Relevant bibliographies by topics / Grids

Academic literature on the topic 'Grids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Grids"

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Egert, Rolf, Tim Grube, Florian Volk, and Max Mühlhäuser. "Holonic System Model for Resilient Energy Grid Operation." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144120.

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The transformation of energy grids towards smart grids is driven by numerous political, economic, and ecological goals. As part of this process, the centralized top-down architecture of energy grids changes towards increasingly decentralized structures. It is widely accepted that the challenges emerging from this transition threaten the resilient operation of energy grids. For instance, the volatility of renewable energy sources challenges the required balance between demand and supply; their distribution in the energy grid likewise complicates their coordination. Holarchies are a promising (systems-of-systems) architectural pattern for smart grids fostering fast isolation and self-sustained operation of subparts (so-called holons), as well as supporting dynamic reconfigurations of the grid’s structure. To leverage these properties to increase the resilience of smart grids, we propose a system model that combines a holonic architecture and locally available resources offered by prosumers. Our model organizes the participants in the grid as holarchy and enables the application of fine-grained control mechanisms. We show the capabilities of the model by resolving an overproduction situation and a situation of severe electricity scarcity using a modified binary ant colony optimization approach. Our evaluation with the simulation environment HOLEG shows that the system model and the proposed algorithm can quickly mitigate balancing problems in holonic energy grids.
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Arad, Nur. "Grid-distortion on nonrectangular grids." Computer Aided Geometric Design 15, no. 5 (May 1998): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8396(98)00003-x.

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Naji, A. T., M. S. Jaafar, E. A. Ali, and S. K. J. Al-Ani. "Effect of Backscattered Radiation on X-Ray Image Contrast." Applied Physics Research 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/apr.v9n1p105.

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This paper assesses the effect of backscattered radiation on X-ray image contrast by evaluating the effect of backscatter reduction on X-ray image contrast. Contrast test tool RMI Densitometer, and different types of fabricated anti backscattered grids have been utilized in this study. The measurements are recorded at different exposure parameters such as X-ray tube peak voltage (kVp), and X-rays intensities (mAs). For each exposure, the contrast of the image is evaluated by measuring the variation in optical densities for aluminium steps wedge. The results showed that the x-ray image contrast can be enhanced by decreasing the amount of backscattered radiation, also the fabricated anti backscattered grids have a remarkable effect in the improvement of X-ray image contrast according to grid’s capability in reducing backscattered radiation. In addition, the effectiveness of fabricated grids in improving image contrast depends on the grid’s material and the geometrical design, as well as the radiation exposure parameters. The image contrast enhancements increased up to 36% with the use of crossed iron steel grid which placed under the film screen combination during exposure.
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Amorim-de-Sousa, Ana, Paulo Fernandes, Noberto López-Gil, António Queirós, and José M. González-Méijome. "Assessment of the Human Retinal Neural Selectivity to Square Gratings’ Orientation with the Multifocal and Pattern Electroretinograms." Photonics 10, no. 5 (May 4, 2023): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050526.

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The retinal response to particular orientations might start a signaling cascade of events that help to modulate eye growth and respond to myopia control treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retinal electrical activity in response to grids of different spatial orientations. The multifocal (mfERG) and pattern (PERG) ERG responses of nine eyes (spherical equivalent of −0.45 ± 1.15 D; mean age of 32.9 ± 7.7 years) were recorded with four grids (1.2 cpd) oriented at 60°, 90°, 120° and 180° under pupils’ dilation. The mfERG was analyzed by retinal eccentricity, quadrants and meridians with the same orientation of the grids. The response density of mfERG, the amplitudes of PERG and the implicit times of each peak from both tests were analyzed. The grid’s orientation did not evoke different implicit times in both tests. All retinal meridians showed higher response density with grids of parallel orientation to the meridian and lower response density with perpendicularly oriented grids. These differences were statistically significant in the horizontal and 60° meridians (p < 0.050). PERG response did not change with the grids’ orientations. The mfERG was sensitive to detect changes in the outer retinal activity with variations in stimulus orientation. The paradigm of meridional analysis of mfERG results might be more sensitive to orientation changes than the traditional analysis by rings, quadrants or hemifields.
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Zerroukat, M., and T. Allen. "On the Solution of Elliptic Problems on Overset/Yin–Yang Grids." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 2756–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00272.1.

