Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Grid sensitivity'

The increasing penetration of converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) has raised concerns about the stability and security of future grids (FGs). These resources affect power systems dynamics in many ways including reducing system inertia, interacting with existing generators, changing power flow paths, etc. In this thesis, we carry out a sensitivity study to explore the structural impacts from CIGs on the damping and frequency stability of power systems. Initially, we study the impact of the intermittent power from wind turbine generators (WTGs) on the damping of the electromechanical oscillations in power systems. It will be shown that the inability of WTGs to provide synchronizing and damping torque to the system jeopardize the small signal stability of power systems. Stable operation regions, in terms of wind penetration and tie-line power, are derived and the impact of load flexibility on these regions are discussed. Next, we have studied the impact of the inertia distribution on the damping of the inter-area modes in power systems. It is shown that tie-line power has a significant role on the damping of the inter-area modes. Moreover, we show that dynamic voltage control and inertia emulation can be utilized to improve the damping of the system. By developing an oscillatory recovery model for power system loads, we have also studied the impact of load oscillations on the damping of the inter-area modes. It is shown that the load dynamics can have a significant influence on the electromechanical oscillations of power systems. Finally, the frequency support capability of WTGs is investigated and the performance of different techniques in utilizing the kinetic energy of the WTGs to assist the frequency stability of power systems is evaluated. A novel time-variable droop characteristic is proposed to enhance the contribution of WTGs in supporting system frequency.

Shape optimization is an important step in many design processes. With the growing use of Computer Aided Engineering in the design chain, it has become very important to develop robust and efficient shape optimization algorithms. The field of Computer Aided Optimal Shape Design has grown substantially over the recent past. In the early days of its development, the method based on small shape perturbation to probe the parameter space and identify an optimal shape was routinely used. This method is nothing but an educated trial and error method. A key development in the pursuit of good shape optimization algorithms has been the advent of the adjoint method to compute the shape sensitivities more formally and efficiently. While undoubtedly, very attractive, this method relies on very sophisticated and advanced mathematical tools which are an impediment to its wider use in the engineering community. It that spirit, it is the purpose of this thesis to propose a new shape optimization algorithm based on more intuitive engineering principles and numerical procedures. In this thesis, the new shape optimization procedure which is proposed is based on the generation of a body-fitted mesh. This process maps the physical domain into a regular computational domain. Based on simple arguments relating to the use of the chain rule in the mapped domain, it is shown that an explicit expression for the shape sensitivity can be derived. This enables the computation of the shape sensitivity in one single solve, a performance analogous to the adjoint method, the current state-of-the art. The discretization is based on the Finite Difference method, a method chosen for its simplicity and ease of implementation. This algorithm is applied to the Laplace equation in the context of heat transfer problems and potential flows. The applicability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated on a number of benchmark problems which clearly confirm the validity of the sensitivity analysis, the most important aspect of any shape optimization problem. This thesis also explores the relative merits of different minimization algorithms and proposes a technique to “fix” meshes when inverted element arises as part of the optimization process. While the problems treated are still elementary when compared to complex multiphysics engineering problems, the new methodology presented in this thesis could apply in principle to arbitrary Partial Differential Equations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.
Russell, Armistead G., Committee Chair ; Chameides, William L., Committee Member ; Wang, Yuhang, Committee Member ; Noonan, Douglas, Committee Member ; Chang, Michael E., Committee Member. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Long term supporting schemes for photovoltaic (PV) system installation have led to accommodating large numbers of PV systems within load pockets in distribution grids. High penetrations of PV systems can cause new technical challenges, such as voltage rise due to reverse power flow during light load and high PV generation conditions. Therefore, new strategies are required to address the associated challenges. Moreover, due to these changes in distribution grids, a different response behavior of the distribution grid on the transmission side can be expected. Hence, a new equivalent model of distribution grids with high penetration of PV systems is needed to be addressed for future power system studies. The thesis contributions lie in three parts. The first part of the thesis copes with the PV modelling. A non-proprietary PV model of a three-phase, single stage PV system is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC and PowerFactory. Three different reactive power regulation strategies are incorporated into the models and their behavior are investigated in both simulation platforms using a distribution system with PV systems. In the second part of the thesis, the voltage rise problem is remedied by use of reactive power. On the other hand, considering large numbers of PV systems in grids, unnecessary reactive power consumption by PV systems first increases total line losses, and second it may also jeopardize the stability of the network in the case of contingencies in conventional power plants, which supply reactive power. Thus, this thesis investigates and develops the novel schemes to reduce reactive power flows while still keeping voltage within designated limits via three different approaches: decentralized voltage control to the pre-defined set-points developing a coordinated active power dependent (APD) voltage regulation Q(P)using local signals developing a multi-objective coordinated droop-based voltage (DBV) regulation Q(V) using local signals   In the third part of the thesis, furthermore, a gray-box load modeling is used to develop a new static equivalent model of a complex distribution grid with large numbers of PV systems embedded with voltage support schemes. In the proposed model, variations of voltage at the connection point simulate variations of the model’s active and reactive power. This model can simply be integrated intoload-flow programs and replace the complex distribution grid, while still keepingthe overall accuracy high. The thesis results, in conclusion, demonstrate: i) using rms-based simulations in PowerFactory can provide us with quite similar results using the time domain instantaneous values in PSCAD platform; ii) decentralized voltage control to specific set-points through the PV systems in the distribution grid is fundamentally impossible dueto the high level voltage control interaction and directionality among the PV systems; iii) the proposed APD method can regulate the voltage under the steady-state voltagelimit and consume less total reactive power in contrast to the standard characteristicCosφ(P)proposed by German Grid Codes; iv) the proposed optimized DBV method can directly address voltage and successfully regulate it to the upper steady-state voltage limit by causing minimum reactive power consumption as well as line losses; v) it is beneficial to address PV systems as a separate entity in the equivalencing of distribution grids with high density of PV systems.

