Academic literature on the topic 'Grès de Roda'
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Journal articles on the topic "Grès de Roda"
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Classen, Sherrilene, Sarah Krasniuk, Melissa Knott, Liliana Alvarez, Miriam Monahan, Sarah Morrow, and Tim Danter. "Interrater reliability of Western University’s on-road assessment." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 83, no. 5 (December 2016): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417416663228.
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Background. Little empirical support exists for interrater reliability between evaluators from different backgrounds when assessing on-road outcomes of drivers. Purpose. We quantified interrater reliability of on-road outcomes between a certified driving school instructor (DI) and an occupational therapist and certified driver rehabilitation specialist (CDRS). Method. Both raters used the Global Rating Score (GRS) with two levels (pass, fail), the GRS with four levels (pass, pass with recommendations, fail remediable, fail), and the priority error rating score (PERS; most frequently occurring on-road errors in priority order) to assess 35 drivers (age, M = 48.31 years, SD = 9.76 years; 40% male; 86% with multiple sclerosis). Findings. The DI and occupational therapist CDRS had excellent agreement on the GRS with two levels (κ = .892, p < .0001), GRS with four levels (κ = .952, p < .0001), and the PERS (κ = .847–.902, p < .0001), indicating interrater reliability. Implications. This research contributes to empirical support for the on-road assessment.
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Astakhova, Luba A., Artem D. Novoselov, Maria E. Ermolaeva, Michael L. Firsov, and Alexander Yu Rotov. "Phototransduction in Anuran Green Rods: Origins of Extra-Sensitivity." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413400.
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Green rods (GRs) represent a unique type of photoreceptor to be found in the retinas of anuran amphibians. These cells harbor a cone-specific blue-sensitive visual pigment but exhibit morphology of the outer segment typical for classic red rods (RRs), which makes them a perspective model object for studying cone–rod transmutation. In the present study, we performed detailed electrophysiological examination of the light sensitivity, response kinetics and parameters of discrete and continuous dark noise in GRs of the two anuran species: cane toad and marsh frog. Our results confirm that anuran GRs are highly specialized nocturnal vision receptors. Moreover, their rate of phototransduction quenching appeared to be about two-times slower than in RRs, which makes them even more efficient single photon detectors. The operating intensity ranges for two rod types widely overlap supposedly allowing amphibians to discriminate colors in the scotopic region. Unexpectedly for typical cone pigments but in line with some previous reports, the spontaneous isomerization rate of the GR visual pigment was found to be the same as for rhodopsin of RRs. Thus, our results expand the knowledge on anuran GRs and show that these are even more specialized single photon catchers than RRs, which allows us to assign them a status of “super-rods”.
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Prieto, Zulita, Monica Arqueros, David Salirrosas, Danilo Gastañudi, and Radigud Fernández. "Heterosis for body weight in hybrids from the cross of Oreochromis niloticus red and gray." SCIÉNDO 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/sciendo.2016.003.
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Runnalls, Graham A. "Le Livre de Raison de Jacques le Gros et le Mystère de la Passion joué à Paris en 1539." Romania 118, no. 469 (2000): 138–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/roma.2000.1523.
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Cui, Yuanlong, Fan Zhang, Yiming Shao, Ssennoga Twaha, and Hui Tong. "Techno-Economic Comprehensive Review of State-of-the-Art Geothermal and Solar Roadway Energy Systems." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710974.
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Road infrastructure is a vital constituent element in the transportation network; however, roadway surface ice and snow accumulation leads to huge traffic accidents in winter. Geothermal roadway energy systems (GRES) and solar roadway energy systems (SRES) can increase or decrease roadway surface temperature for the de-icing and removal of snow in winter, or mitigation of heat in summer. Technology performance and economic evaluation of the GRES and SRES are reviewed in this paper based on numerical and economic models, and experimental analyses. Three crucial aspects of the technology performance assessment, i.e., roadway surface temperature, energy consumption and key factors, are explored in different regions and countries. Economic evaluation approaches for net present values and payback periods of the GRES and SRES are investigated. The recommendations and potential future developments on the two technologies are deliberated; it is demonstrated that the GRES and SRES could increase roadway surface temperature by around 5 °C in winter and decrease it by about 6 °C in summer, with the payback periods of 4 to 8 years and 2.3 to 5 years, respectively.
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Bouthors, Charlie, Ruben Dukan, Christophe Glorion, and Lotfi Miladi. "Outcomes of growing rods in a series of early-onset scoliosis patients with neurofibromatosis type 1." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 33, no. 3 (September 2020): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2020.2.spine191308.
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OBJECTIVEEarly-onset scoliosis (EOS) is not uncommon in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Despite conservative treatment, spinal deformities progress and require early surgical intervention. To avoid potential interference with chest and trunk growth, growing rods (GRs) have been used effectively in EOS of various etiologies. In this study the authors sought to analyze the outcomes of GRs in EOS patients with NF1.METHODSThis was a retrospective single-center cohort study that included consecutive EOS patients with NF1 who were treated with GRs and were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Clinical and radiological analyses were performed preoperatively and until the last follow-up.RESULTSFrom to 2008 to 2017, 18 patients (6 male, 12 female) underwent GR surgery (14 single GRs, 4 dual GRs) at a mean age of 8 ± 2.1 years. Mean follow-up was 5 ± 2.4 years. Fifty-five lengthenings were performed at a mean rate of 3 lengthenings per patient (range 0–7). Ten of 14 single GRs (71%) were converted into dual GRs during treatment. No patient underwent definitive posterior spinal fusion (PSF) at GR treatment completion. The mean initial and last follow-up major curves were 57° and 36°, respectively (p < 0.001, 37% correction). The average T1–S1 increase was 13 mm/yr. Six of 9 hyperkyphotic patients had normal kyphosis at last follow-up. There were 26 complications involving 13 patients (72%), with 1 patient who required unplanned revision. The primary complications were instrumentation related, consisting of 17 proximal hook dislodgments, 6 distal pedicle screw pullouts, and 2 rod fractures. Only 1 patient experienced a mechanical complication after dual GR implantation. There were no wound infections.CONCLUSIONSThe GR technique provided satisfactory spinal deformity control in EOS patients with NF1 while allowing substantial spinal growth. Adequately contoured dual GRs with proximal hooks placed in nondystrophic regions should be used to minimize implant-related complications. Surgeons should not attempt to correct kyphosis at GR implantation.
