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Journal articles on the topic 'Grime life history strategies'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Chua, Kristine J., Aaron W. Lukaszewski, DeMond M. Grant, and Oliver Sng. "Human Life History Strategies." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 1 (December 17, 2016): 147470491667734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704916677342.

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Human life history (LH) strategies are theoretically regulated by developmental exposure to environmental cues that ancestrally predicted LH-relevant world states (e.g., risk of morbidity–mortality). Recent modeling work has raised the question of whether the association of childhood family factors with adult LH variation arises via (i) direct sampling of external environmental cues during development and/or (ii) calibration of LH strategies to internal somatic condition (i.e., health), which itself reflects exposure to variably favorable environments. The present research tested between these possibilities through three online surveys involving a total of over 26,000 participants. Participants completed questionnaires assessing components of self-reported environmental harshness (i.e., socioeconomic status, family neglect, and neighborhood crime), health status, and various LH-related psychological and behavioral phenotypes (e.g., mating strategies, paranoia, and anxiety), modeled as a unidimensional latent variable. Structural equation models suggested that exposure to harsh ecologies had direct effects on latent LH strategy as well as indirect effects on latent LH strategy mediated via health status. These findings suggest that human LH strategies may be calibrated to both external and internal cues and that such calibrational effects manifest in a wide range of psychological and behavioral phenotypes.

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2

Mesquita, Daniel Oliveira, Renato Gomes Faria, Guarino Rinaldi Colli, Laurie J. Vitt, and Eric R. Pianka. "Lizard life-history strategies." Austral Ecology 41, no. 1 (September 9, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12276.

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3

Emaresi, Guillaume, Pierre Bize, Res Altwegg, Isabelle Henry, Valentijn van den Brink, Julien Gasparini, and Alexandre Roulin. "Melanin-Specific Life-History Strategies." American Naturalist 183, no. 2 (February 2014): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674444.

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4

Dabrowski, K. R. "Coregonid fish life history strategies." Aquaculture 57, no. 1-4 (October 1986): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(86)90225-5.

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5

Eilertsen, H. C., and T. Wyatt. "Phytoplankton models and life history strategies." South African Journal of Marine Science 22, no. 1 (June 2000): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776100784125717.

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6

Bruton, Michael N. "Alternative life-history strategies of catfishes." Aquatic Living Resources 9 (November 1996): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr:1996040.

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7

Reynolds, Joshua J., and Sean M. McCrea. "Life History Theory and Exploitative Strategies." Evolutionary Psychology 14, no. 3 (July 8, 2016): 147470491665948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704916659483.

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8

VERBERK, WILCO C. E. P., HENK SIEPEL, and HANS ESSELINK. "Life-history strategies in freshwater macroinvertebrates." Freshwater Biology 53, no. 9 (September 2008): 1722–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02035.x.

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9

Sear, Rebecca. "Do human ‘life history strategies’ exist?" Evolution and Human Behavior 41, no. 6 (November 2020): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.004.

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10

Lourenço, W. R., O. Cuellar, J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson, V. R. D. Eickstedt, and B. Barraviera. "Scorpionism, life history strategies and parthenogenesis." Toxicon 34, no. 2 (February 1996): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(96)83653-1.

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11

Pedraza, Fernando, and Carlos Martorell. "Allocating species in Grime’s strategy space: an alternative to trait-based approaches." Botanical Sciences 97, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2214.

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Background: The three primary-strategy theory proposed by Grime identifies stress and disturbance as key environmental factors leading to the emergence of distinct plant strategies. These are defined by a combination of stress and disturbance tolerance. Plant strategies are usually inferred from sets of traits, but this may lead to circular reasoning and artificial restrictions to species’ distribution in strategy space. Question: Can measurements of stress and disturbance tolerance be used to estimate the position of different species relative to each other in Grime’s strategy space? Data description: Stress, disturbance, and abundances for 50 species at 25 0.5 ha sites. Study site and dates: Semiarid grassland, Oaxaca, Mexico, 2014. Methods: Species’ tolerance to stress and disturbance were inferred from abundances, and used to allocate species in Grime’s space. We tested if some attributes of our study species changed over the strategy space according to theoretical expectations. Results: Most species were allocated towards high disturbance and low stress intensities. Species attributes were in line with the trends expected from their position in the strategy space. Discussion: Perhaps because of a long grazing history, most species were tolerant to disturbance. The allocation of species in the strategy space using stress and disturbance measurements seemed correct based on their attributes. Thus, our measurements seem to reflect the basic principles proposed by Grime. Our method provides relative positions in the strategy space, and (as previous work) requires defining somewhat arbitrary limits to such space if we wish to label species as ruderals, competitors or stress-tolerant.

