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Lysecki, David, Daryl Bainbridge, Tracy Akitt, Georgia Georgiou, Ralph M. Meyer, and Jonathan Sussman. "Feasibility of a child life specialist program for oncology patients with minor children at home: Demand and implementation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.28.
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28 Background: Up to 24% of adult oncology patients have minor children at home. Children may experience emotional problems, somatic complaints, social isolation, depression, and post-traumatic stress as a result. Typical support networks often fail to meet the needs of these families. To address this gap, an innovative Child Life Specialist (CLS) program for patients with minor children at home was offered at a tertiary oncology center. Methods: To understand the feasibility of this program, we examined the demand for and implementation of the CLS program over its initial 10 months. Demand was characterized using administrative data (referred patient/family demographics, referral details, and disease/treatment characteristics). Implementation was described through encounter data (audience, type of visit, interventions provided, time for preparation, and time of direct interaction for each encounter). Results: The program received 100 referrals, 93 of whom accessed the program. Patients were most often female (66%) with a median age of 45 years (range: 19 to 72). 81% were parents of minor children, 10% grandparents, and 9% other. Families predominantly had multiple children (98%), most commonly school-aged (ages 5-9, 39%; 10-14, 37%). 53% of families had two birth parents co-parenting in the same household; the remainder had alternate parent/living scenarios. Most referrals came from social work (57%). Median time from diagnosis to referral was 79 days (range: 9d-6.5y). Breast cancer (26%) was the most common diagnosis, followed by gastrointestinal (19%) and hematologic (16%). Cancer phase at referral was defined as at new diagnosis (within 30d, 18%), undergoing treatment with curative intent (20%), undergoing treatment with palliative intent (39%), at end of life (within 30d, 16%) and after death/bereavement (5%). 1 patient (1%) did not have cancer. The CLS recorded 257 unique encounters. 55% of encounters included patients, 40% non-patient parents, 21% children, and 21% others. 75% were individual encounters, while 25% were group encounters. 95% of encounters that included children also included an adult. Phone calls were the most frequent encounter type (43%), but hospital visits consumed the largest proportion of recorded CLS time (38%). Mean encounter time (all visit types) included 20min for preparation and 51min of direct interaction. CLS interventions included: guidance on talking with children (67% of encounters), providing resources (37%), diagnostic teaching (21%), end-of-life support (18%), discussing change in status (10%), grief (8%), and emotional expression (4%). Conclusions: This study characterized the demand for this program and described its implementation over the pilot period. This period occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic, which dramatically altered healthcare and family visitation, likely influencing the results of this study.
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Harrison, Julianne, Elana Evan, Amy Hughes, Shahram Yazdani, Myke Federman, and Rick Harrison. "Understanding communication among health care professionals regarding death and dying in pediatrics." Palliative and Supportive Care 12, no. 5 (August 6, 2013): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951513000229.
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AbstractObjective:Effective communication regarding death and dying in pediatrics is a vital component of any quality palliative care service. The goal of the current study is to understand communication among health care professionals regarding death and dying in children. The three hypotheses tested were: (1) hospital staff (physicians of all disciplines, nurses, and psychosocial clinicians) that utilize consultation services are more comfortable communicating about death and dying than those who do not use such services, (2) different disciplines of health care providers demonstrate varying levels of comfort communicating about a range of areas pertaining to death and dying, and (3) health care staff that have had some type of formal training in death and dying are more comfortable communicating about these issues.Methods:A primary analysis of a survey conducted in a tertiary care teaching children's hospital.Results:Health care professionals who felt comfortable discussing options for end of life care with colleagues also felt more comfortable: initiating a discussion regarding a child's impending death with his/her family (r = 0.42), discussing options for terminal care with a family (r = 0.58), discussing death with families from a variety of ethnic/cultural backgrounds (r = 0.51), guiding parents in developmentally age-appropriate discussions of death with their children (r = 0.43), identifying and seeking advice from a professional role model regarding management concerns (r = 0.40), or interacting with a family following the death of a child (r = 0.51). Among all three disciplines, physicians were more likely to initiate discussions with regards to a child's impending death (F = 13.07; p = 0.007). Health care professionals that received formal grief and bereavement training were more comfortable discussing death.Significance of the results:The results demonstrated that consultation practices are associated with a higher level of comfort in discussing death and dying in pediatrics.
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Lysecki, David, Daryl Bainbridge, Tracy Akitt, Georgia Georgiou, Ralph M. Meyer, and Jonathan Sussman. "Feasibility of a child life specialist program for oncology patients with minor children at home: Qualitative analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.30.
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30 Background: Up to 24% of adult oncology patients have minor children at home, who may experience negative short- and long-term health outcomes as a result. Typical support networks often fail to meet the needs of these families. To address this, an innovative Child Life Specialist (CLS) program was embedded within the psychosocial support team at a tertiary oncology center. The program provided direct consultation to families (adults and children) including guidance on talking with children, provision of resources, diagnostic teaching, end-of-life support, grief support, and emotional expression. Methods: To understand the feasibility of this program (including acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, adaptation, integration, expansion, and preliminary measures of impact), we collected 360-degree feedback from impacted stakeholders. At least two months following an encounter with the CLS, families were offered participation in a semi-structured interview (via purposive selection to capture multiple perspectives, including patients, non-patient parents/family members, and children aged 10-17). At the end of the pilot, two focus groups were held consisting of clinicians who engaged with the program. A thematic analysis was completed from the interview/focus group discussion transcripts. Results: 15 interviews were completed with adults (ten with patients, five with non-patient parents/other family members). Emergent themes were: Establishing comfort, Allaying parent apprehension, Coaching and reassurance, Value added, Integration, Impact of Covid-19, and Areas for development. In three interviews with children, the emergent themes were: Building rapport, Developmentally appropriate approaches, Understanding and managing emotions, Improving communication, and Areas for development. The first focus group included the CLS and two clinical leads of the psychosocial support team. Emergent themes from this discussion were: Promotion of the program, Accessibility, Role of social work, Impact of Covid-19, and Adopting a virtual approach. The second focus group consisted of three inpatient social workers, and the emergent themes were: Expertise, Accessibility, Allaying parent apprehension, Value added, Impact of Covid-19, and Areas for development. Synthesis of data identified five overall key themes: Awareness, Integration, Value added, Family-centered care, and Impact of Covid-19. Conclusions: This study conducted qualitative analysis of 360-degree feedback on the CLS pilot program. The analysis demonstrated that program was felt to add value, integrate well with current systems, and represent high-quality, family-centered care. This pilot occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic, the impacts of which were represented in this study.
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Healey, Gwen K. "Tradition and Culture: An Important Determinant of Inuit Women’s Health." International Journal of Indigenous Health 4, no. 1 (June 3, 2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijih41200812312.
