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Journal articles on the topic 'Grids'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Egert, Rolf, Tim Grube, Florian Volk, and Max Mühlhäuser. "Holonic System Model for Resilient Energy Grid Operation." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144120.

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The transformation of energy grids towards smart grids is driven by numerous political, economic, and ecological goals. As part of this process, the centralized top-down architecture of energy grids changes towards increasingly decentralized structures. It is widely accepted that the challenges emerging from this transition threaten the resilient operation of energy grids. For instance, the volatility of renewable energy sources challenges the required balance between demand and supply; their distribution in the energy grid likewise complicates their coordination. Holarchies are a promising (systems-of-systems) architectural pattern for smart grids fostering fast isolation and self-sustained operation of subparts (so-called holons), as well as supporting dynamic reconfigurations of the grid’s structure. To leverage these properties to increase the resilience of smart grids, we propose a system model that combines a holonic architecture and locally available resources offered by prosumers. Our model organizes the participants in the grid as holarchy and enables the application of fine-grained control mechanisms. We show the capabilities of the model by resolving an overproduction situation and a situation of severe electricity scarcity using a modified binary ant colony optimization approach. Our evaluation with the simulation environment HOLEG shows that the system model and the proposed algorithm can quickly mitigate balancing problems in holonic energy grids.

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2

Arad, Nur. "Grid-distortion on nonrectangular grids." Computer Aided Geometric Design 15, no. 5 (May 1998): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8396(98)00003-x.

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3

Naji, A. T., M. S. Jaafar, E. A. Ali, and S. K. J. Al-Ani. "Effect of Backscattered Radiation on X-Ray Image Contrast." Applied Physics Research 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v9n1p105.

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This paper assesses the effect of backscattered radiation on X-ray image contrast by evaluating the effect of backscatter reduction on X-ray image contrast. Contrast test tool RMI Densitometer, and different types of fabricated anti backscattered grids have been utilized in this study. The measurements are recorded at different exposure parameters such as X-ray tube peak voltage (kVp), and X-rays intensities (mAs). For each exposure, the contrast of the image is evaluated by measuring the variation in optical densities for aluminium steps wedge. The results showed that the x-ray image contrast can be enhanced by decreasing the amount of backscattered radiation, also the fabricated anti backscattered grids have a remarkable effect in the improvement of X-ray image contrast according to grid’s capability in reducing backscattered radiation. In addition, the effectiveness of fabricated grids in improving image contrast depends on the grid’s material and the geometrical design, as well as the radiation exposure parameters. The image contrast enhancements increased up to 36% with the use of crossed iron steel grid which placed under the film screen combination during exposure.

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4

Amorim-de-Sousa, Ana, Paulo Fernandes, Noberto López-Gil, António Queirós, and José M. González-Méijome. "Assessment of the Human Retinal Neural Selectivity to Square Gratings’ Orientation with the Multifocal and Pattern Electroretinograms." Photonics 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2023): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050526.

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The retinal response to particular orientations might start a signaling cascade of events that help to modulate eye growth and respond to myopia control treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retinal electrical activity in response to grids of different spatial orientations. The multifocal (mfERG) and pattern (PERG) ERG responses of nine eyes (spherical equivalent of −0.45 ± 1.15 D; mean age of 32.9 ± 7.7 years) were recorded with four grids (1.2 cpd) oriented at 60°, 90°, 120° and 180° under pupils’ dilation. The mfERG was analyzed by retinal eccentricity, quadrants and meridians with the same orientation of the grids. The response density of mfERG, the amplitudes of PERG and the implicit times of each peak from both tests were analyzed. The grid’s orientation did not evoke different implicit times in both tests. All retinal meridians showed higher response density with grids of parallel orientation to the meridian and lower response density with perpendicularly oriented grids. These differences were statistically significant in the horizontal and 60° meridians (p < 0.050). PERG response did not change with the grids’ orientations. The mfERG was sensitive to detect changes in the outer retinal activity with variations in stimulus orientation. The paradigm of meridional analysis of mfERG results might be more sensitive to orientation changes than the traditional analysis by rings, quadrants or hemifields.

