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Academic literature on the topic 'Grem 1'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Grem 1"

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Pérez-Lozano, Maria-Luisa, Laure Sudre, Sandy van Eegher, Danièle Citadelle, Audrey Pigenet, Marie-Helène Lafage-Proust, Philippe Pastoureau, Frédéric De Ceuninck, Francis Berenbaum, and Xavier Houard. "Gremlin-1 and BMP-4 Overexpressed in Osteoarthritis Drive an Osteochondral-Remodeling Program in Osteoblasts and Hypertrophic Chondrocytes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 2084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042084.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint disease characterized by an important remodeling of the osteochondral junction. It includes cartilage mineralization due to chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation and bone sclerosis. Here, we investigated whether gremlin-1 (Grem-1) and its BMP partners could be involved in the remodeling events of the osteochondral junction in OA. We found that Grem-1, BMP-2, and BMP-4 immunostaining was detected in chondrocytes from the deep layer of cartilage and in subchondral bone of knee OA patients, and was positively correlated with cartilage damage. ELISA assays showed that bone released more Grem-1 and BMP-4 than cartilage, which released more BMP-2. In vitro experiments evidenced that compression stimulated the expression and the release of Grem-1 and BMP-4 by osteoblasts. Grem-1 was also overexpressed during the prehypertrophic to hypertrophic differentiation of murine articular chondrocytes. Recombinant Grem-1 stimulated Mmp-3 and Mmp-13 expression in murine chondrocytes and osteoblasts, whereas recombinant BMP-4 stimulated the expression of genes associated with angiogenesis (Angptl4 and osteoclastogenesis (Rankl and Ccl2). In conclusion, Grem-1 and BMP-4, whose expression at the osteochondral junction increased with OA progression, may favor the pathological remodeling of the osteochondral junction by inducing a catabolic and tissue remodeling program in hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
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Khatib Shahidi, Roxana, Jenny M. Hoffmann, Shahram Hedjazifar, Laurianne Bonnet, Ritesh K. Baboota, Stephanie Heasman, Christopher Church, et al. "Adult mice are unresponsive to AAV8-Gremlin1 gene therapy targeting the liver." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0247300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247300.

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Objective Gremlin 1 (GREM1) is a secreted BMP2/4 inhibitor which regulates commitment and differentiation of human adipose precursor cells and prevents the browning effect of BMP4. GREM1 is an insulin antagonist and serum levels are high in type 2 diabetes (T2D). We here examined in vivo effects of AAV8 (Adeno-Associated Viral vectors of serotype eight) GREM 1 targeting the liver in mature mice to increase its systemic secretion and also, in a separate study, injected recombinant GREM 1 intraperitoneally. The objective was to characterize systemic effects of GREM 1 on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, body weight, adipose cell browning and other local tissue effects. Methods Adult mice were injected with AAV8 vectors expressing GREM1 in the liver or receiving regular intra-peritoneal injections of recombinant GREM1 protein. The mice were fed with a low fat or high fat diet (HFD) and followed over time. Results Liver-targeted AAV8-GREM1 did not alter body weight, whole-body glucose and insulin tolerance, or adipose tissue gene expression. Although GREM1 protein accumulated in liver cells, GREM1 serum levels were not increased suggesting that it may not have been normally processed for secretion. Hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis were also not changed. Repeated intraperitoneal rec-GREM1 injections for 5 weeks were also without effects on body weight and insulin sensitivity. UCP1 was slightly but significantly reduced in both white and brown adipose tissue but this was not of sufficient magnitude to alter body weight. We validated that recombinant GREM1 inhibited BMP4-induced pSMAD1/5/9 in murine cells in vitro, but saw no direct inhibitory effect on insulin signalling and pAkt (ser 473 and thr 308) activation. Conclusion GREM1 accumulates intracellularly when overexpressed in the liver cells of mature mice and is apparently not normally processed/secreted. However, also repeated intraperitoneal injections were without effects on body weight and insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue UCP1 levels were only marginally reduced. These results suggest that mature mice do not readily respond to GREMLIN 1 but treatment of murine cells with GREMLIN 1 protein in vitro validated its inhibitory effect on BMP4 signalling while insulin signalling was not altered.
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Rohlin, Anna, Frida Eiengård, Ulf Lundstam, Theofanis Zagoras, Staffan Nilsson, Anders Edsjö, Jan Pedersen, et al. "GREM 1 and POLE variants in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes." Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer 55, no. 1 (October 23, 2015): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gcc.22314.

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Reber, I., I. Keller, D. Becker, C. Flury, M. Welle, and C. Drögemüller. "Wattles in goats are associated with the FMN 1 / GREM 1 region on chromosome 10." Animal Genetics 46, no. 3 (March 3, 2015): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/age.12279.

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Tejedor-Santamaria, Lucia, Jose Luis Morgado-Pascual, Laura Marquez-Exposito, Beatriz Suarez-Alvarez, Raul R. Rodrigues-Diez, Antonio Tejera-Muñoz, Vanessa Marchant, et al. "Epigenetic Modulation of Gremlin-1/NOTCH Pathway in Experimental Crescentic Immune-Mediated Glomerulonephritis." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15020121.