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This exploratory qualitative study used a case study method to explore Inuit women’s perspectives on their health and well-being. Data were gathered using face-to-face interviews from a purposive sample of women in one Nunavut community who self-identified as Inuit. Data analysis and interpretation were guided by an established approach in qualitative research called “immersion/crystallization.” Various strategies, including methods of verification and validition, were employed to ensure the scientific rigour and reliability of the study’s findings. The mechanisms through which culture and tradition affected women’s perceptions of health and well-being were clearly illustrated and clearly significant to the interview subjects. Women used examples of teenage pregnancy and parenting issues to illustrate traditional practices in Nunavut communities and their significance in an increasingly non-traditional society. Women stressed the importance of speaking Inuktitut and teaching it to their children. Many associated their ability to speak Inuktitut with their ties to Inuit traditions. Women described the grief experienced from loss of culture leading to problems related to identity, social inclusion and wellness. Culture and traditional knowledge were identified as key determinants of health for Canadian Inuit women. This study provides important information to inform and guide health promotion and illness prevention planning. The study will also help decision-makers and health professionals address some of the health issues affecting Inuit women by providing them with some insight into Inuit women’s local and contemporary circumstances. The results of this work can support local efforts to identify priorities for policy and program development relevant to Inuit women’s specific needs. Finally, the relevance of insight gained through the health perspectives of Inuit women in Nunavut deserves further investigation in relation to other Arctic regions, both in Canada and in the larger circumpolar community.
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Godress, Julia, Salih Ozgul, Cathy Owen, and Leanne Foley-Evans. "Grief Experiences of Parents Whose Children Suffer from Mental Illness." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 1-2 (January 2005): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01518.x.
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Objective: To examine the grief experience of parents of adult children with a mental illness and its relationship to parental health and well-being and parent child attachment and affective relationship. Methods: Participants were recruited from a variety of organizations throughout Australia that provide support services for sufferers of mental illness and/or for their families. Seventyone participants (62 mothers and nine fathers) all of whom had a child diagnosed with mental illness volunteered to take part in the study. All completed measures of grief, health status and parent-child relationship. Results: Parents reported experiencing grief in relation to their child's illness as evidenced by intrusive thoughts and feelings and avoidance of behaviour as well as difficulties adapting to and distress associated with reminders of the illness. Parental grief appears to reduce over time, but only in some aspects of grief and after an extended period. Increased parental grief was related to lowered psychological well-being and health status and associated with an anxious/ambivalent and a negative affective parent-child relationship. Conclusion: The study provides important insights into the grief experiences of parents following their child's diagnosis with mental illness. The significant relationship between parental grief and parental psychological well-being and health status as well as to parentchild relationship has important implications for health professionals. Foremost amongst these are the need to validate the distress and grief of parents and to better understand how to provide interventions that promote grief work and family bonds while reducing emotional distress and life disruption.
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Lin, Xiuyun, Xiaoyi Fang, Peilian Chi, Xiaoming Li, Wenrui Chen, and Melissa Allen Heath. "Grief-processing-based psychological intervention for children orphaned by AIDS in central China: A pilot study." School Psychology International 35, no. 6 (May 26, 2014): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034314535617.
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A group of 124 children orphaned by AIDS (COA), who resided in two orphanages funded by the Chinese government, participated in a study investigating the efficacy of a grief-processing-based psychological group intervention. This psychological intervention program was designed to specifically help COA process their grief and reduce their psychological distress. Six sessions of group intervention focused on processing grief, reducing traumatic symptoms and psychological distress, and fostering hope about the future. At the three-month post-test, children in both groups (intervention group and control group) reported significant reduction in trauma symptoms and demonstrated similar levels of hope. However, the intervention group reported significantly increased levels of grief processing and decreased levels of trauma symptoms, depression, and threat appraisal. The intervention group also reported subjective improvements in mood, relationships, individual growth, self-confidence, and perceived social support. These outcomes supported the potential efficacy of grief-processing-based psychological intervention to reduce the psychological distress among COA.
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NABORS, LAURA, MARSHAE OHMS, NATASHA BUCHANAN, KENNETH L. KIRSH, TIFFANY NASH, STEVEN D. PASSIK, JONI L. JOHNSON, JANET SNAPP, and GRETCHEN BROWN. "A pilot study of the impact of a grief camp for children." Palliative and Supportive Care 2, no. 4 (December 2004): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951504040532.
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Objective: Research indicates that children benefit from supportive interventions to help them cope with the loss of a loved one. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate children's perceptions of the effectiveness of a grief camp.Methods: Semistructured interviews were performed with 18 children who attended a weekend-long grief camp. Children also responded to follow-up interviews via telephone. Their parents also completed surveys before camp began and either after camp ended or at a follow-up evaluation. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content coding to uncover key themes in the interviews.Results: Children reported that art activities helped them to express feelings about their grief and release feelings of sadness and worry related to the death. Parents and children felt that the camp was a positive experience and that the children benefited from being in groups with peers who had also lost family members.Significance of results: Evaluating the impact of grief camps, using practical methods such as the ones for this study, is important, as these camps are becoming more popular interventions. Children and parents may benefit from contact at specified follow-up periods after camp to determine if they would benefit from further therapy. Results also provide evidence of the success of this program, which supports the need for funding these types of interventions.
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Jarolmen, Joann. "A Comparison of the Grief Reaction of Children and Adults: Focusing on Pet Loss and Bereavement." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/h937-u230-x7d9-cvkh.
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Based on the fact that the human-animal bond has existed through recorded history and researchers are now beginning to explore humans' reactions to its loss, this study attempts to answer the following questions: Does human attachment to a pet vary with age/stage of development? Does grief vary by age/stage of development? Does the length and intensity of grief change if the loss was anticipated or sudden? The purpose of this study is to understand attachment and bereavement/loss in children and adolescents as compared to adults. The “Pet Attachment Survey,” the “Grief Experience Inventory,” and “Questions for Each Person in the Study” were the instruments used in this study. The participants included 106 children, 57 adolescents, and 270 adults who had lost their pets within a twelve-month interval. The findings suggest that children and adolescents have similar attachments to their pets. Children grieved more than adults in this study. Anticipated grief partially helped participants to allay the grief response.
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Morgos, Dorothy, J. William Worden, and Leila Gupta. "Psychosocial Effects of War Experiences among Displaced Children in Southern Darfur." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 56, no. 3 (May 2008): 229–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.56.3.b.