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Abstract The heterogeneity and the singularity of the grid are major factors in the weak scalability of longitude–latitude grid–based atmospheric models on massively parallel machines. Overset grids and, in particular, the Yin–Yang grid, are potential solutions to this problem. Using semi-implicit time marching schemes requires the solution of an elliptic problem on the particular grid. For overset/composite grids to be a viable approach, the solution of the elliptic problem has to be at least as accurate and efficient as using a single grid. This paper proposes combining the overset/Yin–Yang composite elliptic problems in one system using Krylov-type solvers and shows that the solution on overset grids is highly efficient because of the improved grid’s homogeneity.
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Thormann, Bernd, and Thomas Kienberger. "Estimation of Grid Reinforcement Costs Triggered by Future Grid Customers: Influence of the Quantification Method (Scaling vs. Large-Scale Simulation) and Coincidence Factors (Single vs. Multiple Application)." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041383.

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The integration of future grid customers, e.g., electric vehicles, heat pumps, or photovoltaic modules, will challenge existing low-voltage power grids in the upcoming years. Hence, distribution system operators must quantify future grid reinforcement measures and resulting costs early. On this account, this work initially evaluates different methods to quantify future grid reinforcement needs, applied by the current state of research. Thereby, it indicates the significance of large-scale grid simulations, i.e., simulating several thousand low-voltage grids, to quantify grid reinforcements accurately. Otherwise, a selected area’s total grid reinforcement costs might be misjudged significantly. Due to its fast application, deterministic grid simulations based on coincidence factors are most commonly used in the current state of research to simulate several thousand grids. Hence, in the second step, recent studies’ approaches to applying grid customers’ coincidence factors are evaluated: While simplified approaches allow fast simulation of numerous grids, they underestimate potential grid congestion and grid reinforcement costs. Therefore, a fully automated large-scale grid simulation tool is developed in this work to allow the simulation of multiple grids applying grid customers’ coincidence factors appropriately. As a drawback, the applied deterministic framework only allows an estimation of future grid reinforcement costs. Detailed determination of each grid’s grid reinforcement costs requires time-resolved grid simulations.
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Ramakrishnan, L. "Grid computing - Securing next-generation grids." IT Professional 6, no. 2 (March 2004): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mitp.2004.1278860.

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Wang, Rui, and Hong Zhong Li. "Modeling of Aluminum Extrusion Process Using Non-Orthogonal Block Structured Grids Based FVM." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1749.

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The mathematic model of 3D aluminum extrusion processes using finite volume method (FVM) was established in this paper. The basic theories and rigid-plastic flow theories of this model were researched and built. Non-orthogonal structured grids were used to match complex geometric boundaries and local refinement of grids was also realized. The collocated arrangement is used to discretize the governing equations on non-orthogonal grids directly, pressure oscillations bring by this arrangement and error caused by grid’s non-orthogonality is eliminated by special treatment. A pocket die extrusion process was simulated using the program developed in this paper. The simulation results were also compared with that simulated by FEM software Deform in the same process, material and die conditions. The feasibility and efficiency of the mathematic model built in this paper was demonstrated by the simulation results and the comparison.
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Suzuki, Masahiro. "Surface grid generation based on unstructured grids." AIAA Journal 29, no. 12 (December 1991): 2262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.10869.

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Petrov, I. B., A. V. Favorskaya, M. V. Muratov, V. A. Biryukov, and A. V. Sannikov. "Grid-characteristic method on unstructured tetrahedral grids." Doklady Mathematics 90, no. 3 (November 2014): 781–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064562414070254.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grids"

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Wolter, Martin. "Grid state identification of distribution grids." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990522008/04.

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Tysell, Lars. "Hybrid Grid Generation for Viscous Flow Computations Around Complex Geometries." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11934.

