Journal articles: 'Grid impact'

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PÁL, Daniel, Ľubomír BEŇA, and Maksym OLIINYK. "THE IMPACT OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES ON SMART GRID." Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica 1335-8243, no. 1338-3957 (June 9, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15546/aeei-2021-0006.

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This publication examines the impact of electric vehicles on the grid. Electric cars are becoming more and more popular in the world. The annual sales quantity of electric cars in the world has an upward trajectory which has some serious implications on the electric grid as well. Both passenger and freight transport are being influenced by this current trend. In addition to various methods of transport, electric cars have the potential to transform traditional grids into smart ones. The primary objective of this study is to examine to what extent the voltage at the nodes changes when electric cars are connected to the network and also sets out to provide us with some overview of the effects on active power loss in the network.

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Zhao, Yi, Li Liu, and Wen Yao Sun. "A Study on the Impact of Microgrid Stability Containing Distributed Power." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 865–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.865.

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The grid is one of the most important ways of distributed power generation.Micro-grid existence provides a new approach to solve the contradiction between the large power grids and distributed power.This paper studies the stability of Micro-grid contained DG. It establishes the simulation model of typical Micro-grid and studied the impact of transient stability in micro-grid by different fault types and different fault points. Look for the general rules of Micro-grid stability impact by different control mode and different disturbance. Dynamic response curve of Voltage and frequency in micro-grid is reached .Analysis of simulation results, this paper gets the general rule on the effect of stability of Micro-grid.

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Huang, Liang, Chao Wu, Dao Zhou, and Frede Blaabjerg. "Impact of Grid Strength and Impedance Characteristics on the Maximum Power Transfer Capability of Grid-Connected Inverters." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (May 10, 2021): 4288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094288.

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Continuously expanding deployments of distributed power generation systems are transforming conventional centralized power grids into mixed distributed electrical networks. The higher penetration and longer distance from the renewable energy source to the main power grid result in lower grid strength, which stimulates the power limitation problem. Aimed at this problem, case studies of inductive and resistive grid impedance with different grid strengths have been carried out to evaluate the maximum power transfer capability of grid-connected inverters. It is revealed that power grids with a higher short circuit ratio (SCR) or lower resistance-inductance ratio (R/X) provide higher power transfer capability. Moreover, under the resistive grid conditions, a higher voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) is beneficial to increase the power transfer capability. Based on mathematical analysis, the maximum power curves in the inductive and resistive grids can be found. Moreover, a performance index is proposed in this paper to quantify the performance of the system with different parameter values. Finally, the effectiveness of the analysis is verified by simulation.

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Koroma, Mohamed, and Ibrahim Abdulai Sawaneh. "The Impact and Application of Smart Grid on Global Energy Delivery." Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 3, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ajir20237.

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This paper presents a detailed survey of global energy delivery and smart grid approaches. Particularly in the sense that shows the impacts on the production of energy resources globally. How can energy losses be reduced, primarily by implementing smart grid approaches? Power transfers and reduction of energy sources can be made by smart grids with information technology (I.T) such as sensors digital meters and communication networks. Energy from photovoltaic and wind power are some of the energy delivery systems that have gained attention since they are cheap and environment-friendly and do not emit greenhouse gas. Presently available grid is insufficient to serve future systems. For this reason, an intelligent grid system is required to support future needs for society. This paper expounds on the impacts of the existing power delivery system and suggests a smart grid for global energy delivery on a better management system.

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Then, Daniel, Christian Spalthoff, Johannes Bauer, Tanja M. Kneiske, and Martin Braun. "Impact of Natural Gas Distribution Network Structure and Operator Strategies on Grid Economy in Face of Decreasing Demand." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030664.

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Currently, natural gas provides more than a third of the energy used in European residential buildings. As part of the general decline of fossil fuels, this gas consumption is predicted to drop in several countries by 25–100% by 2050. We model a decline in gas consumption in 57 urban German distribution grids looking for the influence of grid-specific factors and different distribution network operator (DNO) strategies on grid charges. We find a functional relationship between grid length and customer amount described by a power law, with an exponent correlated with structural grid parameters. The disordered structure inherent to grids typically results in a decline in grid costs much slower than the corresponding demand. We introduce a simplified yearly cash flow calculation model based on the power law and validate it against mixed integer linear optimization. A comparison of the total costs of operation and resulting grid charges for several scenarios and strategies estimates the effects on DNO business models. Depending on a combination of DNO’s strategy and customers’ exit pattern, grid charges may increase, accelerating the substitution of gas-bound technologies that might develop into a self-reinforcing feedback loop, leading to grid defection.

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Latõšov, Eduard, Ieva Pakere, Lina Murauskaite, and Anna Volkova. "Impact of Grid Gas Requirements on Hydrogen Blending Levels." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0052.

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Abstract The aim of the article is to determine what amount of hydrogen in %mol can be transferred/stored in the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian grid gas networks, based on the limitations of chemical and physical requirements, technical requirements of the gas network, and quality requirements. The main characteristics for the analysis of mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas are the Wobbe Index, relative density, methane number, and calorific value. The calculation of the effects of hydrogen blending on the above main characteristics of a real grid gas is based on the principles described in ISO 6976:2016 and the distribution of the grid gas mole fraction components from the grid gas quality reports. The Wärtsila methane number calculator was used to illustrate the effects of hydrogen blending on the methane number of the grid gas. The calculation results show that the maximum hydrogen content in the grid gas (hydrogen and natural gas mix), depending on the grid gas quality parameters (methane number, gross heat of combustion, specific gravity, and the Wobbe Index), is in the range of 5–23 %mol H2. The minimum hydrogen content (5 %mol H2) is limited by specific gravity (>0.55). The next limitation is at 12 %mol H2 and is related to the gross heat of combustion (>9.69 kWh/m3). It is advisable to explore the readiness of gas grids and consumers in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania before switching to higher hydrogen blend levels. If the applicability and safety of hydrogen blends above 5 %mol is approved, then it is necessary to analyse the possible reduction of the minimum requirements for the quality of the grid gas and evaluate the associated risks (primarily related to specific gravity).