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This study focused on assessing the psychosocial effects of the long standing, high intensity, and guerrilla-style of warfare among displaced children in Southern Darfur. The goal was to better understand the etiology, prognosis, and treatment implications for traumatic reactions, depression, and grief symptoms in this population. Three hundred thirty-one children aged 6–17 from three IDP Camps were selected using a quota sampling approach and were administered a Demographic Questionnaire, Child Post Traumatic Stress Reaction Index, Child Depression Inventory, and the Expanded Grief Inventory. Forty-three percent were girls and 57% were boys. The mean age of the children was 12 years. Results found that children were exposed to a very large number of war experiences with no significant differences between genders for types of exposure, including rape, but with older children (13–17 years) facing a larger number of exposures than younger children (6–12 years). Out of the 16 possible war experiences, the mean number was 8.94 ( SD = 3.27). Seventy-five percent of the children met the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, and 38% exhibited clinical symptoms of depression. The percentage of children endorsing significant levels of grief symptoms was 20%. Increased exposure to war experiences led to higher levels of: 1) traumatic reactions; 2) depression; and 3) grief symptoms. Of the 16 war experiences, abduction, hiding to protect oneself, being raped, and being forced to kill or hurt family members were most predictive of traumatic reactions. Being raped, seeing others raped, the death of a parent/s, being forced to fight, and having to hide to protect oneself were the strongest predictors of depressive symptoms. War experiences such as abduction, death of one's parent/s, being forced to fight, and having to hide to protect oneself were the most associated with the child's experience of grief. In addition to Total Grief, Traumatic Grief, Existential Grief, and Continuing Bonds were measured in these children. Although trauma, depression, and grief often exist as co-morbid disorders, the mechanisms and pathways of these is less understood. In this study we used Structural Equation Modeling to better understand the complex interaction and trajectories of these three symptoms evolving from war exposure and loss. This study is the first of its kind to assess the psychosocial effects of war experiences among children currently living in war zone areas within Sudan. It identifies some of the most prevalent war-related atrocities and their varying impact on the children's psychological well-being and overall adjustment. Implications for planning mental health interventions are discussed.
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Stylianou, Polyxeni, and Michalinos Zembylas. "Dealing With the Concepts of “Grief” and “Grieving” in the Classroom: Children’s Perceptions, Emotions, and Behavior." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 77, no. 3 (January 11, 2016): 240–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222815626717.
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This article presents an action research study that explores how a fifth-grade classroom of 10- to 11-year-old children in Cyprus perceive the concepts of grief and grieving, after an educational intervention provided space for discussing such issues. It also explores the impact that the intervention program had on children’s emotions while exploring these concepts and illustrates how it affected their behavior. The findings suggest that the intervention had a constructive impact on children’s understandings of grief and grieving along two important dimensions. First, the intervention helped children better define emotional responses to loss (grief). Second, children seemed to overcome their anxiety while talking about grief and grieving and were able to share relevant personal experiences. The study has important implications for curriculum development, pedagogical practice, and teacher training on death education.
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Tei, S., and J. Fujino. "Film-based resources for grief management in medical education." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1591.
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Introduction Grief and bereavement are commonplace in clinical practice but have become a more pervasive issue because of the coronavirus 2019 pandemic. Consequently, the need for investigations, learning, and education about complicated grief and prolonged grief have been highlighted. Meanwhile, film-based teaching resources concerning grief care have been employed to complement curricula in medical education. Objectives To explore how the grieving experience can be better communicated and mitigated, and explain how a film-based resource can be applied to improve the understanding of this issue. Methods We reviewed and analyzed the meaning and cause of complicated, prolonged, disenfranchised grief, as well as related experiences (e.g., survivor guilt) featured in selected films. We discussed the interpretation of these films with medical students and faculty, based on a previously described approach [1]. Results We recaptured the roles of empathic communications and resilience skills in grief care. They bring a sense of coherence (SOC) or meaning to life by prompting the sharing of grief experiences, helping to reconstruct and contextualize a person’s loss, and assuaging feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness. Incidentally, recent studies have suggested that complicated and prolonged grief involves alterations in brain functioning of the reward system. Conclusions This film-based approach utilizes vicarious experiences to better understand grief management. It allows the learner to more easily recognize that SOC, flexible situation-adjusted empathy, and the sharing of resources for improved communication to promote self-care are essential for patients, their families, as well as psychiatrists themselves. [1] Sondheimer, A. The life stories of children and adolescents. Acad Psychiatry. 2000:24(4):214–24. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Ratu, Nabila, and Yohanis Franz La Kahija. "PENGALAMAN BERDUKA PASCA PERISTIWA BUNUH DIRI IBU." Jurnal EMPATI 6, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/empati.2017.20067.
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In this modern era, suicide holds status as one of the biggest public health problems in the world. According to data compiled by the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2015 there were 788,000 deaths from suicide worldwide. A phrase "suicide survivor" is referred to a person who experiences grief over the death of a loved one by suicide. This study aims to understand the grief experience of a child after the loss of mother due to suicide. This study includes an intensive look at grief experience to understand how the grief experienced by children after the mother's loss due to suicide, how children gave meaning of the grief experience and what process that led to child’s recovery. This is a qualitative study processed by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) technique. Data were obtained with semi-structured interview techniques. There are three main themes found: the relationships with mother, the dynamics of dealing with loss and the process towards recovery.
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Geni, Putri Lenggo, and Qisthi Rahmania. "Hubungan Coping Style dan Anticipatory Grief pada Orangtua Anak yang Didiagnosis Kanker." Humaniora 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v4i1.3434.
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Everyone copes with stressful events in his/her life differently. Three strategies in dealing with stress include problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, and religious-focused coping. Death of loved ones has been considered one of the major sources of stress in individuals and poses threat to their well being and adjustment if one’s failed to cope with the grief. Interestingly, previous studies show that families and caregivers of terminally ill patients suffered bereavement prior to the actual death, a phenomenon labeled anticipatory grief. Article presents a study with the purpose to investigate the relationship between different coping styles and anticipatory grief in parents of children diagnosed with cancer. Fifty-five parents, ranging from 20 to 60-year-old, participated in this study. Results revealed that coping style, particularly emotion-focused coping, significantly predict anticipatory grief in parents of children diagnosed with cancer. However, both problem-focused coping and religious-focused coping did not predict parental anticipatory grief in this study.
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Sedney, Mary Anne. "Children's Grief Narratives in Popular Films." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 39, no. 4 (December 1999): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/un7p-9rxy-j9h5-bhn6.
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Children's grief narratives, conceptualized as portrayals of the grief process in children, in popular films are examined. Four films focus this study: Snow White, Bambi, The Land Before Time, and The Lion King. These films reflect a range of acknowledgment of death and descriptions of grief in their young characters. They also vary in the extent to which they are consistent with traditional models of grief that emphasize detachment and contemporary models that focus on the importance of ongoing connections with the deceased. These films are consistent in their portrayal of the availability and usefulness of support and comfort for grieving children. They are also uniform in their presentation of possibilities for hope and some forward development after loss. Use of popular films for children's death education and for grief education is discussed.