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Zerroukat, M., and T. Allen. "On the Solution of Elliptic Problems on Overset/Yin–Yang Grids." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 2756–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00272.1.

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Abstract The heterogeneity and the singularity of the grid are major factors in the weak scalability of longitude–latitude grid–based atmospheric models on massively parallel machines. Overset grids and, in particular, the Yin–Yang grid, are potential solutions to this problem. Using semi-implicit time marching schemes requires the solution of an elliptic problem on the particular grid. For overset/composite grids to be a viable approach, the solution of the elliptic problem has to be at least as accurate and efficient as using a single grid. This paper proposes combining the overset/Yin–Yang composite elliptic problems in one system using Krylov-type solvers and shows that the solution on overset grids is highly efficient because of the improved grid’s homogeneity.

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Thormann, Bernd, and Thomas Kienberger. "Estimation of Grid Reinforcement Costs Triggered by Future Grid Customers: Influence of the Quantification Method (Scaling vs. Large-Scale Simulation) and Coincidence Factors (Single vs. Multiple Application)." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041383.

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The integration of future grid customers, e.g., electric vehicles, heat pumps, or photovoltaic modules, will challenge existing low-voltage power grids in the upcoming years. Hence, distribution system operators must quantify future grid reinforcement measures and resulting costs early. On this account, this work initially evaluates different methods to quantify future grid reinforcement needs, applied by the current state of research. Thereby, it indicates the significance of large-scale grid simulations, i.e., simulating several thousand low-voltage grids, to quantify grid reinforcements accurately. Otherwise, a selected area’s total grid reinforcement costs might be misjudged significantly. Due to its fast application, deterministic grid simulations based on coincidence factors are most commonly used in the current state of research to simulate several thousand grids. Hence, in the second step, recent studies’ approaches to applying grid customers’ coincidence factors are evaluated: While simplified approaches allow fast simulation of numerous grids, they underestimate potential grid congestion and grid reinforcement costs. Therefore, a fully automated large-scale grid simulation tool is developed in this work to allow the simulation of multiple grids applying grid customers’ coincidence factors appropriately. As a drawback, the applied deterministic framework only allows an estimation of future grid reinforcement costs. Detailed determination of each grid’s grid reinforcement costs requires time-resolved grid simulations.

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7

Ramakrishnan, L. "Grid computing - Securing next-generation grids." IT Professional 6, no. 2 (March 2004): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2004.1278860.

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8

Wang, Rui, and Hong Zhong Li. "Modeling of Aluminum Extrusion Process Using Non-Orthogonal Block Structured Grids Based FVM." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1749.

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The mathematic model of 3D aluminum extrusion processes using finite volume method (FVM) was established in this paper. The basic theories and rigid-plastic flow theories of this model were researched and built. Non-orthogonal structured grids were used to match complex geometric boundaries and local refinement of grids was also realized. The collocated arrangement is used to discretize the governing equations on non-orthogonal grids directly, pressure oscillations bring by this arrangement and error caused by grid’s non-orthogonality is eliminated by special treatment. A pocket die extrusion process was simulated using the program developed in this paper. The simulation results were also compared with that simulated by FEM software Deform in the same process, material and die conditions. The feasibility and efficiency of the mathematic model built in this paper was demonstrated by the simulation results and the comparison.

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9

Suzuki, Masahiro. "Surface grid generation based on unstructured grids." AIAA Journal 29, no. 12 (December 1991): 2262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.10869.

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10

Petrov, I. B., A. V. Favorskaya, M. V. Muratov, V. A. Biryukov, and A. V. Sannikov. "Grid-characteristic method on unstructured tetrahedral grids." Doklady Mathematics 90, no. 3 (November 2014): 781–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064562414070254.

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11

Chan, William M., and Pieter G. Buning. "Surface grid generation methods for overset grids." Computers & Fluids 24, no. 5 (June 1995): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7930(95)00003-u.