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Ding, Jianguo, Attia Qammar, Zhimin Zhang, Ahmad Karim, and Huansheng Ning. "Cyber Threats to Smart Grids: Review, Taxonomy, Potential Solutions, and Future Directions." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 17, 2022): 6799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186799.

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Smart Grids (SGs) are governed by advanced computing, control technologies, and networking infrastructure. However, compromised cybersecurity of the smart grid not only affects the security of existing energy systems but also directly impacts national security. The increasing number of cyberattacks against the smart grid urgently necessitates more robust security protection technologies to maintain the security of the grid system and its operations. The purpose of this review paper is to provide a thorough understanding of the incumbent cyberattacks’ influence on the entire smart grid ecosystem. In this paper, we review the various threats in the smart grid, which have two core domains: the intrinsic vulnerability of the system and the external cyberattacks. Similarly, we analyze the vulnerabilities of all components of the smart grid (hardware, software, and data communication), data management, services and applications, running environment, and evolving and complex smart grids. A structured smart grid architecture and global smart grid cyberattacks with their impact from 2010 to July 2022 are presented. Then, we investigated the the thematic taxonomy of cyberattacks on smart grids to highlight the attack strategies, consequences, and related studies analyzed. In addition, potential cybersecurity solutions to smart grids are explained in the context of the implementation of blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. Finally, technical future directions based on the analysis are provided against cyberattacks on SGs.

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Barbato, Alessio, Clara Iacovano, and Francesco Cicci. "Impact of Grid Density on the Analysis of the In-Cylinder Flow of an Optical Engine." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 06018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019706018.

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The evaluation of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) flows by 3D-CFD strongly depends on a combination of mutually interacting factors, among which grid resolution, closure model, numerics. A careful choice should be made in order to limit the extremely high computational cost and numerical problems arising from the combination of refined grids, high-order numeric schemes and complex geometries typical of ICEs. The paper focuses on the comparison between different grid strategies: in particular, attention is focused firstly on near-wall grid through the comparison between multi-layer and single-layer grids, and secondly on core grid density. The performance of each grid strategy is assessed in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. A detailed comparison is presented against PIV flow measurements of the Spray Guided Darmstadt Engine available at the Darmstadt University of Technology. As many research groups are simultaneously working on the Darmstadt engine using different CFD codes and meshing approaches, it constitutes a perfect environment for both method validation and scientific cooperation. A motored engine condition is chosen and the flow evolution throughout the engine cycle is evaluated on two different section planes. Pros and cons of each grid strategy are highlighted and motivated.

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Clement-Nyns, Kristien, Edwin Haesen, and Johan Driesen. "The impact of vehicle-to-grid on the distribution grid." Electric Power Systems Research 81, no. 1 (January 2011): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2010.08.007.

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Held, Lukas, Alexandra Märtz, Dominik Krohn, Jonas Wirth, Martin Zimmerlin, Michael R. Suriyah, Thomas Leibfried, Patrick Jochem, and Wolf Fichtner. "The Influence of Electric Vehicle Charging on Low Voltage Grids with Characteristics Typical for Germany." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (December 10, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040088.

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The increasing number of electric vehicles poses new challenges to the power grid. Their charging process stresses the power system, as additional energy has to be supplied, especially during peak load periods. This additional load can result in critical network situations depending on various parameters. These impacts may vary based on market penetration, the energy demand, the plug-in time, the charging rate, and the grid topology and the associated operational equipment. Hence, the impact of electric vehicles (EVs) on the power grid was analysed for twelve typical German low voltage grids by applying power flow calculations. One main result was that thermal and voltage-related network overloads were highly dependent on market penetration and grid topology.

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Ilyushin, P., and A. Kulikov. "Specifics of Emergency Operation in Distribution Grid and their Effect on Integration and Functioning of Distributed Generation Facilities." Energy Systems Research, no. 4(12) (February 1, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.38028/esr.2020.04.0001.

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This paper focuses on the characteristic features of distribution grids, which have the greatest impact on the stability of generators and motor loads. It shows that severe accidents in distribution and transmission grids differ in nature, starting with an overload leading to line disconnections and further evolving into a voltage collapse. It appears that where generator capacity is commensurate with the total power of motors in a grid, the motor load has a significant impact on transients. The paper discusses how asynchronous operation is triggered, progresses, and can be addressed in a grid with distributed generation (DG) facilities. It further analyzes the consequences of deep grid sectionalization and proves why grid structure needs to be optimized for further development. The paper also shows how to take into account the specifics of emergency processes (i.e., accident-associated processes) in distribution grids when integrating and operating DG facilities.

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Varetsky, Yuriy, and Michal Gajdzica. "Study of Short Circuit and Inrush Current Impact on the Current-Limiting Reactor Operation in an Industrial Grid." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 10, 2023): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020811.

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Current-limiting reactors are widely used in industrial electrical grids to reduce the current amplitude in the equipment and stabilize the voltage on the busbar during short circuits. Their application is distinguished by high technical and economic efficiency. However, mechanical damage to the reactors has been observed within extensive industrial grids with many induction motors and internal synchronous generators. The article analyses a case study of the reactor damage in the true industrial grid during a short circuit. An analysis of the damaged reactor’s previous operation had shown that there was a weakening of the fastenings in the reactor design, caused by the repeated starting currents of the grid motors and generators. A study of grid transients during short circuits was carried out by Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results showed that the reactor could be damaged by a critical peak current in an unfavourable combination of the grid configuration and the short circuit location. The results of the study prove that, for industrial networks containing powerful induction motors and internal synchronous generators, the standardized procedure for selecting current-limiting reactors should additionally consider such factors as the localization in the grid, the effect of equipment-starting currents and possible grid configurations.