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A set of algorithms building a program package for the generation of twoandthree-dimensional unstructured/hybrid grids around complex geometrieshas been developed. The unstructured part of the grid generator is based on the advancing frontalgorithm. Tetrahedra of variable size, as well as directionally stretched tetrahedracan be generated by specification of a proper background grid, initiallygenerated by a Delaunay algorithm. A marching layer prismatic grid generation algorithm has been developedfor the generation of grids for viscous flows. The algorithm is able to handleregions of narrow gaps, as well as concave regions. The body surface is describedby a triangular unstructured surface grid. The subsequent grid layers in theprismatic grid are marched away from the body by an algebraic procedurecombined with an optimization procedure, resulting in a semi-structured gridof prismatic cells. Adaptive computations using remeshing have been done with use of a gradientsensor. Several key-variables can be monitored simultaneously. The sensorindicates that only the key-variables with the largest gradients give a substantialcontribution to the sensor. The sensor gives directionally stretched grids. An algorithm for the surface definition of curved surfaces using a biharmonicequation has been developed. This representation of the surface canbe used both for projection of the new surface nodes in h-refinement, and theinitial generation of the surface grid. For unsteady flows an algorithm has been developed for the deformationof hybrid grids, based on the solution of the biharmonic equation for the deformationfield. The main advantage of the grid deformation algorithm is that itcan handle large deformations. It also produces a smooth deformation distributionfor cells which are very skewed or stretched. This is necessary in orderto handle the very thin cells in the prismatic layers. The algorithms have been applied to complex three-dimensional geometries,and the influence of the grid quality on the accuracy for a finite volumeflow solver has been studied for some simpler generic geometries.
QC 20100812
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SANTOS, MARCELO NERY DOS. "GRIDFS: SERVER FOR GRIDS AND HETEROGENEOUS DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9212@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
FINANCIADORA DE ESTUDOS E PROJETOS
FUNDO SETORIAL PARA DESENV. TECNOLÓGICO DAS TELECOMUNICAÇÕES
A computação em grade permite o uso de recursos computacionais distribuídos em várias redes para a execução de tarefas que requerem um alto poder computacional. Uma infra-estrutura para grades pode ser utilizada para auxiliar na execução dessas tarefas e pode coordenar o controle das atividades envolvidas na execução, como a disponibilização dos arquivos de dados para as tarefas em execução nos nós da grade. O GridFS é um sistema para o compartilhamento de arquivos em grades e ambientes distribuídos heterogêneos. Ao disponibilizar um servidor em diversas máquinas, é possível construir uma federação integrando os diversos sistemas de arquivos locais e abrindo possibilidades de armazenamento na ordem de terabytes. O sistema proposto foi modelado e desenvolvido levando em consideração diversos aspectos como escalabilidade, interoperabilidade e desempenho. O GridFS agrega algumas características dos sistemas de compartilhamento de arquivos atualmente em uso pela comunidade, isto é, o sistema oferece uma API para acesso remoto aos dados, disponibiliza a opção de cópia de arquivos entre diferentes servidores e fornece algumas funções especiais para os ambientes de computação em grade, como uma estimativa do tempo de transferência entre os diversos nós. Além de definir as características e os aspectos de implementação do sistema, esta dissertação apresenta alguns resultados experimentais para a transferência de arquivos na rede e, como forma de avaliação, discutimos a integração do GridFS ao emph {framework} CSBase, utilizado no desenvolvimento de sistemas para computação em grade.
Grid computing allows the use of distributed networks resources for tasks requiring a high processing power. A Grid infra-structure may help in the execution of these tasks and is able to coordinate their related activities, possibly regarding the provision of data files for the tasks executing in the grid nodes. GridFS is a system that enables data sharing in grid and heterogeneous distributed environments. By deploying servers over several nodes, it is possible to build a federated system integrating all local file systems and leveraging possibilities for tera-scale sized data storage. The proposed system was modeled and developed considering several aspects such as scalability, interoperability and performance. GridFS combines some characteristics from diverse file management systems, that is, GridFS provides an API for remote data access, copy operations allowing file transfers between servers, and some special features for grid environments. Apart from defining system characteristics and implementation aspects, this dissertation shows some experimental results about the service scalability and performance, and, as an evaluation, discusses the integration of GridFS with CSBase, a framework used to develop systems for grid computing.
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Wolter, Martin [Verfasser]. "Grid State Identification of Distribution Grids / Martin Wolter." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1161303480/34.

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Liu, Qing. "Control of grid-tied inverters for nano-grids." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422338.

