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Journal articles on the topic 'Greywater'
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1
Ungvári, Csaba, Andrea Izbéki-Szabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Analysis of Greywater Samples Treated by Filtration." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2018.09.57.
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Abstract In our research we pre-treated synthetically produced greywaters with filtration on various filters. We characterised the quality of greywater samples using several parameters. We investigated these parameters on the untreated and pre-treated samples as well. We evaluated the efficiency of the treatments by measuring the characteristic parameters. It was shown that the most effective pre-treatment for the greywater’s preparation for reuse is filtration on silica sand or activated charcoal and silica sand combined filter media.
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Sabara, Zakir, Aswariani Anwar, Setyawati Yani, Kusnul Prianto, Rahmad Junaidi, Rofiqul Umam, and Rizqi Prastowo. "Activated Carbon and Coconut Coir with the Incorporation of ABR System as Greywater Filter: The Implications for Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14021026.
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Greywater refers to wastewater generated from domestic activities, which do not contain fecal contamination. Therefore, this study aims to treat greywater in Makassar city to speed up the water cycle and enable reuse, as an environmental conservation strategy. The water parameters measured were pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). According to the results, the greywater’s BOD, COD, and TTS contents were 49.98 to 54.88 mg/L, 509 to 655 mg/L, and 404.40 to 464.65 mg/L, respectively, all of which exceed WHO wastewater quality standards. The use of a wastewater treatment installation comprising a combination of Activated Carbon (AC) and Coconut Coir (CC) with the incorporation of the Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) system as a greywater filter successfully reduced the city’s greywater pollution. In addition, the new BOD content fulfills the environmentally safe wastewater standards, while the new COD and TSS contents were 152 mg/L to 184 mg/L and 59.68 mg/L to 77.42 mg/L, respectively, which are close to the WHO domestic wastewater quality standards.
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Cecconet, Daniele, Silvia Bolognesi, Luca Piacentini, Arianna Callegari, and Andrea Capodaglio. "Bioelectrochemical Greywater Treatment for Non-Potable Reuse and Energy Recovery." Water 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030295.
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Greywater normally represents the largest fraction of wastewater generated in buildings and may be suitable for non-potable reuse after on-site treatment. Conventional technologies for greywater treatment include sequencing batch reactors, membrane filtration, and membrane biological reactors. Even though these can be very effective, they are highly energy consuming and may negatively impact the energy balance of the building where they are installed. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have emerged as a sustainable technology for contaminant removal and energy production from a variety of substrates. In this study, the application of MFCs for greywater treatment is reported, with a particular focus on the analysis of energy losses, in view of non-potable reuse. MFCs were fed with different types of greywater, characterized by either high or low conductivity, because greywater’s conductivity may greatly differ based on its origin; in either case, organic matter (chemical oxygen demand; COD) removal was higher than 85% and not influenced by the influent conductivity, coupled with a maximum power production of 0.46 mW L−1 and 0.38 mW L−1. Electrolyte overpotentials were dramatically higher in the case of low conductivity greywater (20% vs. 10%, compared to high conductivity influent); these overpotentials are related to the conductivity of the influent, showing that low conductivity hindered energy generation, but not COD removal. Polarization and power curves showed higher internal resistance in the case of low conductivity, confirming the overpotentials’ analysis. Results showed the feasibility of the use of MFCs in greywater treatment, with potential to reduce the energy demand connected to its reuse compared to conventional technologies; coupling with a disinfection stage would be necessary to fully comply with most non-potable reuse regulations.
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Albalawneh, Abeer, and Tsun-Kuo Chang. "REVIEW OF THE GREYWATER AND PROPOSED GREYWATER RECYCLING SCHEME FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION REUSES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 12 (December 31, 2015): 16–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i12.2015.2882.
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In this study, we reviewed greywater characteristics and various treatment technologies with the aim of coming up with the schematic of greywater recycling system designed specifically for restricted agricultural irrigation reuse. Characteristics of greywater are highly variable; greywater amount varies from 50% to 80% of the wastewater volume produced by households. All types of greywater show good biodegradability in terms of COD: BOD5 ratios. The ratio of BOD5/COD in greywater ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. Most countries apply the same standards to reclaimed municipal wastewater as they do to greywater. However, some countries have established specialized standards for greywater reuse. Technologies used for greywater treatment are classified into physical, chemical, biological, and natural systems, or a combination of these. Using physical greywater treatment processes solely as the main treatment method is insufficient for greywater treatment, chemical greywater treatment processes are attractive for single household low-strength greywater treatment systems, as the variability in the strength and flow of the greywater did not affect their treatment performance. Constructed wetland can be regarded as the most environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for greywater treatment and reuses. Finally, the study suggests the possible greywater recycling scheme for agricultural irrigation reuse purposes.
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Nondlazi, Sinoyolo, Nosiphiwe Ngqwala, Bongumusa M. Zuma, Paul K. Mensah, and Roman Tandlich. "Effect of fly ash-lime treatment on the acute toxicity of greywater towards Daphnia magna." Nova Biotechnologica et Chimica 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nbec-2019-0008.
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Abstract Acute toxicity of raw and treated greywater towards Daphnia magna was assessed in this study. Treatment was performed with exposure of greywater to the fly-lime mixture After 48 h of exposure, 100 % mortality of D. magna was recorded when testing the following volumetric fractions of the raw greywater streams in the tested liquid medium (%; v/v): 10 % for kitchen greywater, 5 – 10 % for bathroom greywater and 1.25 – 10 % for laundry greywater. After greywater treatment with the fly-ash-lime mixture with pH adjustment to 7.0, 80 % of neonates of D. magna survived after exposure to treated laundry greywater in all dilutions at 48 h. At the same time, 100 % of neonates survived exposure to treated bathroom and kitchen greywater at all volumetric fractions. Therefore greywater had acute toxicity to D. magna, i.e. greywater treatment was required before its discharge or reuse. Values of the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the chemical components of the raw greywater and treated greywater and the survival of D. magna indicated a lack of statistically significant correlation at 5 % level of significance (p-value > 0.05 in all cases), i.e. the survival of D. magna was independent of the concentration of chemical constituents in greywater samples tested. Further studies will have to be conducted on the chronic toxicity of the greywater effluent after treatment with the fly-lime mixture. Experiments from this study will have to be re-run for the fully scaled-up version of the fly-lime mixture-based greywater treatment systems.
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Bakare, B. F., S. Mtsweni, and S. Rathilal. "Characteristics of greywater from different sources within households in a community in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 7, no. 4 (November 14, 2016): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.092.
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The reuse of greywater is steadily gaining importance in South Africa. Greywater contains pollutants that could have adverse effects on the environment and public health if the water is not treated before reuse. Successful implementation of any greywater treatment process depends largely on its characteristics in terms of the pollutant strength. This study investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of greywater from different sources within 75 households in a community in Durban, South Africa. The study was undertaken to create an understanding of greywater quality from different sources within and between households. Greywater samples were collected from the kitchen, laundry and bathing facilities within each of the households. The samples were analysed for: pH, conductivity, turbidity, total solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). There was a significant difference in the parameters analysed between the greywater from the kitchen compared with the greywater from the bathtub/shower and laundry. It was also observed that the characteristics of greywater from the different households varied considerably. The characteristics of the greywater obtained in this study suggest that the greywater generated cannot be easily treatable using biological treatment processes and/or technologies due to the very low mean BOD : COD ratio (<0.5).
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Al-Mefleh, Naji K., Yahia A. Othman, Maher J. Tadros, Amani Al-Assaf, and Samer Talozi. "An Assessment of Treated Greywater Reuse in Irrigation on Growth and Protein Content of Prosopis and Albizia." Horticulturae 7, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7030038.