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Zarzycki, C. M., K. A. Reed, J. Bacmeister, A. P. Craig, S. C. Bates, and N. A. Rosenbloom. "Impact of ocean coupling strategy on extremes in high-resolution atmospheric simulations." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2015): 7983–8007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-7983-2015.

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Abstract. This paper discusses the sensitivity of tropical cyclone climatology to ocean coupling strategy in high-resolution configurations of the Community Earth System Model. Using two supported model setups, we demonstrate that the choice of grid on which the lowest model level wind stress and surface fluxes are computed may lead to differences in cyclone strength in multi-decadal climate simulations, particularly for the most intense cyclones. Using a deterministic framework, we show that when these surface quantities are calculated on an ocean grid that is coarser than the atmosphere, the computed frictional stress is misaligned with wind vectors in individual atmospheric grid cells. This reduces the effective surface drag, and results in more intense cyclones when compared to a model configuration where the ocean and atmosphere are of equivalent resolution. Our results demonstrate that the choice of computation grid for atmosphere/ocean interactions is non-negligible when considering climate extremes at high horizontal resolution, especially when model components are on highly disparate grids.

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Jeon, Sang Youn, and Young Shin Lee. "An Estimation of the Dynamic Buckling Load for the Spacer Grid of Pressurized Water Reactor Fuel Assembly." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1603.

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This study contains an estimation of the dynamic buckling load for the spacer grid of fuel assembly in pressurized water reactor. Three different estimation methods were proposed for the calculation of the dynamic buckling loads of spacer grid. The dynamic impact tests and analyses were performed to evaluate the impact characteristics of the spacer grids and to predict the dynamic buckling load of the full size spacer grid. The estimation results were compared with the test results for the verification of the estimation methods.

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Yu, Yunhe, Aditya Shekhar, Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli, and Pavol Bauer. "Comparative Impact of Three Practical Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Schemes on Low Voltage Distribution Grids." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 8722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228722.

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This paper benchmarks the performance of three practical electric vehicle (EV) charging scheduling methods relative to uncontrolled charging (UNC) in low-voltage (LV) distribution grids. The charging methods compared are the voltage droop method (VDM), price-signal-based method (PSM) and average rate method (ARM). Trade-offs associated with the grid performance, charging demand fulfilment and economic benefits are explored for three different grid types and four increasing levels of EV penetration for summer and winter. This study was carried out using grid simulations of six existing Dutch distribution grids, and the EV charging demand was generated based on 1.5 M EV charging sessions; therefore, the findings of this research are relevant for actual case studies. The results suggest that the PSM can be a preferred strategy for achieving a charging cost reduction of 6–11% when the grid performance is not a bottleneck for the given EV penetration. However, it can lead to an increased peak loading of the grid under certain operational conditions, resulting in a charging energy deficiency ratio of 4–8%. The VDM should be preferred if user information on the parking time and energy demand is not consistently available, and if the mitigation of grid congestion is critical. However, both unfinished charging events and charging costs increase with the VDM. The ARM provides the best balance in the trade-offs associated with the mitigation of grid congestion and price reduction, as well as charging completion. This research provides a perception of how to select the most appropriate practical charging strategy based on the given system requirements. The outcome of this study can also serve as a benchmark for advanced smart charging algorithm evaluation in the future.

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Laveyne, Joannes I., Dimitar Bozalakov, Greet Van Eetvelde, and Lieven Vandevelde. "Impact of Solar Panel Orientation on the Integration of Solar Energy in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids." International Journal of Photoenergy 2020 (February 1, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2412780.

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In Belgium, and many other countries, rooftop solar panels are becoming a ubiquitous form of decentralised energy production. The increasing share of these distributed installations however imposes many challenges on the operators of the low-voltage distribution grid. They must keep the voltage levels and voltage balance on their grids in check and are often regulatory required to provide sufficient reception capacity for new power producing installations. By placing solar panels in different inclinations and azimuth angles, power production profiles can possibly be shifted to align more with residential power consumption profiles. In this article, it is investigated if the orientation of solar panels can have a mitigating impact on the integration problems on residential low voltage distribution grids. An improved simulation model of a solar panel installation is constructed, which is used to simulate the impact on a residential distribution grid. To stay as close to real-life conditions as possible, real irradiation data and a model of an existing grid are used. Both the developed model as the results on grid impact are evaluated.

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Arboleya, Pablo, Cristina Gonzalez-Moran, Manuel Coto, Maria Carmen Falvo, Luigi Martirano, Danilo Sbordone, Ilaria Bertini, and Biagio Di Pietra. "Efficient Energy Management in Smart Micro-Grids: ZERO Grid Impact Buildings." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 6, no. 2 (March 2015): 1055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2392071.

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Wolter, Daniel, Markus Zdrallek, Marcus Stötzel, Christian Schacherer, Ivana Mladenovic, and Martin Biller. "Impact of meshed grid topologies on distribution grid planning and operation." CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 2338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0708.

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Kuijten, Jan Pieter, Will Conley, Arjan Verhappen, Martin Chaplin, Paul van der Vleuten, Stephan van der Goor, Lloyd Litt, and Bryan Kasprowicz. "Process impact of mask grid variation." Microelectronic Engineering 84, no. 5-8 (May 2007): 1019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2007.01.140.

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Boudot, Charly, Jean-Baptiste Droin, Pierre Sciora, Yvon Besanger, Bruno Robisson, and Anne-Laure Mazauric. "Small Modular Reactor-based solutions to enhance grid reliability: impact of modularization of large power plants on frequency stability." EPJ Nuclear Sciences & Technologies 8 (2022): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjn/2022015.