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Lohan, Janet A. "School Nurses’ Support for Bereaved Students: A Pilot Study." Journal of School Nursing 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405060220010801.
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Children may have difficulty with schoolwork because of grief over the death of an important person in their lives. School nurses provide support to these children. This pilot study consisted of a Web-based survey completed by 6 school nurses in a 3-county area in Washington state. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the need for additional support for bereaved children and the extent to which school nurses meet the needs of these students. Results indicated that many school nurses have large caseloads that preclude spending as much time with bereaved students as the nurses feel is necessary. Bereaved students exhibit a wide variety of grief symptoms that may interfere with learning. In addition, rural areas do not have adequate community bereavement resources that nurses can use to refer students who need help beyond that offered at school. Nurses must be more active in supporting students within the school setting despite limited resources.
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Kratochvil, Marianne Spain, and Sally Ann Devereux. "Counseling Needs of Parents of Handicapped Children." Social Casework 69, no. 7 (September 1988): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438948806900702.
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Experts debate whether the bereavement experienced by parents of handicapped children is relatively brief or chronic/periodic. In this study, well-adjusted parents identified periods of recurring grief and indicated the need for ongoing professional services.
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Laing, Catherine M., and Nancy J. Moules. "Children's Cancer Camps." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 70, no. 4 (March 2015): 436–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222815572605.
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A philosophical hermeneutic study was conducted as part of the first author's doctoral research to understand the meaning of children's cancer camps for the child with cancer and the family. Twenty family members from six families were interviewed in order to bring understanding to this topic. This article will detail the finding related to the experience of grief that often accompanies a cancer diagnosis, and how camp seems to allow children and families to understand their grief differently. The interesting thing about this particular cancer camp is that families of children who have died continue to attend the camp yearly, and there are events to memorialize the many children known to all the campers who no longer attend camp. This is not a grief camp but a cancer camp where grief is allowed presence as it necessarily has to in the world of childhood cancer.
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Brabant, Sarah, and Mary Martof. "Childhood Experiences and Complicated Grief: A Study of Adult Children of Alcoholics." International Journal of the Addictions 28, no. 11 (January 1993): 1111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10826089309056246.
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Chater, Angel Marie, Neil Howlett, Gillian W. Shorter, Julia K. Zakrzewski-Fruer, and Jane Williams. "Reflections on Experiencing Parental Bereavement as a Young Person: A Retrospective Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042083.
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Background: It is estimated that approximately 41,000 children and young people experience the death of a parent each year. Grief responses, such as anxiety and depression, can follow. This research investigated the adult reflections of experiencing parental death as a young person. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adults (N = 14; female n = 8) who experienced parental death as a young person, which occurred over 5 years ago (time since death, M = 12.9 years; age at death, M = 16.4 years; age at interview, M = 30.9 years). The data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Results: Seven themes revealed that parental bereavement can lead to (1) “Distance and isolation” and is an (2) “Emotional journey” with (3) a “Physical impact”. Many experienced (4) “Post-traumatic growth” but acknowledged that (5) “Life will never be the same”, highlighting the importance of (6) “Support and understanding” and triggers for (7) “Re-grief”. Conclusions: Parental bereavement has significant emotional and physical consequences, but can also lead to personal growth. Talking therapies were rarely accessed, often due to a lack of awareness or desire to engage, revealing a translational gap between existing support services and uptake. Enabling open conversations about grief and identifying suitable support is a public health priority. This need has been amplified since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may be a trigger for grief empathy and re-grief in those who have already been bereaved.
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Livingston, Kathy. "Opportunities for Mourning When Grief is Disenfranchised: Descendants of Nazi Perpetrators in Dialogue with Holocaust Survivors." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 61, no. 3 (November 2010): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.61.3.c.
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This article explores the concepts of unmourned and disenfranchised grief as a way to understand the experiences of adult children of Nazi perpetrators, who grew up with cultural norms of grieving alone or in silence. The scholarly literature on descendants of Nazis reflects a group unlikely to warrant empathy or support from others because of the stigma surrounding their family's possible involvement in the Holocaust atrocities. This article uses, as a case study approach, the testimony given by Monika Hertwig, the adult daughter of a high ranking Nazi, who appears in the documentary film, Inheritance. From the perspective of disenfranchised grief, defined as grief that is not socially recognized or supported, the article links Monika's testimony with existing research from in-depth interviews with other descendants of Nazis to suggest that, as a group, they lacked permission to grieve their deceased parents, acknowledgment of their grief, and opportunities to mourn. Based on the theory that the effects of grief can be trans-generational, the disenfranchisement experienced by the “children of the Third Reich” does not have to pass to subsequent generations if opportunities for mourning are made possible and some resolution of grief occurs. Studies have shown that ongoing dialogue groups between Holocaust survivors and descendants of Nazis provide opportunities for mourning to both groups.
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Bravo-Benítez, Jorge, María Nieves Pérez-Marfil, Belén Román-Alegre, and Francisco Cruz-Quintana. "Grief Experiences in Family Caregivers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 30, 2019): 4821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234821.
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The main objective of this study was to analyse the experience of grief and feelings of loss in family caregivers of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as the perceived overload from taking on the primary caregiver role. Twenty family caregivers of children with ASD participated. The family members were assessed using an ad-hoc semi-structured interview that addressed the families’ reactions to the diagnosis, implications for daily functioning, and concerns for the immediate and long-term future of their relatives with ASD. The results indicate that family caregivers of children with ASD endure intense and continuous sorrow and grief due to the impact that having and caring for a child with these characteristics has on all aspects of their lives. These data highlight the importance of creating support and intervention programmes and services focused on the feelings and manifestations of ambiguous grief that occur in these family members, in order to improve their well-being and quality of life and reduce caregiver role overload.
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Cipriano, David J., and Madeline R. Cipriano. "Factors Underlying the Relationship Between Parent and Child Grief." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 80, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 120–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222817726935.
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The death of a parent in a child’s life is a significant risk factor for later mental and physical health problems. While much has been written about the surviving parent’s functioning and its effects on their bereaved children, little work has been done to look into factors underlying this effect such as how the parent copes. The present study recruited 38 parent–child dyads from a community-based grief support center. Parent and child, independently, completed various measures of emotional functioning, including grief symptoms and coping such as social support and locus of control. The results indicated that parental coping did have an impact on children’s grief symptoms. This represents a unique view of adaptation in bereaved children: Parental coping strategies can have an impact on the child, independent of the child’s coping strategies. By focusing on parent coping, we have highlighted another possible pathway through which parental functioning affects children’s grief.