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This study investigated the influence of treated greywater on growth and protein content of multipurpose (forage and ornamental) transplants, Prosopis juliflora L., Prosopis tamarugo L., and Albizia lebbeck L. Transplants of tested species were irrigated with treated greywater, diluted greywater (grey + distilled water, 1:1/by volume), and distilled water (control) for seven months. Water quality analysis showed that the concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals found in the greywater were within the acceptable range compared with Jordan Institution for Standard and Metrology (JISM) and the World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds for safe use of greywater. Escherichia coli found in the greywater were lower compared to JISM and WHO guidelines for the safe use of greywater. Irrigation with treated greywater increased shoot fresh weight by 24–39% and dry weight by 34–40% compared to diluted greywater and control. No significant difference in crude protein was noticed between water treatments. Prosopis species (P. juliflora Albizia lebbeck L. and P. tamarugo Albizia lebbeck L.) had higher shoot fresh (35%) and dry weight the same species had lower crude protein (44%) when compared to Albizia lebbeck Albizia lebbeck L. The reuse of treated greywater for landscaping or forage production alleviates the demand for water resources and reduces the pressure on wastewater treatment plants. However, considering the controversial findings of previous studies on greywater quality (especially, long-term reuse), the reuse of treated greywater needs to be considered with caution and periodic quality analyses and economic assessments are required.
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Filali, Hanen, Narcis Barsan, Dalila Souguir, Valentin Nedeff, Claudia Tomozei, and Mohamed Hachicha. "Greywater as an Alternative Solution for a Sustainable Management of Water Resources—A Review." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020665.
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In this paper, a comprehensive review on greywater is presented. Emphasis is given to the techniques used to treat and recover greywater, and special emphasis is placed on the risk of the existence of the novel coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2” in greywater and the possibility of its spread via the reuse of this water. In general, greywater is considered wastewater collected from domestic sources, with the exclusion of toilet water (which is considered as blackwater). Greywater represents 50 to 80% of the total volume of wastewater all over the world. This review provides various aspects related to greywater, such as origins, characteristics, and existing guidelines for greywater proper treatment and reuse. Several approaches and techniques have been developed to study the performance of different greywater treatment systems. These methods are critically discussed in this article. In the context of sustainable development, water management, and taking into account the scarcity of water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, the use of treated greywater is one of the alternatives methods that can reduce the burden of withdrawals from the resource. In addition, some successful examples of greywater valuation experiences in Tunisia were examined.
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Nyagatare, Guillaume, Christian Shingiro, and Claire Nyiranziringirimana. "Effect of domestic greywater reuse for irrigation on soil physical and chemical characteristics and tomatoes growth." Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID) 115, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jaeid-12069.
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This study aimed at determining the effect of laundry greywater on the growth of tomatoes and physical and chemical properties of a sandy loam Perrox in the Eastern province of Rwanda, Kayonza district, Mwiri sector. The experimental design consisted of plots planted with tomatoes (Lepersicon Esculantum) in a randomized complete block design with three replications and four treatments. Treatment 1: Tomatoes irrigated with pure greywater; Treatment 2: Tomatoes irrigated with a mixture of tap water and greywater at 1:1 ratio; Treatment 3: Alternation of greywater and tap water in a consecutive manner; and Treatment 4: only tap water serving as a control. Results showed that the following soil chemical parameters were significantly increased with greywater application: pH, EC, Av P, Na and SAR. Conversely, soil concentration in Mg and Ca significantly decreased with increase in greywater application. With the exception of soil bulk density, other measured physical properties such as soil hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability and porosity were significantly reduced with greywater application. The highest values for soil hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability and porosity were found for soil irrigated with tap water which ranged between 1.01 to 2.1 times higher than that of greywater, mixed or alternated with tap water. The alternate application of greywater and tap water did not affect significantly the stem height and weight of tomatoes. We concluded that the absence of positive growth effect of application of greywater was due to low concentration in essential plant nutrients in greywater, and induced adverse effects on soil chemical, physical, and biological properties. However, alternate application of the greywater and tap water preserved approximately the same soil physico-chemical characteristics as with application of tap water. Thus, among the irrigation treatments involving greywater, the latter should be considered as the most environmentally friendly. We propose combination of greywater with various forms of composts as the one of the most promising investigations on the reuse of greywater in irrigation.
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Newcomer, Evan, Courtney Boyd, Laban Nyirenda, Emmanuel Opong, Shannon Marquez, and Rochelle Holm. "Reducing the burden of rural water supply through greywater reuse: a case study from northern Malawi." Water Supply 17, no. 4 (January 10, 2017): 1088–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.004.
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Greywater reuse has potential for non-potable applications that conserve freshwater resources in water-stressed areas especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The feasibility of reusing greywater for domestic activities in a rural area of Malawi, Africa, was evaluated from microbiological and public acceptance perspectives. Median Escherichia coli concentrations for eight domestic greywater sources (handwashing, laundry, runoff from a tap apron, bathing, cleaning a home/kitchen, cleaning a water collection container, washing plates and soaking vegetables) ranged from 100 to >20,000 colony forming units (cfu)/100 ml. Twenty-four of 47 greywater samples tested (51%) met the World Health Organization guideline for unrestricted use of greywater for irrigation. Pertinently, 80% (4/5) and 60% (3/5) of greywater samples from handwashing stations and bathing had E. coli less than the WHO guideline. Users reported greatest acceptance of reusing greywater for growing food and washing clothes, especially when the greywater source was bathing. Acceptance was closely tied to a household's economic standing, geographic location, and first-hand knowledge of reusing greywater. Greywater reuse practices in rural areas, especially targeting bathing water as suitable from bacteriological and user perception criteria, can help mitigate the impacts of water stress in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Shamim, S. K. "A Study of Characteristics of Greywater Generated from Different Sources of Residential Buildings." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 4 (July 26, 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220058.
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The objective of this study is to show how the characteristics of tap water influences the characteristics of the greywater generated from kitchen, bath shower, wash basin, and laundry apart from the usage pattern. Various quantitative techniques have been used to measure pH, alkalinities, hardness, total solids, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chloride, and electrical conductivity of greywater and tap water. The study shows that greywater generated from the laundry is more polluted as compared to greywater from other sources, which is due to body fluids. The presence of food particles gives a high level of total suspended solids in the greywater coming from the kitchen. The greywater generated from brushing has a low pollution level and lower quantity of total solids, total suspended solids and total hardness as compared to greywater from other sources. The BOD levels for the greywater samples collected are in the range of 2.5 -20.25 mg/L and their quality is also affected by the quality of tap water. These findings show that greywater generated in residential buildings of Jeddah can be reused for non-potable purposes with simple and inexpensive physical treatment at individual buildings.
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Khotimah, Siti Nurul, Nur Anisa Mardhotillah, Nur Arifaini, and Sumiharni. "Karakterisasi Limbah Cair Greywater pada level Rumah Tangga Berdasarkan Sumber Emisi." JURNAL SAINTIS 21, no. 02 (November 2, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/saintis.2021.vol21(02).7876.
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[ID] Limbah cair greywater merupakan limbah cair hasil aktivitas dapur, pencucian pakaian dan kamar mandi. Produksi limbah greywater rumah tangga sekitar 70–75% dari total produksi limbah cair rumah tangga dengan kandungan polutan yang rendah. Terkait dengan tingginya volume produksi limbah cair greywater, limbah greywater berkontribusi sekitar 70-80% dalam pencemaran badan air. Namun demikian, volume produksi limbah greywater yang tinggi ini justru dapat dijadikan sumber alternatif baru air bersih jika dilakukan pengolahan limbah dengan baik dan tepat. Di dalam pengolahan limbah greywater ini dibutuhkan data karakteristik agar pengolahanya menjadi tepat. Permasalahannya ketersediaan data karakteristik greywater sangat minim, karena itulah dilakukan penelitian ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan karakterisasi limbah cair greywater berdasarkan sumber emisinya dengan parameter yang dilihat adalah BOD, COD, TSS, DO, temperature, pH dan turbidity dari masing-masing sumber limbah cair greywater dan juga kondisi limbah yang sudah tercampur dari ketiga sumber limbah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel sebanyak 12 sampel dari suatu rumah tangga. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa limbah dapur merupakan limbah dengan kandungan yang terberat dibandingkan limbah lainnya dari greywater. Kandungan BOD dan COD Dapur menduduki nilai tertinggi dengan nilai 250-1000 mg/L untuk BOD dan 840-3430 mg/L untuk COD. Kandungan BOD dan COD limbah greywater terendah berasal dari limbah kamar mandi dengan kandungan BOD 6-100 mg/L sedangkan kandungan COD 19,4-143 mg/L. Keseluruhan rasio BOD/COD menunjukkan nilai berkisar 0,2-0,5 yang artinya limbah adalah biodegradable. Kadar pH dari keduabelas sampel berkisar dari 4,2-6,5. Kandungan TSS tertinggi berasal dari dapur dengan nilai 202 – 620 mg/L.