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Keller, Gordon R., and Steven C. Devin. "Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Bridge Abutments." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (January 2003): 362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-46.
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Geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutments have been used on a number of bridge projects over the past decade. This adaptation of reinforced soil technology to bridge structures and their approach fills offers an excellent opportunity to simplify construction, reduce construction time, and reduce cost on structures for which this technology is appropriate. This design concept, in which the actual bridge superstructure rests upon the GRS abutment wall, minimizes differential settlement and eliminates the problematic “bridge bump” found on many structures. The technology has been adapted to both road and trail bridges. The basic design concept of GRS used in bridge abutment applications was evaluated, along with its advantages and disadvantages. Some selected case histories of GRS bridge abutments on low-volume roads and trails in Alaska and California were considered. In addition, the Mammoth bridges, in the mountains of northern California, with high design snow loads and high horizontal peak ground accelerations, afforded an opportunity to design, construct, and monitor GRS-supported spread-footing abutments under difficult service conditions.
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Méndez-Ramírez, Viridiana, and Ricardo Serna-Lagunes. "Urocyon cinereoargenteus predating to Canis lupus familiaris in an anthropized tropical environment." Therya notes 5, no. 1 (February 9, 2024): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya_notes-24-149.
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Aunque la zorra gris, Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Carnívora: Canidae), es un carnívoro omnívoro, oportunista y generalista, no se había reportado la depredación o el carroñeo de cánidos domésticos. El objetivo de este reporte es documentar el registro de depredación de un perro doméstico (Canis lupus familiaris) por una zorra gris en un ambiente tropical antropizado. Durante un proyecto que pretende evaluar el impacto del uso de dinamita para extraer piedra y roca caliza sobre el hábitat y las poblaciones de fauna silvestre en áreas boscosas en Cuauhtémoc, Córdoba, Veracruz, se instalaron 2 cámaras trampa, de agosto de 2021 a mayo de 2022 en zonas con cultivos de café, caña, cítricos, plátanos, palma camedor, vegetación secundaria y bosque tropical. Durante la revisión de los videos, se observó a una hembra adulta de zorra gris que lleva en su hocico a un cachorro de un perro doméstico. Con este reporte, son 14 especies de carnívoros silvestres que depredan perros domésticos. Este es el segundo reporte para México. Este evento inusual pudo ser resultado de diversos factores, entre ellos, la competencia intraespecífica con los cánidos domésticos, con otros mesodepredadores, la escasez de alimento y la antropización del hábitat.
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Aroh, Rosemary N., Aroloye O. Numbere, and Udi O. Emoyoma. "Relationship between Micro-Climatic Parameters and Atmospheric Pollutants at Selected Road Junctions in Port Harcourt. Niger Delta, Nigeria." Global Research in Environment and Sustainability 2, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.63002/gres.25.458.
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The increase in vehicular activities has led to the proliferation of atmospheric pollutants in industrialized cities worldwide. This study postulates that there will be a relationship between micro-climatic parameters and atmospheric pollutants. Samples were collected from five locations selected within Port Harcourt, namely Choba Junction, Rumuokoro Junction, Garrison Junction, Mile 3/UST roundabout, and Lagos Bus Stop. The measured parameters are air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and suspended particulate matter (SPM). The results showed that the mean concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) ranged between 13 ppm to 27.2 ppm. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen concentrations were below the detection limit. Choba has the highest SO2 (0.6 ppm) and NO2 (0.02 ppm) concentrations. Mornings had the highest concentration of pollutants compared to evenings. Similarly, the mean concentration of PM2.5 ranged between 71.4µg/m to 162.6 6µg/m3. For the micro-climatic, the mean temperature ranged from 25.6°C to 33.7°C, mean relative humidity ranged from 50.6% to 87.3%, and wind speed ranged from 0.8m/s to 1.4m/s. Higher micro-climatic values were also recorded at Choba. The relationship between atmospheric pollutants and particulate matter with microclimatic parameters was not significant (P>0.05). But in contrast, there was a relationship between temperature and relative humidity with the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 (P<0.05). The result implies that locations with high micro-climatic parameters have the possibility of having higher concentrations of atmospheric pollutants. Thus, constant monitoring of the emission level of vehicles is essential.
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Sulovska, Monika, and Jakub Stacho. "Analysis of Geogrid Reinforced Structures with a Passive Facing System Using Different Computational Methods." Civil and Environmental Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 500–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2021-0052.
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Abstract The article deals with designing and analysing a wrapped geogrid reinforced structure (GRS) with a passive facing system. The analysis has been done using analytical calculation and numerical modelling. The analytical calculations were executed using FINE Geo5 geotechnical software, and numerical modelling was executed using Plaxis 2D software. The analysis is focused mainly on comparing tension forces in geogrids and the stability of the reinforced embankment determined using both computational methods. The deformation analysis was done only using numerical modelling. The numerical modelling allowed for a more detailed analysis of the wrapped GRS. Each construction phase was modelled step by step according to an actual construction procedure. Two complex road embankments supported by GRS were modelled and analysed. The first model consisted of three GRS, which not affected each other. In the second model, the GRS at each side of the embankment influenced each other. The analysis results showed that tension forces in geogrids, determined using both computational methods, can differ significantly from each other. The stability of the reinforced embankment determined using numerical modelling was within the range of 0.87 – 1.22 of the stability determined using analytical calculation. The numerical modelling results showed that the final horizontal deformation of the passive facing is about 2.8 – 3.8 times smaller than the deformation of the wrapped GRS, which occurs during the construction of the embankment.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grès de Roda"
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Mas, Perrine. "Géothermie dans les réservoirs silico-clastiques : Apport de l'étude d'un analogue de terrain (Grès de Roda) pour la modélisation des hétérogénéités sédimentaires du réservoir argilo-sableux de l'Albien du Bassin de Paris." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ024.