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12

Vreugdenhil, C. B. "Grid control for non-orthogonal elliptic grids." Communications in Applied Numerical Methods 7, no. 8 (November 1991): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1630070810.

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13

Machado, Juan E., Saeed Ahmed, Jacquelien M. A. Scherpen, and Michele Cucuzzella. "Robust, distributed and optimal control of smart grids." EPJ Web of Conferences 268 (2022): 00016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226800016.

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These lecture notes provide an overview of recent research on the modeling and control of smart grids using distributed algorithms. In particular, energy-based modeling of general AC power networks using the framework of port-Hamiltonian systems theory is presented, and the relevance of such a formulation for stability analysis and control design is discussed. Low-level control design aspects (at a physical layer) for DC microgrids are also considered, achieving objectives such as fair load sharing among distributed generation units and (average) voltage regulation using limited data and measurements from the system. Finally, general frameworks for the optimal control of smart grids are introduced to consider both physical and economic constraints and exploit the flexibility brought up by storage devices and demand response from the grid’s prosumers.

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14

Fox, G. "Grids of grids of simple services." Computing in Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (July 2004): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2004.10.

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15

Linderoth, Jeff, and Roberto Musmanno. "Optimization on grids – optimization for grids." Parallel Computing 32, no. 9 (October 2006): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parco.2006.08.002.

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16

Röttger, M., and U. P. Schroeder. "Efficient embeddings of grids into grids." Discrete Applied Mathematics 108, no. 1-2 (February 2001): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-218x(00)00224-9.

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17

Ellis, J. A. "Embedding rectangular grids into square grids." IEEE Transactions on Computers 40, no. 1 (1991): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/12.67319.

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18

Bin Zainal Abidin, Mohamad Syamin, Norhafiz Bin Salim, Aimie Nazmin Bin Azmi, Nor Aira Binti Zambri, and Takao Tsuji. "Frequency control reserve with multiple micro grid participation for power system frequency stability." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i1.pp59-66.

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The introduction of this micro grids into the conventional distribution network system forces a new challenge to the system operation. The failure factor of the power system performance essentially due to the limitation of electrical power generation in which could not meet the load demand. In order to maintain the frequency stability of the system, the power sources must be matched instantaneously among all generators and constantly supply to the load demand. A deviation of system frequency from the set-point value will affect the entire stability of power system network. This paper investigates the impact of utilizing multiple micro grids in supporting and facilitating on grid’s frequency. A method called Frequency Control Reserve (FCR) is introduced, with intention to share the excessive power from all available micro grids. These power will be controlled effectively before being injected into the main grid to stabilize the power frequency. Simulation using MATLAB Simulink have been used to simulate the result and shows great potential to be integrated with distributed generation i.e. solar photovoltaic (PV) for Malaysia power system vicinity.

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19

O Omondi, Samson, Peter K Msaki, Kazema R Ramadhan, Idrissa S Amour, and Innocent J Lugendo. "Investigation of the origin of scatter components transmitted through anti-scatter grids in X-ray Digital Imaging system using Monte Carlo Simulation." African Health Sciences 22, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v22i2.71.

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Background: Projection diagnostic X-ray images are inherently affected by the masking effects of transmitted scatter. Spatially distributed transmitted scatter degrades image quality engendering need for effective scatter correction protocol. Objectives: To investigate origin of scatter components transmitted through anti-scatter grids to the detector of digital radiographysystem using Monte Carlo simulation. Methods: Over 107 photons were exposed through the reconstructed MC simulation phantom. Transmitted photons (primary and scatter) were scored as fluence, dose and deposited energy. Scatter components were investigated analytically over varying phantom thickness, tube kV and grid characteristics. Test disks were exposed as ROI embedded in phantom to evaluate the potential contrast improvement in image quality with the proposed technique. Results: Simulated and experimental results were comparable and in agreement with literature. SPR and SF mean values of 10.5, 0.314 and 7.96, 0.242 through grids of ratio 10:1 and 16:1 respectively was observed. Analysis of scatter components generation in object, grid’s assembly, and fluorescent yields gave mean values of 0.815, 0.167 and 0.017, respectively. Image contrast was observed to increase with tube voltage and grid ratio. Conclusion: Achieving better image contrast, reduced patient dose and low scatter transmission while maintaining superior image quality, using grids with high grid ratio and selectivity is recommended. Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation; Anti-scatter grids; image quality assessment; scatter correction.