The Doctoral Degrees issued upon completion of the programme are issued by Comillas Pontifical University, Delft University of Technology and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The invested degrees are official in Spain, the Netherlands and Sweden, respectively. QC 20141028

Il fine ultimo dell' elaborato consiste nello studio della correlazione vigente fra forze di galleggiamento e fenomeni di trasporto di inquinante. Si vuole osservare l'impatto degli effetti termici all'interno di uno street canyon sulla dispersione di CO. Sono stati impiegati dei software CFD al fine di condurre delle simulazioni numeriche che garantiscano, in brevi tempi di esecuzione, risultati affidabili e facilmente graficabili. La tesi è redatta in lingua inglese e articolata in sei capitoli. Il primo tratta una valutazione complessiva dei problemi legati all'inquinamento dell'aria, introducendo una classificazione delle entità urbane elementari chiamate street canyon. Viene studiata la fisica termofluidodinamica che genera le forze di galleggiamento come effetto termico. Nel secondo capitolo si fornisce un compendio del funzionamento dei codici di simulazione, descrivendo nel dettaglio le principali fasi caratteristiche e i software CFD utilizzati: HEXPRESS e STAR-CCM+. Il capitolo terzo illustra le specifiche dello studio in esame, ovvero la definizione delle simulazioni da lanciare e la descrizione dei vari livelli di modellazione considerati: il problema fisico, il dominio computazionale, la griglia di discretizzazione spaziale e il settaggio di risoluzione numerica. Nel quarto capitolo si specificano i criteri di convergenza iterativa impiegati e gli strumenti quantitativi e qualitativi per l'analisi grafica di post-processing. Successivamente vengono condotte tre accurate analisi di convergenza di griglia che permettono di individuare una mesh ottimale al fine di ottenere risultati numerici grid-independent. Il quinto capitolo espone i risultati ottenuti, analizzando la dipendenza della dispersione di inquinante da: velocità e direzione del vento, aspect ratio del canyon e soprattutto forze di galleggiamento generate da effetti termici. Infine, nel sesto capitolo si affermano le conclusioni più rilevanti, riassumendo tutti gli aspetti esplorati.

Voltage drop and rise at network peak and off–peak periods along with voltage unbalance are the major power quality problems in low voltage distribution networks. Usually, the utilities try to use adjusting the transformer tap changers as a solution for the voltage drop. They also try to distribute the loads equally as a solution for network voltage unbalance problem. On the other hand, the ever increasing energy demand, along with the necessity of cost reduction and higher reliability requirements, are driving the modern power systems towards Distributed Generation (DG) units. This can be in the form of small rooftop photovoltaic cells (PV), Plug–in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) or Micro Grids (MGs). Rooftop PVs, typically with power levels ranging from 1–5 kW installed by the householders are gaining popularity due to their financial benefits for the householders. Also PEVs will be soon emerged in residential distribution networks which behave as a huge residential load when they are being charged while in their later generation, they are also expected to support the network as small DG units which transfer the energy stored in their battery into grid. Furthermore, the MG which is a cluster of loads and several DG units such as diesel generators, PVs, fuel cells and batteries are recently introduced to distribution networks. The voltage unbalance in the network can be increased due to the uncertainties in the random connection point of the PVs and PEVs to the network, their nominal capacity and time of operation. Therefore, it is of high interest to investigate the voltage unbalance in these networks as the result of MGs, PVs and PEVs integration to low voltage networks. In addition, the network might experience non–standard voltage drop due to high penetration of PEVs, being charged at night periods, or non–standard voltage rise due to high penetration of PVs and PEVs generating electricity back into the grid in the network off–peak periods. In this thesis, a voltage unbalance sensitivity analysis and stochastic evaluation is carried out for PVs installed by the householders versus their installation point, their nominal capacity and penetration level as different uncertainties. A similar analysis is carried out for PEVs penetration in the network working in two different modes: Grid to vehicle and Vehicle to grid. Furthermore, the conventional methods are discussed for improving the voltage unbalance within these networks. This is later continued by proposing new and efficient improvement methods for voltage profile improvement at network peak and off–peak periods and voltage unbalance reduction. In addition, voltage unbalance reduction is investigated for MGs and new improvement methods are proposed and applied for the MG test bed, planned to be established at Queensland University of Technology (QUT). MATLAB and PSCAD/EMTDC simulation softwares are used for verification of the analyses and the proposals.