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Crescentic glomerulonephritis is a devastating autoimmune disease that without early and properly treatment may rapidly progress to end-stage renal disease and death. Current immunosuppressive treatment provides limited efficacy and an important burden of adverse events. Epigenetic drugs are a source of novel therapeutic tools. Among them, bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) inhibitors (iBETs) block the interaction between bromodomains and acetylated proteins, including histones and transcription factors. iBETs have demonstrated protective effects on malignancy, inflammatory disorders and experimental kidney disease. Recently, Gremlin-1 was proposed as a urinary biomarker of disease progression in human anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis. We have now evaluated whether iBETs could regulate Gremlin-1 in experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis induced by nephrotoxic serum (NTS) in mice, a model resembling human crescentic glomerulonephritis. In NTS-injected mice, the iBET JQ1 inhibited renal Gremlin-1 overexpression and diminished glomerular damage, restoring podocyte numbers. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated BRD4 enrichment of the Grem-1 gene promoter in injured kidneys, consistent with Gremlin-1 epigenetic regulation. Moreover, JQ1 blocked BRD4 binding and inhibited Grem-1 gene transcription. The beneficial effect of iBETs was also mediated by modulation of NOTCH pathway. JQ1 inhibited the gene expression of the NOTCH effectors Hes-1 and Hey-1 in NTS-injured kidneys. Our results further support the role for epigenetic drugs, such as iBETs, in the treatment of rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis.
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Xiong, Kaixin, Xuan Chen, Hantao Hu, Huihui Hou, Peng Gao, and Ling Zou. "Antimicrobial Effect of a Peptide Containing Novel Oral Spray on Streptococcus mutans." BioMed Research International 2020 (March 11, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6853652.

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Objective. To investigate the antibacterial effect of a novel antimicrobial peptide containing oral spray GERM CLEAN on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in vitro and further explore the related mechanisms at phenotypic and transcriptional levels. Methods. The disk diffusion method was used to preliminarily appraise the antimicrobial effect of GERM CLEAN. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GREM CLEAN towards S. mutans was determined by the broth dilution method. S. mutans virulence-related phenotypic assays including initial adhesive assay, pH drop, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and biofilm formation measurements and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were further applied to detect the inhibitory mechanisms of GREM CLEAN at 1/2MIC. Results. The diameter (10.18 ± 1.744 mm) of inhibition zones formed by GERM CLEAN preliminarily indicated its inhibitory effect on the major cariogenic bacteria S. mutans. The minimal inhibitory concentration of GERM CLEAN on S. mutans was 100% mass fraction (the stock solution). The study of the antibacterial mechanism showed that GERM CLEAN had a certain inhibitory effect on the initial adhesion, acid production, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) production, and biofilm formation of S. mutans. GERM CLEAN disturbed S. mutans biofilm physiology mainly through destruction of biofilm architecture and suppression of bacterial growth. The results of qRT-PCR further confirmed that the expression levels of EPS and lactic acid generation genes including gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, and ldh were significantly repressed by treating with GERM CLEAN, and this was consistent with our phenotypic results. Conclusion. The novel antimicrobial peptide containing oral spray GERM CLEAN has an anti-Streptococcus mutans effect and the inhibitory property may be due to suppression of the virulence factors of S. mutans including adhesive, acidogenicity, EPS, and biofilm formation.
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Plotkin, Steven S., and José N. Onuchic. "Understanding protein folding with energy landscape theory Part II: Quantitative aspects." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 35, no. 3 (August 2002): 205–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583502003785.

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1. Introduction 2062. Quantifying the notions behind the energy landscape 2062.1 Basic concepts of the Random Energy Model (REM) 2062.2 Replica-symmetric partition functions and densities of states 2092.3 The RHP phase diagram and avoided phase transitions 2102.4 Basic concepts of the entropy of topologically constrained polymers 2123. Beyond the Random Energy Model 2193.1 The GREM and the glass transition in a finite RHP 2224. Basics of configurational diffusion for RHPs and proteins 2274.1 Kinetics on a correlated energy landscape 2315. Thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding 2345.1 A protein Hamiltonian with cooperative interactions 2345.2 Variance of native contact energies 2355.3 Thermodynamics of protein folding 2365.4 Free-energy surfaces and dynamics for a Hamiltonian with pair-wise interactions 2405.5 The effects of cooperativity on folding 2425.6 Transition-state drift 2425.7 Phase diagram for a model protein 2455.8 A non-Arrhenius folding-rate curve for proteins 2466. Non-Markovian configurational diffusion and reaction coordinates in protein folding 2476.1 An illustrative example 2506.2 Non-Markovian rate theory and reaction surfaces 2516.3 Application of non-Markovian rate theory to simulation data 2577. Structural and energetic heterogeneity in the folding mechanism 2597.1 The general strategy 2617.2 An illustrative example 2637.3 Free-energy functional 2647.4 Dependence of the barrier height on mean loop length (contact order) and structural variance 2687.5 Illustrations using lattice model proteins and functional theory 2697.6 Connections of functional theory with experiments 2718. Conclusions and future prospects 2739. Acknowledgments 27410. AppendicesA. Table of common symbols 275B. GREM construction for the glass transition 276C. Effect of a Q-dependent diffusion coefficient 279D. A frequency-dependent Einstein relation 27911. References 281We have seen in Part I of this review that the energy landscape theory of protein folding is a statistical description of a protein's complex potential energy surface, where individual folding events are sampled from an ensemble of possible routes on the landscape. We found that the most likely global structure for the landscape of a protein can be described as that of a partially random heteropolymer with a rugged, yet funneled landscape towards the native structure. Here we develop some quantitative aspects of folding using tools from the statistical mechanics of disordered systems, polymers, and phase transitions in finite-sized systems. Throughout the text we will refer to concepts and equations developed in Part I of the review, and the reader is advised to at least survey its contents before proceeding here. Sections, figures or equations from Part I are often prefixed with I- [e.g. Section I-1.1, Fig. I-1, Eq. (I-1.1)].
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Akiror, S., A. Acharjee, L. Jeffery, U. N. Shivaji, D. Zardo, G. Gkoutos, S. Ghosh, and M. Iacucci. "P044 Transcriptome analysis identifies dysregulated pathways and targets for therapy in patients undergoing surgical resection for Crohn’s disease." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.173.