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12

Clark, Mertice M., and Bennett G. Galef. "Prenatal influences on reproductive life history strategies." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 4 (April 1995): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89025-4.

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13

LOURENÇO, W. R., and O. CUELLAR. "SCORPIONS, SCORPIONISM, LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES AND PARTHENOGENESIS." Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins 1, no. 2 (1995): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-79301995000200002.

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14

Bonham, C. D., T. R. Cottrell, and J. E. Mitchell. "Inferences for life history strategies ofArtemisia tridentatasubspecies." Journal of Vegetation Science 2, no. 3 (June 1991): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235925.

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15

Maner, Jon K., Andrea Dittmann, Andrea L. Meltzer, and James K. McNulty. "Implications of life-history strategies for obesity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 32 (July 24, 2017): 8517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620482114.

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The association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity is well documented. In the current research, a life history theory (LHT) framework provided an explanation for this association. Derived from evolutionary behavioral science, LHT emphasizes how variability in exposure to unpredictability during childhood gives rise to individual differences in a range of social psychological processes across the life course. Consistent with previous LHT research, the current findings suggest that exposure to unpredictability during childhood (a characteristic common to low SES environments) is associated with the adoption of a fast life-history strategy, one marked by impulsivity and a focus on short-term goals. We demonstrate that a fast life-history strategy, in turn, was associated with dysregulated weight-management behaviors (i.e., eating even in the absence of hunger), which were predictive of having a high body mass index (BMI) and being obese. In both studies, findings held while controlling for participants’ current socioeconomic status, suggesting that obesity is rooted in childhood experiences. A serial mediation model in study 2 confirmed that effects of childhood SES on adult BMI and obesity can be explained in part by exposure to unpredictability, the adoption of a fast life-history strategy, and dysregulated-eating behaviors. These findings suggest that weight problems in adulthood may be rooted partially in early childhood exposure to unpredictable events and environments. LHT provides a valuable explanatory framework for understanding the root causes of obesity.

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16

Truebano, Manuela, Phillip Fenner, Oliver Tills, Simon D. Rundle, and Enrico L. Rezende. "Thermal strategies vary with life history stage." Journal of Experimental Biology 221, no. 8 (March 20, 2018): jeb171629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.171629.

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17

Visser, Bertanne, Cécile Le Lann, Helen Snaas, Oriol Verdeny-Vilalta, and Jeffrey A. Harvey. "Divergent life history strategies in congeneric hyperparasitoids." Evolutionary Ecology 30, no. 3 (January 23, 2016): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-016-9819-6.

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18

Hurst, Jessie E., and Phillip S. Kavanagh. "Life history strategies and psychopathology: the faster the life strategies, the more symptoms of psychopathology." Evolution and Human Behavior 38, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.06.001.

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19

Dunkel, Curt, Eugene Mathes, and Michelle Decker. "Behavioral flexibility in life history strategies: The role of life expectancy." Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology 4, no. 2 (May 2010): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0099301.

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20

Figueredo, Aurelio José, Heitor B. F. Fernandes, and Michael A. Woodley. "The Quantative Theoretical Ecology of Life History Strategies." Mankind Quarterly 57, no. 3 (2017): 305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46469/mq.2017.57.3.3.

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21

Schuster, Reinhart, Paul W. Murphy., and Alan Walker. "THE ACARI: REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 6, no. 1 (January 1992): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00042.x.

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22

Monroe, J. Grey, Brian Gill, Kathryn G. Turner, and John K. McKay. "Drought regimens predict life history strategies in Heliophila." New Phytologist 223, no. 4 (June 23, 2019): 2054–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15919.

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23

Santelices, B., and R. Ugarte. "Algal life-history strategies and resistance to digestion." Marine Ecology Progress Series 35 (1987): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps035267.

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24

Loehle, Craig. "Tree life history strategies: the role of defenses." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-032.

