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1
Nakayama, Mikiyasu, Hirotaka Fujibayashi, and Daisuke Sasaki. "Connecting Jordan to GCC Power Grid: Creation of Geopolitical “Power” Grid." Journal of Asian Development 3, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v3i2.10966.
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Jordan agreed in May 2016 to join the existing Gulf countries’ power grid (GCC Power Grid). This planned connection with the GCC countries has some political importance, aside from simply promoting trade of electricity between Jordan and GCC countries. This article aims at finding out the “embedded agenda” behind the planned connection of power grids between Jordan and the GCC countries. It was found that Jordan’s participation in the GCC Power Grid is advantageous for Saudi Arabia and Jordan for trading electricity between two countries in the future. The planned connection of the power grid signifies the strengthened relation between two countries, without having troubles to be caused (among GCC’s member states) by Jordan’s official participation in the GCC as a new member. Jordan is so vulnerable to oil price surge, the development of alternative energies represented by renewable energies has a very significant meaning. Jordan could export electricity derived from renewable sources to neighboring countries in the future. Jordan historically serves as a buffer zone among countries with different interests and religions in the Middle East. Connection Jordan to the GCC Power Grid seems to have an utmost political importance for the GCC member states, particularly Saudi Arabia.
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An, Lei, Xinyi Lan, Mianbin Wang, and Jinchao Li. "Research on power grid effective assets input-output evaluation based on super-efficient DEA model." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 01054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911801054.
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With the deepening of power system reform, the precise investment and lean development of power grids have become the focus of power grid enterprises. It is of great significance to carry out evaluation research on the efficiency of input and output of effective assets of power grids. Based on the analysis of the status quo of effective asset evaluation in China’s power grid, this paper combines the model of super-efficient DEA with the analysis of effective asset output efficiency of power grid to construct an evaluation system of effective asset input and output efficiency of power grids, and takes the national power grid as an example for calculation and analysis. This paper objectively evaluates the internal and external factors affecting the efficiency of the effective assets of the grid, and provides quantitative analysis support for the effective asset investment decision of the grid.
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Liu, Jian, Ying Wei Song, Yan Liu, Hui Lan Jiang, and Shuang Qi Zheng. "Effect of Fluctuation of Wind Power Output on Power System Risk." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 2971–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2971.
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With expansion of the scale of wind power used in grid, its impact on the power grid has become more and more apparent. Because of its characteristics of intermittency and randomness, it is necessary to study the effect of wind power fluctuation on power system risk. The large scale wind power farm is connected to the power grid, the influence of its output fluctuation on static security of power grids is studied in this paper, and corresponding evaluation risk index of the power grid security is built. A new type of power system analysis software (PSAT) is used for the simulation analysis, and the results show that output fluctuation of wind power has great influence on low voltage and overload risk of power system.
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Hou, Rui, Jian Wu, Huihui Song, Yanbin Qu, and Dianguo Xu. "Applying Directly Modified RDFT Method in Active Power Filter for the Power Quality Improvement of the Weak Power Grid." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 17, 2020): 4884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184884.
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The recursive discrete Fourier transformation (RDFT) method can be used for grid voltage phase-locking and harmonic current detection in a shunt active power filter (SAPF). However, in weak power grids such as microgrids, significant errors might occur in the amplitude and phase detection due to grid frequency deviation. In this study, to resolve this problem, a directly modified RDFT (DMRDFT) method is proposed for SAPF weak grid application. Through theoretical analysis, the errors of phase and amplitude detection were found to consist of fixed error and fluctuating error. The fixed error is only determined by frequency deviation, whereas the fluctuating error is also related to the recursive pointer and the initial phase. The DMRDFT algorithm can obtain the real grid frequency through the calculation of the phase angle difference for two consecutive periods. Then it can employ the grid frequency deviation and the recursive pointer value to directly correct the detection results gathered by the conventional RDFT algorithm. As a result, DMRDFT can yield accurate amplitude and phase information of the grid voltage or current with a simple calculation. Simulation results verify the high precision of the proposed DMRDFT method in both steady and dynamic situations. Experimental results show that the DMRDFT method can significantly increase the SAPF compensation performance when grid frequency shifts.
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Huang, Liang, Chao Wu, Dao Zhou, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Impact of Grid Strength and Impedance Characteristics on the Maximum Power Transfer Capability of Grid-Connected Inverters." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 4288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094288.
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Continuously expanding deployments of distributed power generation systems are transforming conventional centralized power grids into mixed distributed electrical networks. The higher penetration and longer distance from the renewable energy source to the main power grid result in lower grid strength, which stimulates the power limitation problem. Aimed at this problem, case studies of inductive and resistive grid impedance with different grid strengths have been carried out to evaluate the maximum power transfer capability of grid-connected inverters. It is revealed that power grids with a higher short circuit ratio (SCR) or lower resistance-inductance ratio (R/X) provide higher power transfer capability. Moreover, under the resistive grid conditions, a higher voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) is beneficial to increase the power transfer capability. Based on mathematical analysis, the maximum power curves in the inductive and resistive grids can be found. Moreover, a performance index is proposed in this paper to quantify the performance of the system with different parameter values. Finally, the effectiveness of the analysis is verified by simulation.
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Unruh, Peter, Maria Nuschke, Philipp Strauß, and Friedrich Welck. "Overview on Grid-Forming Inverter Control Methods." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 2589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102589.
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In this paper, different control approaches for grid-forming inverters are discussed and compared with the grid-forming properties of synchronous machines. Grid-forming inverters are able to operate AC grids with or without rotating machines. In the past, they have been successfully deployed in inverter dominated island grids or in uninterruptable power supply (UPS) systems. It is expected that with increasing shares of inverter-based electrical power generation, grid-forming inverters will also become relevant for interconnected power systems. In contrast to conventional current-controlled inverters, grid-forming inverters do not immediately follow the grid voltage. They form voltage phasors that have an inertial behavior. In consequence, they can inherently deliver momentary reserve and increase power grid resilience.