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In recent times, with the development of renewables, the concept of micro-grid emerged, representing a novel bottom up power distribution organization. The micro-grid can integrate the nearby distributed, and mostly renewable, energy sources, the storage devices and the loads into the grid, with increased efficiency, flexibility and reliability, showing significant economical and environmental benefits. The micro-grid concept can be further scaled down to the range of a single house or small building, and differentiated by a new terminology, nano-grid. The proposal of the nano-grid concept is aimed at simplifying the application scenarios, so that a hierarchical bottom-up power distribution network can be established, where the nano-grid plays the lowest-end role. It can not only operate autonomously, feeding the typical household appliances from the available renewable sources; thanks to the modular smart grid architecture, it can also be conveniently interconnected to other similar units, operating in parallel and harmoniously energizing a larger region in a city, a small-island or a village. In addition, the nano-grid also has the possibility of self-integrating into the utility grid, exchanging power with the mains when needed, thanks to a specifically designed grid interface converter. Referring to the latter, a variety of requirements are defined by applicable standards, in terms of load power quality, grid support functionalities, abnormal condition ride-through and protection means. The realization of the above functionalities is heavily dependent on the control of the grid interfacing inverter hosted within the nano-grid, about which numerous solutions have been proposed in the existing literature. However, few of them can realize all the functionalities simultaneously in a single controller. The target of this dissertation is therefore proposing, analyzing and testing a high-quality, multi-functional control scheme for grid-tied inverters. This goal is reached in three steps: i) a deep literature review, ii) the identification, study and realization of the multi-functional inverter controller, and iii) the implementation of further, higher level functionalities, like the grid-supporting and parallel operation capabilities. Accordingly, the study is initiated from step i), with an overview of existing control strategies and key functionalities of grid-tied inverters. The comprehensive review of a research topic is, in any case, very advantageous to define the state of the art solutions and to evaluate the margins for improvement in the existing technology. In this research case, it allowed to understand that a triple-loop controller structure is the most suitable to achieve high-performance control of the nano-grid electrical system and the most promising as to the capability of implementing multiple interface and protection functionalities jointly. In the second step ii), a large-bandwidth triple-loop controller is proposed, whose implementation is the first contribution of this dissertation. The peculiarity of the proposed controller is the large-bandwidth control of the injected grid current, which brings in many beneficial features. Leveraging on this controller organization, multiple functionalities are later implemented by means of a superimposed flexible mode-transition manager and an auto-tuner, altogether forming a high quality, multi-functional control scheme for grid-tied inverters. This represents the second contribution delivered by this dissertation. Finally, in step iii), the extended scenario of multiple parallel-connected grid-tied inverters is discussed, targeting the realization of distributed grid-supporting functionalities in grid-tied mode and the automatic balanced power sharing in parallel-islanded mode. The final implemented control scheme provides a feasible solution for the forthcoming smart nano-grids and represents the third contribution of this research activity.
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Eld, Jonas, and Jens Melin. "Test Grids for Reliability analysis : Analysing interruptions and developing test grids based on Mälarenergi Elnät distribution grid." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-35925.

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The purpose of this degree project is to examine power outages that has occurred during the years 2009 and 2016 on Mälarenergi Elnät distribution grid. Interruptions that has occurred on 10 kV voltage level and on overhead lines or underground cable was examined. The examined interruptions are based on the DARWin data from Mälarenergi Elnät. The examined interruptions resulted in four different test grids. Test grid A are overhead line grid in rural area, test grid B are mixed grid in rural area, test grid C are underground cable grid in semi urban area and test grid D are underground cable grid in urban area. Test grid C and D which have the highest customer density were then used for reliability analysis. The reliability analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. The main focus for the reliability analysis were the impact of different sectioning times. Another focus for the reliability analysis was introducing breakers at key-points in test grid C. The primarily cause of interruptions on overhead line grids are weather related events and on underground cable grids it is digging and fabrication or material errors. It is concluded that with quicker sectioning times, the reliability of the grid increases linearly. The introduction of breakers at key-points in the grid results in increased reliability.
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Lu, Kai. "Decentralized load balancing in heterogeneous computational grids." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9382.

