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1
Dehler, Gregory. "When Money Grew on Trees: A. B. Hammond and the Age of the Timber Baron.By Greg Gordon." Environmental History 20, no. 4 (August 8, 2015): 812–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emv106.
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Yarmie, Andrew. "Review:When Money Grew on Trees: A.B. Hammond and the Age of the Timber Baron by Greg Gordon." Pacific Historical Review 85, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.149.
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Miller, Char. "Greg Gordon. When Money Grew on Trees: A. B. Hammond and the Age of the Timber Baron." American Historical Review 120, no. 3 (June 2015): 1031–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/120.3.1031.
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Willingham, William. "When Money Grew on Trees: A.B. Hammond and the Age of the Timer Baron by Greg Gordon University of Oklahoma Press." Oregon Historical Quarterly 116, no. 3 (2015): 392–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ohq.2015.0022.
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Yuliyani, Liya. "HUBUNGAN MANUSIA DENGAN LINGKUNGAN DALAM CERPEN KAYU NAGA KARYA KORRIE LAYUN RAMPAN (KAJIAN EKOKRITIK GREG GARRARD)." MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 21, no. 1 (August 3, 2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mm.v21i1.5244.
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This study aims to describe the form of human relations with the natural environment and the forms of natural damage contained in the short story Kayu Naga by Korrie Layun Rampan. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method using Greg Garrard's ecocritical approach. The data source in this study is the short story Kayu Naga by Korrie Layun Rampan. Data collection techniques using reading and note-taking techniques. The results of this study are 1) the relationship between humans and the natural environment in the short story Kayu Naga shows a close relationship between humans and the natural environment and 2) the form of damage to the natural environment contained in the short story Kayu Naga by Korrie Layun Rampan is caused by human activities that destroy forests by felling trees, hunting birds, and clearing land.
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Pokharel, Bhawana. "Forest during Formative Years of Human Life: A Reading of Amidst the Pines by Singhal." BL College Journal 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62106/blc2022v4i2e4.
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‘Amidst the Pines’ by Kabita Singhal is a memoir that describes her childhood days at a boarding school in Darjeeling namely Kurseong. The school was surrounded by tall pine trees and was situated in the middle of a forest. The author illustrates many literal roles that the forest played during the formative years of her life as a human being. This study deals with some such examples, from the book, that even have a lot of metaphorical implications. More specifically, this paper examines the nature-human relationship that has been depicted by the author, in light of ecocritical consciousness derived through the ideas from the scholars like Greg Garrard, Cheryll Glotfelty, and Patrik D. Murphy and concludes that forest plays a vital role in inculcating the sense of awe, joy, fear, courage, transformation, and rootedness in human beings.
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Ukalski, Krzysztof, and Marcin Klisz. "Application of GGE biplot graphs in multi-environment trials on selection of forest trees." Folia Forestalia Polonica 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2016-0026.
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Abstract In the studies on selection and population genetics of forest trees that include the analysis of genotype × environment interaction (GE), the use of biplot graphs is relatively rare. This article describes the models and analytic methods useful in the biplot graphs, which enable the analyses of mega-environments, selection of the testing environment, as well as the evaluation of genotype stability. The main method presented in the paper is the GGE biplot method (G - genotype effect, GE -genotype × environment interaction effect). At the same time, other methods have also been referred to, such as, SVD (singular value decomposition), PCA (principal component analysis), linear-bilinear SREG model (sites regression), linear-bilinear GREG model (genotypes regression) and AMMI (additive main effects multiplicative interaction). The potential of biplot method is presented based on the data on growth height of 20 European beech genotypes (Fagus sylvatica L.), generated from real data concerning selection trials and carried out in 5 different environments. The combined ANOVA was performed using fixed- -effects, as well as mixed-effects models, and significant interaction GE was shown. The GGE biplot graphs were constructed using PCA. The first principal component (GGE1) explained 54%, and the second (GGE2) explained more than 23% of the total variation. The similarity between environments was evaluated by means of the AEC method, which allowed us to determine one mega-environment that comprised of 4 environments. None of the tested environments represented the ideal one for trial on genotype selection. The GGE biplot graphs enabled: (a) the detection of a stable genotype in terms of tree height (high and low), (b) the genotype evaluation by ranking with respect to the height and genotype stability, (c) determination of an ideal genotype, (d) the comparison of genotypes in 2 chosen environments.