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Abstract Background In Crohn’s disease, intestinal strictures develop in 40% of patients often requiring repeated surgeries. Current treatments have limited efficacy. Therefore, better understanding of dysregulated molecular pathways is needed to identify targets for therapy. The aim of this study was to identify novel pathways involved in stricture pathogenesis. Methods Patients undergoing resection for CD-related strictures were recruited (IRAS ID-248494). RNA was extracted from proximal, strictured and distal segments of resected ileal/ileo.cecal segments. cDNA libraries were prepared for 9 patients using QIAseq UPX 3’ Transcriptome reagents and sequenced. Normalised expressions were obtained through the CLC-Genomics Workbench (Qiagen). Differentially expressed genes (adj.P.Val<0.05) were determined using the Limma package and PCA and PLS-DA modelling performed. Pathway-related genes were enriched using EnrichR. Area under the curve (AUC) analysis was done by the Random Forest method and qPCR used for gene validation. Results Strictured, proximal and distal tissues had unique transcriptomes; stricture segment clustered separately from proximal and distal segments, which were very similar by comparison. 64 genes were commonly up-regulated and 17 down-regulated in stricture compared to either control segments. Pathway enrichment on these 81 genes identified 30 targets. 3 of 5 down-regulated genes, associated with the epithelial barrier (KLF5, KRKT20, DSK) whilst most up-regulated genes related to extracellular matrix and tissue remodelling (COL1A1, CTSK, HYAL2, GREM-1, SERPINE1), inflammation (PECAM1, CCL2, EDNRB, LY96, CTSK), adipogenesis (IGF-1, NDN, HADHA) and cellular stress. Based on statistical significance and biological relevance LY96, AKAP11, SRM, GREM1, EHD2, SERPINE1, HDAC1 and FGF2 were further studied for association with stricture. A combined AUC score of 0.979 (95%CI 0.902–1) confirmed strong association and was supported by qPCR validation with additional patients. (AUC=0.81, (0.56–0.95)). Conclusion Loss of epithelial integrity, increased inflammation, tissue remodelling and adiposity characterise the stricture and may be modulated by existing anti-fibrotic drugs not tested in Crohn’s disease as well as new drug development.
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Arnoni Costa, Emanuel, Veraldo Liesenberg, André Felipe Hess, César Augusto Guimarães Finger, Paulo Renato Schneider, Régis Villanova Longhi, Cristine Tagliapietra Schons, and Geedre Adriano Borsoi. "Simulating Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze Timber Stocks With Liocourt’s Law in a Natural Forest in Southern Brazil." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030339.

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This paper presents a simulation of the regulation of Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze timber stocks using Liocourt’s law. Although this species is currently protected by law, recent government initiatives are being considered to propose sustainable forest management practices by selecting small rural properties in Southern Brazil. Here, we simulate the applicability of Liocourt’s law in a typical rural property, the size of which is approximately 85 ha. Forest inventory measurements were conducted by estimating the diameter at the breast height (d), total height (h), and annual diameter increments of 308 trees that fit the criteria of d ≥ 10 cm, distributed on 35 permanent plots of 400 m2 each. As a result, a reverse J-shaped d distribution was found. On average, 303 trees can be found per hectare (ha). Local allometric equations showed their basal area (G) to be 21.9 m2∙ha−1, and their commercial volume (V) to be 172 m3∙ha−1, whereas Liocourt’s quotient (q) was 1.31. Based on these attributes, nine different forest management scenarios were proposed by simulating a remaining basal area (Grem) of 10.0, 14.0, and 18.0 m2∙ha−1, and Liocourt’s quotient was changed to 1.1, 1.3, and 1.5. All scenarios consider a d of 62.5 cm. In the less intensive scenario (i.e., q value = 1.5 and larger basal area of 18.0 m2·ha−1) there is greater optimization of space, and higher economic return is ensured to rural producers due to the definition of shorter cutting cycles. This also allows a faster growth rate in both d and h for smaller trees, due to the higher incidence of light onto the lower canopy layer, increasing the natural regeneration implementation of other native species. Forest management should thus be considered a goal in addition to consumer market characteristics for defining the ideal timber stock scenario.
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Nilsson, Eric E., Ginger Larsen, and Michael K. Skinner. "Roles of Gremlin 1 and Gremlin 2 in regulating ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition." REPRODUCTION 147, no. 6 (June 2014): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-14-0005.

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A network of extracellular signaling factors has previously been shown to act in concert to control the ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition. The current study was designed to investigate the roles of the endogenous bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) inhibitors Gremlin 1 (GREM1) and GREM2 in primordial follicle transition in the rat ovary. GREM1 and GREM2 treatments were found to reverse the effects of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) to inhibit follicle transition in a whole-ovary culture system. GREM1 reversed the effect of BMP4 to stimulate primordial follicle transition. Immunohistochemical studies showed that GREM2, but not GREM1, was present in primordial follicles suggesting that GREM2 may regulate primordial follicle transition in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that GREM2 directly binds to AMH, as well as to BMP4. Transcriptome analyses of ovaries treated with GREM2 or GREM1 yielded negligible numbers of differentially expressed genes, suggesting that the immediate effects of GREM2 or GREM1 appear to be at the level of protein–protein interactions, rather than direct actions on the cells. A number of other ovarian growth factors were found to influence the expression of Grem2. Observations suggest that Grem2 is a part of the signaling network of growth factors that regulate the primordial to primary follicle transition. Insights into the regulatory networks affecting the pool of primordial follicles are important to understand the molecular basis for reproductive diseases such as primary ovarian insufficiency.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Grem 1"

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Krumay, Barbara, and Roman Brandtweiner. "GRES-IT Workshop Proceedings." Department für Informationsverarbeitung und Prozessmanagement, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5578/1/GRESIT_FINAL_FOR_PRINT.pdf.

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Chung, Ming-kar Karl, and 鍾銘家. "Molecular characterization of chicken glutamate receptor, metabotropic1 (GRM 1)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617941.