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Analysis of energy partitioning between defensive investments and growth in woody plants indicates that increasing a tree's life-span should require increased energy investment in protective measures such as thick bark and defensive chemicals. Increased investment in such defenses, however, logically must slow down the growth rate, thereby raising the mortality rate for juveniles in competition for height growth. Early reproduction should also reduce the growth rate. It is hypothesized that rapid growth can substitute for these defenses, but the consequence is rapid decline upon reaching maturity. These predictions are tested with data compiled from the literature for 159 species of North American trees. Data analysis supports predictions. Longevity of angiosperms, but not of gymnosperms was correlated with increased investment in defenses as measured by volumetric heat content of the wood. Wood density was not as good a measure. Longevity of gymnosperms was predicted by resistance to wood decay. For both taxa there was a negative correlation between growth rate and longevity, supporting the hypothesis of growth trade-offs. Age of sexual maturity was closely predicted by longevity in angiosperms. There was no such relationship for conifers as a whole, though there was for pines. The lack of relationship for all conifers might be explained by (i) variation in reproductive opportunities for young trees of different species, or (ii) variation in growth rates of young trees in certain adverse habitats occupied by conifers.

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25

Eickwort, George C. "The Acari: Reproduction, Development and Life-History Strategies." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85, no. 5 (September 1, 1992): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/85.5.647.

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26

Hau, Michaela, Robert E. Ricklefs, Martin Wikelski, Kelly A. Lee, and Jeffrey D. Brawn. "Corticosterone, testosterone and life-history strategies of birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1697 (June 16, 2010): 3203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0673.

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Steroid hormones have similar functions across vertebrates, but circulating concentrations can vary dramatically among species. We examined the hypothesis that variation in titres of corticosterone (Cort) and testosterone (T) is related to life-history traits of avian species. We predicted that Cort would reach higher levels under stress in species with higher annual adult survival rates since Cort is thought to promote physiological and behavioural responses that reduce risk to the individual. Conversely, we predicted that peak T during the breeding season would be higher in short-lived species with high mating effort as this hormone is known to promote male fecundity traits. We quantified circulating hormone concentrations and key life-history traits (annual adult survival rate, breeding season length, body mass) in males of free-living bird species during the breeding season at a temperate site (northern USA) and a tropical site (central Panama). We analysed our original data by themselves, and also combined with published data on passerine birds to enhance sample size. In both approaches, variation in baseline Cort (Cort0) among species was inversely related to breeding season length and body mass. Stress-induced corticosterone (MaxCort) also varied inversely with body mass and, as predicted, also varied positively with annual adult survival rates. Furthermore, species from drier and colder environments exhibited lower MaxCort than mesic and tropical species; T was lowest in species from tropical environments. These findings suggest that Cort0, MaxCort and T modulate key vertebrate life-history responses to the environment, with Cort0 supporting energetically demanding processes, MaxCort promoting survival and T being related to mating success.

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27

McCullough, D. R. "Density Dependence and Life-History Strategies of Ungulates." Journal of Mammalogy 80, no. 4 (December 6, 1999): 1130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1383164.

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28

Krantz, G. W. "The Acari: Reproduction, development, and life history strategies." Experimental & Applied Acarology 13, no. 3 (February 1992): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01194940.

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29

Strachan, Scott R., Edwin T. Chester, and Belinda J. Robson. "Freshwater Invertebrate Life History Strategies for Surviving Desiccation." Springer Science Reviews 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40362-015-0031-9.

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30

Valencak, Teresa G. "On the physiology of mammalian life-history strategies." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.497.

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31

Maunder, John W. "The Acari: Reproduction, development and life history strategies." Parasitology Today 7, no. 12 (January 1991): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(91)90221-9.

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32

Juan-Jordá, Maria José, Iago Mosqueira, Juan Freire, and Nicholas K. Dulvy. "Life in 3-D: life history strategies in tunas, mackerels and bonitos." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 23, no. 2 (September 18, 2012): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-012-9284-4.

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33

Chavarria Minera, Cindy Elizabeth, Aurelio José Figueredo, and Laura Gail Lunsford. "Do Slower Life History Strategies Reduce Sociodemographic Sex Differences?" Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/jmm.v6i1.18771.

