Relevant bibliographies by topics / Grey matter

Academic literature on the topic 'Grey matter'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Grey matter"

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Wood, Heather. "Grey matter matters." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2, no. 12 (December 2001): 852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35104006.

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van de Pol, L. "Grey hair and grey matter." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 75, no. 4 (April 1, 2004): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.032391.

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Miller, Saul. "Grey matter." British Journal of General Practice 69, no. 681 (March 28, 2019): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19x702089.

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Jones, Rachel. "Mapping grey matter." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2, no. 11 (November 2001): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35097506.

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Timmler, Sebastian, and Mikael Simons. "Grey matter myelination." Glia 67, no. 11 (March 12, 2019): 2063–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/glia.23614.

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Rose, Steven P. R. "Highlighting the grey matter." Nature 410, no. 6824 (March 2001): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35065145.

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Lunn, Riley H. "It’s a Grey Matter." CRANIO® 23, no. 2 (April 2005): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/crn.2005.013.

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Furby, J., T. Hayton, D. Altmann, R. Brenner, J. Chataway, KJ Smith, DH Miller, and R. Kapoor. "Different white matter lesion characteristics correlate with distinct grey matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 15, no. 6 (May 12, 2009): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458509103176.

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Background Although MRI measures of grey matter abnormality correlate with clinical disability in multiple sclerosis, it is uncertain whether grey matter abnormality measured on MRI is entirely due to a primary grey matter process or whether it is partly related to disease in the white matter. Methods To explore potential mechanisms of grey matter damage we assessed the relationship of white matter T2 lesion volume, T1 lesion volume, and mean lesion magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR), with MRI measures of tissue atrophy and MTR in the grey matter in 117 subjects with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Results Grey matter fraction and mean grey matter MTR were strongly associated with lesion volumes and lesion MTR mean ( r = ±0.63–0.72). In contrast, only weak to moderate correlations existed between white matter and lesion measures. In a stepwise regression model, T1 lesion volume was the only independent lesion correlate of grey matter fraction and accounted for 52% of the variance. Lesion MTR mean and T2 lesion volume were independent correlates of mean grey matter MTR, accounting for 57% of the variance. Conclusions Axonal transection within lesions with secondary degeneration into the grey matter may explain the relationship between T1 lesions and grey matter fraction. A parallel accumulation of demyelinating lesions in white and grey matter may contribute to the association of T2 lesion volume and lesion MTR with grey matter MTR.
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Calabrese, Massimiliano, Alice Favaretto, Valeria Martini, and Paolo Gallo. "Grey matter lesions in MS." Prion 7, no. 1 (January 2013): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/pri.22580.

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Steffens, David C., James R. MacFall, Martha E. Payne, Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer, and K. Ranga Rama Krishnan. "Grey-matter lesions and dementia." Lancet 356, no. 9242 (November 2000): 1686–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)70393-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grey matter"

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Thomas, Taya Louise. "Hypoperfusion of cerebral grey matter in dementia." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702468.

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Reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been reported in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), with increasing evidence to suggest that the hypoperfusion contributes to decline in cognitive function and possibly to progression of the neurodegeneration. Key proteins that are upregulated under conditions of cerebral hypoxia are the hypoxia inducible factor-ia (HIFia) and neuroglobin (NGB) which both induce the transcription of mUltiple genes, including some involved in the production of amyloid-β (Aβ) and the angiogenic growth factor, vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF). This thesis describes a series of studies to investigate the molecular evidence of hypoxia in post-mortem brain tissue from patients with AD, vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB; all cases with little or no cerebrovascular disease) and non-demented controls. qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to investigate the mRNA and protein expression of HIFla, NGB and VEGF. Hypoxia was also indirectly assessed by the measurement of myelinassociated glycoprotein (MAG), which is more sensitive to ischaemia than other myelin proteins, and comparing it to the relatively stable proteolipid protein-1 (PLP). The relationship to the severity of the two main structural abnormalities of the microvasculature, arteriolosclerotic small vessel disease (SVD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), both of which can cause cerebral ischaemia and cognitive impairment; the levels of total Aβ, Aβ1-40 and Aβ1.42 and severity of AD pathology as determined by Braak tangle stage; and the level and activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which catalyses the production of a powerful vasoconstrictor angiotensin II, and the level ofthe vasoconstrictor, endothelin-1 (ET-1) were also assessed. NGB protein level did not differ significantly in AD or VaD compared to controls but MAG protein level was reduced in both disease groups, consistent with what was previously demonstrated in the white matter, and was found to decrease with increasing severity of SVD. In contrast, VEGF protein was elevated in both disease groups but particularly AD; it correlated with the level of insoluble Aβ, Aβ1-42 and the Aβ1-42:Aβ1-40 ratio and to a lesser extent with the Braak tangle stage and ACE activity. There was no relationship between the level of ET-1 and VEGF. There was also only a weak relationship between VEGF or NGB and the severity of SVD or CAA. It seems likely that the increase in VEGF protein in AD is largely related to the accumulation of A~ rather than to SVD or to vasoconstriction mediated by ET-1 or angiotensin II. In DLB, NGB protein level was significantly increased in the cingulate cortex and MAG protein level reduced, although not significantly. There was no significant change in VEGF level. The mechanism of hypoperfusion seems likely to differ from that in AD. Together these findings suggest that the molecular assessment of hypoxia may provide a useful means to investigate different mechanisms of reduced CBF in various forms of dementia.
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Niepel, Graham. "Deep grey matter and fatigue in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14594/.