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Spuij, Mariken, Annemarie van Londen-Huiberts, and Paul A. Boelen. "Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Prolonged Grief in Children: Feasibility and Multiple Baseline Study." Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 20, no. 3 (August 2013): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.08.002.
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Spuij, Mariken, Peter Prinzie, Maja Dekovic, Jan van den Bout, and Paul A. Boelen. "The effectiveness of Grief-Help, a cognitive behavioural treatment for prolonged grief in children: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial." Trials 14, no. 1 (2013): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-14-395.
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Paço, Arminda do, and Maria João Palinhas. "Teaching entrepreneurship to children: a case study." Journal of Vocational Education & Training 63, no. 4 (December 2011): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2011.609317.
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Barrera, Maru, Norma Mammone D'Agostino, Gerald Schneiderman, Susan Tallett, Lynlee Spencer, and Vesna Jovcevska. "Patterns of Parental Bereavement following the Loss of a Child and Related Factors." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 55, no. 2 (October 2007): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.55.2.d.
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This study investigated the patterns of parental bereavement in 20 parents who have lost a child to cancer, congenital heart disease, meningitis, or drowning in the last 19 months, using semi-structured interviews and standardized questionnaires of depression and grief. Qualitative content analysis of interviews identified three bereavement patterns: The majority of parents (65%) presented uncomplicated, Integrated Grief, five mothers were Consumed by Grief, and one mother and one father expressed Minimal Grief. Quotes from parents exemplified these patterns. Parental gender, symptoms of depression, and pre-death relationship between parents and their deceased child differentially related to these patterns. Having surviving children, social support, and being active appeared to help to integrate grief into daily life. These findings illustrate differential patterns of parental bereavement and related factors, information that has important implications for identifying at-risk parents for complicated bereavement.
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Mitchell, Ann M., Yookyung Kim, Holly G. Prigerson, and MaryKay Mortimer-Stephens. "Complicated Grief in Survivors of Suicide." Crisis 25, no. 1 (January 2004): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.1.12.
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Summary: Complicated grief is a newly defined and distinctive psychiatric disorder that occurs in response to a significant loss through death. New findings suggest that survivors who were close to the deceased are at heightened risk for complicated grief. Little is known about whether close kinship (spouses, parents, children, siblings, vs. in-laws, aunts/uncles, nieces/nephews, friends, or coworkers) to a suicide victim also represents a heightened risk for complicated grief. Assessing for complicated grief is important, especially with survivors of suicide, because of the potential for associated health risks. This report contains preliminary data from an exploratory, descriptive pilot study examining complicated grief in adult survivors of suicide. Sixty bereaved subjects, within one month after the suicide of a family member or significant other, were assessed for complicated grief symptoms. Statistically significant differences, as measured with the Inventory of Complicated Grief, were noted between closely related and distantly related survivors of the suicide victim. These preliminary results indicate that health care professional's assessments and interventions for complicated grief should take into consideration the bereaved's familial and/or social relationship to the deceased. The closely related survivors of suicide had higher levels of complicated grief and could be at risk of developing physical and/or mental health problems, including suicidal ideation, in the future.
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Miles, Margaret Shandor, and Alice Sterner Demi. "A Comparison of Guilt in Bereaved Parents whose Children Died by Suicide, Accident, or Chronic Disease." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 24, no. 3 (May 1992): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/g41e-rktf-p0xd-ljlk.
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Based on a model of bereavement guilt developed by the investigators, this study assessed the frequency of guilt feelings, explored their sources, and compared the guilt experiences of parents whose children died by different modes–suicide, accident, and chronic disease. Of the 132 parents who participated in the study: sixty-two experienced a child's death by suicide; thirty-two by an accident; and thirty-eight by a chronic disease. Data from open-ended questions were analyzed using content analysis methods. Guilt feelings were reported by 92 percent of suicide bereaved parents, 78 percent of accident bereaved parents, and 71 percent of chronic disease bereaved parents. Furthermore, 34 percent of the suicide bereaved parents reported that guilt was the most distressing aspect of their grief, while none of the accident bereaved or chronic disease bereaved parents reported guilt as the most distressing aspect of their grief. Using the previously developed topology of guilt sources, findings supported the existence of six sources: Death Causation, Illness-related, Childrearing, Moral, Survival, and Grief Guilt. Sources differed by type of death. Death Causation and Childrearing Guilt were more prevalent among suicide and accident bereaved parents than among chronic disease bereaved parents. As expected, Illness-related Guilt was more prevalent in parents of children who died of chronic disease. Few parents reported Grief, Moral, or Survival Guilt. Implications of the findings for clinical practice with bereaved parents are discussed.
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Chen, Lin, Fang Fu, Wei Sha, Cecilia L. W. Chan, and Amy Y. M. Chow. "Mothers Coping With Bereavement in the 2008 China Earthquake: A Dual Process Model Analysis." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 80, no. 1 (August 21, 2017): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222817725181.
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The purpose of this study is to explore the grief experiences of mothers after they lost their children in the 2008 China earthquake. Informed by the dual process model, this study conducted in-depth interviews to explore how six bereaved mothers coped with such grief over a 2-year period. Right after the earthquake, these mothers suffered from intensive grief. They primarily coped with loss-oriented stressors. As time passed, these mothers began to focus on restoration-oriented stressors to face changes in life. This coping trajectory was a dynamic and integral process, which bereaved mothers oscillated between loss- and restoration-oriented stressors. This study offers insight in extending the existing empirical evidence of the dual process model.
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Schreiber, Jennifer K., Diana C. Sands, and John R. Jordan. "The Perceived Experience of Children Bereaved by Parental Suicide." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 75, no. 2 (October 25, 2015): 184–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222815612297.
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Children whose parent died by suicide are a vulnerable and underserved population. This phenomenon will be described, as well as implications for practice and research. “Double Whammy,” a conceptualization of the overall experience of this marginalized group, emerged through two in-depth interviews from a phenomenological qualitative study with professionals who facilitate support groups for children bereaved by parental suicide. It was corroborated with current literature and practice experiences of the authors and their colleagues. Stigma was the largest contributor to the “Double Whammy,” and the following themes emerged as well: feeling isolated, feeling abandoned, and feeling responsible. The self-volition of suicide challenges how bereaved children make meaning and internalize feelings about the deceased parent, one’s self, and others. Developmentally appropriate education about suicide grief, depression, and normalizing the grief process is pivotal in helping children to effectively cope and manage their feelings.
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Çakar, Firdevs Savi. "The Role of Social Support in the Relationship Between Adolescents’ Level of Loss and Grief and Well-Being." International Education Studies 13, no. 12 (November 23, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n12p27.