[EN] Greywater is wastewater generated from kitchen, laundry and bath activities. Its production is about 70–75% of the total household wastewater. Related to the high volume of greywater production, greywater contributes around 70-80% in polluting water bodies. By appropriate treatment, the high volume of greywater production can be used as a new alternative of water source. Unfortunately, the availability of greywater characteristic data is very limited in existence. This study aims to characterize greywater effluent based on its emission source with focus parameters were BOD, COD, TSS, DO, temperature, pH and turbidity from each source of greywater effluent and also the mixed waste conditions from the three waste sources. The study was conducted by taking 12 samples from a household. The results of the study show that kitchen waste is the heaviest pollutant content compared to other waste from greywater. The content of BOD and COD in the kitchen occupies the highest value with a value of 250-1000 mg/L for BOD and 840-3430 mg/L for COD. The lowest BOD and COD content of greywater came from bathroom waste with a BOD content of 6-100 mg/L while the COD content was 19.4-143 mg/L. The overall BOD/COD ratio shows a value ranging from 0.2 to 0.5, which means that the waste is biodegradable. The pH levels of the twelve samples ranged from 4.2-6.5. The highest TSS content comes from the kitchen with a value of 202 – 620 mg/L.
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Dwumfour-Asare, Bismark, Kwabena B. Nyarko, Helen M. K. Essandoh, Esi Awuah, Kofi K. A. Anim, and Archibald Quaye. "Greywater in the drains of a sewered community in Ghana." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 965–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.103.
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Abstract With less than 5% sewerage coverage and abysmal greywater management, Ghana's environment could be highly polluted, especially water resources. The few sewered communities may be guilty of pollution from greywater discharge into stormwater drains. In this study, Asafo, Ghana, was used as a case study to assess greywater characteristics in the major drains in a sewered community. The approach involved desk study reviews and laboratory analysis of greywater samples. The findings showed some inhabitants discharge greywater into neighbourhood drains instead of sewers. Most greywater sources from reviews and sampled drains failed the discharge limits for major contaminants including turbidity (39.4–2,880 NTU), BOD5 (64–700 mg/L), COD (207–2,308 mg/L), TSS (70–4,720 mg/L), TDS (420–2,860 mg/L), nutrients – TKN, NH3-N, NO3−-N, NO2−-N (0–218.5 mg/L), total P and PO43−(1.24–26.18 mg/L), elemental species – Na, K, Mg, etc (0–1.6 mg/L), and microbiological – total and faecal coliforms, and E. coli (2.95–10.4 log CFU/100 ml). High strength greywater accounted for odour emissions where flows stagnated. Greywater characteristics are highly variable but have potential for biological treatment as the BOD5:COD ratios ≥0.5. Ghanaian greywater, including flows from a sewered community, is untreated and polluted, and our environment is unsafe.
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Radin Mohamed, Radin Maya Saphira, Adel Al-Gheethi, Nasradeen A. Khalifa, Nurina Fitriani, Abdurrahman Adeleke, Ibraheem Yakubu Ebenehi, and Siti Asmah Bakar. "Greywater Treatment using Pottery Waste Ceramic Filter." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(4)-12.
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Most village houses in Malaysia discharged lots of significant portion of greywater into stream or drains without any treatment. This phenomenon of direct disposal of greywater into the environment caused environmental risk, especially to water body. This study aimed to assess the quality and treatment of greywater discharge using pottery waste ceramic filter (PWCF) for safe disposal. Greywater samples were collected from 27 village households located at Kampung Parit Sempadan, Parit Raja using grab sampling method. Greywater was treated by using PWCF. The effectiveness of the PWCF was optimized using different sizes (0.25, 0.60, and 1.18 mm) of ceramic filter media at different hydraulic retention times (HRT: 1, 2, and 3 h). The t-test analysis showed significant differences between greywater from the two drainage distances. The results revealed that a distance within 81–100 m was significant to the influence of gender and the number of household occupants of the greywater discharged. The results of this study highlight that PWCF reduced the concentration of COD, BOD and TSS in greywater by 99.4%, 74.3 and 100% respectively using particle size of 0.25 mm and HRT of 3 hours. Finally, it deduced that the use of PWCF was effective and can enhance the quality of greywater for safe disposal.
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Gross, A., N. Azulai, G. Oron, Z. Ronen, M. Arnold, and A. Nejidat. "Environmental impact and health risks associated with greywater irrigation: a case study." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0251.
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There is an increasing trend to use greywater for irrigation in households. This is partly due to the notion that greywater is of better quality than wastewater and therefore does not need extensive treatment beyond addressing public health issues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental impact and health risks associated with the use of greywater for irrigation on a small private farm. Over a three-year period, each of three plots on a farm was irrigated with either freshwater, fertilized water, or greywater. Irrigation water and soil from the plots were analyzed for a wide range of chemical and microbial variables. Results suggest that greywater may be of similar quality to wastewater in several parameters such as BOD and faecal coliforms. For some other variables such as boron and surfactants, greywater may even be of worse quality than wastewater. Long-term irrigation of arid loess soil with greywater may result in accumulation of salts, surfactants and boron in the soil, causing changes in soil properties and toxicity to plants. Faecal coliforms did not survive in the soil. Treating greywater before using it for irrigation is recommended, even in places where this is not a requirement.
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Kordana-Obuch, Sabina, Mariusz Starzec, Michał Wojtoń, and Daniel Słyś. "Greywater as a Future Sustainable Energy and Water Source: Bibliometric Mapping of Current Knowledge and Strategies." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020934.
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The use of greywater reduces the consumption of many resources and is an effective tool for achieving Sustainable Development Goals. In order to assess the rationality of its use as an alternative source of energy and water in buildings, a holistic literature review was carried out based on a bibliometric analysis of publications in these fields. The main bibliographic source was the Web of Science database. This review contributed to a better understanding of the analyzed research field. It also revealed trends in greywater energy recovery and recycling research, indicating that these are developing fields. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of publications on the most popular ways of using greywater in buildings, with the territorial scope of research carried out in the greywater recycling domain being considerably larger than research on greywater energy recovery. The analysis revealed poor cooperation between different universities, especially in the field of greywater energy recovery. In light of previous literature reviews, some important research gaps and further proposals for future research were also identified. They concern, in particular, the simultaneous use of greywater as an alternative source of energy and water. Together with the findings of other researchers and people related to the subject matter, this review can contribute to the further development of greywater energy recovery systems and greywater recycling systems.
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Leiva, Eduardo, Carolina Rodríguez, Rafael Sánchez, and Jennyfer Serrano. "Light or Dark Greywater for Water Reuse? Economic Assessment of On-Site Greywater Treatment Systems in Rural Areas." Water 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 3637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13243637.
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Water scarcity is causing a great impact on the population. Rural areas are most affected by often lacking a stable water supply, being more susceptible to the impact of drought events, and with greater risk of contamination due to the lack of appropriate water treatment systems. Decentralized greywater treatment systems for water reuse in rural areas can be a powerful alternative to alleviate these impacts. However, the economic feasibility of these systems must be thoroughly evaluated. This study reports an economic analysis carried out on the viability of greywater reuse considering scenarios with light greywater or dark greywater to be treated. For this, data obtained from the assembly and monitoring of greywater treatment systems located in the north-central zone of Chile, supplemented with data obtained from the literature were used. The results showed that both scenarios are not economically viable, since the investment and operating costs are not amortized by the savings in water. In both evaluated cases (public schools), the economic indicators were less negative when treating light greywater compared with the sum of light greywater and dark greywater as the inlet water to be treated. The investment and operating costs restrict the implementation of these water reuse systems, since in the evaluation period (20 years) a return on the initial investment is not achieved. Even so, our results suggest that the best alternative to reuse greywater in small-scale decentralized systems is to treat light greywater, but it is necessary to consider a state subsidy that not only supports capital costs but also reduces operating and maintenance costs. These findings support the idea that the type of water to be treated is a factor to consider in the implementation of decentralized greywater treatment systems for the reuse of water in rural areas and can help decision-making on the design and configuration of these systems.