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Shrestha, Ravi Kumar. "The Impact of Western Civilization on Forests in Barkskins." Pursuits: A Journal of English Studies 7, no. 1 (June 8, 2023): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pursuits.v7i1.55389.
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This research article very critically scrutinizes how forests in North America are devastated by the growing human civilization. It deals with ecological degradation in an American novelist Annie Proulx’s novel Barkskins whose location is North America. In course of analysing the novel critically, the article describes how Barkskins revolves round the story of white colonists and indigenous Indians in North America or today’s Canada. Firstly, it reveals how two families: Sel family (a poor biracial family of French and Mi’kmaq) that cuts trees and Duke family (rich French family) that does business of fur are linked to trees and deforestation. Secondly, the article focuses on the impact of western civilization on forests regarding forests as the antagonist to western civilization. Western colonialism is also a vehicle of civilization that causes deforestation. Due to civilization, humanism is developed. So, anthropocentric nature of people causes deforestation. Thirdly, European civilization has a negative impact on Indigenous people and their culture. Apparently, forests are shown as a symbol of darkness, evil forces, backwardness and an obstacle for human progress, but in the name of civilization, whites do deforestation due to their greed of colonization and anthropocentric nature. Hence, the first objective of the research is to explore why the whites regard forests as the antagonist to civilization. Likewise, the second objective of the article is to discover the real cause of them to do deforestation. Besides, as for the broad theoretical methodology, Greg Garrard’s theory of Ecocriticism is applied for the textual analysis of Barkskins since the article deals with the ecological destruction of North America by whites and ecocriticism has emerged as a response to the heavy damage done to ecology by human beings.
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Wociór, Stanisław. "The effect of rootstocks on the growth and yielding of sour cherry cv. 'Łutówka'." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 1 (2012): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.016.
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The strength of growth of 'Łutówka' trees was related to the soil quality and the rootstock. Measurements of the tree trunks and the crown size showed that on fertile soil the trees grafted on Mahaleb cherry grew worse, forming by 12% thinner trunks and by over 20% (significantly) smaller crowns as compared to Mazzard cherry trees. On poor sandy-loamy soil the crowns of trees grafted on Mahaleb were significantly, more than 40% bigger than those on Mazzard cherry. No significant differences in the yielding and productivity of trees grafted on Mahaleb and Mazzard cherry trees were found on grey brown podzolic soil. The experiment conducted on sandy-loamy soil pointed to significant differences in the yielding and productivity between 'Łutówka' trees grafted on the studied rootstocks. The trees grafted on Mahaleb cherry in both studied years were characterized by significantly greater productivity than on the other rootstocks. Significantly higher yields were gathered from the trees on Mahaleb cherry than on vegetative rootstocks, and by 70% higher than on Mazzard cherry. P-HL A rootstock is of little use in the planting of 'Łutówka', which grown poorly on light soils. Besides poor growth and yielding, in longer dry periods the studies found the appearance of chlorosis of magnesium on older leaves, and even wilting of the leaves.
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Sullivan, Thomas P., and Alan Vyse. "Impact of red squirrel feeding damage on spaced stands of lodgepole pine in the Cariboo Region of British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-109.
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This study measured the impact of red squirrel (Tamiasciurushudsonicus Erxleben) feeding damage on spaced stands of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in the Cariboo Forest Region of British Columbia. A limited regional assessment of animal damage in spaced stands indicated that squirrels were the most important small mammal damage agents and that lodgepole pine was the only tree species susceptible to squirrel feeding (bark and vascular tissues) injuries. Intensive assessment of damage in two stands showed that squirrel attack was significantly greater among large- (>60 mm dbh) than small-diameter stems. Significantly more spaced than control (unspaced) crop trees were attacked. There was a general decline in the proportion of trees wounded from 1980 to 1985. Some damaged trees grew faster in diameter than undamaged trees of the same size. However, at one study area, damaged trees showed faster radial growth than undamaged trees before and after squirrel attack. Squirrels appear to prefer feeding on vigorous stems and the lost growth of these trees may be substantial. Height growth of damaged trees was significantly reduced in one stand in the years following squirrel damage. Some limit to a tree's capacity to sustain damage, beyond which mortality is inevitable, seems likely. Impact of damage to spaced stands may be minimized by delaying spacing in susceptible areas or by increasing the prescribed number of stems remaining after spacing to compensate for expected mortality and severe damage.