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Yu, Dong, Shan Gao, Xin Zhao, Yu Liu, Sicheng Wang, and Tiancheng E. Song. "Alternating Iterative Power-Flow Algorithm for Hybrid AC–DC Power Grids Incorporating LCCs and VSCs." Sustainability 15, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 4573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054573.
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AC–DC power-flow calculation is the basis for studying HVDC systems. Since traditional iterative methods need many alternative iterations and have convergence problems, this paper proposes an alternating iterative power-flow algorithm for hybrid AC–DC power grids incorporating line-commutated converters (LCCs) and voltage source converters (VSCs). Firstly, the algorithm incorporates the converter interface model into the AC side, considering the influence of the DC side on the AC side, and establishes an AC-augmented Jacobian matrix model with LCC/VSC interface equation variables. Then, according to the type of converter, control mode, and DC grid control strategy, a DC grid power-flow calculation model under various control modes is established for realizing the power-flow decoupling calculation of AC–DC power grids incorporating LCCs and VSCs. The accuracy and effectiveness of the improved algorithm are evaluated using modified IEEE 57 bus AC–DC networks and the CIGRE B4 DC grid test system. The improved algorithm is applicable to various DC grid control modes and considers the reasonable adjustment of the DC grid variable constraints and operating modes.
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Meinecke, Steffen, Džanan Sarajlić, Simon Ruben Drauz, Annika Klettke, Lars-Peter Lauven, Christian Rehtanz, Albert Moser, and Martin Braun. "SimBench—A Benchmark Dataset of Electric Power Systems to Compare Innovative Solutions Based on Power Flow Analysis." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 26, 2020): 3290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123290.
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Publicly accessible, elaborated grid datasets, i.e., benchmark grids, are well suited to publish and compare methods or study results. Similarly, developing innovative tools and algorithms in the fields of grid planning and grid operation is based on grid datasets. Therefore, a general methodology to generate benchmark datasets and its voltage level dependent implementation is described in this paper. As a result, SimBench, a comprehensive dataset for the low, medium, high and extra-high voltage level, is presented. Besides grids that can be combined across several voltage levels, the dataset offers an added value by providing time series for a whole year as well as future scenarios. In this way, SimBench is applicable for many use cases and simplifies reproducing study results. As proof, different automated algorithms for grid planning are compared to show how to apply SimBench and make use of it as a simulation benchmark.
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Cao, Li, Zhengzong Wang, and Yinggao Yue. "Analysis and Prospect of the Application of Wireless Sensor Networks in Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (June 15, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9004942.
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With the rapid development of the economy and society, the low efficiency and high loss of the traditional power grid can no longer meet the growing social demand, and the power grid market is facing a reform. Smart grid, as a next-generation power system, it can effectively improve the performance of traditional power grids. The ubiquitous power Internet of Things (UPIOT) replaces the traditional grids with efficient, safe, reliable, and flexible new grids, improves the utilization efficiency of the grid, reduces the loss of the power grid in the transmission process, and can meet the needs of different types of markets and users. As an advanced information acquisition and processing technology, wireless sensor networks have been widely used in medical, industrial, agricultural, commercial, and public management fields. It is an important means to promote future economic development and build a harmonious society. In the power system, wireless sensor network technology can be widely used in many fields such as line fault location, real-time monitoring, smart meter reading, and relay protection. In this paper, the basic concepts and overall architecture of ubiquitous power Internet of Things are summarized. Then, we summarize the research status of the wireless sensor network in smart grid, including power equipment, line monitoring, smart grid wireless automatic meter reading, distribution network relay protection, power assets life-cycle management, power grid fault location, and power grid fault diagnosis. In view of the technical characteristics of wireless sensor networks, combined with the production links of power systems, the application framework of wireless sensor network technology in the power systems is constructed. The application of wireless sensor networks is prospected from the aspects of network development of relay protection, application research of smart substation, application research of power grid catastrophe, security protection of power system, and deep-seated ubiquitous power Internet of Things.
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Meinecke, Steffen, Leon Thurner, and Martin Braun. "Review of Steady-State Electric Power Distribution System Datasets." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 4826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184826.
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Publicly available grid datasets with electric steady-state equivalent circuit models are crucial for the development and comparison of a variety of power system simulation tools and algorithms. Such algorithms are essential to analyze and improve the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in electrical power systems. Increased penetration of DERs, new technologies, and changing regulatory frameworks require the continuous development of the grid infrastructure. As a result, the number and versatility of grid datasets, which are required in power system research, increases. Furthermore, the used grids are created by different methods and intentions. This paper gives orientation within these developments: First, a concise overview of well-known, publicly available grid datasets is provided. Second, background information on the compilation of the grid datasets, including different methods, intentions and data origins, is reviewed and characterized. Third, common terms to describe electric steady-state distribution grids, such as representative grid or benchmark grid, are assembled and reviewed. Recommendations for the use of these grid terms are made.
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Zhang, Anan, Fan Zhang, Zhi Li, Qian Li, Xuliang Zhang, and Jing Wang. "Synergic calculation method of voltage stability L indicator for multi-area power network." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 36, no. 4 (July 3, 2017): 1134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2016-0439.
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Purpose With the growing scale of power grids, integrated power grids often contain multiple areas. When the control centre of each regional grid conducts an assessment of local voltage stability, the calculation is always based on the local regional power grid model. However, less consideration is given to a detailed model of the entire network, which may lead to a large calculation error. Under the premise of ensuring the data and information security of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition between different regional power grid operation control centres, the purpose of this paper is to reduce calculation error simply by using the data of a local power network. Design/methodology/approach According to the calculation methodology of “decomposition and coordination” and the power balance equation of an interconnected power grid, an improved radial equivalent independent (REI) equivalent method, which can reflect the dynamic characteristics of interconnected power grids to a certain extent, is proposed in this paper. A mathematical model of multi-area-grid L indicator synergic computing is derived as well. Findings With the calculation of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard grids and an actual grid model, it is proven that the method proposed in this paper can significantly improve the accuracy of the regional power grid L indicator calculation and achieve the synergic computing of a multi-area power system L indicator, without an increase in data interaction among the regional power grids. Originality/value The indicator of voltage stability among multi-area was obtained by using the improved REI equivalent method with the change of the load participation factor. Particularly, the coordinated calculation method can be implemented on a local power grid without knowledge of all the parameters of its interconnection, which can avoid possible leakage of confidential data and information of the system owners.