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La région Île-de-France bénéficie d'un contexte géologique favorable à la géothermie profonde basse énergie pour augmenter la part des énergies bas carbone dans la production de chaleur. Le réservoir du Jurassique moyen étant très sollicité, l'aquifère des sables de l'Albien, situé à environ 650 mètres de profondeur avec des températures de 28 à 38°C, constitue également une cible intéressante. L'exploitation de ces sables est entravée par le colmatage des puits d'injection par des particules fines. L'objectif est de mettre en place une méthodologie combinant (1) des données de terrain issues de l'étude des Grès de Roda (Eocène, Bassin Sud-Pyrénéen), analogue de réservoirs de subsurface, (2) des données de subsurface disponibles (ex. diagraphies, profils sismiques) dans le réservoir sableux de l'Albien d'Île-de-France et (3) de modélisation, afin de construire un outil prédictif de la performance d'un lieu donné sur son potentiel géothermique. Le corps Y des Grès de Roda a été choisi en tant qu'analogue de système deltaïque dominé par les courants tidaux. Une étude sédimentologique et stratigraphique de détail a été réalisée. Elle est basée sur un travail de terrain (21 coupes levées), qui a été entièrement numérisé avec la réalisation d'un modèle photogrammétrique haute résolution (environ 3 cm/pixel) couvrant une superficie d'environ 3,3 km². Ce travail de terrain a été complété par la description de 340 m de carottes proches des affleurements. Toutes les données de terrain (faciès, surfaces stratigraphiques, directions de courant, logs) ont pu être reportées sur cet affleurement numérique. Un modèle 3D de faciès (11,2 millions de cellules de 10 m de côté et 0,5 m de hauteur) a été construit à l'aide de l'affleurement numérique. L'étude sédimentologique et stratigraphique a permis la définition de 10 faciès regroupés dans 5 associations de faciès, l'identification de 7 lobes deltaïques représentatifs de séquences de 5ème ordre, dont l'évolution en 3D montre des variations de directions de progradation et d'intensité de remaniement tidal. Ce travail a permis de caractériser les corps sédimentaires tidaux afin d'établir des dimensions de dunes et barres tidales, des paléobathymétries et leurs localisations dans les cortèges progradants et rétrogradant. Pour le réservoir sableux de l'Albien du Bassin de Paris, l'étude géologique a été réalisée à partir de la description de 2 sections carottées (longueur totale de 83 m), de données de 149 puits et de 68 lignes sismiques. Dix faciès correspondant à 4 environnements de dépôt ont été définis. L'analyse précise des successions verticales et latérales des faciès montre 7 séquences de 3ème et 4ème ordre. Les Sables de l'Albien sont formés à la base d'une succession estuarienne (Sables Verts), qui se déposent à l'Aptien supérieur au-dessus de la discordance de l'Aptien supérieur et remplissant des paléo-vallées incisées. Puis un système deltaïque (Sables des Drillons) se met en place, suivi par un système côtier dominé par la houle (Sables de Frécambault) à l'Albien inférieur. Cette succession traduit une période transgressive après l'émersion d'une grande partie du bassin puis une période de progradation des dépôts côtiers influencés par la marée, avant un ennoiement à l'Albien moyen. Un modèle 3D de faciès centré sur Paris a été réalisé, permettant de visualiser l'architecture des réservoirs. Ce travail a permis d'évaluer les faciès les moins argileux (les sables propres de shoreface), les volumes d'argiles des différents faciès, leurs répartitions géographiques, et leurs épaisseurs. Bien que les Grès de Roda ne soient pas un analogue de toute la série albienne (notamment des séries estuariennes), leur étude a permis de mieux comprendre les successions verticales et variations latérales de faciès d'un delta influencé par la marée, surtout pour la formation des Sables des DrillonsThe Île-de-France region benefits from a favorable geological context for deep low-energy geothermal energy to increase the share of renewable energies in energy consumption. Since the Middle Jurassic reservoir is highly solicited, the Albian sands aquifer, located at approximately 650 meters depth with temperatures ranging from 28 to 38°C, is also targeted for heat production. Although it presents good hydrogeological characteristics, the exploitation of the Albien is hindered by the clogging of injection wells by fine particles originating from unisolated clayey layers. Therefore, a thorough geological understanding of the reservoir is essential, and outcrop analogues help characterize these heterogeneities. The objectives of this thesis are: (1) to exploit the available data (e.g., well logs, seismic profiles) for the Albien reservoir in Île-de-France to produce a synthesis of the facies, their recognition on well logs, and to obtain a high-resolution 3D facies model; (2) to apply a reservoir analogue approach constructed from a digital outcrop model to improve the understanding of lateral heterogeneities in siliciclastic reservoirs. The chosen reservoir analogue is the Y body of the Roda Sandstones (Eocene, South-Pyrenean Basin), which is a deltaic system influenced by tidal currents. A sedimentological and stratigraphic study, based on fieldwork, the description of 340 meters of cores close to outcrops, and the creation of a high-resolution photogrammetric model (approximately 3 cm/pixel) covering an area of about 3.3 km², allowed the definition of 10 facies or facies associations and the identification of 7 deltaic lobes. This enabled the characterization of tidal sedimentary bodies to decipher the complex processes resulting from the competition between fluvial and tidal currents. A 3D facies model (11.2 million cells, each 10m wide and 0.5m high) was constructed in Petrel from the interpreted digital outcrop model. It provides a visualization of a possible 3D realization of the system. For the Albian reservoir in the Paris Basin, the geological study was carried out using subsurface data, including 149 wells, two cored sections (total length of 83 meters), and 68 seismic lines. Ten facies associations corresponding to four depositional environments were defined, and a sequence stratigraphy framework comprising 7 third- and fourth-order sequences was constructed. The Albian sands are formed at the base of an estuarine succession (Green Sands), deposited in the late Aptian above the Late Aptian Unconformity, filling incised paleo-valleys. Then, a deltaic system (Drillons Sands) was established, followed by a wave-dominated coastal system (Frécambault Sands) in the lower Albian. This succession reflects a transgressive period after the erosion of a large part of the basin, followed by a progradation period of tide-influenced coastal deposits, before a drowning in the middle Albian. A 3D facies model centered on the Île-de-France region was created, allowing the visualization of the Albian reservoir architecture and predicting facies variations, identifying potentially favorable or problematic areas for geothermal exploitation. Although the Roda Sandstones are not an analogue for the entire Albian series (notably the estuarine series), their study has allowed for a better understanding of the vertical successions and lateral facies variations of a tide-influenced delta, especially for the Drillons Sands formation. The results highlight the interest in outcrop analogues but also the necessity of having a broader spectrum of analogues to cover the stratigraphic heterogeneity of a complex reservoir
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Flamenbaum, Beatrice. "La performance des rôles de gros durs : un modèle de masculinité réinventé par Harvey Keitel et Rod Steiger." Thesis, Lille 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL30030/document.