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With the rapid development of high-speed wide-area networks and powerful yet low-cost computational resources, grid computing has emerged as an attractive computing paradigm. The space limitations of conventional distributed systems can thus be overcome, to fully exploit the resources of under-utilised computing resources in every region around the world for distributed jobs. Workload and resource management are key grid services at the service level of grid software infrastructure, where issues of load balancing represent a common concern for most grid infrastructure developers. Although these are established research areas in parallel and distributed computing, grid computing environments present a number of new challenges, including large-scale computing resources, heterogeneous computing power, the autonomy of organisations hosting the resources, uneven job-arrival pattern among grid sites, considerable job transfer costs, and considerable communication overhead involved in capturing the load information of sites. This dissertation focuses on designing solutions for load balancing in computational grids that can cater for the unique characteristics of grid computing environments. To explore the solution space, we conducted a survey for load balancing solutions, which enabled discussion and comparison of existing approaches, and the delimiting and exploration of the apportion of solution space. A system model was developed to study the load-balancing problems in computational grid environments. In particular, we developed three decentralised algorithms for job dispatching and load balancing—using only partial information: the desirability-aware load balancing algorithm (DA), the performance-driven desirability-aware load-balancing algorithm (P-DA), and the performance-driven region-based load-balancing algorithm (P-RB). All three are scalable, dynamic, decentralised and sender-initiated. We conducted extensive simulation studies to analyse the performance of our load-balancing algorithms. Simulation results showed that the algorithms significantly outperform preexisting decentralised algorithms that are relevant to this research.
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Bertetti, Odilia. "Benchmarking of Smart Grid Conceptsin Low-Voltage Distribution Grids." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217979.

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Mia, Gredelj. "DC micro-grids." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-27249.

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The conventional electrical system in place today sees our electrical devices powered by AC mains. But as renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic and wind power become more prevalent at a household level, DC micro-grids could be a cheaper and more efficient alternative. New lighting devices (LED) can reduce the electricity consumption substantially. Two alternatives are envisioned in this paper: A stand-alone alternative in which there is no grid connection, that would require local storage (battery), and a grid-connection alternative. After reviewing and investigating relevant literature for this topic and writing theoretical part of thesis there were the fallowing tasks. One typical four member family household was described and hourly load curves for one year period, with typical summer and winter days, were made for this case. Next task that was completed was generating yearly energy production from solar panels, which the observed household contains, in INSEL software. With having those previously mentioned data, combined with necessary information about prices of all necessary components and prices from Croatian power system, it was possible to make feasibility and cost analysis where the two previously mentioned alternatives were investigated. With changing some parameters in that economical analysis several scenarios were observed. At the end conclusions were made about which one of those two options is more profitable and under what conditions. Also, suggestions were made for further work on this topic. This assignment is realized as a part of the collaborative project “Sustainable Energy and Environment in Western Balkans” that aims to develop and establish five new internationally recognized MSc study programs for the field of “Sustainable Energy and Environment”, one at each of the five collaborating universities in three different WB countries. The project is funded through the Norwegian Programme in Higher Education, Research and Development in the Western Balkans, Programme 3: Energy Sector (HERD Energy) for the period 2011-2014.
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Landberg, Gustav, and Kim Elfström. "Realising Smart Grids." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-278959.

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The smart grid is a popular and well-debated topic in the energy industry right now. The concept itself has a variety of definitions, both followers and opponents have their opinions. The smart grid has been a discussed on both the national and international market. In Sweden, the smart grid has received increased interest and numerous stakeholders. This applies both among politicians with organizations such as The Smart Grid Council, but also at energy producers Vattenfall and giant engineering companies like ABB. What happens in the future is still uncertain but there is reason to believe that the Swedish grid is becoming smarter, at least with respect to all the attention it gets. The purpose of this paper has been to examine the realization of a smart grid in Sweden, by examining possible incentives and barriers. As mentioned, the concept of smart grids is widely debated and relatively undefined. Therefore the work started by utilizing a definition which had to be well established, accepted and correlated with the authors' approach and aim. The chosen definition comes from the European Commission (2010) and reads: “A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can cost efficiently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to ensure economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high levels of quality and security of supply and safety” A theoretical framework was developed in order to obtain facts, information, and serve as tools for future analyses. For example, the authors selected The evolution of large technological systems by Thomas Hughes (1987), which describes large technological systems and how they develop in society. Further Marx’s ”Das Kapital” (1867) and several earlier research regarding smart grids were also selected and used for the analyses. Potential stakeholders and key-actors were pointed out and examined to get a picture of the current situation regarding the smart grid in Sweden. Three main areas of key-actors were chosen: academia, business, and political/governmental organizations. Nine qualitative interviews were conducted with actors who were considered to have good insight and influence in the area. The collected material and information was analyzed by the following aspects: financial, technological, sociological, and environmental. The following results were found through the interviews:  Almost all interviewed key-actors pointed out the economic factor as the decisive aspect for a Swedish smart grid realization in Sweden. At present, it was not considered to be sufficient economic incentives.  It was pointed out that the electricity in Sweden is very cheap and therefore customers are not interested in paying more for it, especially not big ones like major industries. The uncertainty about who will pay for the necessary renovations of the existing power grid was also pointed out.  Many of the interviewed actors saw great potential in the political guidelines and regulations. They considered that more stringent requirements and rules that favours a smarter and greener electricity, would lead the development towards a smart grid.  The technical aspect of a smart grid was not considered to be an obstacle. On the contrary, most of the technology was considered already available.  A summative finding was that the majority of actors did not believe in a revolution of the smart grid in the near future. They rather saw it as an evolutionary process that may emerge. Several findings correlate well with the theoretical framework. For instance, Beise & Rennings (2004) confirms the importance of political regulations. Their view on the smart grid as an evolution that will adapt little by little follows the arguments ii that Hughes describes. The value-aspect of the smart grid and the fact that is not considered to be enough today, at least not in an economical way, follows Marx’s theory of value from 1867. The smart grid development fitted well into Leonard- Barton’s (1998) aspect of mutual adaption, which points out that both the users and the technology have to be changed in order to achieve success. The conclusion was drawn that most of the actors are in favour of a smart grid, but they did not see that there will be a "smart revolution" in the next few years given the current financial barriers.
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Books on the topic "Grids"