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Kong, Bojun, Jian Zhu, Shengbo Wang, Xingmin Xu, Xiaokuan Jin, Junjie Yin, and Jianhua Wang. "Comparative Study of the Transmission Capacity of Grid-Forming Converters and Grid-Following Converters." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 9, 2023): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062594.
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The development trend of high shares of renewables and power electronics has increased the demand for new energy converters in the power system, but there is a lack of systematic research on the stability of different types of converters when transmitting power, which is worth exploring in depth. In this study, the power transfer capabilities of grid-forming and grid-following converters are investigated separately through an equivalent circuit diagram and phasor diagram when connected to the grid, and a quantitative relationship between converters’ power transmission limit and short circuit ratio under static stability conditions is obtained, leading to the conclusion that, in terms of power transmission, grid-forming converters are more suitable for weak grids with high damping and low inertia, whereas grid-following converters are more suitable for strong grids with high inertia. The conclusions are further verified by constructing the converter grid-connected models for different grid strengths through the PLECS simulation platform and the real-time simulation RTBOX1 and F28379D launchpad platform.
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Roberts, B. "Capturing grid power." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 7, no. 4 (July 2009): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpe.2009.932876.
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Valouch, Viktor, Jiří Škramlík, Zdeněk Muller, Jan Švec, and Josef Tlustý. "Power Control at Grid Connected Converters and Analytical Solution of Steady States." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/601916.
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The paper presents a power control technique at grid connected converters under unbalanced voltage conditions. The current positive and negative sequences during grid voltage sags are controlled to ensure a proper exchange of active and reactive powers without power ripples. An analytical solution in a closed form of the B6 and B4 converters working with an optimized half a period switching symmetry is presented. The analytical solution may be applied for the converters connected to highly unbalanced grids and for different grid filter topologies.
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Zhang, Hao, Shao Yu Tian, Zhong Jing Liu, and Fang Chen. "Power Planning Model of Microgrid Based on Minimizing the LCC Cost." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2687.
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The development of micro-grid technology provides power system a variety of forms, flexible ways of power supply schemes, but a lot of basic micro-grid operational problems are different from the traditional large power grids, which need to be studied specifically. This paper studies the power planning problem of micro-grid, namely to meets the system operational constraints, study how to optimize the micro-power configuration of micro-grid, so that the whole micro-grid life cycle cost is the smallest.
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Medina-Quesada, Ángeles, Oscar Danilo Montoya, and Jesus C. Hernández. "Derivative-Free Power Flow Solution for Bipolar DC Networks with Multiple Constant Power Terminals." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 2914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082914.
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This paper analyzes the power flow solution in bipolar direct current networks with radial structures considering multiple monopolar and bipolar constant power loads. The electrical configuration of the bipolar DC grid considers that the reference pole is non-grounded along the feeder, which produces important neutral currents and voltage imbalances along the DC grid. The power flow problem is formulated through the triangular-based representation of the grid topology, which generates a recursive formulation that allows determining the voltage values in the demand nodes through an iterative procedure. The linear convergence of the triangular-based power flow method is tested through multiple load variations with respect to the nominal grid operative condition. Numerical results in the 21- and the 85-bus grids reveal the relevant variations in the voltage profiles and total grid power losses when the neutral cable is solidly grounded or not.
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Singh, Ankit Kumar. "UHVDC-Technology Future of India Electricity Transmission." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 20, 2021): 1620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36686.
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it's proposed to use highly complex grid controllers to include power grids into one super- grid that may acquire large penetration of inexhaustible powers, without compromising power quality, active and reactive power flow, and voltage and facility stability. The super-grid constructed with ultra- high voltage DC (UHVDC) and flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) together with dedicated ac and dc interconnectors with intelligent systems applications to supply a wise Integrated Super-Grid. DC interconnectors will segment the whole continent's power systems into five large asynchronous segments (regions). Noncontemporary divisions will prevent ac fault propagation between sections while allowing power exchange between different parts of the super-grid, with minimum difficulty for grid code unification or harmonization of regulatory regimes across the mainland as each segment maintains its accord . a sensible Integrated wattage Super-Grid powered by these technologies is critical in supporting sustained economic process and development; established on the keystone of renewable energy and utilizing over 600GW immeasurable potential of Africa's clean and renewable hydroelectric, photovoltaic and alternative energy as a little of a extensive energy comingle of traditional and complementary energy resources.
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Xu, Chao, Di Huang, Zhe Chen, Dong Peng, Lang Zhao, and Tianqi Zhang. "Application of Matter Element Analysis in Power Grid Development Diagnosis." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701052.
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The structure and form of modern power grids are becoming more and more complex, and there are many indicators and factors that need to be considered to evaluate the development status of the power grid. In order to diagnose the development level of power grid, the index system is reconstructed, which includes seven dimensions: the coordination of power grid development speed, the coordination of power grid development scale, the coordination of power grid structure, the security and reliability of power grid, the level of equipment, the utilization efficiency of power grid and the development benefit of power grid, the construction principle and index selection basis are given. When dealing with contradictory problems in reality, methods combining quantitative and qualitative can be applied to study. The matter element analysis method is applied to power grid development diagnosis, and a model of power grid development diagnosis based on matter element analysis is established, the model can not only diagnose the development level of power grid, but also determine the key factors that affect the diagnosis results, and give suggestions for improvement. The practical example verifies the feasibility and rationality of the method, which has good evaluation accuracy and prediction effect.
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Jiao, Bingqi, Zhicheng Xu, Kuan Zheng, Xiaoqing Yan, and Junshu Feng. "Evaluation method of clean power grid development mode." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602002.