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This study examines the relations between sociodemographic sex differences and life history strategies in the populations of Mexican States. Sex differences in anatomy and behavior was measured with traits such as educational achievement, mortality, and morbidity. The data were obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) and sampled from thirty-one Mexican states and the Federal District (N = 32). An extension analysis was performed selecting only the sex ratio variables that had a correlation with the slow Life History factor greater than or equal to an absolute value of .25. A unit-weighted sex ratio factor was created using these variables. Across 32 Mexican states, the correlation between latent slow life history and sex ratio was .57 (p < .05). These results are consistent with our hypothesis that slower life histories favor reduced sexual dimorphism in physiology and behavior among human subnational populations. The results of the study further understanding of variations in population sex differences, male-biased behaviors toward sexual equality, and the differences among subnational (regional) populations within the United States of Mexico. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v6i1_chavarria_minera

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34

Chavarria Minera, Cindy Elizabeth, Aurelio José Figueredo, and Laura Gail Lunsford. "Do Slower Life History Strategies Reduce Sociodemographic Sex Differences?" Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v6i1.18771.

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This study examines the relations between sociodemographic sex differences and life history strategies in the populations of Mexican States. Sex differences in anatomy and behavior was measured with traits such as educational achievement, mortality, and morbidity. The data were obtained from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) and sampled from thirty-one Mexican states and the Federal District (N = 32). An extension analysis was performed selecting only the sex ratio variables that had a correlation with the slow Life History factor greater than or equal to an absolute value of .25. A unit-weighted sex ratio factor was created using these variables. Across 32 Mexican states, the correlation between latent slow life history and sex ratio was .57 (p < .05). These results are consistent with our hypothesis that slower life histories favor reduced sexual dimorphism in physiology and behavior among human subnational populations. The results of the study further understanding of variations in population sex differences, male-biased behaviors toward sexual equality, and the differences among subnational (regional) populations within the United States of Mexico. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v6i1_chavarria_minera

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35

Jude, David J., Yu Wang, Stephen R. Hensler, and John Janssen. "Burbot Early Life History Strategies in the Great Lakes." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142, no. 6 (November 2013): 1733–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.795192.

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36

Huse, Geir. "Sex-specific life history strategies in capelin (Mallotus villosus)?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-275.

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The life history of capelin (Mallotus villosus) is presently suggested to be sex specific: while males follow a semelparous batch-spawning strategy, females are iteroparous. This hypothesis is based on predictions from a life history simulation model of Barents Sea capelin that shows that iteroparity is more profitable than semelparity for females, but for males, semelparity with several matings with females may be as profitable as iteroparity. These predictions are supported by (i) reports of males mating with several females during a spawning season, (ii) males having a lower gonadosomatic index than females and instead spending their energy on mating and somatic growth, and (iii) an observed higher mortality for males after spawning. The Darwinian fitness of female capelin is limited by the amount of eggs they can carry, and offspring production may only be increased by undertaking several spawning seasons with yearly intervals. Added together, these indices suggest that male and female capelin follow different life history strategies.

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37

Richardson, George B., Blair K. Sanning, Mark H. C. Lai, Lee T. Copping, Patrick H. Hardesty, and Daniel J. Kruger. "On the Psychometric Study of Human Life History Strategies." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 147470491666684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704916666840.

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This article attends to recent discussions of validity in psychometric research on human life history strategy (LHS), provides a constructive critique of the extant literature, and describes strategies for improving construct validity. To place the psychometric study of human LHS on more solid ground, our review indicates that researchers should (a) use approaches to psychometric modeling that are consistent with their philosophies of measurement, (b) confirm the dimensionality of life history indicators, and (c) establish measurement invariance for at least a subset of indicators. Because we see confirming the dimensionality of life history indicators as the next step toward placing the psychometrics of human LHS on more solid ground, we use nationally representative data and structural equation modeling to test the structure of middle adult life history indicators. We found statistically independent mating competition and Super-K dimensions and the effects of parental harshness and childhood unpredictability on Super-K were consistent with past research. However, childhood socioeconomic status had a moderate positive effect on mating competition and no effect on Super-K, while unpredictability did not predict mating competition. We conclude that human LHS is more complex than previously suggested—there does not seem to be a single dimension of human LHS among Western adults and the effects of environmental components seem to vary between mating competition and Super-K.