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Ukwubile, Cletus Anes. "Microbial Analysis of Greywater from Local Bathrooms and Its Health Implications in Bali Local Government Area Taraba State Nigeria." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v2i1.5048.
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Due to reckless ways of disposing water from the baths in Nigerians Northern towns in Bali LGA Taraba State, which was caused by poor bathrooms occasioned by poverty, many lives had been lost from deaths caused by pathogenic microbes in these recklessly exposed used waters (greywater).
Objective: This research was conducted in order to determine microbial contaminants of greywaters from local bathrooms in Bali LGA of Taraba State, Nigeria, and their potential threat to the lives of people in this LGA. Methods: Greywaters from bathrooms in ten (10) communities in Bali LGA were collected and analyzed for microbial contaminants. The communities are Bali, Garba-Chede, Pamgri, Garbabi, Maihula, Suntai, Jamtari, Mayokam, Daka, and Kungana, twenty areas were sampled in each of these communities. Simple Stain was done using 5 ml methylene blue solution by adding into the specimen bottles to know if there bacteria in the samples. Acid-fast Stain was done using 5 ml Ziehl Nielsen stain each added to the labeled bottles to identify Mycobacterium sp. in the greywater samples. Stains for Cellular Features cellular features such as presence of capsule, spores and flagella were screened using India ink stain which creates a clear zone around the bacteria cell in gram negative strains, and Malachite stain which stains spores green and bacteria cell red. Differential Staining (Gram Staining Procedures) was done in which the bacteria were first stained with crystal violet and then treated with mordant in order to fix the stain inside the cell. Identification of microbial organisms down to species level was done using molecular biology technique by cleavage of microbial DNA Sequence using restriction enzymes (RE).
Results: Results showed that most of the greywaters from these local bathrooms were mainly gram negative bacteria. The most disseminated species are Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriea, according to various restriction enzymes specific to each bacterium. The RE obtained at Collaborative Research Inc. 1365, Main Street, Massachusetts, USA; do show any abnormal cleavage pattern of the DNA sequence during electrophoresis and RE DNA digestion. Most species of the microbes were highly present in greywater from local bathrooms in Maihula, Mayokam and Garbabi. It was however not high in Bali and Suntai. Highest percentage of contamination was seen in Garbabi, Garba-Chede, Jamtari and Daka; with Campylobacter jejuni the dominant bacterium species present.
Conclusion: The results showed that in areas sampled, the greywaters from local bathrooms contained mainly gram negative pathogenic bacteria with potential threat to lives, and Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholera, Salmonella typhi, and E. coli were the dominant organisms.
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Nel, N., and H. E. Jacobs. "Investigation into untreated greywater reuse practices by suburban households under the threat of intermittent water supply." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.055.
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Abstract Untreated greywater reuse at the household level is an accessible water source to supplement non-potable water requirements in times of emergency water curtailments but poses various risks to the consumer, the wider community, infrastructure and the environment. Little information is known about unregulated, untreated greywater reuse practices under emergency conditions in suburban communities where consumers have become accustomed to reliable potable water supplied via a pressurised, piped distribution system. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the sources of greywater used, collection methods, storage and distribution of greywater, the application points, the level of treatment (if any) and the perceived risks associated with the greywater reuse. The City of Cape Town was selected as a case study site for research into greywater reuse under the threat of ‘Day Zero’ and stringent water restrictions, implemented during the 2017/2018 summer season. A consumer survey and analysis of relevant online forums was conducted in order to obtain the necessary information. Greywater reuse practices from a sample group of 351 consumers were identified and classified. Untreated greywater reuse was found to be common, mainly for garden irrigation and toilet flushing. The results point to high-risk activities in the study group.
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Dwumfour-Asare, Bismark, Philomina Adantey, Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko, and Eugene Appiah-Effah. "Greywater characterization and handling practices among urban households in Ghana: the case of three communities in Kumasi Metropolis." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 4 (May 5, 2017): 813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.229.
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Greywater management in Ghana receives little or no attention although untreated greywater is associated with environmental and public health risks. This paper assesses greywater characteristics and handling practices among urban households in three selected communities in Kumasi, the second largest city of Ghana. The study involved in-depth surveys (interviews and observations) with 90 households, and collection of 18 greywater samples from nine greywater sources for laboratory analysis. Average greywater generation is 43.36 ± 17 litres per capita per day, equivalent to 36% of average water consumption. Greywater is untreated before disposal (≈99%), and disposal is mainly (89%) into drains and onto streets. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels are high but give very low BOD/COD ratios (0.20 ± 0.07) indicating a very low biodegradability potential. Nutrient levels are high: 12 times (P) and 30 times (N) in excess of standard discharge limits. Other contaminants detected are heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd), microbes (total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.), and organic micropollutants – benzalkonium chloride, parabens (methyl and propyl), sodium benzoate and hypochlorite – and details of the levels are discussed in the paper. Greywater reuse could be useful for biomass production, but it also presents a challenge and threat to natural biological processes and water sources.
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Sinclair, M., J. O'Toole, M. Malawaraarachchi, and K. Leder. "Household greywater use practices in Melbourne, Australia." Water Supply 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.022.
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Research on the potential of greywater reuse to reduce urban tap water demand has focused mainly on permanently installed greywater treatment or irrigation systems. These may be readily implemented in new housing developments, but experience in Australia shows their uptake by established households in urban areas is low. The majority of households employ simple and temporary methods for greywater collection and use, but their behaviour has not been well documented. We characterised the greywater use practices of over 1,000 Melbourne households during a 5-year period (2007 to 2011) which included 3 years of severe drought with stringent restrictions on outdoor tap water use. Greywater was most frequently collected from the laundry and bathroom, and generally used within 24 hours. Garden watering was the most common end use, and treatment of greywater to reduce microbial contamination was very rare. Volume estimates by householders suggest that on average around 10% of tap water used in the home was being collected for reuse. When drought conditions and water restrictions eased, over 40% of user households discontinued greywater use. Widespread adoption of permanent greywater collection, treatment and storage systems by households would be required to achieve a lasting effect on urban water consumption.
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Boros, N., A. Petrányi, D. Kocsis, and I. Bodnár. "Characterization of greywater sources on the base of organic content and microbial quality." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.5.2014.1.4.
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Abstract The recycling of greywater for non-potable water applications, such as toilet flushing or irrigation, is a potential solution to reduce potable water consumption. To estimate the quality of raw greywater samples, we measured several physical, chemical and biological parameters. We used Hygiene Monitor test kits to determine microbiological presence in the samples. The greywater samples showed a high variability for all the measured parameters. In general, we found that greywater sources had lightly alkaline character with a considerable inorganic and organic content. About half of the analyzed samples can be characterized as highly contaminated water source with organic substance. The average BOD5 and DOC values of greywater samples were 429 ± 410 mg l−1 and 341 ± 348 mg l−1. The samples showed high similarity concerning the total plate counts parameter (range from 5 to 6 log10 cfu ml−1). Among the three greywater sources, the samples from dish sources showed the lowest coliform content (3.9 log10 cfu ml−1) and the bath samples were contaminated with coliforms to the highest degree (4.9 log10 cfu ml−1). The results of E. coli contamination tests proved that all greywater sources can be contaminated with pathogen bacteria, consequently the treatment before reuse of greywater is indispensable.
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Asmal, Idawarni, Edward Syarif, Samsuddin Amin, and Muhammad A. Walenna. "The Impact of the Environment and People’s Attitudes on Greywater Management in Slum Coastal Settlements." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 2734–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-12-05.
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The rapid population growth in many countries will ultimately impact the provision of essential services and engender many challenges, such as inadequate sanitation. Indonesia has an extensive coastline and densely populated coastal areas that have grown sporadically, creating slums. These areas have long been associated with poor greywater management. Greywater is dumped into beaches, roads, and yards without pre-treatment, thus harming the environment and society. This study aims to identify various factors influencing community actions to manage and overcome greywater-related problems in coastal slum areas. Using methods by combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. The influential factors in the physical condition of the built environment, the natural environment, community activities, and government involvement related to greywater were analyzed qualitatively, while the public understanding of greywater management was assessed quantitatively. The results showed that these four factors significantly influenced people's attitudes towards wastewater treatment. The findings show that these four factors affect people's mind-set about handling greywater, which becomes an obstacle to changing their attitudes and views on greywater. The four factors have the same level and cannot be separated in dealing with greywater. Treatment strategies are in accordance with coastal nature, settlements physical conditions and communities are then chosen Treatment Horizontal Flow. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-12-05 Full Text: PDF
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Bakare, B. F., S. Mtsweni, and S. Rathilal. "A pilot study into public attitudes and perceptions towards greywater reuse in a low cost housing development in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.076.