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Kim, Hyun Jin. Three dimensional adaptive grid generation on a composite structure. Mississippi State: Mississippi State University, 1987.

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Ambrose, Gavin. Grids. 2nd ed. Lausanne: AVA Academia, 2012.

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Van Hertem, Dirk, Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt, and Jun Liang, eds. HVDC Grids. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119115243.

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Hadjsaïd, Nouredine, and Jean-Claude Sabonnadière, eds. Smart Grids. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118562581.

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Buchholz, Bernd M., and Zbigniew A. Styczynski. Smart Grids. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60930-9.

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Ali, A. B. M. Shawkat, ed. Smart Grids. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5210-1.

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Pengelly, Helen. Dots & grids. Sydney (Australia): Ashton Scholastic, 1991.

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Agency, International Energy. Smart Grids. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2011.

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Smart grids. London: ISTE, 2012.

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United States. Defense Mapping Agency. Datums, elipsoids, grids, and grid reference systems. Washington, D.C: the Agency, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grids"

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Ferreira, Antonio J. M., and Nicholas Fantuzzi. "Grids." In MATLAB Codes for Finite Element Analysis, 141–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47952-7_9.

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Yates, John T. "Grids." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 119–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17668-0_11.

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Junghenn, Hugo D. "Grids." In Discrete Mathematics with Coding, 61–84. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003351689-7.

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Lanfermann, Gerd, Bettina Schnor, and Edward Seidel. "Grid Object Description: Characterizing Grids." In Integrated Network Management VIII, 519–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35674-7_53.

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Buchholz, Bernd M., and Zbigniew A. Styczynski. "Vision and Strategy for the Electricity Networks of the Future." In Smart Grids, 1–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60930-9_1.

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Buchholz, Bernd M., and Zbigniew A. Styczynski. "Smart Generation: Resources and Potentials." In Smart Grids, 19–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60930-9_2.

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Buchholz, Bernd M., and Zbigniew A. Styczynski. "Modern Technologies and the Smart Grid Challenges in Transmission Networks." In Smart Grids, 61–120. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60930-9_3.

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Buchholz, Bernd M., and Zbigniew A. Styczynski. "Design of Distribution Networks and the Impact of New Network Users." In Smart Grids, 121–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60930-9_4.

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Buchholz, Bernd M., and Zbigniew A. Styczynski. "Smart Operation and Observability at the Transmission Level." In Smart Grids, 167–224. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60930-9_5.

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Buchholz, Bernd M., and Zbigniew A. Styczynski. "The Three Pillars of Smart Distribution." In Smart Grids, 225–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60930-9_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Grids"

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Gillingham, K., M. Ovaere, C. Vila, R. Martinez, and D. Rubio. "Network Effects from Electricity Grid Connections: From Traditional Grids to Smart Grids." In CIRED 2021 - The 26th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.2149.

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Mishev, Ilya, and Ruslan Rin. "Grid Quality Measures for PEBI Grids." In SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/203961-ms.