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20

Radhoush, Sepideh, Bradley M. Whitaker, and Hashem Nehrir. "An Overview of Supervised Machine Learning Approaches for Applications in Active Distribution Networks." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 14, 2023): 5972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16165972.

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Distribution grids must be regularly updated to meet the global electricity demand. Some of these updates result in fundamental changes to the structure of the grid network. Some recent changes include two-way communication infrastructure, the rapid development of distributed generations (DGs) in different forms, and the installation of smart measurement tools. In addition to other changes, these lead to distribution grid modifications, allowing more advanced features. Even though these advanced technologies enhance distribution grid performance, the operation, management, and control of active distribution networks (ADNs) have become more complicated. For example, distribution system state estimation (DSSE) calculations have been introduced as a tool to estimate the performance of distribution grids. These DSSE computations are highly dependent on data obtained from measurement devices in distribution grids. However, sufficient measurement devices are not available in ADNs due to economic constraints and various configurations of distribution grids. Thus, the modeling of pseudo-measurements using conventional and machine learning techniques from historical information in distribution grids is applied to address the lack of real measurements in ADNs. Different types of measurements (real, pseudo, and virtual measurements), alongside network parameters, are fed into model-based or data-based DSSE approaches to estimate the state variables of the distribution grid. The results obtained through DSSE should be sufficiently accurate for the appropriate management and overall performance evaluation of a distribution grid in a control center. However, distribution grids are prone to different cyberattacks, which can endanger their safe operation. One particular type of cyberattack is known as a false data injection attack (FDIA) on measurement data. Attackers try to inject false data into the measurements of nodes to falsify DSSE results. The FDIA can sometimes bypass poor traditional data-detection processes. If FDIAs cannot be identified successfully, the distribution grid’s performance is degraded significantly. Currently, different machine learning applications are applied widely to model pseudo-measurements, calculate DSSE variables, and identify FDIAs on measurement data to achieve the desired distribution grid operation and performance. In this study, we present a comprehensive review investigating the use of supervised machine learning (SML) in distribution grids to enhance and improve the operation and performance of advanced distribution grids according to three perspectives: (1) pseudo-measurement generation (via short-term load forecasting); (2) DSSE calculation; and (3) FDIA detection on measurement data. This review demonstrates the importance of SML in the management of ADN operation.

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21

Braggio, John T., Eric S. Hall, Stephanie A. Weber, and Amy K. Huff. "New Homogeneous Spatial Areas Identified Using Case-Crossover Spatial Lag Grid Differences between Aerosol Optical Depth-PM2.5 and Respiratory-Cardiovascular Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations." Atmosphere 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050719.

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Optimal use of Hierarchical Bayesian Model (HBM)-assembled aerosol optical depth (AOD)-PM2.5 fused surfaces in epidemiologic studies requires homogeneous temporal and spatial fused surfaces. No analytical method is available to evaluate spatial heterogeneity. The temporal case-crossover design was modified to assess the spatial association between four experimental AOD-PM2.5 fused surfaces and four respiratory–cardiovascular hospital events in 12 km2 grids. The maximum number of adjacent lag grids with significant odds ratios (ORs) identified homogeneous spatial areas (HOSAs). The largest HOSA included five grids (lag grids 04; 720 km2) and the smallest HOSA contained two grids (lag grids 01; 288 km2). Emergency department asthma and inpatient asthma, myocardial infarction, and heart failure ORs were significantly higher in rural grids without air monitors than in urban grids with air monitors at lag grids 0, 1, and 01. Rural grids had higher AOD-PM2.5 concentration levels, population density, and poverty percentages than urban grids. Warm season ORs were significantly higher than cold season ORs for all health outcomes at lag grids 0, 1, 01, and 04. The possibility of elevated fine and ultrafine PM and other demographic and environmental risk factors synergistically contributing to elevated respiratory–cardiovascular chronic diseases in persons residing in rural areas was discussed.