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Milbocker, Daniel C. "Low-profile Containers for Nursery-grown Trees." HortScience 26, no. 3 (March 1991): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.3.261.
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Pyrus calleryana, Decne, `Aristocrat'; Cryptomeria japonica, D. Don; Populus maximowiczii, Henry × `Androscoggin' and Koelreuteria bipinnata, Franch. trees were grown in low-profile containers. The optimum height and width of these containers was 20 to 30 cm and 84 cm, respectively. Pine bark and mixtures containing 50% or more of pine bark were preferable to mixtures containing leaf mold for filling the containers because the former weigh less. Roots penetrated pine bark mixtures better than sphagnum peat mixtures and also retained their shape better during transplanting. When grown in low-profile containers, trees grew fibrous root systems; after transplanting, roots grew downwardly radial and trees were able to withstand extremely difficult landscape conditions.
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Ábri, Tamás, Veronika Honfy, and Károly Rédei. "Simplified volume equations for grey poplar (Populus × canescens Smith.) standing trees." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (June 3, 2024): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/13858.
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Grey poplar (Populus× canescens Smith.) is a natural hybrid of white poplar (Populus alba L.) and Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula L.). It can be found throughout Europe, where both parents are present. The above mentioned species of poplars (under the term of ‘domestic poplars’) cover approximately 5% of the forests of Hungary. Of these species, grey poplar holds significance in forestry, and its role in afforestation shows a growing tendency. For this reason, improving the growing technology of grey poplar is a timely topic. In this paper we introduce algorithms which help estimate grey poplar tree volumes without having to use volume tables. Based on the performed evaluations, both equations can be used for single tree volume estimation with an error of less than 5%.
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Lumis, G. P., Calvin Chong, and C. L. Murray. "Fertilizer method and container size effects on shade trees grown in in-ground containers." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-093.
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Shade tree production in large, rigid, in-ground containers is a new nursery practice for which scientific data is lacking. The objective of this research was to study the effects of fertilizer and container size on production and nutrient status of shade trees grown in this manner. Whips of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh), European birch (Betula pendula Roth.), thornless honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis Willd.), and hybrid poplar (Populus angulata Ait. × nigra L. var. plantierensis (Simon-Louis) Schneid.) were grown for two seasons (1991–1992) with a blended medium in 38-L and 76-L containers. Each container was placed in another container of equal size previously sunken into the ground Trees were trickle irrigated and fertilized with slow release (SR) or liquid (LIQ) fertilizer, or both (SR + LIQ). Poplar grew very rapidly, resulting in large roots escaping from the containers by September 1991, therefore, results for this species were excluded from the analysis. In both years, top dry weight and trunk diameter of the other three species were significantly greater for SR-treated than for LIQ or SR + LIQ-treated trees. Root dry weight was greater for SR-treated trees only in 1991. SR-treated trees also grew more than field-grown trees, planted within the experimental site as a baseline comparison. Trees grew larger in the 76-L containers than in the 38-L containers (1991 and 1992) or in the field (1991). Key words: In-ground containers, container growing, shade trees, ornamentals, slow release fertilizer, trickle irrigation, nutrition, foliar nutrients
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Kim, Jae-Jin, Eric A. Allen, Leland M. Humble, and Colette Breuil. "Ophiostomatoid and basidiomycetous fungi associated with green, red, and grey lodgepole pines after mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-178.