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In the current renewable energies’ expansion framework, the increasing part of intermittent electricity production sources (solar or wind farms) in the energy mix and the reducing part of thermal power stations that are nowadays useful to ensure grid stability will lead to a complete paradigm shift concerning the means to ensure grid stability. Nuclear energy, which is carbon-free and dispatchable, may be a sustainable solution to this grid reliability issue if it is adequately designed and implemented on the grid. Several solutions aiming at improving the future nuclear power flexibility are currently under investigation in the literature, among them are those based on Small Modular Reactor (SMR) plants. In order to demonstrate their potential ability to stabilize electric grids, it is necessary to perform electrical dynamic simulations taking into account a spatial and temporal discretization of the grid. In this paper, such calculations are performed using the PowerFactory software. This tool can reproduce electrical grids thanks to models of turbo generators, lines, transformers, loads, I&C systems, etc. The objective is to assess to what extent the innovative SMR features may enhance the frequency control of a grid. For this purpose, a short-circuit event and three frequency stability criteria are firstly defined. Then, a verification of the correct behaviour of the IEEE 39-bus (or New England) grid with regulations is carried out. The relevance of implementing Small Modular Reactors (SMR) instead of large power plants on such frequency stability criteria on this grid is finally assessed, in order to conclude in a preliminary way the possible contribution of small reactors to the future grid’s sustainability.

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Zhao, Yan, Ji Chun Liu, Jun Yong Liu, Xiang Yang An, Zheng Yu Gong, Chen He, Hong Hui Chen, and Xiao Li Zheng. "Research on Scheduling Strategy for Distribution Network with the Access of Multi-Microgrids Including PV/WT/ST." Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (August 2014): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.718.

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With the rise of micro-grid, renewable energy such as wind and solar power is introduced to the electric power grid, which has the random and intermittent characteristics, thus having great impact on the safety and stability for the electric power grid. This paper deeply analyzes the situation where multiple micro-grids are connected to power grid and establishes a scheme of joint scheduling model for micro-grids and distribution network, which considers network loss, load fluctuation and operation economy. Then a combined bi-level optimization algorithm is introduced to solve this model. The simulation result shows that reasonable scheduling of micro-grid and distribution network not only can smooth the load curve but also reduce network loss and achieve load shifting result.

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PETROVSKAYA, N. B., and A. V. WOLKOV. "THE ISSUES OF SOLUTION APPROXIMATION IN HIGHER-ORDER SCHEMES ON DISTORTED GRIDS." International Journal of Computational Methods 04, no. 02 (June 2007): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876207001084.

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The impact of grid cell geometry on the accuracy of a high order discretization is studied. The issues of solution approximation are investigated on unstructured grids where grid cells are present that are almost degenerate. It will be demonstrated that high-order discretization schemes which employ compact discretization stencil are less sensitive to the geometry of a distorted grid in comparison with those over expanded stencils.

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Mao, Meiliang, Huajun Zhu, Xiaogang Deng, Yaobing Min, and Huayong Liu. "Effect of Geometric Conservation Law on Improving Spatial Accuracy for Finite Difference Schemes on Two-Dimensional Nonsmooth Grids." Communications in Computational Physics 18, no. 3 (September 2015): 673–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.4208/cicp.250614.060215a.

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AbstractIt is well known that grid discontinuities have significant impact on the performance of finite difference schemes (FDSs). The geometric conservation law (GCL) is very important for FDSs on reducing numerical oscillations and ensuring free-stream preservation in curvilinear coordinate system. It is not quite clear how GCL works in finite difference method and how GCL errors affect spatial discretization errors especially in nonsmooth grids. In this paper, a method is developed to analyze the impact of grid discontinuities on the GCL errors and spatial discretization errors. A violation of GCL cause GCL errors which depend on grid smoothness, grid metrics method and finite difference operators. As a result there are more source terms in spatial discretization errors. The analysis shows that the spatial discretization accuracy on non-sufficiently smooth grids is determined by the discontinuity order of grids and can approach one higher order by following GCL. For sufficiently smooth grids, the spatial discretization accuracy is determined by the order of FDSs and FDSs satisfying the GCL can obtain smaller spatial discretization errors. Numerical tests have been done by the second-order and fourth-order FDSs to verify the theoretical results.

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Zarzycki, Colin M., Kevin A. Reed, Julio T. Bacmeister, Anthony P. Craig, Susan C. Bates, and Nan A. Rosenbloom. "Impact of surface coupling grids on tropical cyclone extremes in high-resolution atmospheric simulations." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 2 (February 25, 2016): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-779-2016.

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Abstract. This paper discusses the sensitivity of tropical cyclone climatology to surface coupling strategy in high-resolution configurations of the Community Earth System Model. Using two supported model setups, we demonstrate that the choice of grid on which the lowest model level wind stress and surface fluxes are computed may lead to differences in cyclone strength in multi-decadal climate simulations, particularly for the most intense cyclones. Using a deterministic framework, we show that when these surface quantities are calculated on an ocean grid that is coarser than the atmosphere, the computed frictional stress is misaligned with wind vectors in individual atmospheric grid cells. This reduces the effective surface drag, and results in more intense cyclones when compared to a model configuration where the ocean and atmosphere are of equivalent resolution. Our results demonstrate that the choice of computation grid for atmosphere–ocean interactions is non-negligible when considering climate extremes at high horizontal resolution, especially when model components are on highly disparate grids.

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Kasprzyk, Leszek, Robert Pietracho, and Karol Bednarek. "Analysis of the impact of electric vehicles on the power grid." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400065.

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The paper presents problems related to the impact of electric vehicles connected to the power grid on energy parameters. Basic methods of control in power grids were discussed and results of the simulation were presented with regards to the power distribution, voltage drops and losses in the transmission lines. The simulation was conducted based on the example of CIGRE 11, to which electric vehicle charging stations were connected in several selected points, with the possibility of energy release into the grid. The obtained results were compared for the simulation conducted in two variants – without the connected electric vehicles and with them. The obtained results were analyzed and commented upon.