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Kirmani, Sheeraz, Abdul Mazid, Irfan Ahmad Khan, and Manaullah Abid. "A Survey on IoT-Enabled Smart Grids: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, and Challenges." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010717.

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The state of the power system has changed over the last decades. Recently, the power system has faced several challenges and issues. On the one side, demands for electrical energy are increasing day-by-day, with power losses, grid failure, and lack of smart technology; on the other side, security threats are also increasing. The current power grid cannot deal with these issues. The Internet of things (IoT) has grown quickly in a very short time because of its main features. By using IoT in the power grid, we can enhance the conventional grid’s efficiency, capacity, reliability, sustainability, scalability, and stability. Using the IoT in smart grids resolves the numerous problems faced by current smart grids. According to the latest research on IoT-enabled smart grid (SG) systems, security issues have been identified as one of the key problems. This paper reviews the different security aspects and applications while integrating the IoT with smart grids and discusses various frameworks. Apart from this, we also focus on various IoT and non-IoT technologies used in the smart grid network, such as sensing, communication, and computing technologies, as well as their standards.

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23

Xu, Xing, Hui Ting Chen, and Lei Feng. "Research on AC-DC Power Flow to Solve the Instability of Micro-Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 1314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.1314.

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Nowadays the disadvantages of large power grids are becoming more and more conspicous. Scholars have come to realize the importance of micro-grids. As the supplement of large power grids, the instability of micro-grids has gathered a huge amount of attention. This paper proposes a solution of the instability problem of micro-grids based on the research on AC-DC power flow. The main idea is to add AC power flow and storage power, which features stable voltage, stable current and stable output, in the micro-grids, thus solving voltage and current fluctuation and other instability problems in micro-grids.

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24

Ellis, John, and Minko Markov. "Embedding Grids Into Grids: Dilation Four Suffices." Parallel Processing Letters 08, no. 02 (June 1998): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626498000250.

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We consider those instances of the problem of embedding 2-dimensional grid graphs into other 2-dimensional grids of smaller aspect ratio for which optimal solutions are as yet unknown. For those instances of the problem for which dilation two or dilation three solutions are not known, we show that none requires dilation more than four. The best upper bound previously published is six. We achieve our result by applying previously published methods, namely the so called compression and folding techniques. Optimal solutions (dilation two) are already known for all instances where the compression ratio (the ratio the width of the guest grid to the width of the host grid) is no more than two and for all instances where the compression ratio is sufficiently large. For many of the remaining instances, dilation three solutions are also known. Whether or not any instance really requires dilation greater than two remains an open question.

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Bin-Bing, Wang, and Li Yan-Yun. "From Tensegrity Grids to Cable-strut Grids." International Journal of Space Structures 16, no. 4 (December 2001): 279–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026635101760832235.

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26

Weitzel, Derek, Brian Bockelman, Dan Fraser, Ruth Pordes, and David Swanson. "Enabling Campus Grids with Open Science Grid Technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 331, no. 6 (December 23, 2011): 062025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/331/6/062025.

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Abe, Rikiya, Hisao Taoka, and David McQuilkin. "Digital Grid: Communicative Electrical Grids of the Future." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2, no. 2 (June 2011): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2132744.

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Riley, D. J., and C. D. Turner. "Interfacing unstructured tetrahedron grids to structured-grid FDTD." IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters 5, no. 9 (1995): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/75.410398.

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Li, Ri, Jian Qiang Zhang, Fa Tian Shen, and Fei Li. "A New Method to Generate Regular Grids for FDM Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 982–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.982.

