater increase than the high group (P = .006) and a 17.7% greater increase than the moderate group (P < .001). Conclusions Arm-specific ACWR was related to changes in clinical assessments of range of motion and strength. Clinicians may use arm-specific ACWR to indicate when a baseball athlete's physical health is changing.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Grip strength – Testing'

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