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38

FORD, HENRY. "Life history strategies in two coexisting agamospecies of dandelion." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 25, no. 2 (June 1985): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00390.x.

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39

Davenport, John. "Temperature and the life-history strategies of sea turtles." Journal of Thermal Biology 22, no. 6 (December 1997): 479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4565(97)00066-1.

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40

Akhmetzhanov, Andrei R., Frederic Grognard, and Ludovic Mailleret. "OPTIMAL LIFE-HISTORY STRATEGIES IN SEASONAL CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMICS." Evolution 65, no. 11 (July 12, 2011): 3113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01381.x.

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41

Adler, P. B., R. Salguero-Gomez, A. Compagnoni, J. S. Hsu, J. Ray-Mukherjee, C. Mbeau-Ache, and M. Franco. "Functional traits explain variation in plant life history strategies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315179111.

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42

Griebeler, Eva M., and Nicole Klein. "Life-history strategies indicate live-bearing in Nothosaurus (Sauropterygia)." Palaeontology 62, no. 4 (March 13, 2019): 697–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pala.12425.

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43

Winemiller, Kirk O. "Life-History Strategies and the Effectiveness of Sexual Selection." Oikos 63, no. 2 (March 1992): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545395.

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44

Rivas, Jesús Antonio, and Renée Yvonne Owens. "Teaching Conservation Effectively: A Lesson from Life-History Strategies." Conservation Biology 13, no. 2 (April 1999): 453–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.013002453.x.

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45

Holopainen, Jarmo K., Gürkan Semiz, and James D. Blande. "Life-history strategies affect aphid preference for yellowing leaves." Biology Letters 5, no. 5 (June 17, 2009): 603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0372.

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According to the nutrient-translocation hypothesis, yellowing tree leaves are colonized by aphids at the end of the growing season owing to improved availability of nutrients in the phloem sap after chlorophyll degradation. We measured aphid densities on potted Betula pendula seedlings in a field site where a small proportion of foliage rapidly turned yellow before normal autumn coloration as a consequence of root anoxia. The number of adults and nymphs of the birch-feeding specialist aphids Euceraphis betulae, Betulaphis brevipilosa and Callipterinella tuberculata were counted from leaves on each of the 222 plants. Aphids were detected on 19 per cent of green leaves and on 41 per cent of yellow leaves. There was no indication of aphid avoidance of yellow leaves, and the number of winged (alate) viviparous E. betulae adults and their nymphs were significantly higher on yellow leaves than on green leaves, while the numbers of apterous B. brevipilosa and C. tuberculata did not differ between the leaf colour types. Our result suggests that only aphid species with alate generation during colour change can take advantage of yellowing leaves. This may explain the exceptional abundance of E. betulae compared with other aphid species on birches.

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46

North, A. W. "Early life history strategies of notothenioids at South Georgia." Journal of Fish Biology 58, no. 2 (February 2001): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb02268.x.

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47

Birget, Philip L. G., Megan A. Greischar, Sarah E. Reece, and Nicole Mideo. "Altered life history strategies protect malaria parasites against drugs." Evolutionary Applications 11, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 442–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12516.

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48

King, J. R., and G. A. McFarlane. "Marine fish life history strategies: applications to fishery management." Fisheries Management and Ecology 10, no. 4 (July 29, 2003): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00359.x.

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49

Spor, Aymé, Shaoxiao Wang, Christine Dillmann, Dominique de Vienne, and Delphine Sicard. "“Ant” and “Grasshopper” Life-History Strategies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." PLoS ONE 3, no. 2 (February 13, 2008): e1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001579.

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50

Jannett, Jr., Frederick. "Life History Strategies of the Montane Vole, Microtus montanus." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 9 (January 1, 1985): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1985.2491.

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Emphasis in microtine rodent biology has historically been placed on population regulation and the population cycle. Until recently, little attention has been directed to behavior and sociality in microtine rodents, but work on the sociobiology of the montane vole (Jannett, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984) is serving to integrate various aspects of the biology of this species so that its life history characteristics can be interpreted in an evolutionary framework. Work undertaken in 1984 continues previously initiated surveys of various topics, such as synchrony of population events in different populations, survivorship, scent gland development, patterns of cranial and dental variation, population trends in a sympatric species of vole (M. longicaudus), and reproduction in a primary predator, the shorttail weasel (Mustela erminea).

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