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In the paper, a new method called Boundary Search Method (BSM) for generate regular grids was studied, and the key techniques of BSM were investigated, they are: 1) when searching boundary grids of the solid model described by STL file, to avoid losing grids, a method named Triangle Contraction Searching Method (TCSM) was put forward to get points coordinate to calculate grids No. 2）to get more accurate boundary mesh, a vector method was given to judge and eliminate invalid grids. 3) After identifying all boundary grids, for getting inner grids of the shape, an algorithm called Outer Seed Grid Method (OSGM) was put forward. Finally, two examples were given to show the validity of our principle.

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Chitti Babu, Y., Ch Anuradha, and P. Sri Rama Chandra Murty. "An Fuzzy Trust Based Energy Aware Multipath Secure Data Collection in WSN." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.27 (August 15, 2018): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.27.17975.

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A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an array of radar nodules that energetically organize itself into a cable-less grid without utilizing any prevailing arrangement. One of the significant issues in WSNs is the drive’s intake, whereby the grid’s lifespan is reliant on this aspect. Security is another significant issues in cable-less radar grids, because of absence of wire/cable besides resource constraint’s nature. Reliance model shows a key role in fortifying the radar grids by recognizing the egotistical, malevolent and give-in nodules and separating them from message grid. Directed Random Propagation (DRP) operates two-hop vicinity data to enhance the circulation competence, leading to a reduced pack capture possibility. In this study, Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA) is applied to augment ill-defined faith centered drive conscious multiple route locked data group in WSN.

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Vakulenko, Ihor, Liudmyla Saher, Oleksii Lyulyov, and Tetyana Pimonenko. "A systematic literature review of smart grids." E3S Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 08006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125008006.

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The development and implementation of smart grids involve developing new and improvements in existing energy technologies, introducing information systems to manage the smart grid, monitoring and controlling energy consumption, and closely related to alternative energy and decarbonization of the economy. Scientific research of smart grids differs significantly in terms of topics because they aim to solve problems in each of these areas. Thus, this research aims to present a bibliometric overview to define the current scientific production state regarding “Smart Grid.” A review of 1359 publications from the Scopus database (2008–2020) was conducted. The “Title, abstract, keywords” field of search in the Scopus database was done. The visualization of the results was made using VOSviewer program to map the material graphically. The study used the cooccurrence of keywords and co-authorship (country) analyzes. As a result, the most productive authors and journals were defined. The most cited studies were determined. Country clusters and keywords (co-occurrence) clusters were represented. The obtained results of the analysis and graphical presentations are relevant, and they form the basis for a better understanding of Smart Grid’s concept.

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Khan, Shahid Aziz, Mengqi Wang, Wencong Su, Guanliang Liu, and Shivam Chaturvedi. "Grid-Forming Converters for Stability Issues in Future Power Grids." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 4937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15144937.

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Historically, the power system has relied on synchronous generators (SGs) to provide inertia and maintain grid stability. However, because of the increased integration of power-electronics-interfaced renewable energy sources, the grid’s stability has been challenged in the last decade due to a lack of inertia. Currently, the system predominantly uses grid-following (GFL) converters, built on the assumption that inertial sources regulate the system stability. Such an assumption does not hold for the low-inertia grids of the future. Grid-forming (GFM) converters, which mimic the traditional synchronous machinery’s functionalities, have been identified as a potential solution to support the low-inertia grids. The performance analysis of GFM converters for small-signal instability can be found in the literature, but large-signal instability is still an open research question. Moreover, various topologies and configurations of GFM converters have been proposed. Still, no comparative study combining all GFC configurations from the perspective of large-signal stability issues can be found. This paper combines and compares all the existing GFM control schemes from the perspective of large-signal stability issues to pave the way for future research and development of GFM converters for large-signal stability analysis and stabilization of the future low-inertia grids.

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Monteiro, Vitor, and Joao L. Afonso. "The Future of Electrical Power Grids: A Direction Rooted in Power Electronics." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 4929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134929.