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The mountain pine beetle (MPB) is a major concern for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) forests in British Columbia, Canada. MPB and the ophiostomatoid staining fungi for which they serve as vector have a close, mutualistic relationship. In this work, we determined which fungi colonized MPB-killed standing trees with green, red, and grey crowns and quantified how rapidly the fungi stained and reduced the moisture content of sapwood. Green trees were mainly colonized by Ophiostoma clavigerum (Robinson-Jeffrey & Davidson) Harrington, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx, Ophiostoma nigrocarpum (Davidson) De Hoog, Ophiostoma minutum (Olchow. & Reid) Hausner, and unknown Leptographium species. In red and grey pines (2 and 3 years after the original MPB attack, respectively), the frequency of the original fungal colonizers decreased, and other sapstaining fungal species were encountered. Among basidiomycetous fungi, decay fungi were rarely present in green trees but were isolated more frequently in red and grey trees. The frequency and the type of decay fungi isolated varied between harvesting sites.
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Aosaar, Jürgen, and Veiko Uri. "Biomass production of grey alder, hybrid alder and silver birch stands on abandoned agricultural land." Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10132-011-0055-0.
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Halli lepa, hübriidlepa ja arukase biomassi produktsioon endistel põllumaadel The present study is based on four experimental sites, located in Southern-Estonia: hybrid alder and grey alder plantations located in Põlva county, and two sample plots of silver birch, located in Tartu county. The stand characteristics, above-ground biomass and current annual production (CAP) were estimated in order to evaluate production capacity of different tree species growing on abandoned agricultural lands. Due to fast growth and high biomass production capacity the most promising tree species for short-rotation forestry in Estonia is grey alder. The stem mass in the 13-years-old grey alder and hybrid alder stand was 63.4 t ha-1 and 40.0 t ha-1, respectively. However, the different biomass production is mainly affected by stand densities, 6170 trees per ha and 4080 trees per ha, respectively. During ageing, the differences between the alder stands diminish. At the age of 14, mean height and diameter at breast height were practically equal. Also the mean stem mass in the older, 13-year old stand, is almost equal: 10.3 kg in grey alder stand and 9.8 kg in hybrid alder stand. At a younger age, the mean stem mass was higher in grey alder stand, but later, at the age of 13, the mean stem mass has become almost the same (10.3 kg in grey alder stand and 9.8 kg in hybrid alder stand). The rotation period for hybrid alder is longer than for grey alder and bulk maturity will occur later. Silver birch is also a highly productive tree species and has a prospect for short-rotation forestry. The mean stem mass and annual current increment of 8-year-old silver birch stand was in same the magnitude as in the grey alder stand. Although the average stand diameter and height were lower in the silver birch stand than in the grey alder stand, it is compensated by the higher wood density of birch wood. The number of trees has affected silver birch stand production, the above-ground biomass in the very high density birch stand (35 600 trees per ha) was significantly lower than in the sparse stand (11 600 trees per ha), 22.8 t ha-1 and 31.2 t ha-1, respectively.
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Gilman, Edward F., Gary W. Knox, and Patricia Gomez-Zlatar. "Pruning Method Affects Flowering and Sprouting on Crapemyrtle." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-26.3.164.
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Abstract ‘Natchez’ (Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei) and ‘Carolina Beauty’ (Lagerstroemia indica L.) crapemyrtle were pruned in three manners including topping, pollarding, and pencil-pruning plus a non-pruned control for four years to determine influence on flowering and sprouting. The topping and pollarding of ‘Natchez’ delayed appearance of the first flower up to one month compared to non-pruned trees for the first two years following initial pruning. In contrast, topping and pollarding ‘Carolina Beauty’ induced flowering by as much as one week sooner one and three years following initial pruning with no effect in years two and four. Topping both cultivars delayed peak flowering date compared to non-pruned trees. Topping ‘Natchez’ the first and second year following initial pruning and pollarding in the second year reduced duration of flowering period compared to the non-pruned trees. Flower effect (panicle number × panicle volume) was not influenced by pruning method on ‘Carolina Beauty’ for any year. Flower effect for topped ‘Natchez’ was significantly smaller than for pollarded and pencil-pruned trees the first year after pruning; flower effect on non-pruned ‘Natchez’ was no different from any of the pruning treatments. Pruning cut diameter was inversely correlated with number of days ‘Natchez’ trees were in flower, number of flower panicles, and date of flowering; however, cut diameter influence on flower effect was not predictable for ‘Carolina Beauty’. Sprouting along the trunk and from the roots increased with diameter of the pruning cut. Topping took less time to complete than other pruning methods in all but the last year which probably accounts for its popularity. Topped trees grew in height following pruning faster than pollarded trees, which grew faster than pencil-pruned trees, which grew faster than non-pruned trees for both cultivars.