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The benefits of greywater reuse have been identified to include the protection of water resources, recovery of nutrients for agriculture, savings in fresh water usage, reduction in volumes of wastewater discharged into wastewater treatment works, groundwater recharge and sustainable water resource management. An understanding of public attitude and perceptions towards the reuse of greywater will help to facilitate a positive reaction to the promotion of such concepts. The study involved administering of structured questionnaires to residents within the community through field visits. The questionnaire addressed issues related to attitudes towards the reuse of greywater, perceived advantages related to the reuse of greywater and concerns related to public health issues regarding the reuse of greywater. A total number of 346 questionnaires were administered and respondents were aged from less than 19 to over 60 years. Of the respondents, 55% were female and 45% male. The findings revealed a complex and shifting relationship between attitudes towards and perception of the reuse of greywater. This paper thus presents the findings and assesses certain aspects of greywater reuse.
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Maiga, Ynoussa, David Moyenga, Ken Ushijima, Mariam Sou, and Amadou Hama Maiga. "Greywater Characteristics In Rural Areas of the Sahelian Region for Reuse Purposes: The Case of Burkina Faso." Revue des sciences de l’eau 27, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021981ar.
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Abstract The characteristics of greywater generated in two rural areas (“Barkoundba” and “Kologoudiessé”) located in the Sahelian region in Burkina Faso were assessed through observations in selected concessions, sample collection and laboratory analyses. The study aimed at characterizing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of greywater in order to evaluate its reuse potential for gardening in rural areas. The results showed that greywater is generated from 3 to 4 main sources with average daily productions of 8 ± 1 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in “Barkoundba” and 13 ± 3 L•capita‑1•d‑1 in Kologoudiessé”. Despite these low rates, the average quantity of greywater production varied from 67 to 344 L•concession‑1•d‑1 during the dry season. This greywater can be collected to provide additional water for irrigation in home gardens of size varying from 10 to 43 m2. Shower activity is the major contributor of greywater with up to 56% in “Barkoundba” and 70% in “Kologoudiessé”. The qualitative assessment of the greywater streams showed that every source is contaminated with chemicals and microbial pollutants at levels not suitable for direct reuse in agriculture. Therefore, it is recommended to treat the greywater before its use for irrigation purposes. Based on World Health Organization (WHO) reuse guidelines, the treatment system should be able to remove bacteria by more than 2 log units and 4 log units if restricted and unrestricted irrigation are considered respectively. Since shower greywater is directly poured onto the ground, the treatment unit should be adapted to the shower room to allow shower greywater collection, in order to collect the required quantities for gardening. A slanted soil treatment system could be investigated. Hazards of a direct reuse are discussed for soils, plants and human health on the basis of the various qualitative parameters. However, an accurate risk assessment would require further investigations with the evaluation of the interannual variability of greywater quality.
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Nyika, Joan, and Megersa Dinka. "THE PROGRESS IN USING GREYWATER AS A SOLUTION TO WATER SCARCITY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY." Water Conservation & Management 6, no. 2 (2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2022.89.94.
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Increased production of greywater prompted by the rise of urbanization and increased population in the industrial era is a growing environmental concern exacerbating the apparent water insecurity. Treatment and reuse of greywater is a promising solution to this problem since it will divert the use of limited freshwater resources to unavoidable consumptive uses. This study reviewed the various methods used to treat greywater and the progress made in taking up the practice in Kenya. Findings showed a variety of physicochemical treatment methods such as filtration, adsorption, coagulation and photocatalytic oxidation used to decontaminate greywater. Biological approaches such as the use of reactors and constructed wetland systems were discussed. Case study applications of the treatment approaches in Kenya to manage greywater were also highlighted. However, it was noted that appropriate policies, adequate funding and better designing of greywater treatment systems should be adopted to support the enhanced practices in Kenya.
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Turull, Marta, Gianluigi Buttiglieri, Valeria Vazquez, Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, and Lúcia H. M. L. M. Santos. "Analytical upgrade of a methodology based on UHPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of endocrine disrupting compounds in greywater." Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics 2, no. 3 (2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2023.37.
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A multi-residue analytical methodology for the determination of 25 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), encompassing various chemical classes (hormones, antimicrobials, preservatives, plasticizers, stimulants, alkylphenolic compounds, anticorrosives, and organophosphorus flame retardants), has been upgraded for the analysis of greywater. The methodology is based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The optimized methodology achieved recoveries between 63% and 146% for all compounds, with MDLs ranging from 0.3 to 141 ng/L. Most of the compounds showed a pronounced signal suppression in the laundry greywater tested, and therefore, quantification was performed with a matrix-matched calibration curve to surpass the matrix effects observed (between -100% and 106%). Additionally, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane filters were selected among several filter types as the most suitable for greywater filtration. The upgraded methodology allowed the detection of 14, four and four EDCs in laundry, kitchen and shower/sink greywater, respectively. Caffeine was the only compound detected in all types of greywater, showing the highest concentrations (> 40,000 ng/L in kitchen greywater, and 2,360 ng/L in laundry greywater), followed by methylparaben and 1H-benzotriazole (1,607 and 776 ng/L, respectively, in laundry greywater). This analytical methodology constitutes an important tool for monitoring different families of contaminants in greywater, a poorly studied matrix, which is nowadays being considered as a future source of freshwater, contributing to overcoming problems of water scarcity. Water monitoring thus helps to guarantee water quality in water reuse practices and to understand EDC exposure patterns and their potential environmental impact.
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Veatch-Blohm, Maren E., Ellen Roussel, Eliana Marzullo, and Adeline Nagle. "Greywater as a Viable Alternative for Irrigation of 10 Fall-planted Spring-flowering Geophytes Forced for Early Spring Flowering." HortScience 58, no. 9 (September 2023): 1112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci17247-23.
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The world population has topped 8 billion and water scarcity is rising because of the effects of climate change. The addition of plants to interior and exterior spaces has positive emotional, but questionable environmental, benefit when potable water sources are used for maintenance. To preserve potable water for human use, nonpotable resources, such as greywater, may be used as an alternative for the growth of ornamental plants. The purpose of the study was to determine the viability of using greywater for production of 10 fall-planted geophytes forced for early spring flowering. With very few exceptions, the application of greywater did not affect biomass accumulation, nutrient profile, or visual quality of the plant. Only fresh biomass of Allium and Hyacinthus was negatively affected by greywater, with no impacts on dry biomass or visual quality. There were also no negative impacts on plant survival, number of flowers, and flower duration as measured by time to flower senescence. There was an inconsistent effect of greywater irrigation on flowering time but was observed in only 1 of the 3 years for each of the cultivars affected. In the first year, greywater irrigation delayed flowering in Narcissus ‘Dutch Master’ and Tulipa ‘Parade’ an average of 7 and 6 days, respectively, whereas in year 3, greywater irrigation promoted flowering in Iris ×hollandica ‘Sapphire Beauty’ an average of 10 days earlier. Greywater appears to be a viable alternative for container-grown spring-flowering geophytes. This study adds to the body of research showing that greywater should be considered a serious alternative to freshwater for plant growth.
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Lós, Réka, Andrea IzbékinéSzabolcsik, and Ildikó Bodnár. "Investigations of Detergents and Metal Components for Supporting the Effective Treatment of Greywater." Műszaki Tudományos Közlemények 13, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33894/mtk-2020.13.20.
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Abstract The aim of our research was to investigate the detergent content and several micro and macro elements in greywater samples, a necessary step in determining the water quality for the further reuse of the greywater. We determined the anionic detergent content of synthetic greywater with a two-phased titration method prepared in laboratory conditions. The current study leads to a new suggestion for a more accurate and reliable titrimetric method for determination of anionic detergent content of synthetic greywater samples. Following these investigations, we also examined the metal content of synthetic bath water. We wanted to highlight how detergents in greywater influence the micro and macro element content of the given synthetic bath water samples.