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Abstract Combining the Perpendicular Bisector (PEBI) grids with the Two Point Flux Approximation (TPFA) scheme demonstrates a potential to accurately model on unstructured grids, conforming to the geological and engineering features of real grids. However, with the increased complexity and resolution of the grids, the PEBI conditions will inevitably be violated in some cells and the approximation properties will be compromised. The objective is to develop accurate and practical grid quality measures that quantify such errors. We critically evaluated the existing grid quality measures and found them lacking predictive power in several areas. The available k-orthogonality measures predict error for flow along the strata, although TPFA provides an accurate approximation. The false-positive results are not only misleading but can overwhelm further analysis. We developed the so-called "truncation error" grid measure which is probably the most accurate measure for flow through a plane face and accurately measures the error along the strata. We also quantified the error due to the face curvature. Curved faces are bound to exist in any real grid. The impact of the quality of the 2-D Delaunay triangulation on TPFA approximation properties is usually not taken into account. We investigate the impact of the size of the smallest angles that can cause considerable increase of the condition number of the matrix and an eventual loss of accuracy, demonstrated with simple examples. Based on the analysis, we provide recommendations. We also show how the size of the largest angles impacts the approximation quality of TPFA. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of the change of the permeability on the TPFA approximation. Finally, we present simple tools that reservoir engineers can use to incorporate the above-mentioned grid quality measures into a workflow. The grid quality measures discussed up to now are static. We also sketch the further extension to dynamic measures, that is, how the static measures can be used to detect change in the flow behavior, potentially leading to increased error. We investigate a comprehensive set of methods, several of them new, to measure the static grid quality of TPFA on PEBI grids and possible extension to dynamic measures. All measures can be easily implemented in production reservoir simulators and examined using the suggested tools in a workflow.
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"Grids." In 2009 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2009.5178574.

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Buning, Pieter G., and Thomas H. Pulliam. "Near-Body Grid Adaption for Overset Grids." In 46th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-3326.

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Lezhniuk, Petro D., Paweł Pijarski, and Olga A. Buslavets. "Smart grid technologies in local electric grids." In Photonics Applications in Astronomy, Communications, Industry, and High-Energy Physics Experiments 2017, edited by Ryszard S. Romaniuk and Maciej Linczuk. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2280957.

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Halim, Rosenah A., Siti Zaleha Zainal Abidin, and Rohaya Latip. "Grid task scheduling in P2P Desktop Grids." In 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/beiac.2012.6226041.

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Turner, Mark G., Te Liang, Phillip P. Beauchamp, and Ian K. Jennions. "The Use of Orthogonal Grids in Turbine CFD Computations." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-038.

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For structured grid codes, the H type grid has become a standard, with deviations being used for exceptional circumstances. Among these circumstances are boundary layer or wake capturing, leading and trailing edge resolution and high grid shear. The latter of these is especially troublesome as some codes may converge with highly sheared grids to solutions which are inaccurate. In the case explored here, the trailing edge shock system of a high pressure nozzle guide vane is smeared over many grid cells using a conventional H grid, although better resolution can be obtained by careful attention to the grid. The paper demonstrates this on a very simple case and proposes the use of a grid that is nearly orthogonal to the flow to overcome the problem. The grid generation and treatment of periodic boundary conditions including a novel flux balance boundary condition across the mis-matched grids are discussed. Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional results are presented against test data to show the efficacy of this technique.
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Herbst, D., R. Schürhuber, M. A. Lagler, E. Schmautzer, S. Henein, P. Zehetbauer, and A. Einfalt. "LOW-VOLTAGE GRIDS IN TRANSITION - AUTO-MATIC GRID RECONFIGURATION APPROACH FOR FUTURE SMART GRIDS CHALLENGES." In CIRED 2021 - The 26th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/icp.2021.1621.

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Tuncer, Ismail H. "A 2-D Navier-Stokes Solution Method With Overset Moving Grids." In ASME 1996 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-gt-400.

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A simple, robust numerical algorithm to localize moving boundary points and to interpolate unsteady solution variables across 2-D, arbitrarily overset computational grids is presented. Overset grids are allowed to move in time relative to each other. The intergrid boundary points are localized in terms of three grid points on the donor grid by a directional search algorithm. The parameters of the search algorithm give the interpolation weights at the localized boundary point. The method is independent of numerical solution algorithms and may easily be implemented on any 2-D, single block flow solver to make it a multi-block, zonal solver with arbitrarily overset computational grids. Computational results and comparisons with single grid solutions are presented for flows through a compressor cascade and over an airfoil undergoing a flapping motion. Excellent agreement is obtained against the single grid solutions.
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Tuncer, Ismail H., Stefan Weber, and Wolfgang Sanz. "Investigation of Periodic Boundary Conditions in Multi-Passage Cascade Flows Using Overset Grids." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-011.