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In this study, the model, developed to examine the role of social support in the relationship between adolescents’ level of loss and grief and well-being, was tested. In this study, the descriptive research method was used, and its participants consisted of 216 adolescents who were high school students, in Turkey. Scales used in this study include Personal Information Form; Grief Scale; Five-Dimensional Well-Being Scale for Adolescents (EPOCH); Social Support Assessment Scale for Children and Adolescents (CASSS and Personal Information Form). The structural equation model was used to examine the mediator role of the social support in the association between grief and well-being among adolescents. It was found the hypothesized model fit the data well, and social support fully mediated in the association between grief and well-being. The high level of social support in the loss and mourning process of adolescents makes it easier to cope with grief and positively affects their well-beings. These results are important for focusing on adolescents who experience lost and grief, providing effective mental health services and demonstrating the importance of strengthening social support systems. Future studies with longitudinal follow-ups are suggested to explore actual causal relationships.
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Malkinson, Ruth, and Liora Bar-Tur. "Long Term Bereavement Processes of Older Parents: The Three Phases of Grief." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 50, no. 2 (March 2005): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/w346-up8t-rer6-bbd1.
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This study is based upon personal interviews with 47 elderly bereaved parents. These interviews provided us with detailed and extensive information on the bereavement processes that parents experience over a long period of years. From an in-depth content analysis of the interviews and the way the parents described bereavement, it seems that it is a central motif in their lives affecting their relationships with each other, with the living children, with friends, at work and with others. Although enduring grief along the life cycle is an un-patterned process with emotional and cognitive ups and downs, involving a continuous search for a meaning to life, we observed a development in this process throughout the years. As we proposed in a previous study (Malkinson & Bar-Tur, 2000) there are three main identifiable phases in the bereavement process: the immediate, acute phase; grief through the years until aging; and bereavement in old age. We propose to refer to them as the three main phases in the development of parental grieving process and name them “young grief,” “mature grief,” and “aging grief.”
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Smith, Philippa, Elizabeth Teasdale, and Suzanne Sheppard-Law. "Parents' experience of extended viewing in a paediatric hospice: a qualitative study." International Journal of Palliative Nursing 29, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2023.29.1.34.
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Background: The rising prevalence of life-limiting conditions in children and young people warrants an evaluation of paediatric palliative care, hospice services and delivered care. Aim: First, this study aimed to develop a deeper understanding of how extended viewing is experienced by the parents of a deceased child (or young person) with a life-limiting condition, based in Australia. Second, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of bereavement care delivered during the first few days after death. Findings: A total of 17 bereaved parents of 13 children completed an interview. In-depth interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. While the authors acknowledge the complexity and individual nature of grief, four broad themes were identified, namely the importance of the ‘physical environment’ being conducive to spending time with their child; ‘seeing their child’; ‘time to say goodbye’; and ‘supportive care’. Conclusion: The findings of this study reinforce that extended viewing can provide therapeutic benefits for parents, as well as the importance of a skilled palliative care nursing workforce in assisting with grief management.
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Masa'Deh, Rami, Carol Hall, and Jacqueline Collier. "An Exploration of the Concepts of Loss and Grief as Stress Responses in Middle Eastern Parents of Children with Cancer." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 6 (March 13, 2017): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n6p97.
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BACKGROUND: Caring for a child with cancer has been found to have profound and sometimes long-lasting negative psychological effects on parents. Grief of those parents was less examined in Jordan than America and Europe. Many parents in studies carried out in other countries experienced shocke, disbelief and guilt about their child’s diagnosis. This pattern is similar to the stages of grief as identified by Kubler-Ross model and this association has been identified as potentially benefitting from being further explored in differing cultures such as the experiences of Middle-Eastern parents. Therefore, this study aims to examine the experience of mothers and fathers of children diagnosed with cancer in Jordan and explore whether their narratives reflect grieving as understood through the theoretical constructs of Kubler-Ross. This study investigated the applicability of the Western grief model in an Arab community.METHODS: Using a qualitative approach, 24 parents of children with cancer were interviewed. The participants were recruited recruited from the biggest cancer specialist centre in Jordan. Thematic analysis was use to analyse their results.RESULTS: It was clear that the emotional reactions of Jordanian parents of children with cancer fit with Kubler-Ross’ loss and grief model. Jordanian parents of children with cancer reported experiencing denial, anger, depression, bargaining and acceptance.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide evidence that the reactions of Jordanian parents offer a clear direction for the applicability of care strategies from other communities with culturally different backgrounds. Jordanian parents, health care providers and particularly nurses should be aware that parental grieving process as identified by Kubler-Ross’ model can be experienced by those receiving a diagnosis of a life-threatening illness in their child and is individualised, normal and most often ends with acceptance. Therefore, a supporting framework to those parents should take into consideration their stage of grief. Nurses and parents should know that they do not have to push the stages; acceptance will be reached once the individual is ready
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McClatchy, Irene Searles, M. Elizabeth Vonk, and Gregory Palardy. "The Prevalence of Childhood Traumatic Grief—A Comparison of Violent/Sudden and Expected Loss." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 59, no. 4 (December 2009): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.59.4.b.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief (CTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in parentally bereaved children and compare scores between those who had lost a parent to a sudden/violent death and those who had lost a parent to an expected death. Asample of 158 parentally bereaved children ages 7–16 completed the Extended Grief Inventory (EGI); 127 of those also completed the UCLA PTSD Index. A large number of children were experiencing CTG symptoms at moderate and severe levels. There was no significant difference in EGI or UCLA PTSD Index scores between the two types of losses. Findings are discussed in relation to trauma theory, research on parentally bereaved children and implications for practice.
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Swanson, Patricia B., Robert T. Kane, Jillian G. Pearsall-Jones, Carl F. Swanson, and Maxine L. Croft. "How Couples Cope With the Death of a Twin or Higher Order Multiple." Twin Research and Human Genetics 12, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.12.4.392.
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AbstractFifty-two Australian couples who had experienced the death of at least one member of a multiple birth (twin or higher order), with at least one survivor of that birth, were interviewed about their experiences at the time of the death, and since. This study compared parents' coping after the twins' deaths using the Beck Depression Inventory II, Perinatal Grief Scale, and unstructured interviews with some structured queries. Parents provided information on the influence of family, community and medical staff. According to retrospective reports, mothers experienced significantly more depression and grief than fathers at the time of loss. Both parents found the death of their twins grievous, but fathers, unlike mothers, were not encouraged to express their emotions. Although parents generally agreed about what helped them cope, fathers believed that they should be able to cope regardless of their grief. The strength of parents' spiritual beliefs had increased significantly since their loss, and there was some evidence that depressed and grieving mothers turned to spiritual support. Parents whose children died earlier reported levels of depression similar to those reported by parents whose children died later. To date, this is the largest study of grief in couples who have experienced the death of a twin and who have a surviving twin or higher order multiple.