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Wurochekke, A. A., R. M. S. Mohamed, A. A. Al-Gheethi, Hauwa Atiku, H. M. Amir, and H. M. Matias-Peralta. "Household greywater treatment methods using natural materials and their hybrid system." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 6 (July 28, 2016): 914–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.054.
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Discharge of household greywater into water bodies can lead to an increase in contamination levels in terms of the reduction in dissolved oxygen resources and rapid bacterial growth. Therefore, the quality of greywater has to be improved before the disposal process. The present review aimed to present a hybrid treatment system for the greywater generated from households. The hybrid system comprised a primary stage (a natural filtration unit) with a bioreactor system as the secondary treatment combined with microalgae for greywater treatment, as well as the natural flocculation process. The review discussed the efficiency of each stage in the removal of elements and nutrients. The hybrid system reviewed here represented an effective solution for the remediation of household greywater.
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Wurochekke, Anwaruddin Ahmed, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Siti Asmah binti Lokman Halim, Amir Hashim bin Mohd Kassim, and Rafidah binti Hamdan. "Sustainable Extensive On-Site Constructed Wetland for some Bacteriological Reduction in Kitchen Greywater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1199.
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Malaysia is experiencing water pollution crisis recently. In particular, greywater discharge directly to drains. Therefore, a greywater treatment system was designed to overcome this drain pollution. To investigate the operation and performance of the treatment system, constructed wetland was designed and builds for a small single household. Lepironia Articulata was chosen for populating wetland. The wetland was supplied with kitchen greywater. The selected house is appropriate because it lacks proper drainage system. This study evaluates the characteristic of kitchen greywater before and after treatment. The quality parameters of greywater that involve in this study are Total Coliform and E-coli. The range for reduction efficiency for Total Suspended Solid was 16.02 to 60.56, E.coli was 26% to 51% and Total Coliform was 5% to 63%. Generally, this study showed improved kitchen greywater quality before discharging to the nearest water body. The findings can be used significantly to enhance the knowledge in constructed wetland where it can serve as effective and integrated solutions for managing greywater discharging using control at source approach. A constructed wetland was best chosen due to its good visual impact, removal efficiency of organic material and other pollutant, as well economical.
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Gautam, Sneha, Lakshmi M. Makhitha, Anirudh Gupta, J. Brema, E. J. James, and Gajendran Chellaiah. "Treatment and Effective Utilization of Greywater: A Preliminary Case Study." Applied System Innovation 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi4010016.
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Greywater has been identified as a valuable alternative water source over recent years. Few practices (i.e., recycling and reuse) of greywater have attracted global attention in meeting the future water demand. However, essential parameters should be analyzed for reliable reuse and treatment. The present study addresses the possibilities of the alternative source with the treated greywater. Gravity—governed flow methods through a column containing gravel, sand, and activated carbon was applied. The quality of treated greywater from the university campus, which included physical, chemical, and biological parameters, was assessed to check non-potable reuse suitability. The reduction percentage of organics in biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand was 64% and 42%, respectively. Similarly, the reduction percentage was obtained at 74% and 66% for turbidity and electrical conductivity. The removal efficiency was 57%, 77%, 48%, and 44% for total dissolved solids, alkalinity, chlorides, and total hardness. The pH of treated water samples was found in the neutral range suggesting its suitability for reuse. Hence, the proposed greywater treatment method is a cost-effective and straightforward approach to reuse greywater for irrigation, watering the lawns, and car washing. The greywater collected can be disinfected immediately and reused with minimal possibility of regrowth of microorganisms.
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Al Arni, Saleh, Mahmoud Elwaheidi, Alsamani A. M. Salih, Djamel Ghernaout, and Mohammed Matouq. "Greywater reuse: an assessment of the Jordanian experience in rural communities." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 6 (March 7, 2022): 1952–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2022.080.
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Abstract Water conservation is a critical issue, particularly in arid countries and countries that suffer a lack of natural water resources. Jordan is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world; this fact has forced the search for alternative sustainable solutions. With the support of several regional and international organizations, tens of projects were implemented across the country over the past 30 years that aimed to reuse greywater in rural communities. The current review provides a wide overview of Jordan's experience in greywater treatment and its reuse for non-potable purposes in rural areas. To the best knowledge of the authors, the present review is the first to assess the Jordanian experience in this field. Many governmental authorities and non-governmental organizations have been involved in Jordan's experience. The greywater reuse systems were established to achieve advantageous environmental and socio-economic consequences on the rural communities. The strategy of greywater treatment was based on a local on-site greywater treatment system in households or the so-called ‘autonomous water management’. The applied greywater treatment technologies in households were found efficient in rendering greywater adequate for agricultural uses. However, further improvements and territorial expansion of the experiment are needed.
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Al-Gheethi, A. A., R. M. S. Radin Mohamed, A. N. Efaq, and M. K. Amir Hashim. "Reduction of microbial risk associated with greywater by disinfection processes for irrigation." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 3 (December 21, 2015): 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.220.
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Greywater is one of the most important alternative sources for irrigation in arid and semi-arid countries. However, the health risk associated with the microbial contents of these waters limits their utilization. Many techniques have been developed and used to generate a high microbiological quality of greywater. The main problem in the treatment of greywater lies in the nature of pathogenic bacteria in terms of their ability to survive during/after the treatment process. The present review focused on the health risk associated with the presence of pathogenic bacteria in greywater and the treatment technologies used for the disinfection processes.
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Thompson, Kyle A., R. Scott Summers, and Sherri M. Cook. "Development and experimental validation of the composition and treatability of a new synthetic bathroom greywater (SynGrey)." Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 3, no. 6 (2017): 1120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ew00304h.
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Hourlier, F., A. Massé, P. Jaouen, A. Lakel, C. Gérente, C. Faur, and P. Le Cloirec. "Membrane process treatment for greywater recycling: investigations on direct tubular nanofiltration." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.435.
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On-site greywater recycling and reuse is one of the main ways to reduce potable water requirement in urban areas. Direct membrane filtration is a promising technology to recycle greywater on-site. This study aimed at selecting a tubular nanofiltration (NF) membrane and its operating conditions in order to treat and reuse greywater in buildings. To do so, a synthetic greywater (SGW) was reconstituted in order to conduct experiments on a reproducible effluent. Then, three PCI NF membranes (AFC30, AFC40 and AFC80) having distinct molecular weight cut-offs were tested to recycle this SGW with a constant concentration at 25°C at two different transmembrane pressures (20 and 35 bar). The best results were obtained with AFC80 at 35 bar: the flux was close to 50 L m−2 h−1, retentions of 95% for chemical oxygen demand and anionic surfactants were observed, and no Enterococcus were detected in the permeate. The performances of AFC80 were also evaluated on a real greywater: fluxes and retentions were similar to those observed on SGW. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of direct nanofiltration to recycle and reuse greywater.
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Ali, Marwa M., Nawar Omran Ali, and Mahdi Shanshal Jaafar. "Chemical-Free Greywater Treatment Using Aeration, Sedimentation, Followed by Granular Activated Carbon Filter (GAC) -A Case Study of Baghdad city household." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.10.05.
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Greywater is a possible water source that can be improved for meeting the quality required for irrigation. Treatment of greywater can range from uncomplicated coarse filtration to advanced biological treatment. This article presents a simple design of a small scale greywater treatment plant, which is a series of physical and natural processes including screening, aeration, sedimentation, and filtration using granular activated carbon filter and differentiates its performance with sand filter. The performance of these units with the dual filter media of (activated carbon with sand) in treatment of greywater from Iraqi house in Baghdad city during 2019 and that collected from several points including washbasins, kitchen sink, bathrooms, and laundry, was recorded in terms of removal efficiency of particular pollutants like Turbidity 94%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) 93%, and oil 91%. Dual filter was the most effective filter for decreasing these pollutants, while sand indicates the lowest removal efficiency. In general, granular activated carbon media seemed to be the most proper medium to improve greywater quality for reaching the quality of irrigation within the terms of organic matter decrease. Accordingly, this technology may be reliable for greywater treatment in a residential area.
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Chowdhury, Rezaul K. "Greywater reuse through a bioretention system prototype in the arid region." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 12 (August 26, 2015): 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.442.