Driven by environmental protection, economic factors, conservation of energy resources, and technical challenges, the microgrid has emerged as an innovative small-scale power generation network. Microgrids consist of a cluster of Distributed Generation units that encompass a portion of an electric power distribution system and may rely on different energy sources. Functionally, the microgrid is required to provide adequate levels and quality of power to meet load demands. The issue of power quality is significant as it directly affects the characteristics of the microgrid’s operation. This problem can be defined as an occurrence of short to long periods of inadequate or unstable power outputs by the microgrid. In a stand-alone operation mode, the system voltage and frequency must be established by the microgrid, otherwise the system will collapse due to the variety in the microgrid component characteristics. The harmonic distortion of the output power waveforms is also a serious problem that often occurs because of the high speed operation of the converter switches. The long transient period is a critical issue that is usually caused by changing the operation mode or the load demand. Power sharing among the Distributed Generation units is also an important matter for sharing the load appropriately, particularly given that some renewable energy resources are not available continuously. In a utility connected microgrid, the reliable power quality mainly depends on the regulation of both active and reactive power, because the microgrid’s behaviour is mostly dominated by the bulk power system. Therefore, an optimal power control strategy is proposed in this thesis to improve the quality of the power supply in a microgrid scenario. This controller comprises an inner current control loop and an outer power control loop based on a synchronous reference frame and conventional PI regulators. The power control loop can operate in two modes: voltage-frequency power control mode and active-reactive power control mode. Particle Swarm Optimisation is an intelligent searching algorithm that is applied here for real-time self-tuning of the power control parameters. The voltage-frequency power controller is proposed for an inverter-based Distributed Generation unit in an autonomous operation mode. The results show satisfactory system voltage and frequency, high dynamic response, and an acceptable harmonic distortion level. The active-reactive power controller is adopted for an inverter-based Distributed Generation unit in a utility operation mode. This controller provides excellent regulation of the active and reactive power, in particular when load power has to be shared equally between the microgrid and utility. The voltage-frequency and active-reactive power control modes are used for a microgrid configured from two DG units in an autonomous operation mode. The proposed control strategy maintains the system voltage and frequency within acceptable limits, and injects sustained output power from one DG unit during a load change. The reliability of the system’s operation is investigated through developing a small-signal dynamic model for the microgrid. The results prove that the system was stable for the given operating point and under the proposed power controller. Consequently, this research reveals that the microgrid can successfully operate as a controllable power generation unit to support the utility, thus reducing the dependency on the bulk power system and increasing the market penetration of the micro-sources.