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Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. Ionotropic glutamate receptors used to be the only type of glutamate receptors, bringing about essential functions including synaptic transmissions. Since 1991, eight metabotropic glutamate receptors have been discovered. Belonging to the subfamily C of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, these receptors have unique structural features. They couple to their own specific G proteins and transduce signals via pathways not recognized in other subfamilies. To date, little information on these receptors have been revealed in mammals, and even less is known about them in non-mammalian species including chicken. In the present study, various cDNAs of the chicken glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 (GRM1) as well as its splice variants were cloned from adult brain tissue. At least 11 exons were identified in the chicken (c-) GRM1 gene, in which the alternative usage of exons and splice acceptor sites results in at least three variants, namely cGRM1a, cGRM1b and cGRM1f. The predicted coding regions of cGRM1a, cGRM1b and cGRM1f are 3459 base pairs (bp), 2736 bp and 2697 bp in length, which were deduced to encode receptor peptides of 1152 amino acids (aa), 911 aa and 898 aa, respectively. The predicted cGRM1a peptide shows high amino acid sequence identities (87.5% to 88%) to its counterparts in humans, rats, mice, chimpanzees and cattle. cGRM1b transcript differs from cGRM1a transcript by inclusion of two additional exons (7b and 7c), which contains a premature stop codon and results in its shorter C-terminal tail. cGRM1f is a novel splice variant that lacks exon 7b and is 13 aa shorter than cGRM1b. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays showed that the transcripts of cGRM1a, cGRM1b and cGRM1f were preferentially expressed in adult chicken brains, in which cGRM1f mRNA was additionally identified in pituitary, lungs and gonads. Functional assay demonstrated that cGRM1a and cGRM1b receptors, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, were induced by glutamate in dose-dependent manners via the Fura-2 dye calcium assays. In addition, dual luciferase reporter assays suggested that cGRM1a and cGRM1b receptors have no significant effects on the activation of cAMP/PKA and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways upon glutamate treatment. Taken together, the present study has provided the first step in understanding the possible roles of GRM1 in chickens.
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Biological Sciences
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Zawawi, Khalid Hashim. "Moesin mediated intracellular signalling in LPS-stimulated differentiated THP-1 cells." Thesis, Boston University, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/31303.

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Thesis (D.Sc.)--Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 2004 (Oral Biology).
Includes bibliography (leaves 107-151).
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a glycolipid found in the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria, induces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin (IL )-1, by monocytes/macrophages. Excessive and uncontrolled secretion of these compounds leads to multiple pathological conditions, such as septic shock. LPS receptors have been shown to be CD14, TLR4 and MD-2. LPS interaction with these receptors mediates many monocyte/macrophage functions. Even though only CD14 was demonstrated to bind to LPS, and TLR4/MD-2 were capable of transducing signals, data only show that LPS and CD 14 were in close proximity to TLR4 and no direct binding was reported. Quite recently, moesin, a member of the ERM family of proteins, has been also found to function as a receptor for LPS. We have shown that anti-moesin antibody inhibited the release of TNFa by LPS stimulated monocytes. Moesin was also found to be necessary for the detection of LPS, where homozygous knockout mice exhibited 3-fold reduction in neutrophil infiltrates in LPS injected sites when compared to their wild type controls. When moesin gene expression was completely suppressed with antisense oligonucleotides, there was a significant reduction of LPS-induced TNF-a secretion. LPS stimulation of mononuclear phagocytes activates several intracellular signaling pathways including the phosphorylation of IKBa, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways: extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1 / 2 (P44/42), p38. These signaling pathways in tum activate a variety of transcription factors including NF-KB, which coordinates the induction of several genes encoding inflammatory mediators. [TRUNCATED]
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Santos, Cátia Raquel Talhas. "Screening of class 1 integrons in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/8919.

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Mestrado em Microbiologia Molecular
Actualmente, é cada vez mais frequente a associação de bactérias oportunistas e comensais resistentes a antibióticos com infecções nosocomiais. Este problema clínico tornou-se preocupante e deve-se ao uso indiscriminado de antibióticos. Perante esta pressão selectiva, as bactérias desenvolvem diferentes mecanismos de resistência a estes compostos. A presença de estruturas capazes de transportar genes de resistência, designadas por integrões, que contribuem para a disseminação destes genes bem como a sua associação com o perfil de resistência de bactérias constitui o objectivo do presente trabalho. Assim, foram recolhidas amostras de superfícies das instalações sanitárias, do serviço de Medicina II, do Hospital Infante D. Pedro, Aveiro. Após o isolamento das bactérias em meio selectivo para Gramnegativas (MacKonkey), todos os isolados foram sujeitos a tipagem molecular por BOX-PCR. O perfil de bandas obtido após electroforese foi analisado com o programa GelCompar II software (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium), permitindo distinguir diferentes grupos clonais. De cada grupo clonal foi seleccionado um isolado para os estudos posteriores, resultando num total de 45 isolados distintos. A pesquisa de integrões classe 1 iniciou-se por um “screening” para o gene da integrase. Nos 25 isolados positivos para este gene, foi amplificada e caracterizada a respectiva região variável. A sequência nucleotídica dos amplicões foi comparada com outras depositadas na base de dados. Os resultados mostraram a presença de integrões em diferentes espécies (Pseudomonas putida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas mendocina, Proteus mirabillis e Morganella morganii). As regiões variáveis apresentavam diferentes tamanhos e diferentes arranjos de genes. Em geral, predominam gene cassettes que conferem resistência aos aminoglicosídeos, trimetoprime e metalo-β- lactamases. A localização destas estruturas no genoma bacteriano foi efectuada por “southern blot”; o DNA genómico foi digerido com a enzima S1, e sujeito a hibridação com sondas para os genes 16S e da integrase revelando que a maioria dos integrões estão localizados em plasmídeos. Como conclusão geral, verifica-se a prevalência de isolados contendo determinantes genéticos de resistência em superfícies inanimadas do ambiente hospitalar (53.33%), os quais podem constituir um potencial risco para os pacientes, uma vez que se trata de bactérias oportunistas. O facto de estes genes de resistência estarem associados a elementos genéticos móveis, nomeadamente transposões e muitas vezes plasmídeos, facilita a sua disseminação no ambiente hospitalar, principalmente por transferência horizontal de genes.
Currently, it is becoming frequent the association of antibiotic resistant opportunistic and commensal bacteria with nosocomial infections. This is a clinical problem of concern and is based on the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Given the selective pressure within the hospital environment, bacteria develop different resistance mechanisms to these compounds. The presence of structures, referred as integrons, that carry and disseminate these resistance genes among bacteria and their association with the bacteria resistance profile constitutes the aim of the present study. To this end we collected samples from surfaces of sanitary facilities, of the Medicine II service of the Hospital Infante D. Pedro, Aveiro. After bacteria isolation on a selective medium (MacKonkey) for Gram negatives, all the isolates were molecular typed by BOX-PCR. After electrophoresis, the banding pattern was analysed with the GelCompar II software (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium), which allowed for the selection of different clonal groups. One isolate was selected from each group for further studies. Forty five isolates were selected for the screening of class 1 integrons. In the twenty-five positive isolates respective variable region was amplified and characterized. Amplicons nucleotide sequences were compared with others deposited in databases. The results revealed the presence of integrons in different species (Pseudomonas putida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas mendocina, Proteus mirabillis e Morganella morganii). Different lenghts of variable regions and different genes arrays were found. Generally gene cassettes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides trimethoprim and metallo-β-lactamases were predominante. Southern hybridization of S1 digested genomic DNA with 16 rDNA and integrase genes labeled probes revealed that the majority of the integrons are located in plasmids. To conclude, is important to refer that there is a prevalence of opportunistic bacteria possessing integrons in inanimate surfaces within the hospital environment, which can constitute risk to the debilitated patients. Moreover, these structures are associated with mobile genetic elements, mainly transposons and many times plasmids, which facilitates the dissemination of these antibiotic resistance genes in the hospital environment, mainly by horizontal gene transfer.
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Walker, Andrew Meredith. "Laser surface alloying of metallic substrates with carbon and silicon." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38178.