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Andrade, Marcela Lança de, Fernanda Kimie Tavares Mishima-Gomes, and Valéria Barbieri. "Children’s Grief and Creativity: The Experience of Losing a Sibling." Psico-USF 23, no. 1 (March 2018): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712018230103.
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Abstract When children lose one of their siblings, they seek their parents’ emotional support. However, because their parents also feel the loss of one of their children, they cannot provide adequate emotional support for the living ones. Consequently, children have difficulty mourning that loss. This study aims to understand the psychodynamics of children who lost a sibling. The research involved three children, two boys at the age of 11 and 12, and a girl at the age of eight. Individual sessions were conducted to apply the House-Tree-Person Test (HTP) and the Fables Test with the children. Family environments were fragile, driving participants to suppress their feelings and develop symptoms such as learning disability, fear of death, psychosomatic symptoms, dependency, and difficulty in the symbolization process. To express their grief, children need to use their creativity, with the aid of an external environment that offers holding. Such setting allows them to express anguish and anxiety, and to resume their emotional development, despite the difficulties.
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Brent, David A., and Giovanna Porta. "Error in Coding of Questionnaire Scale in Study of Grief in Children and Adolescents." JAMA Psychiatry 76, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3556.
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Burns, Elizabeth A., J. Daniel House, and Mary R. Ankenbauer. "Sibling Grief in Reaction to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome." Pediatrics 78, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 485–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.78.3.485.
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Much of the literature that exists regarding psychologic outcomes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has focused on parental grief or family response; at least two studies suggest that a SIDS death also affected siblings. It is believed that children who experience the death of a sibling due to SIDS do grieve. Factors related to bereavement are the child's age at the time of the sibling's death, special circumstances of the SIDS death, and explanations and grieving response of the parents. However, no information currently exists that characterizes the course of the grief response of these children. Studies have indicated that about 1 year is a normal grieving period for adults. This study was conducted to evaluate the time frame of children's grief response to the death of a sibling from SIDS. A questionnaire was designed that incorporated child grieving behaviors from several sources; 151 questionnaires were distributed to families in which a SIDS death had occurred in the past 16 years in Iowa and Illinois. Information was obtained from 43 families for 50 children who were older than 2 years of age at the time of the sibling's death. With respect to the length of children's grief response, 54% were reported to have grieved longer than 1 year and only 40% were reported to have grieved less than 6 months. Thus, it appears that the length of the grieving response for these children is similar to that described for adults.
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Guseva, M. A., G. Ya Tseitlin, E. V. Zhukovskaya, O. L. Lebed, and A. G. Rumyantsev. "The specifics of family losses in pediatric oncology and the dynamics of grief during analytical psychotherapy in pediatric oncology patients who lost one or both parents." Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 7, no. 3 (September 21, 2020): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21682/2311-1267-2020-7-3-32-38.
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Relevance. The experience of loss by a child receiving antitumor treatment is a factor in the development of psychopathologies.Purpose to study is to study the specifics of family losses in pediatric oncology; to trace the dynamics of grief during analytical psychotherapy in children who have lost one or both parents.Materials and methods. The study of the specifics of family losses was carried out by the method of retrospective analysis of the dynamics of family relations in 1298 families. To study the dynamics of grief in the process of psychotherapy, 13 children aged 3 to 13 years who lost one or both parents were selected.Results. Antitumor treatment of the child is accompanied by prolonged separation from one, less often both parents, and, in 13.3 %, the loss of a mother or father as a result of a divorce/death. Burning in all the examined children was complicated with the appearance of a number of somatic, emotional-behavioral, mental symptoms that worsen their physical condition and psycho-emotional status. As a result of psychotherapy, the child can react to suppressed negative emotions, which leads to the disappearance of symptoms of grief.Conclusion. The interaction of pediatricians, clinical psychologists, social work specialists is productive in order to provide timely psychotherapeutic assistance to the child before the manifestation of symptoms of complicated grief manifestation.
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Lynes, David, and Angela Sitoe. "Disenfranchised grief: the emotional impact experienced by foster carers on the cessation of a placement." Adoption & Fostering 43, no. 1 (March 2019): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308575918823433.
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This study uses a qualitative approach to explore the experiences of 22 UK foster carers when a child is ‘moved on’ from a placement, focusing specifically on their experiences of loss. In most cases participants report loving the child as their own and describe their surprise at the profundity of their feelings of loss and grief when living through the child’s departure. These emotions can be fruitfully perceived as ‘disenfranchised grief’ in that its severity was unexpected and was not recognised as legitimate by the carers’ social group or professionals working with them. As a result, their loss was neither perceived as legitimate nor given a vehicle for expression. In some cases, participants report that the experience changed their approach to caring for children and even resulted in them ceasing to foster. The implications for practice include preparing foster carers to expect a grief response when their children move on, to recognise that this might be disenfranchised and to enhance peer and professional support during that process.
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Becker, Carl, Yozo Taniyama, Megumi Kondo-Arita, Noriko Sasaki, Shinya Yamada, and Kayoko Yamamoto. "Identifying bereaved grievers with greatest medical or social service needs in Japan." Family Medicine and Community Health 10, no. 1 (March 2022): e001260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2021-001260.
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ObjectiveSevere grief adversely affects the health of bereaved families, potentially burdening medical and community health services. Interventions for effective community health maintenance must identify the people likely to face severe effects of bereavement. The present study identified characteristics of mourners who experience severe grief within a year of bereavement to confirm whether this grief increased their reliance on Japanese medical and social services.DesignWe conducted a nationwide postal survey of Japanese bereaved within the previous year, to compare those reporting daily or overwhelming ‘heavy’ grief to those with less heavy grief, in terms of demographic and socioeconomic details, daily work and non-work activity, frequency of medical and social service use.Setting/participantsIn 2019, with the support of the Ministry of Education and the All Japan Funeral Co-Operation, we distributed approximately 5500 questionnaires to Japanese who had presided at funerals within the past year for anonymous return. By January of 2020, we received 1078 complete voluntary responses from bereaved Japanese.ResultsHalf of the ‘heavy grief’ group (n=143) reported adverse effects on health and daily life, including needs for pharmacological, medical or welfare support. Losses of husbands or children were particularly connected to severe grief; ‘unexpected’ death from cancer caused the greatest shock. Employment (even part-time) buffered against severe grief; grief was greater for the unemployed and substantially worse for those who lost significant income at the same time as they lost loved ones.ConclusionThese findings suggest that prior counselling should reduce the shock of bereavement and economic loss, which increases subsequent medical dependence. Medical professionals and community health workers can use the above factors to target in advance the family members in greatest danger of heavy grief, to intervene lest grief adversely affect their physical and psychological health after bereavement.