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Vlasov, Andrey, Arina Adamova, and Kirill Selivanov. "Development of smart grid technologies: organizational and communication aspects." E3S Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125008001.

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This paper concentrates on the organizational and communication aspects of development of the smart grid technologies. The paper highlights the potential of decentralised electricity generation for generating electricity from less energy-intensive and cost-efficient sources. It shows that renewable and unconventional energy sources may be integrated into decentralised electricity grids – the generation lines that have an intelligent grid. In addition, the paper focuses on the benefits and risks of different smart grid applications and their impact. We show that smart grids have the potential to minimise costs, but the use of smart grid technology also affects the level of risk, so the organizational and communication aspects are of a great importance.

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Veichtlbauer, Armin, Alexander Heinisch, Ferdinand von von Tüllenburg, Peter Dorfinger, Oliver Langthaler, and Ulrich Pache. "Smart Grid Virtualisation for Grid-Based Routing." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111879.

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Due to changed power consumption patterns, technological advance and deregulation, the appearance of the power grid in the low and medium voltage segment has changed. The spread of heating and cooling with electrical energy and an increase of electric vehicles as well as the broad rollout of photovoltaic systems has a major impact on the peak power demand of modern households and the volatility smart grids have to face. Thus, besides the load impact of the growing population of electric vehicles, modern households are not only consumers of electrical power, but also power producers, so called prosumers. The rising number of prosumers and the limitations of grid capacities lead to an increasingly distributed system of heterogeneous components, which have to be managed and operated with locality and scalability in mind. Virtualisation technologies, particularly known as state of the art in data centre computing, can lead to a paradigm shift needed to meet the growing demands of this evolution. A key issue here is to forward data to the correct data sinks, where data are required in order to keep the grid balanced. This routing process has to be able to react on grid changes in a timely manner, i.e., it must be based on the instantaneous state of the grid. In this paper, we propose a solution based on virtualising the communication infrastructure in the low and medium voltage grid. We evaluate two different approaches. The first approach is based on SDN; an ONOS SDN controller is used to change the behaviour of the communication infrastructure according to information provided by components of the power grid. The second approach uses Coaty and a Mosquitto MQTT broker to deliver messages to the desired endpoint, again based on information from the power grid.

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Surve, S. P., R. Rocca, E. Hengeveld, D. Martínez, M. P. Comech, and D. M. Rivas. "Impact Assessment of Different Battery Energy Storage Technologies in Distribution Grids with High Penetration of Renewable Energies." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.391.

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The need for increasing further the penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) is demanding a change in the way distribution grids are managed. In particular, the RESs intermittent and stochastic nature is finding in Battery Energy Storage (BES) systems its most immediate countermeasure. This work presents a reality-based assessment and comparison of the impact of three different BES technologies on distribution grids with high RES penetration, namely Li-ion, Zn-Air and Redox Flow. To this end, a benchmark distribution grid with real prosumers’ generation and load profiles is considered, with the RES penetration purposely scaled up in such a way as to violate the grid operational limits. Then, further to the BES(s) placement on the most affected grid location(s), the impact of the three BES types is assessed considering two Use Cases: 1) Voltage & Congestion Management and 2) Peak Shaving & Energy shifting. Assessment is conducted by evaluating a set of technical Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), together with a simplified economic analysis.

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Mojumder, Md Rayid Hasan, Fahmida Ahmed Antara, Md Hasanuzzaman, Basem Alamri, and Mohammad Alsharef. "Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 13856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113856.

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The gradual shift towards cleaner and green energy sources requires the application of electric vehicles (EVs) as the mainstream transportation platform. The application of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) shows promise in optimizing the power demand, shaping the load variation, and increasing the sustainability of smart grids. However, no comprehensive paper has been compiled regarding the of operation of V2G and types, current ratings and types of EV in sells market, policies relevant to V2G and business model, and the implementation difficulties and current procedures used to cope with problems. This work better represents the current challenges and prospects in V2G implementation worldwide and highlights the research gap across the V2G domain. The research starts with the opportunities of V2G and required policies and business models adopted in recent years, followed by an overview of the V2G technology; then, the challenges associated with V2G on the power grid and vehicle batteries; and finally, their possible solutions. This investigation highlighted a few significant challenges, which involve a lack of a concrete V2G business model, lack of stakeholders and government incentives, the excessive burden on EV batteries during V2G, the deficiency of proper bidirectional battery charger units and standards and test beds, the injection of harmonics voltage and current to the power grid, and the possibility of uneconomical and unscheduled V2G practices. Recent research and international agency reports are revised to provide possible solutions to these bottlenecks and, in places, the requirements for additional research. The promise of V2G could be colossal, but the scheme first requires tremendous collaboration, funding, and technology maturation.

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Vopava, Julia, Christian Koczwara, Anna Traupmann, and Thomas Kienberger. "Investigating the Impact of E-Mobility on the Electrical Power Grid Using a Simplified Grid Modelling Approach." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010039.

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To achieve climate goals, it is necessary to decarbonise the transport sector, which requires an immediate changeover to alternative power sources (e.g., battery powered vehicles). This change will lead to an increase in the demand for electrical energy, which will cause additional stress on power grids. It is therefore necessary to evaluate energy and power requirements of a future society using e-mobility. Therefore, we present a new approach to investigate the influence of increasing e-mobility on a distribution grid level. This includes the development of a power grid model based on a cellular approach, reducing computation efforts, and allowing time and spatially resolved grid stress analysis based on different load and renewable energy source scenarios. The results show that by using the simplified grid model at least seven times, more scenarios can be calculated in the same time. In addition, we demonstrate the capability of this novel approach by analysing the influence of different penetrations of e-mobility on the grid load using a case study, which is calculated using synthetic charging load profiles based on a real-life mobility data. The results from this case study show an increase on line utilisations with increasing e-mobility and the influence of producers at the same connection point as e-mobility.