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In response to the climate change, it has been becoming the consensus of most countries in the world to accelerate the development of a high proportion of clean energy. The power grid is the core to support the development of a high proportion of clean energy, and the key is to accelerate the construction of clean power grids. This paper focuses on the main characteristics of clean power grid construction, and proposes a set of clean power grid development evaluation indicators including 5 first-level indicators and 19 second-level indicators and an analysis method based on radar charts. Taking China Power Grid as an example, this paper analyzes in detail the characteristics of the medium and long-term development mode of clean power grids and the relative change trends of specific indicators, and discusses the key links and potential problems that need attention in the development of clean power grids.
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Lian, Shuai, Bintang Li, Jianbo Wang, and Rui Jiang. "On-line Update Method for the Sensitivity Consistency Model of Interconnected Power Grid Based on Electric Power Big Data." E3S Web of Conferences 256 (2021): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125601014.
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Real-time fast calculation of the power flow of the interconnected power grid is an important guarantee for the reliable operation of the interconnected power grid. The topology of the interconnected power grid is complex, and the calculation of the power flow of the whole network is large and timeconsuming. The sensitivity equivalent model can effectively simplify the interconnected power grid and shorten the time of the power flow calculation of the whole network. The operating state of the power grid is constantly changing. In order to ensure the accuracy of the power flow calculation results, it is necessary to update the uniform sensitivity equivalent model in real time. Due to factors such as the vertical management system between the interconnected power grids and the principle of commercial confidentiality, it is difficult to share information between interconnected power grids in real time, and the sensitivity equivalent model cannot be updated in real time, resulting in too much error in the calculation results and no reference value. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an online update method for the sensitivity equivalent model of the interconnected power grid based on power big data to solve the problem of excessive power flow calculation errors caused by the untimely update of the equivalent model parameters, and to ensure the operational reliability of the interconnected power grid.
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Xu, Min, Yan Cui, Tao Wang, Yaozhong Zhang, Yan Guo, and Xiaoying Zhang. "Optimal Dispatch of Wind Power, Photovoltaic Power, Concentrating Solar Power, and Thermal Power in Case of Uncertain Output." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 8215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218215.
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The integration of large-scale wind and photovoltaic power into modern power grids leads to an imbalance between the supply and demand for resources of the system, where this threatens the safety and stable operation of the grid. The traditional mode of grid dispatch and the capability of regulation of conventional thermal power units cannot satisfy the demands of grid connection for large-scale renewable energy, where the system requires the compensation and coordinated dispatch of flexible power sources. In light of this problem, this paper establishes a model to quantify the uncertainty in the forecasted outputs of wind and photovoltaic power. This is used to develop forecasts of the output of wind and photovoltaic power for several groups of scenarios, and predictions with the best complementarity are selected as a typical set of scenarios by means of their generation, reduction, and combination. By taking full advantage of the complementarity in the rates of regulation of conventional thermal power and concentrating solar power (CSP), a coordinated model of dispatch for wind power, photovoltaic power, CSP, and thermal power is established for a number of typical combinations of scenarios. The influence of uncertainty in the outputs of wind and photovoltaic power on the dispatch of the power grid is examined, and different modes of dispatch are formulated through simulations to analyze the superiority of the dispatch strategy proposed in this paper in terms of abandoned wind quantity, abandoned solar quantity, and the cost of dispatch.
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Chaurase, Payal, and Pankaj Ramtekkar. "A new design of control & power management strategies of hybrid ac-dc microgrids toward high power quality." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2089, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2089/1/012036.
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Abstract The micro grid idea provides for the lack of several reversing switches to unitary AC-DC grid that enables connection and charges (loads) to the electrical systems with changeable regenerative AC and CC sources. Safe operation and gadget safety involve digital integration with utilities/grid through power converters. Enhanced client reliability, decreased input losses, local voltages are supported, and waste heat efficiency increased, voltage drop or interruptible supply of electricity can be customized to satisfy their unique customer demands. Work at present Analyses the performance in grid tie mode of hybrid AC/DC systems. Here are PV systems, PV systems, For the construction of microgrids wind turbine generators and batteries are employed. Convert procedures for the correct coordination of AC sub-grids to DC subs-grids have also been established for converters. MATLAB/SIMULINK environment results are generated.
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Rizvi, Syed, and Ahmed Abu-Siada. "Active Power Sharing in a Micro-Grid with Multiple Grid Connections." Designs 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs6020024.
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This paper presents a mechanism for active power sharing among multiple dispatchable and distributed generation units within a micro grid comprising one or multiple interconnections with the main grid. Ideally, a micro grid should act as a constant load or a constant voltage source when connected to the main grid. However, to achieve ideal operation, natural load variations and the intermittency of renewable energy sources within the microgrid need to be adequately and timely compensated for by dispatchable power sources. While several control algorithms have been reported in the literature to achieve ideal microgrid operation, the majority of the proposed methods assumed a micro grid with a single interconnection to the main grid. In the real world, micro grids may have to maintain multiple live links with the main grid for several technical and operational reasons such as reliability, power-dispatch restriction, and operational limitations requirements. Therefore, a new method of active power sharing is proposed in this paper, which is equally effective for micro grids with one or multiple grid connections. The robustness of the proposed method is examined under different microgrid operating conditions. The results reveal the flexibility of the proposed method to adapt under various real-world operating conditions.
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Khramenkov, Vladislav. "On the conditions for safe connection to hub-cluster power grids." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-2022-30-4-424-435.
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Purpose of this work is studying of the dynamics of a power grid model that results from the expansion of a highly centralized grid, i.e. a hub-cluster, by adding a small subgrid. The main attention is paid to the study of possible power grid operation regimes and their characteristics. Methods. Numerical simulation of power grid operation, the dynamics of which is described by the Kuramoto equations with inertia, is used. Results. Various power grid operation regimes and the boundaries of their existence in the parameter space are given. The main characteristics of these regimes, such as the probability of realization and the magnitude of oscillations of regime variables, are considered. The conditions for safe connection to hub-cluster power grids are obtained. Conclusion. The dynamics of power grid consisting of two subgrids and its operation regimes are considered. Based on the characteristics of these regimes, their safety for subgrids is determined. The results obtained made it possible to formulate conditions for a safe connection to hub-cluster power grids.