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Le jeu de Harvey Keitel et de Rod Steiger réinventent les modèles de masculinité traditionnelle et les rôles de tough guys dans le cinéma américain. Ils permettent la déconstruction des notions-types du genre par l’ouverture de leur interprétation aux émotions, l’harmonie psycho-physique et la concentration sur les intentions et les circonstances. Keitel, acteur-icône du cinéma indépendant et découvreur de talents, se démarque dans un jeu marqué par l’intensité et l’exploration des aspects les plus sombres de l’humanité. Steiger excelle par la figuration de la solitude, de l’ambiguïté et de l’ambivalence, et figure des personnages tels que Napoléon, Mussolini ou Al Capone. Tous deux passés par l’interprétation américaine de la Méthode de Stanislavski, Keitel et Steiger s’affirment comme des acteurs-personnages, davantage que comme des stars. En effet, peu soucieux de leur image d’acteur, ils s’immergent dans la création de leurs personnages et figurent la relation complexe entre Moi social et Moi créateur. A travers l’analyse détaillée de leurs performances dans des genres différents, il semble que la comédie et les drames sentimentaux permettent aux acteurs de créer des performances adoucies, et de libérer leur imaginaire d’acteur-auteurHarvey Keitel and Rod Steiger’s performances reinvent the models of traditional masculinity and shed a new light on tough-guy roles in American film. Their emotional performances, their psycho-physical approach and their focus on objectives and circumstances open up new perspectives on gender and genre and lead to a deconstruction of the standard notions of genre. Keitel has become an iconic actor of independent cinema, by helping new directors and actors; and stands out with intense performances, which explore the darkest sides of humanity. Steiger excels in showing solitude, ambiguity and ambivalence, and acts various parts, such as Napoleon, Mussolini or Al Capone. Both actors study the American interpretation of Stanislavsky’s Method, and choose to become character-actors, rather than stars. Indeed, their inner acting primarily relies on the creation of a character, keeping in mind the complex relationship between Moi social and Moi créateur, and leaving aside their concern for their own image as actors. Through the detailed analysis of their performances in different genre movies, it comes to light that comedy, romance and drama allow the actors to free their performance from masculine stereotypes and to express their imagination as auteurs
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Svensson, Nea. "Beräkningsmodell för ekonomiska och miljömässiga effekter vid grusvägsunderhåll." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för maskinteknik (MT), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95796.
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En beräkningsmodell utvecklas för att skatta miljöpåverkan och ekonomiska effekter vid vägunderhållet grusning. Beräkningsmodellen används för att kunna jämföra alternativa metoder för grusning. Beräkningsmodellen testas genom ett testscenario med tre alternativa metoder för grusning. I alternativ ett används nytt grus och i alternativ två och tre används återvunnet grus. Studiens resultat visar att beräkningsmodellen kan användas för att skatta kostnad och miljöbelastning. Testscenariot visar att det är ekonomiskt och miljömässigt fördelaktigt att använda återvunnet grus vid grusning. Ur ett samhällsperspektiv är det viktigt att belysa fördelarna med att använda återvunnet grus, då detta kan motivera att fler faktiskt väljer detta alternativ och då brytning av naturgrus är en energikrävande process som påverkar miljön negativt. Studiens syfte är att skapa förståelse för miljömässiga och ekonomiska effekter vid återvinning av grus vid grusvägsunderhåll. För att uppnå syftet genomförs en fallstudie som besvarar frågeställningen hur miljömässiga och ekonomiska effekter kan skattas på grusvägsunderhåll.A calculation model is developed to estimate the environmental impact and economic effects of gravel road maintenance. The purpose of the calculation model is to be able to compare alternative methods for graveling. The calculation model is tested through a test scenario with three alternative methods for graveling. In alternative one, new gravel is used and in alternatives two and three recycled gravel is used. The study's results show that the model calculation can be used to estimate cost and environmental impact. The test scenario shows that it is economically and environmentally advantageous to use recycled gravel in graveling. From a societal perspective, it is important to highlight the benefits of using recycled gravel, as this may motivate more people to actually choose this alternative. Because mining of natural gravel is an energy-intensive process that has a negative impact on the environment. The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the environmental and economic effects of recycling of gravel during gravel road maintenance. To achieve this, a case study is conducted that answers the question how environmental and economic impacts can be estimated on gravel road maintenance.
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Diakite, Aboubakar. "Commerce informel des hydrocarbures au Bénin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG043.