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Mao, Yuyang, Xiaolong Wang, and Zhiqiang Wang. "Analysis of Wind Power Grid Connection Based on MATLAB." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701050.

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As the proportion of new energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaics in the power system continues to increase, their volatility and intermittentness have also brought new challenges to the stable operation of the power grid. The impact of the decline in power quality caused by a large number of wind power grids has become increasingly significant. This article analyzes and summarizes the development, status quo of wind power and the current problems of a large number of wind power grid connections. First, it briefly describes the history of wind power and the current development of wind power, and uses MATLAB to establish models of variable speed wind turbines connected to the grid. The models are used to analyze the output characteristics of wind turbines under normal operating conditions and faulty operating conditions. Finally, the impact of a large number of wind power grids on the power system is studied.

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Grasel, Bernhard, José Baptista, and Manfred Tragner. "Supraharmonic and Harmonic Emissions of a Bi-Directional V2G Electric Vehicle Charging Station and Their Impact to the Grid Impedance." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082920.

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Bidirectional electric vehicle supply equipment and charging stations (EVSE) offer new business models and can provide services to the electrical grid. The smart grid lab in Vienna gives unique testing possibilities of future smart grids, as different type of electrical equipment can be operated at a reconstructed, well-known distribution grid. In this work the harmonic and supraharmonic emissions of a bidirectional EVSE are measured according to IEC61000-4-7 and IEC61000-4-30 Ed3 standard as well as the high-frequency grid impedance. In addition, the efficiency and the power factor are determined at various operating points. Although THDi at nominal power (10 kW) is very low and the efficiency and power factor is very high, at low power levels the opposite situation arise. Supraharmonic emissions remain stable independent of the charging/discharging power, and both wideband and narrowband emissions occur. The additional capacitance when connecting the EVSE impacts the high-frequency grid impedance substantially and generates resonance points.

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Karpachevskiy, Andrey M., Oksana G. Filippova, and Pavel E. Kargashin. "GIS-Analysis Of The Ural Power Grid Vulnerability To The Impact Of Sleet And Wind." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 15, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2021-082.

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In this paper, we describe an experiment of complex power grid structure and wind and sleet mapping of territory using two different network indices: standard edge betweenness centrality and new author’s index – electrical grid centrality. Such analysis of the network allows to identify power lines with high load which could be vulnerable elements of the power grid. It is very important for strategic planning of power grids to reduce the risk of accidents by distributing loads across several lines so that they will be able to reserve each other. As a case territory for this research, we took the Ural united power system in Russia which is greatly exposed to different sleet and wind according to the statistics of the power grid operator. The degree of natural hazard consequences could be compensated by the network structure through alternative paths of energy supply or vice versa – increased if they are absent. At the same time, in this paper we consider that power grids have their own features from the graph theory point of view, for example multiple (parallel) edges, branches, different types of vertices. The existing index of edge betweenness centrality does not perfectly cope with them. We compare two indices characterizing power line importance within the system – betweenness centrality and electrical grid centrality and analyze the network structure features together with the spatial distribution of sleet and wind. As a result, we could identify bottlenecks in the study network. According to this study the most vulnerable power lines were detected, for example 500 kV Iriklinskaya CHP – Gazovaya and 500 kV Yuzhnouralskaya CHP-2 – Shagol power lines, that supply big cities such as Chelyabinsk and Orenburg and a bunch of industries around them.

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ÖZKAN ÖZTÜRK, Nur. "Impact of Glazing on Thermal Comfort, Relative Humidity, and Lighting Level in Office Spaces." GRID - Architecture, Planning and Design Journal 1, no. 2 (July 14, 2018): 82–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37246/grid.407152.

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Antonanzas-Torres, Fernando, Javier Antonanzas, and Julio Blanco-Fernandez. "Environmental Impact of Solar Home Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179708.

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Solar home systems (SHS) represent one of the most promising technologies for a rapid and independent electrification in those areas of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) without access to electricity. This study addressed the environmental impact of SHS in SSA through updated life cycle inventories and five impact categories: greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, fossil fuels, metal and water depletion and human toxicity. Sixteen scenarios were considered, including manufacturing, transportation, recycling and user-related variables, such as the installation site, adequacy of SHS user operation and battery lifespan. The results showed that lead-acid batteries were the largest contributor to environmental impact among the SHS components, accounting for up to 36–76% of the environmental impact indicators. Apart from the components, user training for SHS operation, with the goal of maximizing usable energy and battery lifetime, proved to be critical to achieve improvements in the energy payback time and GHG emissions, which (under scenarios of high solar resources) can reach the range of 5.3–7.1 years and 0.14–0.18 kgCO2 eq/kWh, respectively. In addition, SHS GHG emission factors were benchmarked with those of other electrification approaches, such as national grids, 100% PV and hybrid PV-diesel off-grid mini grids and off-grid diesel generators. SHS achieved GHG emission factor values equivalent to PV-based mini grids in most scenarios and was strikingly lower compared to SSA national grids and diesel generators.

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Tavarov, Saidjon, and Kristina Ivshina. "Simulation modeling of urban power grid operation mode." Energy Safety and Energy Economy 1 (February 2022): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2022-1-10-14.

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Certain variable factors can impact reliability and efficiency of power grids. In this paper, we investigated contribution of variable factors into operation of urban power grid in the city of Dushanbe, Tajikistan, as an example. An indicator reflecting some specific reasons of uneven phase loads in power grids during peak hours was offered. A simulation model was built in Matlab and typical scenarios of power consumption were analyzed. The simulation results verified that a power grid operation mode is subject to change depending on considered variable factors.

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Bahaj, AbuBakr, Luke Blunden, Christopher Kanani, Patrick James, Isaac Kiva, Zoë Matthews, Heather Price, Hildah Essendi, Jane Falkingham, and Gerard George. "The Impact of an Electrical Mini-grid on the Development of a Rural Community in Kenya." Energies 12, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050778.