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Khramenkov, Vladislav, Aleksei Dmitrichev, and Vladimir Nekorkin. "Dynamics and stability of two power grids with hub cluster topologies." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 8, 2019, Number 1 (June 20, 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2019-8-1-29-33.
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We report the results of study of two models of power grids with hub cluster topology based on the second-order Kuramoto system. The first model considered is the small grid consisting of a consumer and two generators. The second model is the Nizhny Novgorod power grid. The areas in the parameter spaces of the grids that corresponds to different modes, including working synchronous one, of their operation are obtained. The dynamic stability of synchronous mode in the Nizhny Novgorod power grid model to transient disturbances of the power at its elements is tested. We show that the stability of peripheral elements of the grid to disturbances depends significantly on the lengths of their connections to the rest of the grid
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Zhao, Yan, Ji Chun Liu, Jun Yong Liu, Xiang Yang An, Zheng Yu Gong, Chen He, Hong Hui Chen, and Xiao Li Zheng. "Research on Scheduling Strategy for Distribution Network with the Access of Multi-Microgrids Including PV/WT/ST." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.718.
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With the rise of micro-grid, renewable energy such as wind and solar power is introduced to the electric power grid, which has the random and intermittent characteristics, thus having great impact on the safety and stability for the electric power grid. This paper deeply analyzes the situation where multiple micro-grids are connected to power grid and establishes a scheme of joint scheduling model for micro-grids and distribution network, which considers network loss, load fluctuation and operation economy. Then a combined bi-level optimization algorithm is introduced to solve this model. The simulation result shows that reasonable scheduling of micro-grid and distribution network not only can smooth the load curve but also reduce network loss and achieve load shifting result.
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Dilparić-Cakić, Milica, and Mihajlo Ristić. "Smart grids and power system reliability." Zbornik radova Elektrotehnicki institut Nikola Tesla 31, no. 31 (2021): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zeint31-34940.
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Smart grids and the reliability of the power system issues are discussed in the paper. Smart Grids have emerged as a mean to increase the efficiency of energy systems around the world. Based on the analysis of Smart Grid implementation, liberalization of the electricity market and system reliability, it is concluded that Smart Grid has not improved the reliability of the power system The reliability can be improved only by constant investment in production and capital plants of the system, with optimal use of smart grids.. The paper presents the case study of disintegration of the power system under calm weather conditions, and case of low quality of power delivery where smart grids did not help enough.
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Chao, Kong. "The Construction of Diversified Funding Mechanism of Chinese Rural Power Grid Upgrading Project Based on the Practice of Rural Power Grids Upgrading in China." Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN: 2456-3544) 1, no. 6 (June 30, 2015): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v1i6.124.
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During the twelfth Five-Year plan of China, in order to solve many problems that exist in the rural power grids and change the situation that some rural areas lack the supply of electric power, the Chinese government proposed a new round of rural power grid upgrading project.Rural power grid upgrading project need a large mount of funding.The current funding mechanism of rural power grid upgrading project China is single,and it can not fully meet the demand for funds of rural power grid upgrading project. Therefore, based on the current situation of Chinese market-oriented reforms and the rapid development of social organizations,making the design of diversified funding mechanism of chinese rural power grid upgrading project.By utilize of fiscal funds , private capital, social capital and financial capital to build the diversified funding mechanism of chinese rural power grid upgrading project, it will meet the demand for funds of rural power grid upgrading project.
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Zhang, Aijun, Xingfeng Xiao, Xuan Fu, and Dan Wang. "Research on New Energy Power Grid-Integration on Grid Power Quality." International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijgdc.2016.9.4.01.
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Sheryazov, Saken Koyshybaevich, Sultanbek Sansyzbaevich Issenov, Ruslan Maratbekovich Iskakov, and Argyn Bauyrzhanuly Kaidar. "Special Aspects of Using the Wind Power Plants In the Power Supply System." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801003.
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The paper describes special aspects of using the wind power plants (wind turbines) in the power grid. The paper provides the classification and schematic presentation of AC wind turbines, analyzes the role, place and performance of wind power plants in Smart Grid systems with a large share of renewable energy sources. The authors also reviews a detailed analysis of existing AC wind turbines in this paper. Recommendations are given for how to enhance the wind power plants in smart grids in terms of reliability, and introduce the hardware used in the generation, conversion and interface systems into the existing power grid. After the wind power plants had been put online, the relevance of the Smart Grid concept for existing power grids was obvious. The execution of such projects is assumed to be financially costly, requires careful study, and development of flexible algorithms, but in some cases this may be the only approach. The analysis of using wind turbines shows that the structural configuration of wind power plants can be based on the principles known in the power engineering. The approaches may differ, not fundamentally, but in engineering considerations. it is necessary to point out that the method of controlling dual-power machines is quite comprehensive so that their wide use will face operational problems caused by the lack of highly professional specialists in electric drives. Therefore, it seems advisable to use square-cage asynchronous generators in wide applications. The paper shows that as the renewable energy sources are largely used in power grids, there is an issue of maintaining the power generation at a required level considering the variability of incoming wind energy. This results in the malfunctions in the operation of relay protection devices and emergency control automatics (RP and ECA), and the complicated control. Also, the standards of the CIS countries and regulatory documents miss the requirements for the wind turbine protections, taking into account their specialty causing the inefficient standard protective logic, which does not work correctly in a number of abnormal and emergency operating modes, and especially Smart Grid in power grids.
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Bhandari, Khem Raj, and Narayan Prasad Adhikari. "Grid Integration of Solar and Solar/Wind Hybrid Mini-Grid Projects: A Case of Solar/Wind Hybrid Mini-Grid Project Implemented by AEPC." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 13, 2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32004.