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Fatigue is a common and major symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS). A number of potential mechanisms exist as to the cause of MS-fatigue. These include that it is an immune-mediated symptom or that it is due to neuroendocrine or autonomic dysfunction. Studies have shown reduced activity in cortical and deep grey matter regions and disruption of cortico-subcortical circuits has been theorised. This may lead to difficulty in the planning or pre-movement stage of activity with compensatory overactivity contributing to fatigue. Finally, dysfunction of the hypocretin system, deficiency of which occurs in narcolepsy, has also been suggested. A number of deep grey matter structures, including the basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus, are implicated in these mechanisms and the work presented in this thesis explores their role. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques whilst crucial in diagnosis and monitoring disease activity are generally felt to correlate poorly with disability and symptomatology. Quantitative MRI techniques have been shown to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the extent of MS pathology and correlate better with clinical deficit. Tl relaxation time measurement is one such quantitative MRI technique and has been shown to demonstrate abnormalities in small structures such as the pyramidal tracts and correlate with disability. Firstly, we measured the T1 relaxation times of the thalamus and basal ganglia in a cohort of MS patients and assessed for any relationship with fatigue severity. Secondly, in view of its key role in the autonomic, neuroendocrine and hypocretin pathways, we performed the same measurement in the hypothalamus of a cohort of patients and again assessed for any relationship to fatigue. Subsequently, to further evaluate any possible contribution from the hypocretin system we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 levels in patients with a number of neurological diseases including a cohort of MS patients and evaluated for any relationship with severity of self-reported fatigue and hypersomnolence. Studies in MS-fatigue, including those undertaken by our group, traditionally rely on self-reported measures of fatigue severity. These questionnaire-based measures are subject to a number of drawbacks including rater bias and lack of definition of fatigue. In the final study, we assessed the effectiveness of the wakefulness-promoting drug, modafinil, in MS patients with and without fatigue by assessing its effect on objective measures of alertness and vigilance, including neurophysiological and laboratory-based measures. In addition, in this study we evaluated any potential role of the autonomic system in MS-fatigue. We found significantly higher T1 relaxation times in a number of deep grey matter structures including the thalamus, putamen and latterly the hypothalamus in MS patients as compared to controls. The T1 relaxation time of the thalamus was higher in fatigued patients as compared to non-fatigued patients and it correlated with fatigue severity. We found lower CSF hypocretin-1 levels in patients with MS and inflammatory disorders as compared to non-inflammatory conditions and this was significant in the inflammatory cohort. However, we found no relationship with fatigue or hypersomnolence severity. We did, however, detect a significant difference on a sympathetic cardiovascular reflex test between fatigued and non-fatigued patients. Finally we noted a significant improvement with modafinil, as compared to placebo, in a number of objective measures of alertness in patients with MS-fatigue and notably this was not a class-effect. To this extent, the findings from this thesis provide evidence for the potential involvement of pathology in the thalamus in the mechanism of MS-fatigue, possibly through disruption of cortico-subcortical circuits. In addition, in a separate cohort of patients there was evidence of a relationship between autonomic disturbance and fatigue. We have however found no evidence of a relationship between the hypocretin system and fatigue in MS. Finally we have demonstrated supportive evidence for a role for modafinil in the treatment of fatigue, a symptom for which, despite its frequency and severity, there is often a paucity of treatment options available for MS specialists.
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Gilmore, Christopher Patrick. "Spinal cord grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10496/.