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Buckstrup, Michelle, and Nina Bassuk. "Transplanting Success of Balled-And-Burlapped Versus Bare-Root Trees in the Urban Landscape." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 26, no. 6 (November 1, 2000): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2000.037.
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In this study, 40-mm-caliper (1.5-in.) balledand- burlapped (B&B) and bare-root (BR) hackberry (Cdtis occidentalis), American hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) were paired and planted on sites throughout the city of Ithaca, New York. Half of the trees were planted in fall, half in spring. BR trees received a hydrogel root dip at the nursery to prevent post-harvest root desiccation. Survival rates were excellent for all treatment combinations except spring-planted BR hophornbeam, which experienced 50% mortality. Growth measurements were taken in August of the first and second growing seasons. First-year results showed many significant differences between treatments. By the end of the second growing season, however, very few significant differences in growth responses between treatments persisted. During the first growing season, fallplanted BR hackberry grew better than fall-planted B&B hackberry. Growth on spring-planted hackberry was better on B&B trees. Fall-planted hop-hornbeam responded equally well B&B and BR, but spring-planted hophornbeam grew better B&B. Swamp white oak grew somewhat better B&B than BR, regardless of season. Both B&B and BR swamp white oak planted in fall grew somewhat better than their spring-planted counterparts. A separate study on swamp white oak looked at the impact of withholding irrigation on spring-planted, paired B&B and BR trees. B&B and BR swamp white oak trees performed equally well after two growing seasons characterized by drought.
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Rom, Curt R. "SHOOT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF `STARKSPUR SUPREME DELICIOUS' VARIES WITH ROOTSTOCK." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1111f—1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1111f.
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Shoot growth `Starkspur Supreme Delirious' on 10 different rootstock was measured on 3-, 4- and 6-year-old trees at weekly intervals from budbreak until terminal bud formation. Spur density, spur development, and extension shoot leaf area development were measured in September. Growth rate was analyzed by regression against chronological time and accumulated growing degree days using linear and nonlinear statistics.Rootstock affected shoot length, leaf number, leaf area, leaf size, leaf dry weight/leaf area and internode length. Trees on M.4, M.7 EMLA, P-1 and seedling had the longest shoots and highest shoot growth rate. Trees on P16 had least leaves and leaf area per shoot and smallest shoot leaves. Leaf dry wt./area were negatively correlated to leaf size. Typically, trees with shortest shoot length and smallest internode length had greatest spur density. Rootstock affected both rate and duration of shoot growth. Shoots on trees with P22 and P2 rootstocks grew for the shortest duration while trees on M.4 and M.7 EMLA grew for the longest period.
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Tolan, Roberta J., and James E. Klett. "Growth Comparison of Trees Produced under Three Production Methods and Two Irrigation Treatments." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 794A—794. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.794a.
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Patmore green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica `Patmore'), Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra), were used to measure growth differences of trees produced using three different production methods: balled and burlapped, plastic container, and fabric container (grow bag). Two irrigation frequencies were also established. A pressure chamber was used to measure the xylem water potential and to determine tree water requirements and irrigation scheduling. The balled and burlapped trees showed the least new growth of the three production methods across all three tree types. The production method showing the most new growth varied by genera. Plastic container ash trees grew considerably more than the fabric container ash; fabric container oak grew significantly more than plastic container oak; and there was no measurable difference between the new growth of the plastic container and fabric container pines. The fabric container transplants required more frequent irrigation than did the balled and burlapped trees. Under high temperature and drought conditions, fabric container trees showed stress earlier than did the balled and burlapped or plastic container trees.