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Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC) has been scaling up renewable energy technologies through Mini-grid power supply in Nepal’s off-grid areas in order to fulfill community electricity demands for both households and electricity-based enterprises. It is likely that, in some of the off-grid renewable energy (RE) mini-grid service areas, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) grid line might reach in near future. The objective of this study is to highlight success stories of solar and solar/wind mini-grids implemented by AEPC and for their longer-term sustainable operation grid integration policy of isolated mini-grid systems will require. Till the date AEPC has successfully electrified more than 20 rural communities through solar and solar/wind hybrid mini-grid systems. Some of these isolated mini-grid projects will seek grid interconnections in near future due to NEA distribution system expansion trend. When the isolated mini-grids will be connected to the national grid power network in future, the mini-grid can feed surplus electricity to the local utility grid line and will receive deficit electricity from the local utility grid system to serve the consumers connected to the local grid network. The methodology applied to this study is assessment of existing solar and solar/wind mini-grid projects, technological intervention required for grid integration, reviewing grid-connection policy of distributed renewable generations in the country and recommendation of relevant policy option for grid connection of rural mini-grids. Grid integration of isolated solar and solar/wind mini-grids will have positive impacts to the sustainability of the present isolated mini-grids, will help in retaining existing mini-grids end users, energy produced by mini-grid systems will be optimally utilized, the existing mini-grid power will contribute to stabilize weak national grid electrical parameters. The outcome of the study will recommend need of policy options as well as technological interventions in order to do grid integration of solar and solar/wind hybrid mini-grid systems in Nepal.
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Li, Hong Kai, Wei Li Wang, Jin Xing Wang, Shu Han Wang, and Li Hong. "Research and Analysis of Reliability of Power Grid SVG Master Circuit in Rural Areas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1299.
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Problems such as low voltage and big line loss have long existing in the power grid in rural areas of China. In recent years, some province and cities have improved voltage and reduced line loss by installing SVG at substations in rural power grids, and the effect is remarkable.With great compensation capacity and a good variety of modes of compensation, SVG is sure to replace old reactive compensation devices in rural power grid in future, which requires evaluation and analysis of SVG reliability so as to guarantee safety and stability of the power grid. However, now no research or analysis has been made in China on SVG reliability in rural power grids, which affects wide promotion of SVG in rural power grids.Under the background of Liaoning Power Grid 10kV/±5Mvar Chain SVG, this paper analyzes the reliability of k/n (G) system model of SVG master circuit structure, improving the accuracy of system reliability estimation. The estimation matches the operation outcome, thus providing data basis for the feasibility of SVG’s wide application in rural power grid in future.
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Kavya Santhoshi, B., K. Mohana Sundaram, Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen, and Prabhakaran K. K. "Critical Review of PV Grid-Tied Inverters." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 20, 2019): 1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101921.
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Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been in use predominantly since the last decade. Inverter fed PV grid topologies are being used prominently to meet power requirements and to insert renewable forms of energy into power grids. At present, coping with growing electricity demands is a major challenge. This paper presents a detailed review of topological advancements in PV-Grid Tied Inverters along with the advantages, disadvantages and main features of each. The different types of inverters used in the literature in this context are presented. Reactive power is one of the ancillary services provided by PV. It is recommended that reactive power from the inverter to grid be injected for reactive power compensation in localized networks. This practice is being implemented in many countries, and researchers have been trying to find an optimal way of injecting reactive power into grids considering grid codes and requirements. Keeping in mind the importance of grid codes and standards, a review of grid integration, the popular configurations available in literature, Synchronization methods and standards is presented, citing the key features of each kind. For successful integration with a grid, coordination between the support devices used for reactive power compensation and their optimal reactive power capacity is important for stability in grid power. Hence, the most important and recommended intelligent algorithms for the optimization and proper coordination are peer reviewed and presented. Thus, an overview of Solar PV energy-fed inverters connected to the grid is presented in this paper, which can serve as a guide for researchers and policymakers.
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Muhammad, Moiz, Holger Behrends, Stefan Geißendörfer, Karsten von Maydell, and Carsten Agert. "Power Hardware-in-the-Loop: Response of Power Components in Real-Time Grid Simulation Environment." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030593.
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With increasing changes in the contemporary energy system, it becomes essential to test the autonomous control strategies for distributed energy resources in a controlled environment to investigate power grid stability. Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) concept is an efficient approach for such evaluations in which a virtually simulated power grid is interfaced to a real hardware device. This strongly coupled software-hardware system introduces obstacles that need attention for smooth operation of the laboratory setup to validate robust control algorithms for decentralized grids. This paper presents a novel methodology and its implementation to develop a test-bench for a real-time PHIL simulation of a typical power distribution grid to study the dynamic behavior of the real power components in connection with the simulated grid. The application of hybrid simulation in a single software environment is realized to model the power grid which obviates the need to simulate the complete grid with a lower discretized sample-time. As an outcome, an environment is established interconnecting the virtual model to the real-world devices. The inaccuracies linked to the power components are examined at length and consequently a suitable compensation strategy is devised to improve the performance of the hardware under test (HUT). Finally, the compensation strategy is also validated through a simulation scenario.
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Wei, K., D. Fang, D. Gao, J. Li, W. Wang, Q. Peng, A. Wang, and S. Lin. "Metal Paths and Distribution Characteristics of Metro Stray Current Flowing into Power Grid." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2465, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2465/1/012031.
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Abstract In order to analyze the paths and distribution characteristics of stray current flowing into the power grid, this paper uses CDEGS software to establish a coupling model including the metro line and the surrounding power grid and considering the metal structures. The distribution and flow paths of stray currents in the power grid are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the cable armoring connection to the grounded grids of the metro and substation is the metal path, through which the stray current flows into the power grid. Stray currents can also invade the grid through the soil.
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Zhao, Yi, Li Liu, and Wen Yao Sun. "A Study on the Impact of Microgrid Stability Containing Distributed Power." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 865–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.865.
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The grid is one of the most important ways of distributed power generation.Micro-grid existence provides a new approach to solve the contradiction between the large power grids and distributed power.This paper studies the stability of Micro-grid contained DG. It establishes the simulation model of typical Micro-grid and studied the impact of transient stability in micro-grid by different fault types and different fault points. Look for the general rules of Micro-grid stability impact by different control mode and different disturbance. Dynamic response curve of Voltage and frequency in micro-grid is reached .Analysis of simulation results, this paper gets the general rule on the effect of stability of Micro-grid.