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Background: Traditionally, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been considered to be a predominantly white matter (WM) disease. More recent studies have revealed considerable grey matter (GM) involvement in the brain. However there is a paucity of literature examining GM pathology in the spinal cord. Objectives and methods: We use human post-mortem material to explore various aspects of spinal cord GM pathology in MS including (i) the extent and pattern of spinal cord demyelination, (ii) the relative contributions of GM and WM volume loss to spinal cord atrophy, (iii) the extent of neuronal pathology within the spinal cord and (iv) the sensitivity of post-mortem MRI for detecting spinal cord GM plaques. Results: Within the spinal cord, GM demyelination is more extensive than WM demyelination with many lesions showing a novel morphological pattern whereby the plaque borders maintain a strict respect for the GM/WM boundary. Demyelination is more extensive in the spinal cord GM than in other brain regions examined. Post-mortem MR imaging at 4.7 Tesla is highly sensitive for detecting the spinal cord GM plaques. We demonstrate substantial neuronal loss in the spinal cord in MS, observing reductions in both interneuron and motoneuron numbers. This neuronal loss occurs predominantly within GM plaques. We also observe reductions in interneuron size, both within plaques and in the myelinated GM. Despite this, we find no evidence of spinal cord GM atrophy. Conclusions: This study represents the first detailed examination of spinal cord GM involvement in MS. We demonstrate substantial GM pathology in the spinal cord, further challenging the concept that MS is a predominantly WM disease. A greater understanding of this pathology may provide important insights into MS pathogenesis and mechanisms of disability in the disease.
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Mikhael, Shadia S. "Brain cortical variability, software, and clinical implications." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33210.

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It is essential to characterize and quantify naturally occurring morphometric changes in the human brain when investigating the onset or progression of neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the properties and measure the performance of several popular automated magnetic resonance image analysis tools dedicated to brain morphometry. The thesis begins with an overview of morphometric analysis methods, followed by a literature review focusing on cortical parcellation protocols. Our work identified unanimous protocol weaknesses across all packages in particular issues when addressing cortical variability. The next chapters present a ground truth dataset and a dedicated software to analyse manually parcellated data. The dataset (https://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/2936) includes 10 healthy middle-aged subjects, whose metrics we used as reference against automated tools. To develop the ground truth dataset, we also present a manual parcellation protocol (https://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/3148) providing step-by-step instructions for outlining three cortical gyri known to vary with ageing and dementia: the superior frontal gyrus, the cingulate gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus. The software, Masks2Metrics (https://datashare.is.ed.ac.uk/handle/10283/3018), was built in Matlab to calculate cortical thickness, white matter surface area, and grey matter volume from 3D binary masks. Characterizing these metrics allowed further understanding of the assumptions made by software when creating and measuring anatomical parcels. Next, we present results from processing the raw T1-weighted volumes in the latest versions of several automated image analysis tools-FreeSurfer (versions 5.1 and 6.0), BrainGyrusMapping, and BrainSuite (version 13a)- against our ground truth. Tool repeatability for the same system was confirmed as multiple runs yielded identical results. Compared to our ground truth, the closest results were generated by BrainGyrusMapping for volume metrics and by FreeSurfer 6.0 for thickness and surface area metrics. In conclusion, our work sheds light on the significance of clearly detailed parcellation protocols and accurate morphometric tools due to the implications that they both will have. We therefore recommend extra caution when selecting image analysis tools for a study, and the use of independent publicly available ground truth datasets and metrics tools to assist with the selection process.
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Waters, Alexander Juergen. "Control of spinal nociception by the midbrain periaqueductal grey matter." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310695.

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Crook, Jonathan James. "Functional connections between the periaqueductal grey matter and the cerebellum." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633195.