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D’abord sur une échelle réduite puis sur une large échelle la contrebande du kpayo, essence et produits pétroliers occupent aujourd’hui un nombre de plus en plus grand de vendeurs, on estime que 100 000 personnes sont impliquées dans ce trafic du Nigeria au Bénin. Il revêt plusieurs aspects selon qu’il emprunte la route maritime, le fleuve ou la route. Ce transport génère un grand nombre de petits métiers que nous évoquons dans la thèse qu’il s’agisse d’apporter les bidons sur la plage, de transformer les scooters ou les camions. Plus que tout, cette activité suppose aussi un réseau souvent d’origine familiale, mais aussi des accointances avec du personnel des emplois régaliens de la République. Les recherches empiriques réalisées sur des territoires aussi variés et circonscrits que peuvent l’être une station-service, un village lacustre, un marché frontalier, un débarcadère, un entrepôt ont permis d’appréhender les conditions d’approvisionnement des contrebandiers, identifier les modalités d’acheminement des produits pétroliers vers le Bénin, saisir les stratégies de contournement des contrebandiers et les risques encourus tout au long de leur trajet, examiner les interactions entre les transporteurs et les forces de l’ordre à l’occasion du passage des barrières de contrôle, apprécier l’animation des marchés et enfin cerner le rôle des différents acteurs en présence. L’analyse des réseaux marchands, des parcours biographiques, des stratégies d’acteurs, des logiques d’accumulation et des rapports de l’économie informelle à la loi situe cette recherche au croisement de l’anthropologie économique, de la géographie du commerce, de la sociologie de la précarité, et de la sociologie politiqueFirst of all on a small scale, then further along, on a much larger scale, the kpayo trade which means smuggling of gas and other oil products from Nigeria to Bénin, depend on almost 100 000 persons living on this sale activity. This trade might be quite different if gas transported by means of ships on the sea, by the river, or by scooters or trucks on the road. This kind of informal trade gives way to different kinds of odd jobs we mention in the PHD: bringing the jerrycans to the beach, reshaping scooters and trucks in a garage. Most of all this illicit activity needs some kind of a kinship network and political pull among the police and customs officers of the Republic. Empirical research has been done in different fields such as a gas station, a seaside village, a market on the country border, a landing stage, a warehouse, it led to the comprehension of the way smugglers are supplied. I was thus able to understand the process by which gas was transported from Nigeria to the Republic of Bénin, and see all the byways the smugglers are used to take, and the risks taken all along the journey. I examined the interaction process between the racketeers and the police when they passed a checkpoint; see how the markets were busy, and last managed to see how the the different roles of subjects interact. The racketeers networks analysis, life stories, different action strategies, the way they accumulate and the study of informal economy related to law contribute in this PhD to an essay in economic- anthropology with geographic standpoints, and a sociological analysis of precarious lives and Big Shots
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Lamas, João Loura. "Estudo da estabilidade de um corante rosa para vidrados de louça de grés." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/26590.
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O presente relatório reflete o trabalho desenvolvido ao longo deste projeto no Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e Cerâmica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e determinar das variáveis que levavam a uma variação na tonalidade de um vidrado rosa utilizado pela empresa Ria Stone para decoração de louça de grés. A cor do vidrado deve ser homogénea e não deve ser visível qualquer diferença de tonalidade entre peças produzidas. Acontece, porém, que um determinado produto produzido pela empresa Ria Stone apresentava alterações em relação à coloração cor-de-rosa que se pretendia. Existe dificuldade em manter a tonalidade rosa para as peças cozidas em diferentes posições (altura) dentro das vagonetas.
A coloração conferida ao produto é lhe atribuída através da utilização de um vidrado fornecido pela empresa Vitricer. Este vidrado é constituído por um vidro base (VMT 4040) e um corante ao qual se deu o nome de “corante composto” (VCM 1592), tendo este na sua composição zircão, óxido de cálcio, óxido de estanho e dois corantes (o CM-270/95 e o CM-250/305). Ao longo deste trabalho foram desenvolvidas diversas formulações com o vidro (VMT 4040) e com o corante (VCM 1592). Para além disto, foram também desenvolvidas duas formulações de corantes e em cada uma delas retirou-se um dos corantes (CM-270/95 ou CM-250/305). A estas formulações atribuiu-se o nome de “composição ɛ” e “composição δ”. Todos estes constituintes do vidrado, bem como as diferentes formulações desenvolvidas são alvo de estudo ao longo do projeto.
Realizou-se a caracterização do vidro (VMT 4040), do corante composto (VCM 1592) e dos corantes (CM-270/95 e CM-250/305) por análises de fluorescência de raios X, por análises difração de raios X, por análises de distribuição granulométrica e por análises de microscopia eletrónica de varrimento. Foram ainda realizadas medições dos parâmetros de cor L*a*b em todas as amostras.
A presença do corante CM-270/95 na formulação do vidrado é responsável pela introdução de crómio.
Os parâmetros de cor de branco (‘L’) e vermelho (‘a’) são influenciados pelo aumento de temperatura de cozedura.
A percentagem de corante tem maior influência sobre os parametros ‘L’ e ‘a’ do que sobre o parametro ‘b’.
Entre os dois corantes (CM-270/95 e CM-250/305) presentes na composição do corante composto (VCM 1592) verificou-se que o CM-270/95 é aquele que provoca um afastamento maior dos valores de parametros de cor pretendidos.This report reflects the work developed throughout this project in the Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering.The objective of this work was to identify and determine the variables that led to a change in the tonality of a dry day used by the company Ria Stone for decoration of stoneware. The dry day color should be homogeneous and should not be any difference of tonality between the pieces produced. It turns out, however, that a certain product produced by the company Ria Stone showed changes in relation to the pink coloration that was intended. There is a difficulty in keeping consistent the pink tonality of the baked parts in different positions (height) inside the wagons. The coloring of the product is attributed through the use of a dry day supplied by Vitricer.This dry day is composed of a base glass (VMT 4040) and a dye, which has been given the name of “compound dye” (VCM 1592), having in its composition zircon, calcium oxide, tin oxide and two dyes (CM-270/95 and CM-250/305). At the time of this work several formulations were elaborated with glass (VMT 4040) and with the dye (VCM 1592). In addition, two dye formulations were prepared, in each formulation was removed one of the dyes (CM-270/95 or CM-250/305). To these formulations were attributed the names of "composition ɛ" and "composition δ". All these constituents of the dry day as well as the different formulations are studied throughout this project. A characterization of the glass (VMT 4040), the compound dye (VCM 1592) and the dyes (CM-270/95 and CM-250/305) was performed by X-ray fluorescence, X-rays diffraction, granulometric distribution analyze and by scanning electron microscopy. Addtionally, measurements of the L * a * b color parameters were also performed for all samples. The presence of the dye CM-270/95 in the dry day formulation is responsible for the introduction of chromium. The parameters of white color (‘L’) and red color (‘a’) are influenced by the increase in cooking temperature. The percentage of dye has greater influence on the parameters 'L' and 'a' than on 'b'. Between the two dyes (CM-270/95 and CM-250/305) present in the compound dye (VCM 1592) composition, it has been found that CM-270/95 is one which causes a greater deviation from the values of desired color parameters.
Mestrado em Engenharia de Materiais
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Langlois, Caron Justin. "Stratégie de livraison directe dans une chaîne logistique internationale." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4650/1/M12415.pdf.