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Drummelsmith, Jolyne. "The genetics, biosynthesis and translocation of group 1 capsules in gram-negative bacteria." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/NQ55623.pdf.

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Dogniez, Cécile. "Le deuteronome grec ( chapitres 1 a 11 ) : traduction et commentaire des chapitres 1 a 11 du deuteronome de la septante." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040132.

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Traduction accompagnee de notes portant sur les chapitres 1 a 11 du deuteronome grec ( c'est-a-dire sur l'introduction au code legislatif des chapitres 12 a 26 du deuteronome ). Plusieurs problemes sont abordes: le titre du livre et de son sens, la place du deuteronome dans le canon, les liens que le deuteronome entretient avec les autres livres du pentateuque et le sens et l'unite du livre situe dans une perspective liturgique. L'etat textuel du deuteronome grec est examine, tant du point de vue des grands manuscrits que des papyrus recemment decouverts. Le texte grec est confronte au texte hebreu afin de deceler les points de comparaison ou au contraire les divergences; les targums sont egalement consideres. Une etude de la langue, syntaxique et lexicale, essaie de degager les particularites du texte des septante; elle signale le cas echeant les neologismes "purs" ou seulement semantique, ou situe la langue des traducteurs alexandrins dans la langue de l'epoque, c'est-adire la koine. L'expression en grec de quelques themes propres au deuteronome a retenu l'attention ( la promesse divine, le don de la terre, la possession de la terre, la guerre, l'assistance divine, l'election, la loi); certaines lectures anciennes, juives ou chretiennes du deuteronome grec, sont signalees
Traduction with notes concerning chapters 1 to 11 of the greek deutero nomy (i. E. On the the introduction to the legal code of the chapters 12 to 26). Several problems are teated: the book title and its meaning, the deuteronomy place in the canon, the deuteronomy links with the other books of the pentateuch, the meaning and the unity of the book in a liturgical approach. The text of the greek deuteronomy is considered, the great manuscripts and the papyrus recently discovered. Greek text is compared with the hebrew text in order to note the common or different features; targums are also taken in account. A philological study, synteactical and lexical, try to define the peculiarities of the greek text: we mention the "pure" neologisms or the semantical neologisms and replace the alexandrian translators language in the contemporary language, i. E. The koine. Some themes, proper to the deuteronomy, are examined (divine promise, the land gift, the appropriation of the land, the war, divine help, election, law); we mention at least the ancient lectures, jewish and christian, for the greek deuteronomy
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Conlin, Roger Michael. "The application of fracture mechanics to grey cast iron pipework." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8279.

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Bonnet, Martine. "Diodore de sicile, bibliotheque historique, livre xiv, chapitre 1 - 53, texte grec et traduction." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040189.

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Histoire de la grece, de l'asie et de la sicile entre 404 et 396 av. J. C. Principaux evenements : en grece : - la tyrannie des trente a athenes, leur chute et le retablissement de la democratie. - l'hegemonie de sparte : le role de lysandre et l'etablissement des decarchies ; la mort d'alcibiade ; la tyrannie de clearque a byzance, l'intervention spartiate et la defaite de clearque ; la guerre menee par sparte contre les eleens et les messeniens. En asie : - la revolte de cyrus contre son frere, le roi artaxerxes ; recit de l'expedition des dix mille mercenaires grecs au service de cyrus et de leur retour en grece apres la bataille de cunaxa et la mort de cyrus. - la guerre menee par sparte contre les perses. En sicile : - les travaux de fortification entrepris par le tyran denys de syracuse. - seconde revolte des syracusains et son echec. - conquete par denys des villes de naxos, catane et leontini. - preparatifs de guerre contre les carthaginois : fabrication d'armes variees, construction de navires et de machines de guerre, recherche d'alliances et double mariage de denys. - declaration de guerre a carthage ; siege et prise de motye
History of greece, asia and sicily between 404 and 396 b. C. The main occurrences : in greece : - the tyranny of the thirty men in athens, their overthrow and the recovery of the democracy. - the hegemony of sparta ; the part of lysander and the establishment of oligarchies ; the death of alcibiades ; the tyranny of clearchus in byzantium, the intervening of sparta and the defeat of clearchus ; the war of sparta against the eleians and the messenians. In asia : - the rebellion of cyrus against his brother, the king artaxerxes ; the expedition of the ten thousand mercenaries and their return after the death of cyrus. - the war of sparta against the persians
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Tran, An Xuong. "Periplasmic Modification of the 1-Phosphate Group of Lipid A in Gram-Negative Bacteria." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2036.