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The periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) is a key structure in the expression of behavioural responses to pain and fear; however the motor pathways that mediate these crucial survival behaviours are poorly understood. Previous anatomical studies have suggested connections between the PAG and the cerebellum, a hindbrain motor structure which has recently also been implicated in emotional function and the expression of survival behaviours, such as freezing behaviour. This thesis provides evidence of a possible anatomical pathway between these two structures, and describes investigations into a possible function of this connection. In sodium pentobarbital anaesthetised rats, cerebellar cortical field potentia Is were recorded in response to electrical stimulation in the PAG. Stimulation at both "IPAG and dlPAG sites was found to evoke bilateral climbing fibre field potentia Is in lateral regions of cerebellar vermallobule VIII. Fos expression was significantly increased in the fastigial nucleus A module in animals that underwent stereotaxic procedures, compared to anaesthetic control animals. Animals that received noxious pinches of the snout also tended to display greater numbers of Fos labelled neurons in this region. Animals that underwent excitation of the vlPAG with dl-homocysteic acid (DLH) displayed significantly fewer Fos labelled neurons in the A module than saline injected animals. This may reflect a vlPAG mediated depression of the noxious input to the cerebellum originating from stereotaxic and surgical procedures employed during the experiment. The functional significance of the PAG-Iobule VIII connection was investigated by lesioning connections to/from lateral lobule VIII using CTb-saporin. On average, lesioned animals displayed significantly reduced freezing behaviour during presentation of an aversively conditioned auditory tone. The animals that displayed the greatest reduction in freezing also displayed significantly fewer Fos labelled neurons in the caudal vIPAG. This suggests that vermallobule VIII supports neuronal activation of the caudal vlPAG during exposure to conditioned fear stimuli.
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Ueno, Tsukasa. "Sex-specific regional grey matter volume correlates of daily activities." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263563.

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Paquola, Casey. "The enduring impact of childhood maltreatment on grey matter development." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18566.

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Childhood maltreatment doubles an individual’s risk of developing a psychiatric disorder, yet the neurobiological nature of the enduring impact of childhood maltreatment remains elusive. This thesis explores the long-term effect of childhood maltreatment on grey matter. The primary aims of this thesis are to discern the spatial extent, temporal profile and physiological breadth of the developmental impact of childhood maltreatment amongst young people with emerging mental disorder. Chapter II comprises of a meta-analysis of thirty-eight published articles and demonstrates that adults with a history of childhood maltreatment most commonly exhibit reduced grey matter in the hippocampus, amygdala and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, compared to non-maltreated adults. Chapters III-V contain three original studies, involving a cohort of 123 young people, aged 14-26, with emerging mental illness. Chapter III bridges a gap between cross-sectional child and adult studies by longitudinally mapping the developmental trajectory of the hippocampus and amygdala following childhood maltreatment. This study provided the first direct evidence that childhood maltreatment stunts hippocampal development into young adulthood. Chapter IV assesses the utility of the cumulative stress and mismatch hypotheses in understanding the contribution of childhood abuse and recent stress to the structure and function of the limbic system. Chapter V extends on recent advances in connectome research to examine the effect of childhood maltreatment on structural covariance networks. Investigation of the correspondence of structural covariance with structural connectivity and functional connectivity revealed that reduced grey matter across the network is likely related to deceased functional coactivation following childhood maltreatment. Chapter VI discusses the significance of these studies in understanding how maltreatment shapes brain development and increases the risk of psychiatric illness.
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Hansen, Brian, Leif Østergaard, and Peter Vestergaard-Poulsen. "A fractal based model of diffusion MRI in cortical grey matter." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-190860.

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Hansen, Brian, Leif Østergaard, and Peter Vestergaard-Poulsen. "A fractal based model of diffusion MRI in cortical grey matter." Diffusion fundamentals 11 (2009) 73, S. 1-2, 2009. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14038.

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Books on the topic "Grey matter"

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Turner, R. W. Grey matter. [United States: s.n.], 2004.

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Amanda, Benson, and Ikon Gallery, eds. Grey matter: New sculpture 88. Birmingham: Ikon Gallery, 1988.

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Gallery, Ikon, ed. Grey matter: New sculpture 88. Birmingham: Ikon Gallery, 1988.

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N, Murphy Gabrielle, ed. Brain: Inner workings of the grey matter. New York, NY: DK Pub., 2002.

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Grey matter: Why it's good to be old! Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2006.

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Comi, Giancarlo, Massimo Filippi, and Marco Rovaris, eds. Normal-appearing White and Grey Matter Damage in Multiple Sclerosis. Milano: Springer Milan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2127-3.

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Gabaldon, Diana. Lord John and the Private Matter. Toronto, Canada: Anchor Canada, 2004.

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Gabaldon, Diana. Lord John and the private matter. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2004.

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Gabaldon, Diana. Lord John and the Private Matter. New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2003.

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Gabaldon, Diana. Lord John and the private matter. New York: Delacorte Press, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grey matter"

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Noggle, Chad A. "Grey Matter." In Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 710. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_1279.