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Kaplan, Lisa Jill. "Toward a Model of Caregiver Grief: Nurses' Experiences of Treating Dying Children." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 41, no. 3 (November 2000): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ngg6-ypah-40ab-cnx0.
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This study explored the emotional experiences of fifteen American nurses who work with terminally ill children. Structured interviews were conducted which considered the relationships and the emotional experiences of one who works with dying children. Specific questions that addressed attitudes and reactions to the dying process were asked, and the notion of a grief reaction was explored. Results from this study indicate that participants experience a form of “emotional tension” in their struggle to balance the intense emotional feelings that exist when treating dying children with their desire and need to be competent care providers. Their emotional experiences are influenced by the relationship that is established with their patient and by the child's dying process. It was concluded that when caregivers recognize the need to grieve and express their feelings while acknowledging that this is a natural, normal, and appropriate manner in which to respond to the death of a patient, they then become better able to take care of themselves, and thus their patients. A proposed model of caregivers' grief is presented.
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Vollmann, Sarah Reed. "A Legacy of Loss: Stories of Replacement Dynamics and the Subsequent Child." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 69, no. 3 (November 2014): 219–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om69.3.a.
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This article, a qualitative exploration of the experiences of subsequent children, endeavors to clarify common issues and experiences of this population. Subsequent children, also known as subsequent siblings, are children born after the death of a brother or sister. For this study, 25 adult subsequent siblings participated in semi-structured interviews. Few researchers have written about this population, and much of what has been documented was researched from single case studies, or from very small samples. This study aims to explore the commonalities of the unique experience of being a subsequent child. Themes which emerged include various replacement child dynamics, impaired bonding with parents or altered parenting as a result of the loss, family grief and its repercussions, meaning making and spiritual questioning, fantasies about the lost sibling, disenfranchised and unresolved grief, taking on a caregiver role, and survivor guilt. The implications for clinical practice are presented.
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Carver, Kellye S., Bert Hayslip, Angela Gilley, and Justin Watts. "Influences on Grief among Parentally Bereaved Adults." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 69, no. 2 (October 2014): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.69.2.a.
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Although the parent-child relationship is significant throughout life, many changes occur as children grow, particularly during young adulthood. Parental loss and resulting grief during adulthood is likely influenced by many variables, including age, gender, relationship quality, and sex roles. In the present study, parentally bereaved adults completed measures assessing parental involvement, personal grief and adjustment, and sex role preferences. Analyses of covariance indicated that gender of the bereaved child was significant in predicting some aspects of grief, wherein females were more strongly impacted by the loss of a parent, irrespective of that parent's sex. However, the interaction of sex of parent and sex of child was also significant, suggesting that maternal loss may be particularly difficult for daughters. Results suggested that women may have a stronger emotional experience of grief and maintain closer bonds with a deceased mother. This may result from deeper emotional connections, feeling excluded by age peers, or vulnerability for rumination.
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Worden, J. William, and Phyllis S. Silverman. "Grief and Depression in Newly Widowed Parents with School-Age Children." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 27, no. 3 (November 1993): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/xmhj-f977-p8gv-4w07.
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The objectives of this study were to examine depression levels found in newly widowed parents with school age children and to distinguish bereavement dysphoria from clinical depression. A community based sample of seventy bereaved families with school-age children were assessed four months after the death and at the first anniversary. Parents were assessed with the CES-D depression scale [1], and the Impact of Events Scale [2], and the Family Inventory of Life Events [3]. The results indicate that 56 percent of the parents had high CES-D scores (> 16) at four months and 44 percent had high scores at one year. Early depression was a strong predictor of later depression. Higher depression levels were associated with more family life changes (FILE), limited income, lack of peer support, more younger children, and difficulty mobilizing support. Few parents with high CES-D scores selected the low self-esteem items suggesting more of a grief response than depression. Those who selected the low esteem items looked more clinically depressed than those who did not. In conclusion, it is important to distinguish between clinical depression and grief reactions since both share similar characteristics. This distinction is especially critical when planning appropriate interventions to assist the bereaved in coping with the loss.
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Bruce, Elizabeth J., Cynthia L. Schultz, and Kosmas X. Smyrnios. "A longitudinal study of the grief of mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disability." British Journal of Medical Psychology 69, no. 1 (March 1996): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1996.tb01848.x.
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Meyer-Lee, Callie B., Jeffrey B. Jackson, and Nicole Sabatini Gutierrez. "Long-Term Experiencing of Parental Death During Childhood: A Qualitative Analysis." Family Journal 28, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480720926582.
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This qualitative study examined the long-term experience of childhood parental death by exploring how adults (a) retrospectively conceptualize their experiences of childhood parental death and (b) currently experience their parent’s death. Analysis of interviews with 12 adults who experienced parental death as children identified six themes centered on the impact of parental death circumstances, their initial reactions, other losses, long-term grief triggers, and relationships with the deceased parent, surviving parent, and other family members on their grieving process. Themes indicated the grief experience was ongoing and connected to attachment needs.
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Oosterloo, Mayke, Emilia K. Bijlsma, Christine de Die-Smulders, and Raymund A. C. Roos. "Diagnosing Juvenile Huntington’s Disease: An Explorative Study among Caregivers of Affected Children." Brain Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 7, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030155.
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Objective: To investigate the reasons for the diagnostic delay of juvenile Huntington’s disease patients in the Netherlands. Methods: This study uses interpretative phenomenological analysis. Eligible participants were parents and caregivers of juvenile Huntington’s disease patients. Results: Eight parents were interviewed, who consulted up to four health care professionals. The diagnostic process lasted three to ten years. Parents believe that careful listening and follow-up would have improved the diagnostic process. Although they believe an earlier diagnosis would have benefited their child’s wellbeing, they felt they would not have been able to cope with more grief at that time. Conclusion: The delay in diagnosis is caused by the lack of knowledge among health care professionals on the one hand, and the resistance of the parent on the other. For professionals, the advice is to personalize their advice in which a conscious doctor’s delay is acceptable or even useful.
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Mak, Mui-Hing June. "Quality Insights of University Teachers on Dying, Death, and Death Education." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 66, no. 2 (March 2013): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.66.2.e.
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One of the main responsibilities of teachers is to help individual students cope with life difficulties such as grief following a death. However, very little research explores teachers' views on death, dying, and how they handle grief and loss in schools. This study aims to explore university teachers' knowledge and attitudes on dying, death, and death education. Fifteen university teachers were recruited using a qualitative method. This study reveals that most teachers' views on death and related issues are largely affected by their death experiences, religious beliefs, professional background, and the mass media. Although they have a general negative response toward death and dying, some teachers begin to affirm their meanings of life and death. Most teachers agree that they do not feel adequate about managing and teaching on life and death issues, so they strongly support including death education in the formal programs in Hong Kong.