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Electrical mini-grids can provide electrification to rural communities far from the national network. However the benefits of such schemes are disputed. We observed changes in two matched trading-centres in Makueni County, Kenya, neither of which were initially electrified. During the study a solar photovoltaic mini-grid scheme (13.5 kWp) was constructed in one of the trading-centres. After electrification there were relative increases in the number of businesses and business income. Comparing the households in the areas around the trading centres, perceived wealth increased more around the electrified trading centre. Qualitative interviews indicated improvements in service provision by the local school and health centre. The co-operative set up to run the mini-grid was free to set its own kWh tariff and chose to reduce it to a level that covers operating costs and would recover 70% of the initial investment interest-free. However, the tariff finally agreed is higher than the national grid tariff, which would be difficult to achieve if the mini-grid was not owned by and run for the benefit of the local community. Overall, we found that the mini-grid had a positive effect over background development, recovered some of its cost and charged a higher tariff than the national rate.

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Strunck, Christoph, and Christian Rehtanz. "Definition of Key Indicators to Identify Optimal Distribution Grid Restoration Strategies." E3S Web of Conferences 209 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020901001.

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Due to significant changes in the power energy system and extreme weather conditions as a result of the increasing impact of climate change, large scale blackouts become more likely. With the rising penetration of renewable energy sources in distribution grids and the shutdown of large conventional power plants, the system inertia and therefore the resilience is decreasing. This will have a significant influence on the provision of ancillary services in the future. Especially for grid restoration processes, new concepts are necessary to assure an optimal integration of the distributed energy resources to resupply a grid after a blackout. However, to identify and assess the capability of distribution grids to restore the grid operation to resupply their grid independently of the transmission system key indicators are necessary for an analysis. Hence, this paper introduces a key indicator system, which has the goal to address several challenges of a distribution grid restoration.

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Li, Mingke, Heather McGrath, and Emmanuel Stefanakis. "Geovisualization of Hydrological Flow in Hexagonal Grid Systems." Geographies 2, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies2020016.

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Recent research has extended conventional hydrological algorithms into a hexagonal grid and noted that hydrological modeling on a hexagonal mesh grid outperformed that on a rectangular grid. Among the hydrological products, flow routing grids are the base of many other hydrological simulations, such as flow accumulation, watershed delineation, and stream networks. However, most of the previous research adopted the D6 algorithm, which is analogous to the D8 algorithm over a rectangular grid, to produce flow routing. This paper explored another four methods regarding generating flow directions in a hexagonal grid, based on four algorithms of slope aspect computation. We also developed and visualized hexagonal-grid-based hydrological operations, including flow accumulation, watershed delineation, and hydrological indices computation. Experiments were carried out across multiple grid resolutions with various terrain roughness. The results showed that flow direction can vary among different approaches, and the impact of such variation can propagate to flow accumulation, watershed delineation, and hydrological indices production, which was reflected by the cell-wise comparison and visualization. This research is practical for hydrological analysis in hexagonal, hierarchical grids, such as Discrete Global Grid Systems, and the developed operations can be used in flood modeling in the real world.

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Zhang, Xiao Yang, Hong Ming Yang, Jia Jie Wu, and Luo Cheng Xiong. "Impact Analysis of Electric Vehicles Charging/Discharging." Applied Mechanics and Materials 203 (October 2012): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.203.380.

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The penetration of a large number of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) has introduced severe challenges to power grid operation. In this paper, the grid-connected PHEV model is first proposed to reflect the charge/discharge property of PHEV. Then, a simulation approach is developed to study the probability distributions of the aggregate load and available vehicle to grid (V2G). capacity of PHEVs. Simulation results show that the charging and discharging capacities have the characteristic of normal distribution．

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Abdou, M. K., H. D. Pham, and A. S. Al-Aqeell. "Impact of Grid Selection on Reservoir Simulation." Journal of Petroleum Technology 45, no. 07 (July 1, 1993): 664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/21391-pa.

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Verbruggen, Bart, and Johan Driesen. "Grid Impact Indicators for Active Building Simulations." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2014.2357475.

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Yuan, Wen Hua, Yi Ma, Jun Fu, Yuan Tang, Wei Chen, and Zhi Guo Zhu. "Impact of Grid Type on the Stress-Strain of 175F Diesel Engine Piston Structure Calculated by the Finite Element." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.584.

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The finite element modeling is based on the aluminum-silicon alloy piston compression performance test by using both 10-node tetrahedron element and 10-node hexahedron element. After analyzing four grid types, we found that employing both tetrahedron element and hexahedron element can obtain stress-strain nephogram, but with a difference between the four modeling results. In the context of having the same grid size, 10-node hexahedron element reflects a fairly accurate piston stress-strain status than the 10-node tetrahedron element, and among the four schemes, the result calculated by analyzing the locally refined grid that containing both 2mm and 1mm sized 10-node hexahedron grids is the one that matches the experimental value best.

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Serrano-Guerrero, X., B. Marín-Toro, C. Ochoa-Malhaber, and A. Barragán-Escandón. "Impact of the incorporation of photovoltaics distributed generation in electric distribution grids in Ecuador." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.319.

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The distributed generation (DG) allows electricity production to be closer to consumers, relieving the burden on distribution grid feeders. Interest in DG has increased in recent years due to its close relationship with smart grids and the development of carbon-free generation technologies. The Ciudad del Sol feeder in the city of Machala in Ecuador is one of the feeders with the highest electricity demand. This study evaluates the incorporation of DG in several consumers connected to this feeder. Depending on the range of energy consumption of each customer, different PV systems are proposed to meet their demands. The results of the study show that the installation of PV generation systems allows considerable savings on the electricity bill. In addition, the reduction of grid demand reduces Joule effect losses and improves voltage profiles. The results suggest that the massive incorporation of correctly dimensioned PV systems does not affect the operating conditions of a distribution power grid.