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A Navier-Stokes solution method with overset grids is applied to unsteady multi-passage cascade flows, and the unsteady blade loadings are compared against the single passage solutions with the direct store interblade boundary condition. In the overset grid solutions, the multi-passage domain is discretized with O-type grids around each blade and a rectangular background grid. Blade grids are allowed to move in time relative to the background grid as prescribed by the oscillatory plunging motion. The overset grid method uses a simple, robust numerical algorithm to localize moving intergrid boundary points and to interpolate solution variables across grids. Computational results are presented for two and four passage, subsonic and transonic flows through a turbine and a compressor cascade. The overset grid solutions over the multi-passage periodic domains agree well with the single passage solutions and the experimental data. It is concluded that the time linearization error introduced by the direct store approach is negligible in the range of flow conditions studied.
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Reports on the topic "Grids"

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Hager, John W., Larry L. Fry, Sandra S. Jacks, and David R. Hill. Datums, Ellipsoids, Grids, and Grid Reference Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada247651.

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Pueyo, Ana. Decentralised Access to Electricity Through Mini-Grids in Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.064.

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Renewable, decentralised mini-grids are a promising technology for electrifying remote communities in sub-Saharan Africa. However, most mini-grids struggle not only to obtain a profit, but also to recover costs. This Policy Briefing describes the case of a private, for-profit mini-grid business model which also developed the productive commercial uses of electricity to achieve financial sustainability. The model failed due to high regulatory risks, initially high tariffs, and complex management of commercial activities. We argue that public–private partnerships and collaboration with local agrobusinesses could improve affordability, reduce risks, and ensure long-term sustainability.
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Venkata, Ramana G., Joseph Oliger, and Joel Ferziger. 3D Composite Grids for Flow Computations: the Grid Generation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252105.

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Lee, Jason R. Micro-grids: Practical applications of grid technology to smalldistributed collaborations. US: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory, Berkeley, CA (US), November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899794.

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Pueyo, Ana, Gisela Ngoo, Editruda Daulinge, and Adriana Fajardo. The Quest for Scalable Business Models for Mini-Grids in Africa: Implementing the Keymaker Model in Tanzania. Institute of Development Studies, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.071.

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Achieving universal electrification in sub-Saharan Africa requires creative solutions. Renewable mini-grids are a promising technology to electrify remote communities with a substantial productive demand, mainly from agro-processing. Mini-grids have experienced fast growth and there are now around 2,200 systems in the sub-Saharan Africa region. However, their economic case in the sub-continent is unclear. Most mini-grids are struggling not only to obtain a profit but also to recover costs. This Research Report describes the case of a private company in Tanzania implementing a business model for mini-grids that promotes productive uses of energy to achieve financial sustainability (the ‘Keymaker model’). A group of researchers worked jointly with the mini-grid developer to procure equipment for fish processing activities, support local entrepreneurs to use electricity productively, and to document and learn from the process. Although the business model was ultimately unsuccessful – facing high regulatory risks, high initial tariffs required to recover costs, and complex management of agro-processing activities – the project offers useful lessons and considerations for future efforts to promote mini-grids, and how public–private partnerships can help improve affordability and reduce regulatory risks.
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Barrows, Sarah, Caitlyn Clark, Jayaraj Rane, Brian Naughton, Alice Orrell, Aaron Barker, Jim Reilly, Kendall Mongird, and Megan Culler. Fiscal Year 2021 Isolated Grids and Grid-Connected Turbine Reference Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1889745.

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Schneider, Dean, Michael Martin, Renee Berry, and Charles Moyer. Micro-Grids for Colonias (TX). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053786.

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Taft, Jeffrey D. Architectural Basis for Highly Distributed Transactive Power Grids: Frameworks, Networks, and Grid Codes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1523381.

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Shapira, Yair. Domain decomposition multigrid for unstructured grids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/420366.

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Baring-Gould, Ian, Kari Burman, Mohit Singh, Sean Esterly, Rose Mutiso, and Caroline McGregor. Quality Assurance Framework for Mini-Grids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332908.

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