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Modification of the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is important for the pathogenesis and virulence of various Gram-negative bacteria. The major lipid A species of Helicobacter pylori is significantly different from that of Escherichia coli. H. pylori lipid A contains fewer acyl chains and phosphate groups with only one Kdo sugar attached to the disaccharide backbone. However, H. pylori produces a minor lipid A species that resembles E. coli lipid A, suggesting that the major lipid A species results from the action of specific modifying enzymes. This work describes two enzymes, a lipid A phosphatase and a phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) transferase, involved in modifying the 1-position of H. pylori lipid A. H. pylori lipid A contains a pEtN unit directly linked to the 1-position of the disaccharide backbone. This is in contrast to the pEtN units found in other pathogens, which are attached to the lipid A phosphate group to form a pyrophosphate linkage. Using in-vitro assay systems, we demonstrate that the modification of the 1-position of H. pylori lipid A is a two-step process involving the removal of the 1-phosphate group by LpxEHP followed by the addition of a pEtN residue catalyzed by EptAHP. As compared to wild-type H. pylori, lpxEHP mutants are extremely sensitive to the cationic peptide polymyxin, thus, demonstrating the importance of modifying the 1-position of lipid A. Furthermore, this work describes another enzyme, YeiU (renamed LpxT), which specifically utilizes the carrier lipid undecaprenyl pyrophsphate (C55-PP) to modify the 1-position of E. coli lipid A. Typically, E. coli lipid A is a hexa-acylated disaccharide of glucosamine in which monophosphate groups are attached at positions 1 and 4'; however, a small fraction contains a diphosphate moiety at the 1-position (lipid A 1-diphosphate). 32P-labeled lipid A obtained from lpxT deficient mutants produces only lipid A, and complementation with a plasmid expressing LpxT restores lipid A 1-diphosphate formation. Inhibition of lipid A 1-diphosphate synthesis was demonstrated by sequestering C55-PP with the cyclic polypeptide antibiotic bacitracin. In conclusion, this work describes two novel pathways for lipid A modification at the 1-position in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Books on the topic "Grem 1"

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Hill, Novella S. 1 gram sodium diet. [Washington, DC]: Nutritional Medicine Service, 1987.

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Jin, Tak. Gret leader: Kim Jong IL[1]. Tokyo, Japan: Sorinsha, 1985.

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1954-, Sharp Chris, ed. The seeds that grew and grew: Matthew 13:1-9, 18-23 for children. St. Louis, MO: Concordia Pub. House, 1997.

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Liu, Sifeng, Yingjie Yang, and Jeffrey Forrest. Grey Data Analysis. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1841-1.

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Liu, Sifeng, Yingjie Yang, and Jeffrey Yi-Lin Forrest. Grey Systems Analysis. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6160-1.

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Tagami, Yoshihisa. Grey 1. Viz Communications Inc, 1988.

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Grim (Tornians, #1). M.K. Eidem, 2013.

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Grim Vol. 1. Boom! Studios, 2023.

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Mª del Remei Tomás Budó and Rosa Mª Colomer Corbatón. Grec 1 Batxillerat. Castellnou Edicions, 2009.

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Reinfried, Jennifer. Grim Misfortune: A Grim Trilogy 1. 5. Independently Published, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Grem 1"

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Weik, Martin H. "gram." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 687. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_8018.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Gram Mole, Gram Formula Weight, Gram Equivalent." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 347. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5608.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Gram." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 347. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5603.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Grex." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 350. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5668.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Gram Molecular Weight or Gram Molecule." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 347. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5607.

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Mose, Anne-Marie, Henrik Wenzel, and Michael Hauschild. "Gram: Refrigerators." In Environmental Assessment of Products, 319–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6367-9_26.

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Hamilton, Cynthia S. "Zane Grey." In Western and Hard-Boiled Detective Fiction in America, 71–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08390-9_5.

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Duthie, Enid L. "Agnes Grey." In The Brontës and Nature, 90–101. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18373-9_4.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Gram-Atom." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 347. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5604.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Gram Equivalent." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 347. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5606.

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Conference papers on the topic "Grem 1"

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Gao Shang. "Improvement of GM (1, 1) model." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2007.4443300.

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Yao, Tianxiang, Zaiwu Gong, and Hong Gao. "Generalized discrete GM (1, 1) model." In 2011 International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2011.6044149.

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Zhang, Huanyong, and Wenzhan Dai. "Amelioration of Grey GM (1, 1) Forecasting Model." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Integration Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitechnology.2007.4290436.

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Chang, Xiao Wei, and Feng Sun. "Initial condition's optimization on GM (1, 1)." In 2011 International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2011.6044086.

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Rongcheng Liu, Aiping Yang, and Wenzhan Dai. "GM (1, 1) Model based on the transformation of function ${1 \over {a - e^{ - bx} }}$." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2007.4443313.

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"Front cover 1." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2007.4443560.

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Haibo Ren, Yaoguo Dang, and Zhengxin Wang. "GM(1 ,1) model of time sequence coefficient and application." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2007.4443314.

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Kong, Xinhai, and Xin Ma. "On the improved GM(1, 1) model based on concave sequences." In 2017 International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2017.8077691.

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Dong, Zhen, and Feng Sun. "A novel DGM (1, 1) model for consumer price index forecasting." In 2011 International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2011.6044084.