Calculations of reactor parameters of interest (such as neutron multiplication factors, decay heat, reaction rates, etc.), are often based on models which are dependent on groupwise neutron cross sections. The uncertainties associated with these neutron cross sections are propagated to the final result of the calculated reactor parameters. There is a need to characterize this uncertainty and to be able to apportion the uncertainty in a calculated reactor parameter to the different sources of uncertainty in the groupwise neutron cross sections, this procedure is known as sensitivity analysis. The focus of this study is the application of a modified global sensitivity analysis technique to calculations of reactor parameters that are dependent on groupwise neutron cross–sections. Sensitivity analysis can help in identifying the important neutron cross sections for a particular model, and also helps in establishing best–estimate optimized nuclear reactor physics models with reduced uncertainties. In this study, our approach to sensitivity analysis will be similar to the variance–based global sensitivity analysis technique, which is robust, has a wide range of applicability and provides accurate sensitivity information for most models. However, this technique requires input variables to be mutually independent. A modification to this technique, that allows one to deal with input variables that are block–wise correlated and normally distributed, is presented. The implementation of the modified technique involves the calculation of multi–dimensional integrals, which can be prohibitively expensive to compute. Numerical techniques specifically suited to the evaluation of multidimensional integrals namely Monte Carlo, quasi–Monte Carlo and sparse grids methods are used, and their efficiency is compared. The modified technique is illustrated and tested on a two–group cross–section dependent problem. In all the cases considered, the results obtained with sparse grids achieved much better accuracy, while using a significantly smaller number of samples.
Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The first two steps in the development of an integrated multidisciplinary design optimization procedure capable of analyzing the nonlinear fluid flow about geometrically complex aeroelastic configurations have been accomplished in the present work. For the first step, a three-dimenstional unstructured grid approach to earodynamic shape sensitivity analysis and design optimization has been developed. The advantage of unstructured grids, when compared with a structured-grid approach, is their inherent ability to discretize irregularly shaped domains with greater efficiency and less effort. Hence, this approach is ideally suited fro geometrically complex configurations of practical interest. In this work the time-dependent, nonlinear Euler equations are solved using an upwind, cell-centered, finite-volume scheme. The descrete, linearized systems which result from this scheme are solved iteratively by a preconditioned conjugate-gradient-like algorithm known as GMRES for the two-dimensional cases and a Gauss-Seidel algorithm for the three-dimensional; at steady-state, similar procedures are used to solve the accompanying linear aerodynamic sensitivitiy equations in incremental iterative form. As shown, this particular form of the sensitivity equation makes large-scale gradient-based aerodynamic optimization possible bytaking advantage of memory efficient methods to construct exact Jacobian matrix-vector products. Various surface parameterization techniques have been employed in the current study to control the shape of the design surface. Once this surface has been deformed, the interior volume of the unstructured grid is adapted by considering the mesh as a system of interconnected tension springs. Grid sensitivities are obtained by differentiating the surface parameterization and the grid adaptiation algorithms with ADIFOR, an advanced automatic-differentiation software tool. To demonstrate the ability of this procedure to analyze and design complex configurations of practical interest, the sensitivity analysis and shape optimization has been performaed for several two- and three-dimensional cases. In two-dimensions, an initially symmetric NACA-0012 airfoil and a high-lift multielement airfoil were examined. For the three-dimensional configurations, an initially rectangular wing with uniform NACA-0012 cross-scetions was optimized; in additions, a complete Boeing 747-200 aircraft was studied. Furthermore, the current study also examines the effect of inconsistency in the order of spatial accuracy between the nonlinear fluid and linear shape sensitivity equations.

The second step was to develop a computationally efficient, high-fidelity, integrated static aeroelastic analysis procedure. To accomplish this, a structural analysis code was coupled with the aforementioned unstructured grid aerodynamic analysis solver. The use of an unstructured grid scheme for the aerodynamic analysis enhances the interactions compatibility with the wing structure. The structural analysis utilizes finite elements to model the wing so that accurate structural deflections may be obtained. In the current work, paramenters have been introduced to control the interaction of the computational fluid dynamics and structural analyses; these control parameters permit extremely efficient static aeroelastic computations. To demonstrate and evaluate this procedure, static aeroelastic analysis results for a flexible wing in low subsonic, high subsonic (subcritical), transonic (supercritical), and supersonic flow conditions are presented.
Ph. D.