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Barkhof, Frederik, Nick C. Fox, António J. Bastos-Leite, and Philip Scheltens. "Primary Grey Matter Loss." In Neuroimaging in Dementia, 59–135. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00818-4_5.

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Brink, B. P., S. J. Mork, P. Van Der Valk, and L. Bo. "Grey Matter Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis." In Normal-appearing White and Grey Matter Damage in Multiple Sclerosis, 101–9. Milano: Springer Milan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2127-3_9.

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Gonzalez-Escamilla, Gabriel, and Dumitru Ciolac. "Pathophysiology of Grey Matter Affection in MS." In Neuromethods, 47–60. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1213-2_4.

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De Stefano, N. "Imaging Cerebral Grey Matter Volume in Multiple Sclerosis." In Normal-appearing White and Grey Matter Damage in Multiple Sclerosis, 111–20. Milano: Springer Milan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2127-3_10.

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Gonen, O., M. Inglese, and R. I. Grossman. "MR Spectroscopy of the Normal-Appearing Grey Matter." In Normal-appearing White and Grey Matter Damage in Multiple Sclerosis, 129–43. Milano: Springer Milan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2127-3_12.

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Ma, Da, Manuel J. Cardoso, Maria A. Zuluaga, Marc Modat, Nick Powell, Frances Wiseman, Victor Tybulewicz, Elizabeth Fisher, Mark F. Lythgoe, and Sébastien Ourselin. "Grey Matter Sublayer Thickness Estimation in the Mouse Cerebellum." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 644–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_77.

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Liu, Tianming, Geoffrey Young, Ling Huang, Nan-Kuei Chen, and Stephen TC Wong. "76-Space Analysis of Grey Matter Diffusivity: Methods and Applications." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 148–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11566465_19.

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Bennett, Maxwell, and Jim Lagopoulos. "Grey Matter Changes in the Brain Following Stress and Trauma." In Stress, Trauma and Synaptic Plasticity, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91116-8_1.

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Wu, Mengran, Bin Zhao, Chao Chai, Guohua Liu, and Zhiyang Liu. "Reverse Attention U-Net for Brain Grey Matter Nuclei Segmentation." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 55–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9423-3_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Grey matter"

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Summers, Martin Raymond. "Grey Matter: Louisville Children's Museum Competition." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intlp.2016.24.

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Children are naturally curious, seeking opportunities to playfully explore the wondrous world. Wonder and the process of discovery are fundamental to the mission of a children’s museum and our strategy. We seek to engage the mind’s potential via an innovative architectural expression that activates the senses, ignites imagination, and heightens anticipation of new discoveries yet to be revealed.
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"[Front matter]." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2013.6714727.

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"[Front matter]." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2015.7301929.

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Cheng, Hu, Zhou Tao, Chen Juan, Chen Ning, Ding Xijia, and Fang Xiaolu. "Research on Grey Correlation of Factors Influencing Particulate Matter Concentration of Supercritical Water Reactor." In 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-63699.

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Abstract Supercritical water reactors will continuously produce fine particulate matters during operation and accident conditions, and the deposition and movement of these particulate matters are likely to cause deterioration of heat transfer, which will affect the heat transfer and safe operation of the reactor. The grey correlation analysis method is used to calculate and analyze the particulate matter concentration distribution at different heights of the supercritical water reactor coolant channel model. The correlation of coolant temperature, axial velocity and turbulent kinetic energy to the concentration distribution of particulate matters and their respective weights in the correlation were studied. Using grey correlation to calculate, Finally, it was obtained that when the coolant channel height of the supercritical water reactor was 0.3m, 0.5m and 0.7m, the correlation order of the concentration distribution of particulate matters among the three was: coolant temperature > coolant turbulent kinetic energy > coolant axial velocity. The coolant temperature always has the relatively greatest influence, while the influence of the coolant turbulent kinetic energy and the axial velocity of the coolant is relatively small and tends to be consistent; The three influencing factors have little difference in the overall impact of the particulate matter concentration distribution, and the maximum weight difference among the three was 7.22%.
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Strumia, Maddalena, David Feltell, Nikos Evangelou, Penny Gowland, Christopher Tench, and Li Bai. "Grey matter segmentation of 7T MR images." In 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (2011 NSS/MIC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nssmic.2011.6153700.

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Choo, Lin-P'ing, Michael Jackson, William C. Halliday, and Henry H. Mantsch. "Infrared spectroscopic characterization of human white matter, grey matter, and multiple sclerosis lesions." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy: Ninth International Conference, edited by John E. Bertie and Hal Wieser. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.166686.