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Oleniacz, Robert, and Mateusz Rzeszutek. "Intercomparison of the CALMET/CALPUFF Modeling System for Selected Horizontal Grid Resolutions at a Local Scale: A Case Study of the MSWI Plant in Krakow, Poland." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 2301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112301.

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Increase in grid resolution in atmospheric non-steady-state dispersion models induces a more faithful reflection of the area surface, and thus contributes to more detailed and diversified calculation results but also significantly prolongs the calculation time. This paper presents the influence of horizontal grid resolution in the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system on the results of air quality impact assessment in a local scale carried out for the Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Plant in Krakow using the maximum permissible emission of NOx. Subject to comparative analysis were four grids of the following resolutions: 100, 250, 500 and 1000 m. A direct intercomparison of air concentrations was made for 676 discrete receptors with the use of statistical indicators. On the basis of the calculations and analyses, it has been stated that, depending on the regular grid spacing, some differences in calculated concentrations can occur affecting the results of the air quality impact assessment. The highest concentrations in all computational receptors present in the given case were obtained for 100 m grid spacing. When compared to a grid of 100 m, the relatively smallest discrepancies were obtained for a grid of 250 m, with an already significantly shortened calculation time.

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Lee, Jacquetta. "Environmental Hotspot Assessment for a PV Mini-Grid Design: A Case Study for Malawi." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 4227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144227.

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The United Nations Sustainable Goal 7, access to affordable and clean energy, is unlikely to be achieved, with an estimated 600 million people still without access to electricity by 2030. One potential route to support this goal is through the use of mini-grids to provide electricity in densely populated rural areas for which grid connection is not possible. This paper presents the results of a life cycle assessment of a mini-grid, designed for construction in Malawi. It analyses the cradle to end of use for this mini-grid configuration, for a grid sized for lighting, refrigeration and phone charging, and for a grid sized for electric cooking (e-cooking). The results suggest that for lighting configuration, the main contributors to environmental impact are the poles, the overhead cabling, and the PV panels. The use of a chromium-based preservative is the main issue for the poles, and a switch to concrete poles can deliver significant benefits. When the grid is sized for e-cooking, the PV panels become the greatest contributor. Adding a diesel generator to the mini-grid configuration can reduce number of panels required and hence the environmental impact, but only if the generator is used for no more than 2 h per day.

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Xue, Yijing, and Vladislav Akhmatov. "Grid-Connection of Large Offshore Windfarms Utilizing VSC-HVDC: Modeling and Grid Impact." Wind Engineering 33, no. 5 (October 2009): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952409790291172.

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Dastjerdi, Behnam, Vladimir Strezov, Ravinder Kumar, and Masud Behnia. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Solid Waste to Energy Technologies and Their Perspectives in Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 15971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315971.

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The study assessed the environmental impacts of landfilling, anaerobic digestion and incineration technologies and investigated the effect of the replaced source of electricity on the environmental impacts of these waste to energy (WtE) technologies. Data published in the national pollutant inventories and ReCiPe impact assessment method were employed in this study. The study showed that electricity generation through incineration had the highest impacts on human health and ecosystems, followed by landfilling. Compared to the electricity of the Australian national grid, electricity generated from all three WtE technologies have a lower environmental impact. The results revealed that global warming and fine particulate matter formation with more than 97.6% contribution were the main impact factors for human health, while terrestrial acidification, global warming and ozone formation were contributing to more than 99% of the impacts to ecosystems. Global warming was the most impactful category on human health and ecosystems from incineration with over 85% contribution to both endpoint categories. Incineration revealed significantly higher avoided global warming impacts to human health and ecosystems than landfilling from the treatment of one tonne of solid waste by replacing electricity from brown coal, black coal or the Australian power grid. The growing share of renewable energy in the Australian power grid is expected to decrease the grid GHG emissions and the effect of the avoided impacts of replaced electricity. The results revealed that if the GHG emissions from the Australian power grid (757 kg CO2 eq/MWh) decrease to break-even point (621 kg CO2 eq/MWh), incineration loses the climate advantage over landfilling.

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Gao, Wei, Zhiqiang Yu, Aijie Ma, and Zhangxin Guo. "Numerical simulation of composite grid sandwich structure under low-velocity impact." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 516–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2022-0176.

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Abstract The low-velocity impact finite element model of the carbon fiber-reinforced composite grid sandwich structure was established by ABAQUS. Its panels and grid are both carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates. The constitutive relation of composite laminates is written into the VUMAT user subroutine using the Fortran language. Simulation of intralaminar failure behavior of composite laminates using the three-dimensional Hashin failure criterion. The quadratic stress criterion and the B-K energy criterion were used to simulate the interlaminar failure behavior, and the delamination damage of the composite panel and the interface debonding damage were simulated. The finite element models of four different types of composite grid sandwich structures, including quadrilateral configuration, triangular configuration, mixed configuration, and diamond configuration, were established. The influence of the single grid width and the height of the grid on the impact resistance of each composite grid configuration was studied. Compared with other geometric configurations, triangular grid sandwich structure provides the best energy absorption characteristics, and T-6-10 has the highest fracture absorption energy (15816.46 mJ). The damage propagation law of carbon fiber-reinforced composite grid sandwich structure under impact load is analyzed.

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Seymour, Tom, and Wade Kadrmas. "Smart Grid U.S. Transmission Grid: Issues And Opportunities." Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 15, no. 3 (July 29, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v15i3.5397.

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No one can tell you today exactly what technologies will make up the smart grid of the future, but smart grid is not just about the technology. It will involve designing an architecture that will utilize the data that is generated by the technology to automate the grid. It will also involve a paradigm shift in the utility industry with the active participation of customers in the energy delivery process. Deploying smart grid technologies will not be measured in months, but in years and decades. Public policy stands to have a huge impact on this time frame.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Grid impact'

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