Dans ce travail de thèse, des études de sensibilité portant sur le développement et le bruit des écoulements cisaillés turbulents sont réalisées à l'aide de simulations aéroacoustiques directes et de la méthode de la différentiation complexe.Dans un premier temps, la méthode de la différentiation complexe est appliquée à des couches de mélange bidimensionnelles afin d'étudier sa capacité à mettre en évidence les effets d'un paramètre sur les champs aérodynamiques et acoustiques d'un écoulement.Pour cela, des simulations numériques directes de couches de mélange sont réalisées avec cette méthode pour différents nombres de Mach, nombres de Reynolds et tailles de maille.Dans chaque calcul, les dérivées des niveaux acoustiques par rapport à un des trois paramètres considérés sont estimées avec la méthode de la différentiation complexe.Les résultats obtenus sont en bon accord avec d'autres issus de la littérature et d'études paramétriques.Ils indiquent que la méthode de la différentiation complexe peut être utilisée pour, d'une part, étudier l'influence d'un paramètre physique sur le développement et le bruit d'un écoulement et, d'autre part, déterminer la sensibilité au maillage des solutions d'une simulation.Dans un second temps, la méthode de la différentiation complexe est appliquée à l'étude du mécanisme de réceptivité se produisant lorsqu'une onde acoustique se réfléchit sur les lèvres de la buse d'un jet.Dans ce but, à partir des résultats d'une simulation de jet impactant une plaque pleine, un pulse acoustique d'amplitude imaginaire est introduit à un instant donné près de la buse en dehors du jet.En poursuivant la simulation après cet instant, la sensibilité des couches de mélange près de la buse à une perturbation acoustique est déterminée avec la méthode de la différentiation complexe.Cette sensibilité est utilisée pour mettre en évidence la génération d'une onde d'instabilité par la perturbation acoustique.Enfin, l'influence des conditions de sortie de buse (profil de vitesse et taux de turbulence) sur les composantes tonales produites par les jets subsoniques impactant une plaque pleine est étudiée.Pour cela, plusieurs jets impactants sont simulés pour différents profils de vitesse en sortie de buse, plusieurs niveaux d'excitation des couches limites, des nombres de Mach de 0.6 et 0.9, et deux distances plaque-buse.Les résultats montrent que les conditions de sortie affectent considérablement l'amplitude des composantes tonales et que des jets impactants à un nombre de Mach inférieur à 0.65, généralement non résonants, peuvent être résonants pour des conditions de sortie spécifiques.Les effets des conditions de sortie sont attribués à des modifications dans le développement des couches de mélange des jets, qui conduisent à des différences dans les propriétés d'amplification des ondes d'instabilité entre la buse et la plaque, et dans l'énergie contenue dans les structures cohérentes des jets près de la zone d'impact
In this PhD work, sensitivity studies are carried out for turbulent shear flows using direct noise computations and the complex differentiation method.First, the complex differentiation method is applied to two-dimensional mixing layers to investigate its capacity to highlight the effects of a parameter on the aerodynamic noise.For that, direct numerical simulations of mixing layers are performed using this method for different Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers and mesh spacings.In each case, the derivatives of the noise levels with respect to one of the three parameters are obtained using the complex differentiation method.The results are in good agreement with others from the literature and parametric studies.They indicate that the complex differentiation method can be used to describe the effects of physical parameters and of the grid resolution on the sound produced by a high-speed flow.Secondly, the complex differentiation method is applied to the study of the receptivity mechanism occurring when an acoustic wave reflects at the nozzle lip of a jet.For this purpose, using the results of a simulation of a jet impinging on a plate, an imaginary amplitude acoustic pulse is introduced at a given time in the near-nozzle region outside the jet.The sensitivity of the near-nozzle mixing layers to an acoustic disturbance is then determined using the complex differentiation method.This sensitivity is used to highlight the excitation of an instability wave by the acoustic disturbance.Finally, the influence of nozzle-exit conditions (velocity profile and turbulence level) on the tonal noise components generated by subsonic impinging jets is investigated.For that, jets with different nozzle-exit velocity profiles, several boundary-layer excitation levels, at Mach numbers of 0.6 or 0.9, impinging on a plate located at 6 or 8 nozzle radii from the nozzle, are simulated.The results show that the nozzle-exit conditions significantly affect the amplitude of the tonal noise components and that impinging jets at Mach numbers below 0.65, which are generally non-resonant, can be resonant for specific nozzle-exit conditions.The effects of the nozzle-exit conditions are found to result from changes in the development of the jet mixing layers, which lead to differences in the amplification properties of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability waves between the nozzle and the plate, and in the energy contained in the coherent structures of the jets near the impingement region