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Xue-mei, Li, Dang Yao-guo, and Zhao Jie-jue. "An optimization method of estimating parameters in GM (1, 1) model." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2009.5408272.

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Reports on the topic "Grem 1"

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Sitaraman, S., S. Kim, D. Biswas, R. Hafner, and B. Anderson. Definition of "Small Gram Quantity Contents" for Type B Radioactive Material Transportation Packages: Activity-Based Content Limitations, Rev. 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1117951.

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Fleming, Joanna, John I. MacArtney, Abi Eccles, Catherine Grimley, Helen Wesson, Catriona Mayland, Sarah Mitchell, et al. Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Hospices (ICoH): Senior Management Cohort and Grey Evidence Report. University of Warwick Press, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-1-911675-05-1.

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This report describes the diversity of experiences of people with life-limiting illnesses who were supported by hospices in the West Midlands during the pandemic. It is one of four cohort reports – the others focus on patients, carers, and frontline hospice staff respectively – that form the evidence base for a Policy Report into the impact of Covid-19 on hospices. In these reports we address the nine key themes that were identified as potentially important in our previous collaborative knowledge synthesis (MacArtney et al., 2021) and seek to address some of the policy gaps we identified in our review of recommendations for hospice practice and policy (van Langen-Datta et al., 2022). Together these outputs are the result of an Economic and Social Research Council funded study (grant number: ES/W001837/1) that is one of the first studies to contribute an in-depth exploration of hospice-based experiences of the pandemic to the growing body of knowledge about the effectiveness and effects of changes to hospice services, at regional and national levels, in response to Covid-19. As the key decision makers during the Covid-19 pandemic, this part of the ICoH study aimed to explore senior managers’ experiences and to understand how they responded to the challenges imposed on them whilst still delivering a high-quality palliative care service. Coupled with hospice grey evidence in the form of, for example, senior management emails to staff, policy and guideline documents, we can start to understand the pressures and context in which decisions were made, including what worked well and what did not. The aim of this report is therefore to explore experiences of senior managers during the Covid-19 pandemic to identify recommendations for clinical practice and healthcare policy. Drawing on these findings, this report offers recommendations for hospices managers and clinicians who continue to provide care and support for people with life limiting conditions during the ongoing pandemic. These recommendations will also be of interest to local commissioners who will need to work with hospices in their region to ensure people with life-limiting conditions receive the support they need, and national policymakers who will need to ensure the necessary resources and guidance are available.
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zhixia, Zhang, Song Jiating, Pan lanlan, xiaoting Lin, and jing li. The Effect of different exercise methods in the treatment of cancer-related fatigue: a network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0004.

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Review question / Objective: To compare the clinical effects of different exercise methods for cancer fatigue by using mesh Meta-analysis, and to choose the best exercise method for cancer fatigue. Condition being studied: Cancer-related fatigue. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria: (1) Study subjects: the patients is caused by fatigue.(2) Intervention: A group of patients used exercise intervention. (3) Study type: RCT. (4) Outcome index: Cancer-related fatigue score.(5) Grey literature is available.(6) Language in Chinese or English.Exclusion criteria:(1) Using oral drugs. (2) It can not provide complete data. (3) Repeatedly published literature. (4) Conference papers. (5) Literature with inconsistent data types:(1) Using oral drugs. (2) It can not provide complete data. (3) Repeatedly published literature. (4) Conference papers. (5) Literature with inconsistent data types.
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Hulme, Celia, Alys Young, Katherine Rogers, and Kevin Munro. Deaf Sign Language users and Audiology Services: A scoping review on cultural competence. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0133.

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Review question / Objective: This study aims to identify culturally competent practice in audiology services from service provider and adult Deaf sign language users’ perspectives. Therefore, the questions are as follows: (1) Are audiology services providing culturally competent practice to adult patients who are Deaf sign language users? (2) What are adult Deaf sign language users’ experiences of audiology services from the perspective of cultural competence? Information sources: The following databases will be used: PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, PsychInF0, Web of Science SSCI and Project Muse. Grey literature (for example, guidelines, policies, and practice documents) will be searched. Also, key journals, reference lists and grey literature will be searched for additional references. There will be no publication date restriction to avoid excluding papers identified in non-indexed papers. The search date for each database and platform will be reported.
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Chust-Hernández, Pablo, Emelina López-González, and Joan Maria Senent-Sánchez. Effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatments for academic stress in university students: a protocol for a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0071.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to analyse the effectiveness of different non-pharmacological interventions on academic stress in university students. Eligibility criteria: Those articles that meet the following criteria will be included: 1) Papers that refer to the evaluation of the efficacy of an intervention on purely academic stress, assessed with a specific academic stress assessment instrument and not general or perceived stress; 2) Samples composed only of university students; 3) Empirical studies with pretest-posttest; 4) Studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese; 5) Articles published in the last 10 years (since January 1, 2011). Registers will be excluded if: 1) they do not meet the inclusion criteria; 2) they do not clearly define the assessment instrument or the type of stress they assess; 3) studies that do not clearly specify the implementation of a prospective intervention (e.g. studies that analyse the relationship between academic stress and having ever sought counselling from a university counselling or mental health service); 4) grey literature.
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Evans, Jon, Ian Porter, Emma Cockcroft, Al-Amin Kassam, and Jose Valderas. Collecting linked patient reported and technology reported outcome measures for informing clinical decision making: a scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.10.0038.