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Electrical power grids are changing with a focus on ensuring energy sustainability and enhanced power quality for all sectors. Over the last few decades, there has been a change from a centralized to a decentralized paradigm, which is the consequence of a large-scale incorporation of new electrical technologies and resultant equipment. Considering the foreseeable continuation of changes in electrical power grids, a direction rooted in power electronics with a focus on hybrid AC/DC grids, including the support of solid-state transformers and unified systems, is presented in this paper. Converging on hybrid AC/DC grids, DC grids (structured as unipolar and bipolar) and coupled and decoupled AC configurations are analyzed. On the other hand, in the context of solid-state transformers, feasible structures are analyzed, including the establishment of hybrid AC/DC grids, and the assessment of gains for boosting power quality is presented. Unified power electronics systems are also of fundamental importance when contextualized within the framework of future power grids, presenting higher efficiency, lower power stages, and the possibility of multiple operations to support the main AC grid. In this paper, such subjects are discussed and contextualized within the framework of future power grids, encompassing highly important and modern structures and their associated challenges. Various situations are characterized, revealing a gradual integration of the cited technologies for future power grids, which are also known as smart grids.

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Monteiro, Vitor, Julio S. Martins, João Carlos Aparício Fernandes, and Joao L. Afonso. "Review of a Disruptive Vision of Future Power Grids: A New Path Based on Hybrid AC/DC Grids and Solid-State Transformers." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 9423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169423.

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Power grids are evolving with the aim to guarantee sustainability and higher levels of power quality for universal access to electricity. More specifically, over the last two decades, power grids have been targeted for significant changes, including migration from centralized to decentralized paradigms as a corollary of intensive integration of novel electrical technologies and the availability of derived equipment. This paper addresses a review of a disruptive vision of future power grids, mainly focusing on the use of hybrid AC/DC grids and solid-state transformers technologies. Regarding hybrid AC/DC grids in particular, they are analyzed in detail in the context of unipolar and bipolar DC grids (i.e., two-wire or three-wire DC grids), as well as the different structures concerning coupled and decoupled AC configurations with low-frequency or high-frequency isolation. The contextualization of the possible configurations of solid-state transformers and the different configurations of hybrid transformers (in the perspective of offering benefits for increasing power quality in terms of currents or voltages) is also analyzed within the perspective of the smart transformers. Additionally, the paper also presents unified multi-port systems used to interface various technologies with hybrid AC/DC grids, which are also foreseen to play an important role in future power grids (e.g., the unified interface of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems), including an analysis concerning unified multi-port systems for AC or DC grids. Throughout the paper, these topics are presented and discussed in the context of future power grids. An exhaustive description of these technologies is made, covering the most relevant and recent structures and features that can be developed, as well as the challenges for the future power grids. Several scenarios are presented, encompassing the mentioned technologies, and unveiling a progressive evolution that culminates in the cooperative scope of such technologies for a disruptive vision of future power grids.

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Goldberg, Neil, and Robert Marshall. "Rhythms/Grids." PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art 23, no. 2 (May 2001): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3246506.

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Wietfeld, Christian, Alvaro A. Cardenas, Hsiao-Hwa Chen, Petar Popovski, and Vincent W. S. Wong. "Smart Grids." IEEE Wireless Communications 24, no. 2 (April 2017): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2017.7909091.

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de la Vega, Ramiro. "Coloring grids." Fundamenta Mathematicae 228, no. 3 (2015): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/fm228-3-5.

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Zelinka, Steve, and Michael Garland. "Permission grids." ACM Transactions on Graphics 21, no. 2 (April 2002): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/508357.508363.

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Noble, Douglas. "Intensive Grids." Studies in Comics 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/stic.7.1.201_7.

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Schenk, R. "Battery grids." Journal of Power Sources 70, no. 1 (January 30, 1998): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(97)83966-3.