As ever more challenging designs are required in present-day industries, the traditional trial-and-error procedure frequently used for designing mechanical parts slows down the design process and yields suboptimal designs, so that new approaches are needed to obtain a competitive advantage. With the ascent of the Finite Element Method (FEM) in the engineering community in the 1970s, structural shape optimization arose as a promising area of application. However, due to the iterative nature of shape optimization processes, the handling of large quantities of numerical models along with the approximated character of numerical methods may even dissuade the use of these techniques (or fail to exploit their full potential) because the development time of new products is becoming ever shorter. This Thesis is concerned with the formulation of a 3D methodology based on the Cartesian-grid Finite Element Method (cgFEM) as a tool for efficient and robust numerical analysis. This methodology belongs to the category of embedded (or fictitious) domain discretization techniques in which the key concept is to extend the structural analysis problem to an easy-to-mesh approximation domain that encloses the physical domain boundary. The use of Cartesian grids provides a natural platform for structural shape optimization because the numerical domain is separated from a physical model, which can easily be changed during the optimization procedure without altering the background discretization. Another advantage is the fact that mesh generation becomes a trivial task since the discretization of the numerical domain and its manipulation, in combination with an efficient hierarchical data structure, can be exploited to save computational effort. However, these advantages are challenged by several numerical issues. Basically, the computational effort has moved from the use of expensive meshing algorithms towards the use of, for example, elaborate numerical integration schemes designed to capture the mismatch between the geometrical domain boundary and the embedding finite element mesh. To do this we used a stabilized formulation to impose boundary conditions and developed novel techniques to be able to capture the exact boundary representation of the models. To complete the implementation of a structural shape optimization method an adjunct formulation is used for the differentiation of the design sensitivities required for gradient-based algorithms. The derivatives are not only the variables required for the process, but also compose a powerful tool for projecting information between different designs, or even projecting the information to create h-adapted meshes without going through a full h-adaptive refinement process. The proposed improvements are reflected in the numerical examples included in this Thesis. These analyses clearly show the improved behavior of the cgFEM technology as regards numerical accuracy and computational efficiency, and consequently the suitability of the cgFEM approach for shape optimization or contact problems.
La competitividad en la industria actual impone la necesidad de generar nuevos y mejores diseños. El tradicional procedimiento de prueba y error, usado a menudo para el diseño de componentes mecánicos, ralentiza el proceso de diseño y produce diseños subóptimos, por lo que se necesitan nuevos enfoques para obtener una ventaja competitiva. Con el desarrollo del Método de los Elementos Finitos (MEF) en el campo de la ingeniería en la década de 1970, la optimización de forma estructural surgió como un área de aplicación prometedora. El entorno industrial cada vez más exigente implica ciclos cada vez más cortos de desarrollo de nuevos productos. Por tanto, la naturaleza iterativa de los procesos de optimización de forma, que supone el análisis de gran cantidad de geometrías (para las se han de usar modelos numéricos de gran tamaño a fin de limitar el efecto de los errores intrínsecamente asociados a las técnicas numéricas), puede incluso disuadir del uso de estas técnicas. Esta Tesis se centra en la formulación de una metodología 3D basada en el Cartesian-grid Finite Element Method (cgFEM) como herramienta para un análisis numérico eficiente y robusto. Esta metodología pertenece a la categoría de técnicas de discretización Immersed Boundary donde el concepto clave es extender el problema de análisis estructural a un dominio de aproximación, que contiene la frontera del dominio físico, cuya discretización (mallado) resulte sencilla. El uso de mallados cartesianos proporciona una plataforma natural para la optimización de forma estructural porque el dominio numérico está separado del modelo físico, que podrá cambiar libremente durante el procedimiento de optimización sin alterar la discretización subyacente. Otro argumento positivo reside en el hecho de que la generación de malla se convierte en una tarea trivial. La discretización del dominio numérico y su manipulación, en coalición con la eficiencia de una estructura jerárquica de datos, pueden ser explotados para ahorrar coste computacional. Sin embargo, estas ventajas pueden ser cuestionadas por varios problemas numéricos. Básicamente, el esfuerzo computacional se ha desplazado. Del uso de costosos algoritmos de mallado nos movemos hacia el uso de, por ejemplo, esquemas de integración numérica elaborados para poder capturar la discrepancia entre la frontera del dominio geométrico y la malla de elementos finitos que lo embebe. Para ello, utilizamos, por un lado, una formulación de estabilización para imponer condiciones de contorno y, por otro lado, hemos desarrollado nuevas técnicas para poder captar la representación exacta de los modelos geométricos. Para completar la implementación de un método de optimización de forma estructural se usa una formulación adjunta para derivar las sensibilidades de diseño requeridas por los algoritmos basados en gradiente. Las derivadas no son sólo variables requeridas para el proceso, sino una poderosa herramienta para poder proyectar información entre diferentes diseños o, incluso, proyectar la información para crear mallas h-adaptadas sin pasar por un proceso completo de refinamiento h-adaptativo. Las mejoras propuestas se reflejan en los ejemplos numéricos presentados en esta Tesis. Estos análisis muestran claramente el comportamiento superior de la tecnología cgFEM en cuanto a precisión numérica y eficiencia computacional. En consecuencia, el enfoque cgFEM se postula como una herramienta adecuada para la optimización de forma.
Actualment, amb la competència existent en la industria, s'imposa la necessitat de generar nous i millors dissenys . El tradicional procediment de prova i error, que amb freqüència es fa servir pel disseny de components mecànics, endarrereix el procés de disseny i produeix dissenys subòptims, pel que es necessiten nous enfocaments per obtindre avantatge competitiu. Amb el desenvolupament del Mètode dels Elements Finits (MEF) en el camp de l'enginyeria en la dècada de 1970, l'optimització de forma estructural va sorgir com un àrea d'aplicació prometedora. No obstant això, a causa de la natura iterativa dels processos d'optimització de forma, la manipulació dels models numèrics en grans quantitats, junt amb l'error de discretització dels mètodes numèrics, pot fins i tot dissuadir de l'ús d'aquestes tècniques (o d'explotar tot el seu potencial), perquè al mateix temps els cicles de desenvolupament de nous productes s'estan acurtant. Esta Tesi se centra en la formulació d'una metodologia 3D basada en el Cartesian-grid Finite Element Method (cgFEM) com a ferramenta per una anàlisi numèrica eficient i sòlida. Esta metodologia pertany a la categoria de tècniques de discretització Immersed Boundary on el concepte clau és expandir el problema d'anàlisi estructural a un domini d'aproximació fàcil de mallar que conté la frontera del domini físic. L'utilització de mallats cartesians proporciona una plataforma natural per l'optimització de forma estructural perquè el domini numèric està separat del model físic, que podria canviar lliurement durant el procediment d'optimització sense alterar la discretització subjacent. A més, un altre argument positiu el trobem en què la generació de malla es converteix en una tasca trivial, ja que la discretització del domini numèric i la seua manipulació, en coalició amb l'eficiència d'una estructura jeràrquica de dades, poden ser explotats per estalviar cost computacional. Tot i això, estos avantatges poden ser qüestionats per diversos problemes numèrics. Bàsicament, l'esforç computacional s'ha desplaçat. De l'ús de costosos algoritmes de mallat ens movem cap a l'ús de, per exemple, esquemes d'integració numèrica elaborats per poder capturar la discrepància entre la frontera del domini geomètric i la malla d'elements finits que ho embeu. Per això, fem ús, d'una banda, d'una formulació d'estabilització per imposar condicions de contorn i, d'un altra, desevolupem noves tècniques per poder captar la representació exacta dels models geomètrics Per completar la implementació d'un mètode d'optimització de forma estructural es fa ús d'una formulació adjunta per derivar les sensibilitats de disseny requerides pels algoritmes basats en gradient. Les derivades no són únicament variables requerides pel procés, sinó una poderosa ferramenta per poder projectar informació entre diferents dissenys o, fins i tot, projectar la informació per crear malles h-adaptades sense passar per un procés complet de refinament h-adaptatiu. Les millores proposades s'evidencien en els exemples numèrics presentats en esta Tesi. Estes anàlisis mostren clarament el comportament superior de la tecnologia cgFEM en tant a precisió numèrica i eficiència computacional. Així, l'enfocament cgFEM es postula com una ferramenta adient per l'optimització de forma.
Marco Alacid, O. (2017). Structural Shape Optimization Based On The Use Of Cartesian Grids [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86195
TESIS