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Depuis quelques décennies, les entreprises de commerce de gros et de détail centralisent massivement leurs achats et la distribution de leurs produits. Sans remettre en question la pertinence de centraliser les achats, il est pertinent de vérifier que le recours systématique à la distribution centralisée est bel et bien la méthode la plus économique et efficiente dans toutes les situations. Pour en arriver à mieux comprendre l'orchestration de ces activités logistiques, il est nécessaire de comprendre les méthodes les plus répandues (centralisation) pour les confronter à d'autres (directes). Ce projet consiste donc à approfondir nos connaissances quant aux différentes options et stratégies d'approvisionnement s'offrant aux entreprises œuvrant plus spécifiquement dans l'industrie du commerce de détail et du commerce de gros. Cet exercice est particulièrement d'actualité pour un ensemble de raisons quant à l'explosion du commerce mondial et à la tendance à l'application d'un nouveau mode de gestion fortement influencé par la gestion de la chaîne logistique. En effet, plusieurs entreprises opèrent dans un contexte mondial en pleine ébullition où la mise à niveau et la redéfinition des processus d'affaires sont des impératifs. Nous présentons, en premier lieu, la problématique traitée ainsi que de la démarche méthodologique reposant sur des entrevues en entreprise. Ce mémoire se poursuit par un recensement de la littérature touchant les aspects principaux de la gestion d'une chaîne logistique internationale appliqués à l'industrie du commerce de gros et de détail. Cette revue est réalisée en fonction d'un cadre logistique structurant pour en arriver à en présenter un cadre logistique intégrateur. Le chapitre suivant présente le concept de livraison directe et ses dérivés stratégiques. Après, le réseau logistique de l'entreprise Rona et ses caractéristiques principales sont exposés. Rona est le leader canadien dans l'industrie du commerce de détail et de distribution de produits de rénovation. Les derniers chapitres abordent : des pistes méthodologiques visant à modéliser la chaîne logistique de Rona pour vérifier la pertinence et la robustesse d'une stratégie de livraison directe, un scénario d'évaluation ainsi qu'une réorganisation des processus soutenue par un système d'aide à la décision.
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MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : chaîne logistique, livraison directe, approvisionnement, distribution, commerce de détail, commerce de gros, système d'aide à la décision
Books on the topic "Grès de Roda"
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Riverbend Road. Thorndike, Maine: Center Point Large Print, 2016.
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Sorrow road. 2016.
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Sorrow Road. Thorndike Press, 2017.
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Sorrow Road. Minotaur, 2017.
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Boomer's Bucket List. Thorndike Press, 2017.
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Boomer's Bucket List. Kensington Publishing Corporation, 2023.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Grès de Roda"
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Timothy J., Anderson. "Stone and iron: economic interactivity at the Roman rural site of Châbles (Fribourg, Switzerland)." In Paisajes e historias en torno a la piedra, 39–52. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/monografias.prehistoria.arqueologia.2020.04.
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The current article presents the analysis of the rural Roman complex of Châbles excavated in the Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. The site dates to the first century AD and comprises four contemporary features: a small quarry (grès coquillier) serving to extract rotary querns; a segment of a major road six metres wide; a smithy characterised by workshop sheltering a hearth and numerous slag, metal cuttings and hammer scales; and traces (postholes) of a modest wooden house. The study focuses on the economic interactivity of the site’s different elements.
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Martin-Márquez, Susan. "Culture and Acculturation in Manuel Summers’s Del rosa ... al amarillo (I963)." In Spanish Cinema, 55–75. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198184157.003.0005.
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Abstract The last few years in Spain have witnessed a flurry of renewed interest in the socialization of children during Francoism. Luis Otero’s deliciously ironic recreation of his own experience of ideological inculcation, Al paso alegre de la paz (1996), became a surprise best seller, leading to the rerelease of his 1987 novel Gris marengo, focused on the education of a Nationalist war martyr’s son. Andrés Sopeña Monsalve’s book of memoirs, El florido pensil: memoria de la escuela nacionalcatólica (1994), which has also enjoyed several reprintings, was quickly adapted for the theatre by the Basque company Tanttaka Teatroa; when this stage version moved on to Barcelona in the summer of 1997, tickets were sold out for nearly every performance.
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Castillo, Daniel. "El reconocimiento del arte amazónico de y en Cantagallo : los casos de Roldán Pinedo y Guímer García." In En busca de reconocimiento: reflexiones desde el Perú diverso, 217–49. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18800/9786123172640.009.
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Ninguna imagen que se haya publicado capta plenamente la impresionante vegetación que se impone ante quien llega a la selva. El antropólogo que sale de Lima, atravesando de oeste a este el Perú, puede apreciar a medida que avanza cómo, poco a poco, los árboles tiñen de verdes colores el paisaje gris que vio por la ventana del bus al partir. Este ritual del viaje transforma el paisaje que nos rodea y sirve para introducirnos en otra cultura, la cual se manifestará al cambiar nuestra forma particular de pensar, actuar y hacer, a veces contraponiendo los principios fundamentales de la propia cultura. Al final del viaje, uno llega al lugar del «otro», donde empezará a ver el mundo desde un punto de vista distinto.
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Armstrong, Louis. "Letter To Betty Jane Holder (February 9, 1952)." In Louis Armstrong, in His Own Words, 150–56. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195119589.003.0012.
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Abstract In this letter Armstrong writes about his infamous experience as King of the Zulus in 1949. During Mardi Gras festivities, he rode the float sponsored by the Zulu Aid and Pleasure Club, dressed outrageously in black-faced makeup and a parody of tribal garb. James Collier (1983: 311) suggests that the publicity generated from this incident served as a turning point in Armstrong’s career. On the one hand, he became a genuine media “star.” On the other hand, he was criticized for promoting vestiges of minstrelsy which, no matter how firmly grounded in New Orleanian tradition, seemed to outsiders like an embarrassing retreat from racial progress. As Dizzy Gillespie put it, “Louis is the plantation character that so many of us ... younger men ... resent” (Down Beat, July I, 1949: 13).
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"Doña Aura en tiempos de cuarentena: Prisionera de sus propios anhelos." In Tecnología, Sociedad y Educación: perspectivas interdisciplinares en torno a las TIC desde el campo social educativo, 239–46. Universidad Santiago de cali, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35985/9789585147379.12.