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Zhao, Jinli, Hongshan Zhou, Bo Chen, and Peng Li. "Research on the Structural Characteristics of Transmission Grid Based on Complex Network Theory." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/261798.
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Reasonable and strong structure is an important foundation for the smart transmission grid. For vigorously promoting construction of the smart grid, it is of great significance to have a thorough understanding of the complex structural characteristics of the power grid. The structural characteristics of several actual large-scale power grids of China are studied in this paper based on the complex network theory. Firstly, the topology-based network model of power grid is recalled for analyzing the statistical characteristic parameters. The result demonstrated that although some statistical characteristic parameters could reflect the topological characteristics of power grid from different ways, they have certain limitation in representing the electrical characteristics of power grid. Subsequently, the network model based on the electrical distance is established considering the limitation of topology-based model, which reflects that current and voltage distribution in the power grid are subject to Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Law. Comparing with the topology-based model, the electrical distance-based model performs better in reflecting the natural electrical characteristic structure of power grid, especially intuitive and effective in analyzing clustering characteristics and agglomeration characteristics of power grid. These two models could complement each other.
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Tavarov, Saidjon, and Kristina Ivshina. "Simulation modeling of urban power grid operation mode." Energy Safety and Energy Economy 1 (February 2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2022-1-10-14.
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Certain variable factors can impact reliability and efficiency of power grids. In this paper, we investigated contribution of variable factors into operation of urban power grid in the city of Dushanbe, Tajikistan, as an example. An indicator reflecting some specific reasons of uneven phase loads in power grids during peak hours was offered. A simulation model was built in Matlab and typical scenarios of power consumption were analyzed. The simulation results verified that a power grid operation mode is subject to change depending on considered variable factors.
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Kebede, Fitsum-Salehu, Jean-Christophe Olivier, Salvy Bourguet, and Mohamed Machmoum. "Reliability Evaluation of Renewable Power Systems through Distribution Network Power Outage Modelling." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 3225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113225.
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Intermittent power interruptions and blackouts with long outage durations are very common, especially on weak distribution grids such as in developing countries. This paper proposes a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-battery-system sizing optimization through a genetic algorithm to address the reliability in fragile grids measured by the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) index. Recorded historical outage data from a real stochastic grid in Ethiopia and measured customer load is used. The resulting hybrid-system Pareto solutions give the flexibility for customers/power utilities to choose appropriate sizes based on the required reliability level. To evaluate the sizing solutions’ robustness, this work considers and compares grid outage modeling through two different approaches. The first is a Markov model, developed to be minimally implemented with limited outage data available. The second is a Weibull model, commonly used to describe extreme phenomena and failure analysis. It is more faithful in reproducing the dispersion of outage events. Using these models, the effectiveness and performance of the PV-battery system is verified on a large number of simulated outage scenarios, to estimate the real performance of the optimized design. It leads to a more accurate evaluation of the behavior of a renewable power system to a weak and unreliable electrical grid.
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Veichtlbauer, Armin, Alexander Heinisch, Ferdinand von von Tüllenburg, Peter Dorfinger, Oliver Langthaler, and Ulrich Pache. "Smart Grid Virtualisation for Grid-Based Routing." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111879.
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Due to changed power consumption patterns, technological advance and deregulation, the appearance of the power grid in the low and medium voltage segment has changed. The spread of heating and cooling with electrical energy and an increase of electric vehicles as well as the broad rollout of photovoltaic systems has a major impact on the peak power demand of modern households and the volatility smart grids have to face. Thus, besides the load impact of the growing population of electric vehicles, modern households are not only consumers of electrical power, but also power producers, so called prosumers. The rising number of prosumers and the limitations of grid capacities lead to an increasingly distributed system of heterogeneous components, which have to be managed and operated with locality and scalability in mind. Virtualisation technologies, particularly known as state of the art in data centre computing, can lead to a paradigm shift needed to meet the growing demands of this evolution. A key issue here is to forward data to the correct data sinks, where data are required in order to keep the grid balanced. This routing process has to be able to react on grid changes in a timely manner, i.e., it must be based on the instantaneous state of the grid. In this paper, we propose a solution based on virtualising the communication infrastructure in the low and medium voltage grid. We evaluate two different approaches. The first approach is based on SDN; an ONOS SDN controller is used to change the behaviour of the communication infrastructure according to information provided by components of the power grid. The second approach uses Coaty and a Mosquitto MQTT broker to deliver messages to the desired endpoint, again based on information from the power grid.
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Gao, Yong Xin. "Study on Effect of Micro-Power System Operation and Market Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.149.
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Micro-grid to facilitate a large number of distributed energy resources (DER) interconnection and access in the low voltage distribution system, provides a mechanism to take advantage of DER generating units, micro-grid profiles are described in the text and its development, micro-Islanding detection of grid management systems, micro-grid issues and micro-grids, market competitive issues. That urgency of micro-grid and Islanding detection methods, along with bidding in power market, the only generation involved in unilateral bidding mechanism and power side and the user side and participate in bilateral bidding mechanism.
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Kirmani, Sheeraz, Abdul Mazid, Irfan Ahmad Khan, and Manaullah Abid. "A Survey on IoT-Enabled Smart Grids: Technologies, Architectures, Applications, and Challenges." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010717.
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The state of the power system has changed over the last decades. Recently, the power system has faced several challenges and issues. On the one side, demands for electrical energy are increasing day-by-day, with power losses, grid failure, and lack of smart technology; on the other side, security threats are also increasing. The current power grid cannot deal with these issues. The Internet of things (IoT) has grown quickly in a very short time because of its main features. By using IoT in the power grid, we can enhance the conventional grid’s efficiency, capacity, reliability, sustainability, scalability, and stability. Using the IoT in smart grids resolves the numerous problems faced by current smart grids. According to the latest research on IoT-enabled smart grid (SG) systems, security issues have been identified as one of the key problems. This paper reviews the different security aspects and applications while integrating the IoT with smart grids and discusses various frameworks. Apart from this, we also focus on various IoT and non-IoT technologies used in the smart grid network, such as sensing, communication, and computing technologies, as well as their standards.