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Blažková, J., and I. Hlušičková. "Cultivar and rootstock response to drip irrigation in sweet cherry tree vigour and start of bearing during the first three years after planting." Horticultural Science 35, No. 2 (June 24, 2008): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/641-hortsci.
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Fifteen sweet cherry cultivars and three rootstocks were evaluated within three years in two experimental orchards established in the same location in the autumn 2004. In one of them drip irrigation was applied in the periods of insufficient rainfall, i.e. from mid-April to mid-August. This irrigation distinctly increased the vigour of trees that was jointly expressed by trunk-cross-section area, total length of shoots and canopy volume. An increase of tree vigour was the greatest in trees on Mazzard, medium on P-HL-C and the lowest on Gisela 5 rootstocks. The trees on P-HL-C that grew without irrigation similarly as the trees on Gisela 5 grew significantly more vigorously when irrigation was applied. Considerable differences in the response to irrigation were also found among cultivars; it increased the vigour of Halka, Sylvana, Aranka and Burlat more distinctly, whereas the least response to irrigation was recorded in the Horka, Jacinta and Justyna cultivars. The vigour of Regina, Tim and Vanda cultivars grown on P-HL-C rootstock was more extensively increased by irrigation than if they grew on Gisela 5. Flower and fruit sets of irrigated trees were with a few exceptions significantly lower than those of trees without irrigation. Tamara, Sandra and Regina were the most vigorous cultivars in this study, whereas Tim and Skeena had the weakest tree growth. Practical aspects of these findings are briefly discussed.
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Gilman, Edward F., and Patti J. Anderson. "Root Pruning and Transplant Success for Cathedral Oak® Live Oaks." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-24.1.13.
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Abstract Trees that were root pruned regularly throughout the production period grew at a slower rate than trees that were not root pruned, but root pruning only in the last year of production did not affect trunk and canopy growth. Trees with root-pruning fabric installed under liners at planting grew at the same rate as trees without fabric during 39 months of field production. Hand spade root pruning throughout the production period increased the number of small diameter (< 3mm) roots and decreased the number of large diameter roots in the root ball compared to trees that were not root pruned. Root pruning only in the last year of production reduced the number of large diameter roots but did not increase the number of small diameter roots. Fabric had no impact on the root system. Root pruning with a hand spade throughout production or only in the last year of production reduced water stress significantly in trees following digging compared to trees not root pruned during production. Root-pruning fabric installed under liners at planting reduced stress following digging 39 months later, but only on two of the days when water stress was measured.
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Davison, EM, and FCS Tay. "Annual Increment of Eucalyptus marginata Trees on Sites Infested With Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 1 (1988): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880101.
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The annual increment of Eucalyptus marginata in forest infested with Phytophthora cinnamomi was compared with the growth of matched trees in adjacent uninfested forest, on two sites, for at least 4 years. On one site, trees in the infested area grew significantly faster than trees in the uninfested forest. On the other site growth rates were similar.
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Valle, Simon, Nigel J. Collar, Martim Melo, and Stuart J. Marsden. "What can the abundance of Grey Parrots on Príncipe Island tell us about large parrot conservation?" Journal of Tropical Ecology 36, no. 6 (November 2020): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000031.
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AbstractWhile populations of the Endangered Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus have collapsed across its range, the species remains remarkably abundant on the island of Príncipe, Gulf of Guinea. We examine how aspects of its ecology interplay with local environmental conditions, to inform conservation strategies for this species and other large parrots. On Príncipe, parrots breed in large trees of common species, with nest densities (42 ± 34 km−2) greatly exceeding those for any comparably sized parrot. Productivity is high (1.9 chicks per cavity), probably reflecting the absence of nest competitors and predators. Food sources are abundant and much of the island is inaccessible to trappers, so many nests are successful each year. Historically harvest has involved taking only chicks from trees in a few traditional patches. These conditions have combined to allow Grey Parrots to thrive on Príncipe, while elsewhere nest trees are timber targets, nest competition and nest predation are likely to be more intense, trapping is indiscriminate, and few areas remain unexploited by trappers. Preservation of large trees as breeding refugia, and vigilance against the indiscriminate trapping of adult birds, are identified as key conditions to stabilize and recover mainland Grey Parrot populations and indeed large parrots generally, given their very similar ecological traits and anthropogenic circumstances.