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Desde que se escuchó el crujir del enorme monstruo por todo el mundo, el pánico se apodero de Aura, una anciana de chalina negra, falda gris, blusa blanca de seda, zapatos negros de tela medio rotos en la punta de donde salía su dedo gordo exhibiendo un pedazo de uña gruesa de color café oscuro. Doña Aura, vivía en un pueblo ubicado en la denominada “zona roja de Colombia”, en la cordillera Occidental, donde meses atrás la tranquilidad se podía al menos percibir, pues el conflicto armado era un elemento que se integró en la vida de las personas; sin embargo la naturaleza siempre estaba presente dándoles diariamente a todos los habitantes del pueblo leche, huevos, carne, gallinas, papa, cebolla, zanahoria y demás, pues estos productos eran cultivados en sus huertas y cuidados por ellos mismos, pero ahora la escasés de alimentos era abismal y la tristeza en el pueblo se podía notar en los ojos de sus habitantes.
Conference papers on the topic "Grès de Roda"
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Lira, Regiane Kessias de Sousa, Rochele Tito Zardini, Ivaldo Itabaiana Júnior, and Selma Ferreira Gomes. "BIOPRODUÇÃO DE COMPOSTOS DE AROMA POR TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM E GEOTRICHUM CANDIDUM ATRAVÉS DA FERMENTAÇÃO EM ESTADO SÓLIDO DA BORRA DE CAFÉ." In I Congresso de Engenharia de Biotecnologia. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/1379.
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Introdução: A crescente demanda por produtos naturais tem estimulado pesquisadores a desenvolver processos biotecnológicos para a produção de compostos de aroma, como a fermentação em estado sólido (FES), em que resíduos orgânicos podem ser utilizados como substrato ou suporte inerte. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a produção de compostos de aroma a partir da FES de Geotrichum candidum (CCT 1205) e Trichoderma harzianum (IOC 4042) utilizando borra de café in natura (BC-IN) e desengordurada (BC-DES) como suporte. Material e métodos. Para a fermentação, os suportes sólidos (5 g) foram adicionadas em erlenmeyer (250 ml), e impregnados com uma solução nutritiva contendo glicose, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, KH2PO4, KCl, CaCl2.H2O, FeSO4 e ZnSO4. O substrato quanto a solução nutritiva foram autoclavados a 121°C por 15 min e inoculados por 1 mL de suspensão de esporos (1,0 x 106 UFC/mL), e mantidos estacionários a 28°C por 7 dias. Os compostos produzidos foram analisados SPME, CG-EM, e caracterizados com base no índice de similaridade (%), GRAS (generally recognized as safe) e FEMA (Flavor & Extract Manufacturers Association). Resultados: A caracterização química indicou que os suportes BC-IN e BC-DES são compostos de (em % m/m, respectivamente): umidade (8,68 e 8,15), proteínas (12,01 e 11,26), lipídios (10,42 e 2,17) e carboidratos totais (67,30 e 76,40). Vários compostos de aroma foram detectados no extrato do BC-IN e BC-DES fermentado por G. candidum e T. harzianum, provando que a retirada da fração lipídica não demonstrou diferenças significativas nos compostos produzidos. Entre eles, hexanal (95%, GRAS 2557, aroma de fruta), 2-feniletanol (98%, GRAS 2858, aroma de rosa), hexanoato de etila (88%, GRAS 2439, aroma de maçã e abacaxi), e 6-pentil-α-pirona (98%, GRAS 3696, aroma de coco) são particularmente perceptíveis entre os compostos identificados via análise CG-EM. Todos os compostos de aroma identificados neste trabalho são reconhecidos pelo status FEMA e GRAS, dessa forma, o uso deles é seguro. Conclusão: Esses resultados comprovam que a produção de compostos de aroma por G. candidum e T. harzianum através do processo de fermentação da borra de café é viável.
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Hu, Yang, Kacem Chehdi, Guangyao Li, and Keju Zu. "An Optimal Road Seed Extraction Algorithm." In 2008 International Workshop on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ETT and GRS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ettandgrs.2008.360.
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Dong-Lai, Jiao, Zhang Shu-Liang, Lv Guo-Nian, Gao Hua-Lan, and Yang Xiao-Li. "The Study of Municipal Road Model Based on GML." In 2008 International Workshop on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ETT and GRS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ettandgrs.2008.346.
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Glaeser, Horst G. "Uncertainty Analysis Becoming Common Practice in Safety Assessment." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31179.
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During the recent years an increasing interest in computational reactor safety analysis is to replace the conservative evaluation model calculations by best estimate calculations supplemented by uncertainty analysis of the code results. The evaluation of the margin to acceptance criteria, e.g. the maximum fuel rod clad temperature, should be based on the upper limit of the calculated uncertainty range. For example, due to power increase, licensing limits are approached. Therefore, regulators are looking closer on the way, how calculations are performed to meet these acceptance criteria. Methods have been developed and presented to quantify the uncertainty of computer code results. They are briefly presented in this paper. The present overview considers the international situation of development of uncertainty evaluation of computer code results and their application in licensing. Best estimate analysis plus uncertainty evaluation is used in licensing up to now in approximately seven countries. Demonstrations of applying uncertainty methods have been performed in nine additional countries at least. Most organizations use statistical methods. One statistical method is the GRS method proposing ordered statistics. Several demonstrations to apply the GRS method have been performed by GRS for courses of events in the nuclear steam supply system, calculating experiments as well as nuclear power plants. The method has also been applied for post test calculations of containment behavior, as well as severe accidents. One of the most important conclusions is that care must be exercised in determining ranges and probability distributions of the uncertain input parameters.
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Forgione, Nicola, Morena Angelucci, Gianluca Barone, Massimiliano Polidori, Antonio Cervone, Ivan Di Piazza, Fabio Giannetti, Pierdomenico Lorusso, Thorsten Hollands, and Angel Papukchiev. "Blind Simulations of NACIE-UP Experimental Tests by STH Codes." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81434.