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Bungartz, Hans-Joachim, and Michael Griebel. "Sparse grids." Acta Numerica 13 (May 2004): 147–269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962492904000182.

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Palensky, Peter, and Friederich Kupzog. "Smart Grids." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 38, no. 1 (October 17, 2013): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-031312-102947.

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Kounine, A. "National Grids." Economic Affairs 14, no. 2 (February 1994): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0270.1994.tb00178.x.

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Pinkus, Karen. "Intermittent Grids." South Atlantic Quarterly 116, no. 2 (April 2017): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-3829434.

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Fox, F., and D. Gannon. "Computational grids." Computing in Science & Engineering 3, no. 4 (2001): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5992.931906.

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Rees, D., and G. G. Hall. "Cubature grids." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 102, no. 1 (2005): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.20279.

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Ware, Colin, Larry Mayer, Paul Johnson, Martin Jakobsson, and Vicki Ferrini. "A global geographic grid system for visualizing bathymetry." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 9, no. 2 (October 7, 2020): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-375-2020.

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Abstract. A global geographic grid system (Global GGS) is here introduced to support the display of gridded bathymetric data at whatever resolution is available in a visually seamless manner. The Global GGS combines a quadtree metagrid hierarchy with a system of compatible data grids. Metagrid nodes define the boundaries of data grids. Data grids are regular grids of depth values, coarse grids are used to represent sparse data and finer grids are used to represent high-resolution data. Both metagrids and data grids are defined in geographic coordinates to allow broad compatibility with the widest range of geospatial software packages. An important goal of the Global GGS is to support the meshing of adjacent tiles with different resolutions so as to create a seamless surface. This is accomplished by ensuring that abutting data grids either match exactly with respect to their grid-cell size or only differ by powers of 2. The oversampling of geographic data grids, which occurs towards the poles due to the convergence of meridians, is addressed by reducing the number of columns (longitude sampling) by powers of 2 at appropriate lines of latitude. In addition to the specification of the Global GGS, this paper describes a proof-of-concept implementation and some possible variants.

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Shiers, J. D. "Can Clouds replace Grids? Will Clouds replace Grids?" Journal of Physics: Conference Series 219, no. 6 (April 1, 2010): 062026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/219/6/062026.

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Domínguez-García, Jose Luis. "Digital Grids beyond Smart Grids challenges to make future electric grids stable and resilient." Europhysics News 52, no. 5 (2021): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2021506.

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Novel technologies are changing our understanding of the electrical grid. These novel concepts, including power electronics, energy storage, ICT and renewable energy make the electrical grid highly controllable but at the same time also vulnerable. The future grid will introduce novel dynamics, stability challenges and security issues to be handled.

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Weller, Hilary, John Thuburn, and Colin J. Cotter. "Computational Modes and Grid Imprinting on Five Quasi-Uniform Spherical C Grids." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 2734–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00193.1.

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Abstract Currently, most operational forecasting models use latitude–longitude grids, whose convergence of meridians toward the poles limits parallel scaling. Quasi-uniform grids might avoid this limitation. Thuburn et al. and Ringler et al. have developed a method for arbitrarily structured, orthogonal C grids called TRiSK, which has many of the desirable properties of the C grid on latitude–longitude grids but which works on a variety of quasi-uniform grids. Here, five quasi-uniform, orthogonal grids of the sphere are investigated using TRiSK to solve the shallow-water equations. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of the hexagonal and triangular icosahedra, a “Voronoi-ized” cubed sphere, a Voronoi-ized skipped latitude–longitude grid, and a grid of kites in comparison to a full latitude–longitude grid are demonstrated. It is shown that the hexagonal icosahedron gives the most accurate results (for least computational cost). All of the grids suffer from spurious computational modes; this is especially true of the kite grid, despite it having exactly twice as many velocity degrees of freedom as height degrees of freedom. However, the computational modes are easiest to control on the hexagonal icosahedron since they consist of vorticity oscillations on the dual grid that can be controlled using a diffusive advection scheme for potential vorticity.

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