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The concept of a greywater-fed bioretention system in arid regions was investigated in this study. Bioretention systems are conventionally used as a source control mechanism for urban runoff. Nevertheless, in arid regions, where rain and urban runoff are not an abundant water resource, their application is limited. Greywater (residential wastewater without toilet and kitchen sources) is comparatively less polluted and has the potential for reuse in irrigation and non-potable water uses. However, selection of an appropriate treatment is a challenge. A prototype bioretention system was made and its ability to improve greywater quality was monitored for more than 10 consecutive days. A vegetative and non-vegetative system were monitored separately. After 24 hours of retention in both systems, greywater quality was improved significantly. Both systems performed almost equally well; however, the vegetative system (with canary reed grass, Phalaris arundinacea) was found to be more effective in reducing the sodium and chemical oxygen demand contents. The study revealed that the concept of the greywater-fed bioretention system has the potential to add multi-functional benefits (greywater treatment, water conservation, landscape aesthetic and biodiversity) to the arid regions’ urban environment.
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Supriyanto, Jen, Sarto -, and Muhammad Sulaiman. "STUDY OF THE USE OF BIOFILTER REACTOR FOR GREYWATER PROCESSING IN THE AREA OF FLOATING SETTLEMENT KELURAHAN MARGASARI KOTA BALIKPAPAN TOWARD THE CONCEPT OF ZERO WASTE." ASEAN Journal of Systems Engineering 3, no. 2 (December 21, 2015): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajse.v3i2.17164.
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The floating settlement in Margasari is one of the settlements in Kota Balikpapan which is known as a Beach City. PDAM (State Water Company) as the main resource of clean water fulfillment in Balikpapans, needs to needs to be used efficiently. One of the ways is by processing the Greywater which can be reused for toilet flushing in order to support the concept of Zero Waste.The purpose of this research is to obtain the composition and the potential data of Greywater which is appeared from the data and reusable for the citizens, to find out the effectiveness of the use of Biofilter Reactor as an alternative processing unit of Greywater towards the parameters of pH, BOD, COD, TSS, and NH3-N, and also to identify the citizens’ role potential in processing the Greywater towards the concept of Zero Waste in terms of processing domestic liquid waste.The Greywater level in Margasari Floating Settlement of Balikpapan with the parameters of BOD of 520,1–840,1 mg/l, COD of 1.562,5–2.450,0 mg/l, TSS of 297,0–1.047,0 mg/l, and NH3-N of 0,0002-16,257 mg/l is still very high. Margasari Floating Settlement of Balikpapan consists of 6.546 people and 1.198 buldings with an average of Greywater potential of each house of 393,42 l/day or 14.139.360 l/month for the whole area, while the average need for toilet flushing in each house is about 264,03 l/day atau sebesar 9.489.081,60 l/month for the whole area. The Biofilter Reactor can be used to process the Greywater for the whole area. The Biofilter Reactor which has an effective volume of 247 liter, has a diameter of the gravel media of 2,5–4 cm with an optimum effectiveness towards the BOD parameter of 86,54%, COD of 82,27%, TSS of 84,60%, and NH3-N of 19,99%. It can be used to process the greywater from a house consisted of 5 people with a Greywater debt of 0,36 m3/day, average BOD debt of 686,77 mg/l and average TSS of on Margasari Floating Settlement.
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Nolde, E. "Greywater recycling systems in Germany — results, experiences and guidelines." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0368.
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Although Germany is not considered a water-poor country, there exist regional differences in water supply and consumption. During the past 15 years, the greywater aspect has been dealt with in Germany with a greater interest and variable success. In addition to an increased environmental awareness, water costs also play an important role in increasing the demand for advanced greywater treatment plants installed in buildings. Under favourable conditions, the amortisation costs usually lie between 5 and 7 years. Systems that have been extensively tried and tested and have been shown to be most reliable are those employing an advanced biological treatment followed by an UV disinfection. Systems based on membrane technology are being developed and researched intensively in Germany for municipal wastewater treatment. However, so far they play no role in greywater recycling. Greywater systems operating under low energy and maintenance requirements without the use of chemicals are mostly favoured. In Germany, greywater recycling systems should be registered at the Health Office in order to guarantee that no cross-connections exist with the drinking water network and that pipes are labelled according to regulations. The hygienic requirements for recycled greywater, which is primarily used for toilet flushing, are oriented towards the EU-Guidelines for Bathing Waters. The use of recycled greywater for irrigation purposes is minor. As to the use of recycled water for laundry, the first promising investigation results are now available.
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Gassie, Lucien W., James D. Englehardt, Nichole E. Brinkman, Jay Garland, and Mahamalage Kusumitha Perera. "Ozone–UV net-zero water wash station for remote emergency response healthcare units: design, operation, and results." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 5, no. 11 (2019): 1971–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00126c.
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Vinitha, E. V., M. Mansoor Ahammed, and Mahesh R. Gadekar. "Chemical coagulation of greywater: modelling using artificial neural networks." Water Science and Technology 2017, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.263.
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Abstract In the present study, chemical coagulation with alum and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was utilized for greywater treatment. More than 140 jar tests on greywater with varying characteristics were conducted in order to determine the optimum coagulant dosage and treated greywater characteristics. The average removal efficiencies of turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids were obtained as 91, 73 and 83% using alum and 93, 74 and 89% using PACl, respectively. For similar initial turbidity levels, optimum PACl dosages required were significantly less compared to optimum alum dosages. Further, PACl produced treated greywater with lower levels of turbidity compared to alum. Results of the coagulation tests were used to design artificial neural network (ANN) models for the prediction of the optimum coagulant dosage and treated greywater quality parameters. ANN models with initial turbidity, pH, conductivity and alkalinity as the input parameters could predict the optimum coagulant dose and treated greywater quality. The performance of the models was found to be good, with correlation coefficient values greater than 0.80. Empirical formulas for the prediction of alum and PACl dosages were also derived using the algorithm weights and bias values from the networks eliminating the need for running the ANN software.
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Alsulaili, Abdalrahman D., and Mohamed F. Hamoda. "Quantification and characterization of greywater from schools." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 11 (August 8, 2015): 1973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.408.
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Survey of schools of different education levels (primary, intermediate and secondary) in Kuwait showed an average greywater generation rate of 7.3 L/p/d and varied in the range of 2.9–16 l/p/d, reflecting the school level of education (i.e. student age). The highest rates were observed for primary schools while the lowest rates were observed in secondary schools where students are more mature and use the water more wisely. The greywater characteristics indicated waste with low chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) values but relatively high solids, conductivity, and sodium content due to excessive use of hand soap. Total coliform values ranged between 89 and 352 most probable number (MPN)/mL with an average of 196 MPN/mL while no fecal coliform values were detected. Greywater collected from schools is classified as light greywater and contains much lower levels of organic matter and nutrients compared to residential greywater and domestic wastewater. It is suitable for non-potable reuse after minimal treatment since microbial contamination may pose a serious threat to health if greywater comes into contact with humans. It also provides a good opportunity for reuse in toilet flushing since it can be easily collected from wash sinks and fountains, as major sources, and recycled.
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Adonadaga, M.-G., S. C. Alimoh, and B. Ampadu. "Effectiveness of Some Selected Natural Filter Media for On-Site Small-Scale Treatment of Medium Strength Greywater." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 5 (June 24, 2020): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i5.25.
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Greywater represents a potential resource of water that can be recycled to meet the standards for safe discharge or non-potable uses. This study evaluated the performance of sand, charcoal, and saw dust filters in reducing Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, Phosphatephosphorus (PO4-P), and Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in greywater. Greywater was fed into a simple filtration system (SFS) with sand, charcoal and saw dust filters each of height 16 cm in three plastic containers of the same size: internal diameter 19 cm and height 22 cm each and operated for two weeks. Sand efficiently reduced the concentrations of BOD5, phosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) and TDS while charcoal and saw dust were less efficient. Sand, charcoal, and saw dust reduced influent BOD5 by 97.65%, 61.20% and 66.12%; PO4-P by 99.92%, 83.98% and 20.56%; NO3-N by 28.30%, 58.80% and 39.21%; and TDS by 47.18%, 7.94% and 29.69%, respectively for the two-week experimental period. Overall, sand appeared to be the most suitable filter for improving greywater quality for discharge or non-potable uses in terms of organic matter reduction. Effective performance of the charcoal and saw dust filters for the treatment of greywater need further investigation.