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Cheng, Junwen, Qi Jiang, Gong Cheng, Ruibang Gong, and Xuan Du. "Distribution Network Grid Planning and Automatic Routing Based on Cluster Analysis Algorithm." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (August 21, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7262323.
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In order to improve the efficiency of power grid enterprises under the background of new power reform, the author proposes a set of planning ideas and methods for medium-voltage distribution networks based on the optimal division of power supply grids. First, the layout of the main channel in the planning area should be determined to ensure the reservation of land resources. Then, on the basis of clarifying the purpose and principle of grid division, based on the selection of the nearest load backup substation and the load clustering method, the optimal division of the power supply grid should be realized on a global scale. Finally, in each power supply grid, the wiring mode and the primary and secondary construction and renovation standards are selected based on the classification of the supply area, and the main line wiring planning is carried out. For the grid frame in the transition year, in order to avoid repeated reconstruction and facilitate construction, the principle of piece-by-piece construction and reconstruction is proposed. The results show that by the target year, each power supply grid in the planning area will use two substations as power points, the power supply range of the main lines of each grid is limited to this grid, the lines between grids will not be connected, and the line connection rate will reach 100% and all meet the N-1 check. The proposed method follows the basic planning concept of “technically feasible and economically optimal” on the basis of overall planning and transforms the complex global planning of distribution network into local planning within each optimized grid, and it enables different planners to obtain a basically consistent grid optimization scheme, strengthens the scientificity and certainty of planning, and provides a reference for the revision and refinement of relevant guidelines, which has been practically applied.
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Chen, Wei Min, and Cai Hui. "Design on a Micro-Grid System without Inverse-Power-Flow Based on Distributed Generation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 321-324 (June 2013): 1342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.321-324.1342.
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Recent years, traditional radiate passive power distribution will become an active power with many medium or small power sources and loads, when distributed generation by new energy (such as wind power or photovoltaic power) are connected to power grid more and more. This change of power distribution brings large harm to security of power grid. This paper proposed a micro-grid system without inverse-power-flow based on distributed generation, which center controller and load controller are deployed, and distribution powers, loads and load controllers are partitioned into different domains connected to micro-grid by controllable switch. The function of main units of micro-grid is discussed; as well as the operation strategy of micro grid based on distributed generation is studied. Finally, the experiment results show the feasibility of the proposed micro-grid system.
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Ji, Peng, Lipeng Zhu, Chao Lu, Wei Lin, and Jürgen Kurths. "How Price-Based Frequency Regulation Impacts Stability in Power Grids: A Complex Network Perspective." Complexity 2020 (February 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6297134.
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With the deregulation of modern power grids, electricity markets are playing a more and more important role in power grid operation and control. However, it is still questionable how the real-time electricity price-based operation affects power grid stability. From a complex network perspective, here we investigate the dynamical interactions between price-based frequency regulations and physical networks, which results in an interesting finding that a local minimum of network stability occurs when the response strength of generators/consumers to the varying price increases. A case study of the real world-based China Southern Power Grid demonstrates the finding and exhibits a feasible approach to network stability enhancement in smart grids. This also provides guidance for potential upgrade and expansion of the current power grids in a cleaner and safer way.
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Nainar, Karthikeyan, and Florin Iov. "Three-Phase State Estimation for Distribution-Grid Analytics." Clean Technologies 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3020022.
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Power-distribution grids consist of assets such as transformers, cables, and switches, of which the proper utilization is essential for the provision of a secure and reliable power supply to end customers. Distribution-system operators (DSOs) are responsible for the operation and maintenance of these assets. Due to the increased use of renewable sources such as wind and solar, grid assets are prone to operation conditions outside safe boundaries, such as overloading, large voltage unbalance, and a rise in voltage. At present, distribution grids are poorly monitored by DSOs, and the above-mentioned problems may thereby go unnoticed until the failure of a critical asset occurs. The deployment of smart meters in distribution grids has enabled measurements of grid variables such as power, current, and voltage. However, their measurements are used only for billing purposes, and not for monitoring and improving the operating condition of distribution grids. In this paper, a state-estimation algorithm is proposed that utilizes smart-meter data for offline analysis, and estimates the loading of grid assets and power losses. Single- and three-phase state-estimation algorithms are compared through simulation studies on a real-life low-voltage distribution grid using measured smart-meter data. The three-phase state-estimation algorithm based on the nonlinear weighted least-squares method was found to be more accurate in estimating cable loading and line power losses. The proposed method is useful for DSOs to analyze power flows in their distribution grids and take necessary actions such as grid upgrades or the rerouting of power flows.
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Cerf, Vinton G. "Our Fragile Power Grid." IEEE Internet Computing 20, no. 2 (March 2016): 96—c3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mic.2016.36.
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Bischofberger, Catherine. "Automatizing the power grid." Interactions 26, no. 3 (April 23, 2019): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3322801.
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Fairley, P. "The unruly power grid." IEEE Spectrum 41, no. 8 (August 2004): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2004.1318179.
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Rauch, Johannes, and Oliver Brückl. "Achieving Optimal Reactive Power Compensation in Distribution Grids by Using Industrial Compensation Systems." Electricity 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2023): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity4010006.
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This paper presents a method for integrating industrial consumers owning compensation systems as alternative reactive power sources into grid operating processes. In remuneration, they receive a market-based provision of reactive power. The aim is to analyze the potential of reactive power compensation systems of industrial companies connected to medium-voltage (10 kV–30 kV) AC grids in order to increase the reactive power ability of distribution grids. Measurement methods and reactive power potential results of six industrial companies are presented to characterize the amount and temporal availability of their reactive power potential. The presented approach for using the decentralized reactive power potential is a centralized reactive power control method and is based on optimal power flow (OPF) calculations. An optimization algorithm based on linear programming is used to coordinate a reactive power retrieval tuned to the actual demand. The influencing quantities are the current grid status (voltage and load flow capacity reserves at grid nodes and power lines) and the current reactive power potential of the reactive power sources. The compensation impact of six measured industrial companies on an exemplary medium-voltage grid is shown by an application example.