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Li, Hai, Zhong Xue, Timothy M. Ellmore, Richard E. Frye, and Stephen T. Wong. "Analyzing grey matter diffusivity of autism in the context of white matter connectivity." In 2013 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbi.2013.6556683.

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Li, Xi-can, Tao Yu, Xiao Wang, Xiao-dong Shang, and Hong-yan Chen. "A grey relationship-based soil organic matter content inversion pattern." In 2011 International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2011.6044141.

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Carneiro, Julia, and Clarissa Yasuda. "The impact of grave's disease hyperthyroidism on grey matter atrophy." In Congresso de Iniciação Científica UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/revpibic2720192103.

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Fan, Yonghui, Natasha Lepore, and Yalin Wang. "Morphometric Gaussian process for landmarking on grey matter tetrahedral models." In 15th International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis, edited by Jorge Brieva, Eduardo Romero, and Natasha Lepore. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2542492.

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Reports on the topic "Grey matter"

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Avis, Rupert. Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution in North Macedonia. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.139.

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This rapid literature review collates available evidence on the causes and consequences of air pollution in the Republic of North Macedonia (here after North Macedonia). It draws on a diverse range of sources from multiple academic disciplines and grey literature. The literature highlights that North Macedonia is considered to have some of the worst air quality in the West Balkans, and consequently some of the worst globally. Air pollution is a significant problem in North Macedonian cities and urban centres with exposure to high levels of particulate matter (PM) a particular issue. The PM2.5 size fraction is the focus of many air pollution studies because it is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes, it is also the focus of this review. This review identifies a limited but expanding evidence base discussing air pollution in North Macedonia. Studies are principally focussed on the capital city (Skopje) and ambient (outdoor) air pollution. There is a limited literature that discusses air quality issues outside of the capital and a dearth of evidence on household (indoor) air pollution.
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Bharadwaj, Prashant, Matthew Gibson, Joshua Graff Zivin, and Christopher Neilson. Gray Matters: Fetal Pollution Exposure and Human Capital Formation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20662.

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Sims, Kate. Education, Girls’ Education and Climate Change. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.044.

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This Emerging Issue Report (EIR) explores research and evidence on the relationship between education, girls’ education and climate change. There is scientific consensus that climate change is real, manifested through increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, including drought, flooding and cyclones. Climate change, environmental degradation and climate vulnerability are closely linked. Climate change exacerbates environmental and land degradation, especially in areas with drylands and permafrost, river deltas and low-lying coastal areas. There is high confidence that people living in areas affected by environmental degradation are experiencing an increase in the negative effects of climate change. Gender, alongside other drivers of vulnerability and exclusion, is a key determinant of an individual’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change and environmental degradation and influences how climate change is experienced. It is estimated that at least 200 million adolescent girls living in the poorest communities face a heightened risk from the effects of climate change. Evidence and commentary on the role of education, and girls’ education, to address climate change through adaptation, resilience and mitigation is limited, albeit growing. This EIR identifies and summarises the evidence and key commentary around the following themes: links between education, particularly girls’ education, and climate change; how climate and environment matter for achieving gender equality; and why securing girls’ education is an important strategy in addressing climate change. The EIR draws on academic research and literature from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as policy frameworks and grey literature, media articles and blogs from the climate, education and gender fields.
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Kaawa-Mafigiri, David, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Tabitha Hrynick. Key Considerations for RCCE in the 2022 Ebola Outbreak Response in Greater Kampala, Uganda. Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.037.