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Review question / Objective: We aim to map out the existing research where concomitant use of patient reported and technology reported outcome measures is used for patients with musculoskeletal conditions. Condition being studied: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) covering injuries or disorders of the muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs. Musculoskeletal manifestations of joint pathology. Eligibility criteria: 1) Peer-reviewed primary studies and literature reviews. Grey literature not included. 2) Studies which include co-administration of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROMs) AND wearable electronic devices (e.g. fitness trackers, accelerometers, gyroscopes, pedometers smartphones, smartwatches) in musculoskeletal manifestations of joint pathology. Studies are EXCLUDED which feature wearable electronic devices but not concomitant/real time capturing of PROMs (e.g. they are recorded retrospectively/ at different timepoints). 3) Studies in languages other than English will be excluded unless a translation is available.
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Fang, Mei Lan, Lupin Battersby, Marianne Cranwell, Heather Cassie, Moya Fox, Philippa Sterlini, Jenna Breckenridge, Alex Gardner, and Thomas Curtin. IKT for Research Stage 1: Partnership Building. University of Dundee, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001248.

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In 2020, the University of Dundee initiated the development of an Open Research strategy. As part of this initiative, in February 2021 the University’s Library and Learning Centre together with Open Research Champions from the Schools of Health Sciences and Dentistry, formed an Open Research Working group. To build on the University’s Open Research policy and infrastructure, the purpose of the group was to facilitate ongoing research and development of best practice approaches for our interdisciplinary environment to make outputs, data and other products of our research publicly available. Through informal consultations with academic staff and students, the Open Research Working Group found that: → access and reach of research findings can be amplified through effective knowledge mobilisation, and stakeholder and patient and public involvement; and → there was a need for guidance and resources on how-to implement knowledge mobilisation activities with and for stakeholders throughout the entire research process – from proposal development to project completion. In June 2021, the Open Research working group, in partnership with Simon Fraser University’s Knowledge Mobilization Hub began the development of an Integrated Knowledge Translation (IKT) Toolkit, with funding support from the University of Dundee’s Doctoral Academy and Organisational Professional Development. IKT is an approach to knowledge translation that emphasises working in an engaged and collaborative partnership with stakeholders throughout the research cycle in order to have positive impact. The aim was to co-produce evidence-informed, best practice learning materials on how-to: → maintain ongoing relationships between researchers, community stakeholders and decisionmakers in research development and implementation; and → facilitate an integrated, participatory way of knowledge production whereby researchers, practitioners and other knowledge users can collaborate to co-generate new and accessible knowledge that can be utilised in contexts ranging from supporting community development to policy guidance for practice. The IKT Toolkit was informed by a focused evidence review and synthesis of published peer-reviewed and grey literature and consists of eight knowledge briefs and a slide deck co-produced for use in any discipline or sector. Each knowledge brief provides practical guidance and resources to support an IKT process in each of eight key research stages: (i) Partnership Building; (ii) Generating Priorities and Ideas; (iii) Proposal development; (iv) Study Design; (v) Data Collection; (vi) Data Analysis; (vii) Reporting and (viii) Dissemination. The current knowledge brief provides IKT guidance on Research Stage 1: Partnership Building.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Michelle Kesby, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, Amy Douglas, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A microbiological survey of campylobacter contamination in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (Y6). Food Standards Agency, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xxz973.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The FSA agreed with industry to reduce campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per gram chicken neck skin) to below 10% at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first five years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 – year 1 (2014/15) and FS102121- year 2 to 5 (2015 to 2019). This new survey represents year 6 of sampling, carried out from August 2019 to October 2020.
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Choudhary, Ruplal, Victor Rodov, Punit Kohli, John D. Haddock, and Samir Droby. Antimicrobial and antioxidant functionalized nanoparticles for enhancing food safety and quality: proof of concept. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597912.bard.

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General concept. The reported 1-year study tested the feasibility ofpreparing antimicrobial and antioxidant nanoparticlesfunctionalized with natural phenolic compounds, as a first step to reach the ultimate goal - improving safely and quality of foods by developing novel antimicrobial and antioxidant food-contacting materials. The secondary objectives of the study were (a) selecting the most promising phenoliccompounds, (b) building nanoparticles with the selected phenolicgrafted on their Surface, and (c) testing antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of these particles. The study was expected to provide a " go/no go" decision as concerning the prospects of phenolic- bound nanoparticles as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Results. In course of the feasibility study, curucminwas chosen as the most promising phenoliccompound due to its high antibacterial activity exceeding other tested compounds by at leas one order of magnitude. Lipsome-typephospholipid/polydiacetylene(PDA) nanoparticlesfunctionalizedwith curcuminwere successfully built. The pitfall of limited curcumin amount that could be covalently bound to theparticle surface was circumvented by inclusion of curcunun in the liposome body. It was suggested onthe basis of fluorescence spectroscopy that curcuminwas bound by hydrophobic forces in the bi1ayer periphery of the Liposomesand therefore mightexert a contact effect on microorganisms. The curcumin­ functionalizednanoparticles(CFN) were shown to have a strong bactericidal activity towards both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (B. ce,·e11s) bacteria, but only limited effect against yeast. Furthermore, beyond the originallyplanned objectives, preliminary trials showed that CFN could be bound to silanized glass surface rendering aנבtiנnicrobial activity to the glass. Tnaddition, the particles showed antioxidantcapacity. Tberefore, it ,vas co11cluded tlוattlוeaims of tlוefeasibility study bad been successfully reached an
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Tabitha Hrynick, and Eva Niederberger. Community Resilience: Key Concepts and their Applications to Epidemic Shocks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.003.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed long-standing social inequalities and vulnerabilities, with the most disadvantaged and marginalised groups bearing the greatest health, social, and economic burdens. Beyond documenting these vulnerabilities, there is a need to mitigate them and support the resilience of marginalised communities. ‘Community resilience’ can bolster community capacity to cope with the pressures of various shocks; this brief explores how its concepts can be applied to epidemics. It reviews the grey and academic literature on different approaches to community resilience. It covers 1) terminology, 2) lessons from practice, 3) the context of community resilience, 4) a systems approach, and 5) key human and social capacities. Social justice, inequality, equity, and fairness are highlighted as themes in need of further development for resilience as it relates to epidemic preparedness and response. This brief was developed for SSHAP by IDS (led by Megan Schmidt-Sane with Tabitha Hrynick) with Anthrologica (Eva Niederberger).
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