Keywords: Greywater, daily discharge rate, natural filter media, small-scale treatment.
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Ridzuan, Mohd Baharufin, Zawawi Daud, Zulkifli Ahmad, Nurul Amira Md Nordin, and Zulfairul Zakariah. "Development of Natural Fiber as a Filter Media in Removing Organic Pollutants from Greywater." Defect and Diffusion Forum 382 (January 2018): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.382.302.
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Greywater is a wastewater originating from shower, bathtub, bathroom sink, kitchen sink and laundry. Despite the fact of wastewater in Malaysia may also include a complex mixture of organic matter, suspended solids, bacteria and common household chemicals, when used wisely and in a manner that is protective to public health and the environment, it can helps preserve limited water supply. This study aims the efficiency of adsorption of organic pollutants in greywater by using natural fibers such as Kenaf dust and Chitosan powder to treat the colour of water and the cause of odours from the greywater. The objective of this research is to identify the characteristics of greywater according to standard effluent discharge, as well as to characterize the physical properties of Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) and to determine the percent removal parameters of greywater by using Kenaf dust and Chitosan powder as organic removal. Raw greywater samples were taken at main drain Kompleks Parit Raja. The results for raw greywater samples obtained such as COD (253 mg/l), TSS (1800 mg/l), pH (5.89) and turbidity (47.5 NTU) were compared to Effluent Standard Discharge (EQA 1974). The COD removal efficiencies by using kenaf dust and chitosan powder amounted to 51% and 50 %, also TSS removal 89% and 100%. The pH and turbidity amounted to 6.76 and 7.04, 46 NTU and 4.46 NTU respectively. The overall removal of organic pollutants increased with different mass of adsorbents, then the optimum adsorbents were selected 30%, 40% and 50% to form as beads.
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Zhang, Yan, Andrew Grant, Ashok Sharma, Donghui Chen, and Liang Chen. "Assessment of rainwater use and greywater reuse in high-rise buildings in a brownfield site." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.364.
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This study describes the use of rainwater and greywater (originated from bathroom only) for provision of non-contact indoor and outdoor use in high-rise buildings. A brownfield development site in Box Hill suburb of Melbourne was selected as case study site for this investigation. The performance of alternative servicing options was compared with conventional water supply, stormwater and wastewater servicing. A water balance model UVQ (Urban Volume and Quality) was applied to determine storage capacities and to evaluate the percentage reduction in water supplying, stormwater run-off and wastewater disposal, as well as volumes of rainwater use and greywater reuse. In this study, the impact of variation in collection area (600 m2 and 900 m2) and appliance discharge volumes was examined. A number of demand management options were also investigated. The results of this study indicate greywater reuse is more suited than rainwater use for this development because of the steady, constant supply of greywater compared to the highly fluctuating, storm-event supply of rainwater and the high population density creating comparatively large volumes of greywater.
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Godfrey, S., P. Labhasetwar, S. Wate, and B. Jimenez. "Safe greywater reuse to augment water supply and provide sanitation in semi-arid areas of rural India." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 6 (September 1, 2010): 1296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.414.
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Water reuse is recognized as a tool to increase water supply in peri-urban areas of semi-arid and arid regions of the world. However, it is an option rarely explored for rural areas in developing countries, and has not been documented extensively in the scientific literature. This paper presents results from 6 greywater reuse systems which were built with the objective to augment water supply and to provide sanitation in rural low income areas of Madhya Pradesh, India. The systems are based on reclaiming greywater from bathing for the use in toilet flushing and kitchen garden irrigation. The reuse systems were implemented based on the scientific rationale presented in the WHO (2006) guidelines. The paper presents evidence from the operation and evaluation of the greywater treatment plants under field conditions between 2005 and 2008. The paper concludes that greywater is a highly cost effective solution for water scarcity. In this study, reusing greywater resulted in a 60% increase in water availability, a reduction in open defecation and a fourfold increase in food availability.
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Chowdhury, Rezaul K., Walid El-Shorbagy, Mwafag Ghanma, and Assem El-Ashkar. "Quantitative assessment of residential water end uses and greywater generation in the City of Al Ain." Water Supply 15, no. 1 (September 6, 2014): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.090.
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Diversification of water sources and water demand reduction are two vital tools in maintaining the security of urban water supplies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Reuse of greywater for non-potable end uses can be an effective alternative, but this resource has not yet received much attention in the UAE. Since the generation of greywater significantly differs from country to country – depending on age, gender, habits, lifestyle, living standards and the degree of water abundance – an attempt was made to estimate internal water consumption and greywater generation in the city of Al Ain, UAE. The frequency and water requirement for personal water uses (e.g. showers, ablutions, teeth brushing, hand washing, face washing and toilet flushing) and family water uses (e.g. laundry, dish washing and house cleaning) were estimated from about 100 villa-type detached homes randomly distributed across the city. A frequency analysis was carried out using normal, lognormal, gamma and logistic distribution. The estimated average generation rate of greywater was found to be 192 litres per capita per day, which is about 69% of the average internal water consumption. The generated greywater originates from showers (49%), ablutions (18%), laundry (10%) and washbasins (23%). Based on average quantities, it was shown that the generated greywater is sufficient to fulfil the non-potable water demand in houses, but further, more rigorous, investigation is required.
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Rosa, Gustavo, and Enedir Ghisi. "Water Quality and Financial Analysis of a System Combining Rainwater and Greywater in a House." Water 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070930.
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This study aimed to evaluate the installation of a system that combines rainwater to wash clothes and greywater to flush toilets in a house located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil. The evaluation consisted of determining the potable water savings, performing a financial analysis, and verifying the possibility of using rainwater and reusing greywater according to the local legislation. The reduction in potable water consumption was determined by comparing the monthly water and sewage bill, before and after installing the system, combining rainwater and greywater. The financial analysis was performed considering the financial benefits, operational costs, costs for installing the system, and local water tariffs. After installing the system, there was a decrease of 38.0% in the monthly potable water consumption, which represents a decrease of 7.00 m3 in the monthly potable water consumption. The payback periods for the old and new water tariffs were equivalent to, respectively, ten years and seven months, and eight years and five months. Both rainwater and greywater had parameters with concentrations higher than the limits established by the legislation. Therefore, the rainwater had to go through a device for discarding the first flush and needed disinfection; and the greywater needed to go through a treatment process. The results indicated that the system combining rainwater and greywater shows significant potential for potable water savings, which can be a good alternative to the preservation of potable water resources. It is important to note that current studies on rainwater use and greywater reuse are mainly related to non-potable purposes, but it was shown herein that rainwater can be used for washing clothes.
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Rodríguez, Carolina, Rafael Sánchez, Javier Lozano-Parra, Natalia Rebolledo, Nicolás Schneider, Jennyfer Serrano, and Eduardo Leiva. "Water Balance Assessment in Schools and Households of Rural Areas of Coquimbo Region, North-Central Chile: Potential for Greywater Reuse." Water 12, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 2915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102915.
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Population growth, global warming, and increased demand for water have caused global concern about increasing water scarcity. Chile has an unequal geographical distribution of water resources. The north-central area where more than half of the country’s population lives has an availability of less than 1000 m3/hab/year. Particularly, the Coquimbo Region has been one of the most affected by drought due to the great agricultural activity in the area. In this study, surveys were carried out in rural schools and households to determine water consumption habits. The results in the schools showed that between 42% and 72% of the wastewater generated comes from the washbasin, which represents light greywater, that is, with low organic matter content. According to the data obtained, the amount of greywater generated on average reached 12 L per capita per day. These waters have the potential to be treated and reused effectively for the flow of toilets or garden irrigation. In the case of households, the generation of greywater was 84% of the total water consumed, of which, more than 86% correspond to light greywater from the shower and washbasin. On average, the light greywater generated daily reached 204 L per person per day. Due to the heterogeneity of drinking water sources in rural areas of the Coquimbo Region, the high rate of greywater generation in both schools and homes indicates the great potential for water treatment and reuse in this area. These results contribute to a better understanding of water consumption habits in rural areas affected by water scarcity and the potential of implementing greywater treatment systems to generate a decrease in demand for drinking water.