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On 20 September 2022, an outbreak of the Sudan strain of Ebola Virus Disease – SVD – was announced as the first laboratory-confirmed patient was identified in a village in Mubende District in central Uganda. Uganda’s Ministry of Health (MoH) activated the National Task Force and developed and deployed a National Response Plan, which includes the activation of District Task Forces. The target areas include the epicentre (Mubende and Kassanda districts) and surrounding areas, as well as Masaka, Jinja and Kampala cities. This is of great concern, as Kampala is the capital city with a high population and linkages to neighbouring districts and international locations (via Entebbe Airport). It is also a serious matter given that there has been no outbreak of Ebola before in the city. This brief details how Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) activities and approaches can be adapted to reach people living in Greater Kampala to increase adoption of preventive behaviours and practices, early recognition of symptoms, care seeking and case reporting. The intended audiences include the National Task Force and District Task Forces in Kampala, Mukono, and Wakiso Districts, and other city-level RCCE practitioners and responders. The insights in this brief were collected from emergent on-the-ground observations from the current outbreak by embedded researchers, consultations with stakeholders, and a rapid review of relevant published and grey literature. This brief, requested by UNICEF Uganda, draws from the authors’ experience conducting social science research on Ebola preparedness and response in Uganda. It was written by David Kaawa-Mafigiri (Makerere University), Megan Schmidt-Sane (Institute of Development Studies (IDS)), and Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), with contributions from the MoH, UNICEF, the Center for Health, Human Rights and Development (CEHURD), the Uganda Harm Reduction Network (UHRN), Population Council and CLEAR Global/Translators without Borders. It includes some material from a SSHAP brief developed by Anthrologica and the London School of Economics. It was reviewed by the Uganda MoH, University of Waterloo, Anthrologica, IDS and the RCCE Collective Service. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Grossman, Michele, Mark Duckworth, Greg Barton, Vivian Gerrand, Matteo Vergani, Mario Peucker, Hass Dellal, and Jacob Davey. Submission to Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/yszp5128.

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In May 2021, CRIS and AVERT members Professor Michele Grossman, Mark Duckworth, Lydia Khalil, Dr Joshua Roose and Dr Mario Peucker appeared as expert witnesses at the public hearings held in Canberra for the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security’s Inquiry into Extremist Movements and Radicalism in Australia. Professor Michele Grossman, Mark Duckworth, Professor Greg Barton, Dr Vivian Gerrand, Dr Matteo Vergani, Dr Mario Peucker, Professor Hass Dellal and Jacob Davey
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Allegretto, Sylvia A., and Dave Graham-Squire. Monopsony in Professional Labor Markets: Hospital System Concentration and Nurse Wages. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp197.

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Rolling waves of consolidation have significantly decreased the number of hospital systems in the U.S. potentially affecting industry quality, prices, efficiency, wages and more. This research concerns the growth in hospital system consolidation in local labor markets and its effect on registered nurse wages. We first use a nonparametric preprocessing data step via matching methods to define MSA-specific samples of workers analogous to nurses outside of the hospital sector. This step enables an accounting of heterogeneous MSA-specific baseline wage growth, and yields a standardized measure of nurse wage growth across MSAs used to set up a multi-site quasi-experiment. We then run a parsimonious linear model; market size matters, for every 0.1 increase in consolidation in smaller-MSAs, real hourly nurse wage growth decreased by $0.70 (p-value of 0.038). Though not the primary aim of this study, a secondary finding is that real hourly wages for nurses grew less than that of comparable workers by $4.08.
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McNaught, Tim. A Problem-Driven Approach to Education Reform: The Story of Sobral in Brazil. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/039.

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For more than two decades, the Brazilian municipality of Sobral has focused intensively on improving the quality of its public education system; the resulting success has been remarkable. In 2005, the Brazilian federal government started calculating a Basic Education Development Index (IDEB in Portuguese), which measures the quality of education in schools across the country. In the inaugural results in 2005, 1,365 municipalities had a better score for primary education than Sobral. By 2017, Sobral made national news by ranking number one in the entire country for both primary and lower secondary education (Cruz and Loureiro, 2020). These results are even more impressive when considering that Sobral is located in the northeastern state of Ceará, which is the fifth poorest state in Brazil in terms of GDP per capita (Cruz and Loureiro, 2020). The case of Sobral exhibits many elements that are similar to Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA), an approach wherein problems are key to driving change (Andrews et al., 2015). The PDIA approach relies on reformers to identify problems that matter, break them down into their root causes, identify entry points, act, stop to reflect, and then iterate and adapt their way to a solution.1 This process of constant feedback and experimentation by local actors allows for the development of a solution that fits the local context. This paper explores the transformation of Sobral’s education system through the lens of PDIA2 , with an emphasis on the early reform period of 2000-2004. Many excellent papers have been written, in Portuguese and English, about the case of Sobral; this paper draws heavily on this existing literature.3 The paper is also supported by interviews from key individuals who either were closely involved with the reform efforts or have studied them. The paper follows the narrative of the Sobral story, starting in 1997, and uses boxes and other diagrams to view the reform efforts through the lens of PDIA. Finally, the paper explains how the reform efforts grew and scaled over the years, not only within Sobral, but also to other municipalities in Ceará and across Brazil.
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Yaron, Zvi, Abigail Elizur, Martin Schreibman, and Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695841.bard.