Ce travail apporte une contribution a la caracterisation des couches minces par ellipsomerie spectroscopique a angle variable. Nous presentons les differentes modifications apportees a l'ellipsometre d'origine et decrivons les procedures d'etalonnage utilisees. La reduction des erreurs systematiques et aleatoires est egalement traitee. Une etude originale a ete menee sur les derivees partielles des angles ellipsometriques psi et delta par rapport aux differents parametres de l'echantillon (epaisseurs, indices, angle d'incidence). Celle-ci nous a conduit a introduire le concept de sensibilite integrale relative (sir) qui s'est avere tres utile pour localiser les zones angulaires les plus interessantes et pour comparer entre elles les sensibilites de la mesure ellipsometrique aux divers parametres de l'echantillon. L'interet de mesures spectroscopiques a plusieurs angles d'incidence est discute. Deux applications principales ont ete traitees dans ce memoire: la premiere concerne la mesure des indices de semi-conducteurs ii-vi a grands gaps. L'etude realisee porte sur des substrats massifs de cdmnte et sur des couches epitaxiees de cdmgte. Une loi d'indice permettant de decrire le comportement de la fonction dielectrique du cdmgte sur l'ensemble du domaine spectral est proposee. Dans la zone transparente, deux lois de sellmeier donnant les indices du cdmnte et du cdmgte pour toute concentration de manganese ou de magnesium, ont ete etablies. La seconde porte sur la caracterisation de couches a gradient d'indice. Une methode permettant d'analyser des couches de profil d'indice a priori quelconque est proposee. Elle a ete validee sur des couches inhomogenes de gaalas et d'oxy-nitrure de silicium. L'ellipsometrie s'est revelee etre une technique bien adaptee a ce type de caracterisation puisque des profils polynomiaux du quatrieme degre ont pu etre mis en evidence sur des couches d'oxy-nitrure de silicium a fort gradient d'indice

Power grid voltage integrity verification requires checking if all the voltage drops on the grid are less than a certain threshold that guarantees proper circuit operation. This thesis addresses the problem of correcting the grid when some voltage drops exceed this threshold by making minor modifications to the existing design. The method uses current constraints that capture the uncertainty about the underlying circuit behavior to find the maximum voltage drop on the grid, and then to estimate the voltage drop as a function of the metal widths on the grid. It formulates a nonlinear optimization problem and finds the required change in widths that reduces the maximum voltage drop on the grid below the threshold while keeping the total area cost at a minimum.

Verifying the power grid requires checking if the voltage drops on all the nodes do not exceed the threshold. We aim to correct an RC model of the grid when some voltage drops violate the threshold condition, by making minor changes to the original design. We first propose an accurate approach to correct the grid which turns out to be too slow. We therefore propose another approach, more suitable for large grids and which can be summarized as follows. The voltage drop is estimated as a function of the metal widths on the grid. A non-linear optimization problem is then formulated and the required metal line width changes that reduce the voltage drops by a sufficient amount are determined. There is a tradeoff between accuracy and speed of the algorithm. However the results show that the gain in speed achieved by the second method, outweighs greatly the loss in accuracy.

碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系
103
Providing stable power is the goal of the power system operation. With the new revision of Taiwan’s electricity act, Taiwan Power Company (TPC) is now facing power industry deregulation. Under open access of the power market environment, maintaining reliability and security of grid operation are the primary concerns. Security-constrained correction of unit scheduling is the reliability issue for grid to maintain at secure state after the contingency. This thesis presents a method by coping Python code with PSS/E software to develop the sensitivity analysis between units and transmission lines. Sensitivity of specific power line to some specific unit can be calculated by the power flow deviation of line with respect to the power output deviation of the specific unit. The line sensitivity can be used in the correction process of unit dispatch scheduling when the line is overloading. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is implemented by Python code to perform optimal unit dispatch corrections in some selected contingency scenarios.

Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Balasubramaniam Natarajan
Active consumers who engage in energy consumption, production, storage and provide ancillary services in a dynamic and interactive manner will be an integral part of the future grid. Firstly, this dissertation models and analyzes the interaction between active consumers and aggregators with a specific focus on consumer actions in response to real-time electricity pricing and the resulting impact on grid voltage. A unique prospect theory based consumer behavior model is introduced. This model captures wide range of consumers each with their individual preferences by modeling the interaction between the active consumers and the aggregator as a Stackelberg game. However, unlike existing game theoretic efforts that assume rational behavior of consumers, the prospect theory based models systematically incorporate realistic consumer behavior including irrationality. Secondly, this dissertation develops probabilistic voltage sensitivity analysis. In contrast to prior approaches that limit themselves to economic aspects, the proposed techno-economic perspective provides an understanding of the impact of large scale penetration of active consumers on the physical grid. Most current studies are scenario-based, and derived results are scenario specific. Determining the impact of spatially distributed active consumers with temporally variable behavior requires investigation of a large number of scenarios, which is computationally intractable using current iterative power flow algorithms. This work provides a new analytical method of voltage sensitivity analysis that allows for stochastic analysis of change in grid voltage due to change in consumer behavior (load and generation choices). This work first derives an upper bound for change in voltage at a particular bus due to change in power consumption at other buses in a radial distribution network. Next, this bound is used to derive the probability distribution of change voltage at a bus due to randomly changing power consumption/injection of random spatial distribution of the active consumers. This upper bound is also used to develop an algorithmic approach to identify the dominant influencer of voltage fluctuations in the power distribution system. Thirdly, security and stability aspects of transactive energy market based power distribution system is investigated. Specifically, the impact of attacks on pricing/load signals on the physical grid is quantified. This work models the interaction between real-time electricity price and total energy demand in the form of a discrete time non-linear autonomous dynamical system. Equilibrium electricity price and energy demand associated with this coupled dynamical system is derived and conditions for bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stability are identified. Then, a BIBO stable algorithm to design real-time electricity pricing scheme from a techno-economic perspective is developed. Finally, the impact of various level of false data injection (FDI) attack on price of electricity, demand and distribution system voltage is investigated. This dissertation shows that impact of FDI attack on electricity prices is more severe than an attack on electricity demand.

abstract: In the deregulated power system, locational marginal prices are used in transmission engineering predominantly as near real-time pricing signals. This work extends this concept to distribution engineering so that a distribution class locational marginal price might be used for real-time pricing and control of advanced control systems in distribution circuits. A formulation for the distribution locational marginal price signal is presented that is based on power flow sensitivities in a distribution system. A Jacobian-based sensitivity analysis has been developed for application in the distribution pricing method. Increasing deployment of distributed energy sources is being seen at the distribution level and this trend is expected to continue. To facilitate an optimal use of the distributed infrastructure, the control of the energy demand on a feeder node in the distribution system has been formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem and a solution algorithm has been developed. In multiobjective problems the Pareto optimality criterion is generally applied, and commonly used solution algorithms are decision-based and heuristic. In contrast, a mathematically-robust technique called normal boundary intersection has been modeled for use in this work, and the control variable is solved via separable programming. The Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) has predominantly been used to demonstrate the application of the formulation in distribution system control. A parallel processing environment has been used to replicate the distributed nature of controls at many points in the distribution system. Interactions between the real-time prices in a distribution feeder and the nodal prices at the aggregated load bus have been investigated. The application of the formulations in an islanded operating condition has also been demonstrated. The DLMP formulation has been validated using the test bed systems and a practical framework for its application in distribution engineering has been presented. The multiobjective optimization yields excellent results and is found to be robust for finer time resolutions. The work shown in this report is applicable to, and has been researched under the aegis of the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) center, which is a generation III National Science Foundation engineering research center headquartered at North Carolina State University.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2012