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In the frame of the SESAME project, a benchmarking activity was proposed to validate the existing system thermal-hydraulics codes for Heavy Liquid Metal reactors. More specifically, blind simulations on three well-defined experiments were carried out on the NACIE-UP facility, using CATHARE by ENEA, ATHLET by GRS, RELAP5-3D by University of Roma and RELAP5/Mod3.3 by University of Pisa. The numerical models were calibrated in terms of system thermal losses and gas enhanced circulation by means of the outcomes from specific experimental preliminary tests. The present discussion expose, compare and analyze the numerical results of some representative parameters (primary lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) mass flow rate, temperatures and pressure) charaterizing the system behaviour in transiet scenarios in a “pre-test” blind numerical assessment.
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Pengying Du and Xiaoping Luo. "The Research of urban road tunnel longitudinal ventilation control based on RBF neural network." In 2010 Second IITA International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IITA-GRS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iita-grs.2010.5603278.
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Yang, Xiankun, and Fengrui Chen. "Road and Linear Structure Automatic Extraction from Remote Sensing Images Using Marked Point Process." In 2008 International Workshop on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ETT and GRS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ettandgrs.2008.137.
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Weick, Sarah, Michel Herm, Mirco Grosse, Robert Kilger, Conrado Rössger, Martin Steinbrueck, and Juri Stuckert. "The SPIZWURZ Project - Experimental and Modeling Approaches of Hydrogen in Cladding Tubes Under Dry Storage Conditions." In 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone31-136905.
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Abstract When hydrogen penetrates into cladding tubes during operation of nuclear power plants, it may affect their mechanical stability. During the dry storage of spent nuclear fuel, the initially dissolved hydrogen precipitates as hydrides in the metallic matrix. This precipitation process induces a certain stress in the zirconium structure of the cladding tube. In the framework of the SPIZWURZ project, cladding tubes are charged with hydrogen and exposed to a certain pressure — either internal or external, in order to investigate the stress influence on the hydrogen diffusion and solubility under dry storage conditions. The relevant long-term bundle test that simulated dry storage conditions with a constant cooling period of 250 days has recently ended. As described in the paper, the preliminary calculations for the temperature development and the hydride state shall be compared to the real state of the bundle after the test. Therefore, various analytical methods will help to determine relevant parameters that will be used for the fuel rod performance code TESPA-ROD from the Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS), which shall be revalidated in this framework.
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Garo, Andrés. "Casi piso una nube y varios horizontes pixelados." In VI Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Artes Visuales ANIAV 2024. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/aniav2024.2024.18199.
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Si antes girábamos alrededor de las imágenes, ahora vamos a hacerlo dentro de ellas; de laberintos nodales, de espacios sin espacio más allá del de la RAM que posibilita su visión. “Nunca antes habías visto todo así” reza el eslogan de las últimas gafas de computación espacial que, en un abrir y cerrar de ojos -o chasquido de dedos- tornan el entorno natural que rodea al espectador en un desierto de lo real, cordillera, o pradera cuya hierba mece un viento que responde a otro simulacro algorítmico. Imágenes visuales suplidas por otras infográficas, y, partos computacionales próximos a esfumarse desde que su naturaleza se sabe digital.Ahora que el gris circundante lo enmascaran atractivos horizontes virtuales, lo urgente es conocer que el componente de trampantojo (trompe l’oeil) excede del engaño visual que se desprende del sofisticado grado de detalle que alcanzan las imágenes informáticas actuales. La trampa también recae en la propia fragilidad de las infraestructuras submarinas que posibilitan el que esas imágenes viajen hasta el monitor o gafas de realidad virtual que las reproducen y colocan delante de nuestros ojos en un ejercicio de inmersión -parcial-.El hecho de llamar nube al lugar que alberga a los mundos virtuales, acerca al imaginario colectivo a percibirlo como cosa vaporea, intangible, alejada de la superficie terrestre y, en definitiva, segura. Pero, la realidad -desvirtualizada- es muy distinta y se aleja de la inasibilidad que se les presupone: los mundos virtuales, como espectros, están siempre próximos a evaporarse. Y es que, cuanto almacenamos en la nube -que es todo- puede desaparecer en un abrir y cerrar de ojos.
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Lujan, Carlos, Cesar Elpuente, and Oriol Flix. "New assessment and testing methodology for vehicle type approval." In EuroBrake 2022. FISITA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/eb2022-ibc-003.
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"Technological innovations in the field of Connected and Automated Driving have a strong impact in different areas in the automotive industry. Among those areas, the effect on vehicle homologation procedures is game changing, in a way that requires a brand-new approach. Traditionally, the homologation process based on the UNECE Regulatory framework has been a single step at the end of the development phase, where regulations normally defined a series of repeatable scenarios to be evaluated, where the effect of the driver is typically suppressed by means of the measurement of the inputs on the vehicle commands or by means of the use of driving robots. This approach was initially challenged by the introduction of assisted systems, such as Advance Emergency Brake. Those systems are commanded by Electronic Control Systems which, in some circumstances, may control certain vehicle functions, such as braking or steering. The introduction of such functions required a different approach to the vehicle type approval, to evaluate possible failures associated to the Electronic Control Systems. In such context, concepts such as Functional Safety (FuSa) or Safety Of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF) were introduce as part of the type approval process. This new approach turned the technical evaluation of the compliance from a testing activity in selected scenarios into a combination of testing and assessment of the manufacturer safety concept. However, the introduction of the first SAE L3 functions into the market add a new layer of complexity into the type approval. Such technologies replace the human driver during certain dynamic driving tasks, within an unlimited number of scenarios. This circumstance does not allow the classic strategy of removing the human effect from the test scenarios and required a second loop in the modification of the type approval processes, so as to move from an evaluation of the performance to an evaluation of the behaviour of the vehicle. As a result, UNECE WP.29 published the “Framework Document on Automated/Autonomous Vehicles”, a document whose purpose was: a) To provide guidance to WP.29 subsidiary Working Parties (GRs) by identifying key principles for the safety and security of automated/autonomous vehicles of levels 3 and higher. b) To define the work priorities for WP.29 and indicate the deliverables, timelines and working arrangements for those certain work products related to those priorities. Consequently, several actions took place which have paved the road into a new type approval approach, currently under development, but with a series of principles widely accepted by the rulemaking community. Examples of such actions include: a) New working group structure within UNECE WP.29 b) Development of a series of New Assessment and Testing Methods (NATM) which combine the classic test on the proving ground with new tools, such as the assessment of the manufacturer safety concept, the use of simulation or the real-world testing. "