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Both the genes and cDNA sequences encoding the b-subunits of black carp LH and FSH were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the bcFSHb and LHb5'flanking regions revealed that the promoter region of both genes contains canonical TATA sequences, 30 bp and 17 bp upstream of the transcription start site of FSHb and LHb genes, respectively. In addition, they include several sequences of cis-acting motifs, required for inducible and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation: the gonadotropin-specific element (GSE), GnRH responsive element (GRE), half sites of estrogen and androgen response elements, cAMP response element, and AP1. Several methods have been employed by the Israeli team to purify the recombinant b subunits (EtOH precipitation, gel filtration and lentil lectin). While the final objective to produce pure recombinantGtH subunits has not yet been achieved, we have covered much ground towards this goal. The black carp ovary showed a gradual increase in both mass and oocyte diameter. First postvitellogenic oocytes were found in 5 yr old fish. At this age, the testes already contained spermatozoa. The circulating LH levels increased from 0.5 ng/ml in 4 yr old fish to >5ng/ml in 5 yr old fish. In vivo challenge experiments in black carp showed the initial LH response of the pituitary to GnRH in 4 yr old fish. The response was further augmented in 5 yr old fish. The increase in estradiol level in response to gonadotropic stimulation was first noted in 4 yr old fish but this response was much stronger in the following year. In vivo experiments on the FSHb and LHb mRNA levels in response to GnRH were carried out on common carp as a model for synchronom spawning cyprinids. These experiments showed the prevalence of FSHP in maturing fish while LHP mRNA was prevalent in mature fish, especially in females. The gonadal fat-pad was found to originate from the retroperitoneal mesoderm and not from the genital ridge, thus differing from that reported in certain amphibians This tissue possibly serves as the major source of sex steroids in the immature black carp. However, such a function is taken over by the developing gonads in 4 yr old fish. In the striped bass, we described the ontogeny of the neuro-endocrine parameters along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during the first four years of life, throughout gonadal development and the onset of puberty. We also described the responsiveness of the reproductive axis to long-term hormonal manipulations at various stages of gonadal development. Most males reached complete sexual maturity during the first year of life. Puberty was initiated during the third year of life in most females, but this first reproductive cycle did not lead to the acquisition of full sexual maturity. This finding indicates that more than one reproductive cycle may be required before adulthood is reached. Out of the three native GnRHs present in striped bass, only sbGnRH and cGnRH II increased concomitantly with the progress of gonadal development and the onset of puberty. This finding, together with data on GtH synthesis and release, suggests that while sbGnRH and cGnRH II may be involved in the regulation of puberty in striped bass, these neuropeptides are not limiting factors to the onset of puberty. Plasma LH levels remained low in all fish, suggesting that LH plays only a minor role in early gonadal development. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that experimentally elevated plasma LH levels did not result in the induction of complete ovarian and testicular development. The acquisition of complete puberty in 4 yr old females was associated with a rise in the mRNA levels of all GtH subunit genes, including a 218-fold increase in the mRNA levels of bFSH. mRNA levels of the a and PLH subunits increased only 11- and 8-fold, respectively. Although data on plasma FSH levels are unavailable, the dramatic increase in bFSH mRNA suggests a pivotal role for this hormone in regulating the onset and completion of puberty in striped bass. The hormonal regulation of the onset of puberty and of GtH synthesis and release was studied by chronic administration of testosterone (T) and/or an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G). Sustained administration of T+G increased the mRNA levels of the PLH subunit to the values characteristic of sexually mature fish, and also increased the plasma levels of LH. However, these changes did not result in the acceleration of sexual maturation. The mRNA levels of the bFSH subunit were slightly stimulated, but remained about 1/10 of the values characteristic of sexually mature fish. It is concluded that the stimulation of FSH gene expression and release does not lead to the acceleration of sexual maturity, and that the failure to sufficiently stimulate the bFSH subunit gene expression may underlie the inability of the treatments to advance sexual maturity. Consequently, FSH is suggested to be the key hormone to the initiation and completion of puberty in striped bass. Future efforts to induce precocious puberty in striped bass should focus on understanding the regulation of FSH synthesis and release and on developing technologies to induce these processes. Definite formulation of hormonal manipulation to advance puberty in the striped bass and the black carp seems to be premature at this stage. However, the project has already yielded a great number of experimental tools of DNA technology, slow-release systems and endocrine information on the process of puberty. These systems and certain protocols have been already utilized successfully to advance maturation in other fish (e.g. grey mullet) and will form a base for further study on fish puberty.
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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.
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