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Gilman, Edward. "Effect of Nursery Production Method, Irrigation, and Inoculation with Mycorrhizae-Forming Fungi on Establishment of Quercus Virginiana." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.005.
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Live oak (Quercus virgpiiana) trees were grown to about a 2.5 in. (6 cm) caliper in various container and field production systems, then transplanted to a landscape with and without mycorrhizae-forming spores under two irrigation regimes. Trees grew at nearly the same rate in the nurseries, regardless of production method. However, root distribution was altered. Low-profile, air root-pruning containers had less roots on the outside surface of the root ball than did traditional plastic containers. Application of mycorrhizae- forming fungi to the backfill soil at planting in a landscape had no impact on live oak the first 30 months after planting. However, nursery production method and irrigation frequency following planting had a huge influence on tree survival. Irrigating 2.5 in. (6 cm) caliper live oak for only 6 weeks after planting in spring in a slightly drier than normal year resulted in 43% tree death rate. Irrigating twice each week through the first summer after planting in spring kept all trees alive. Under limited irrigation conditions, trees from containers died sooner and more trees died than field-grown, B&B trees. Root-pruned, field-grown, B&B trees survived better than all others following transplanting. Trees planted from all nursery production methods survived and grew similarly, provided they were irrigated regularly through the first growing season. Under limited irrigation, landscape managers would obtain the most live trees by planting root-pruned, fieldgrown, B&B nursery stock.
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MORI, YOSHIKAZU, MIO NAKAJIMA, AKIHIRO ISHIDA, NOBORU ITO, YOHEI KURATA, KAZUMASA SHIMIZU, YOSHIHIRO KATAYAMA, et al. "CHANGES IN HEMICELLULOSE STRUCTURE ASSOCIATED WITH THE TRANSITION FROM EARLYWOOD TO LATEWOOD AT JUVENILE WOOD IN CRYPTOMERIA JAPONICA." Wood Research 68, no. 3 (June 28, 2023): 413–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/68.3.413424.
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The chemical composition and variations in chemical structure of hemicellulose in earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) of two individual Japanese cedar trees (C-Boka and T-Boka) were investigated. The trees were cultivated under different growth conditions: C-Boka grew slowly in a forest, while T-Boka grew rapidly in a location rich in nutrients and sunshine. For the chemical structure of hemicellulose, arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) showed varied side-chain substitution rates with glucuronic acid and different molecular weights in the transition between EW and LW. In contrast, the fundamental composition of glucomannan/galactoglucomannan (GM/GGM) was relatively unchanged between EW and LW. The modification of AGX and GM/GGM from EW to LW differed between C-Boka and T-Boka and might be influenced by the growth rate of the trees.
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Rouse, R. E., and H. K. Wutscher. "Heavy Soil and Bud Union Crease with Some Grapefruit Clones Limit Use of Swingle Citrumelo Rootstock." HortScience 20, no. 2 (April 1985): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.2.259.
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Abstract Ten-year tests in 8 locations in the Lower Rio Grande Valley showed that grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock grew very poorly on heavy clay soil; trees on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) were much less affected. Trees propagated from a single mother tree of an old-line red grapefruit selection on Swingle citrumelo were stunted and had severe bud union crease, whereas trees propagated from a nucellar California Experiment Station (CES) #3 ‘Redblush’ source were large and productive. Old-clone trees on sour orange also were smaller than CES #3 ‘Redblush’ trees, but showed no bud union crease.
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Sosna, Ireneusz. "Estimation Of Productive Value Of Czech Origin Scab-Resistant Apple Cultivars On Different Rootstocks." Journal of Horticultural Research 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2014-0028.
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AbstractApple cultivars resistant to scab are suitable for the conventional and organic cultivation. Rootstocks impact on the growth of trees, yield and fruit quality of scab-resistant cultivars were examined in the experiment conducted at Fruit Experimental Station - Samotwór near Wrocław, during the years 1998-2008. In the spring of 1998, the trees of five Czech origin scab-resistant apple cultivars ‘Rosana’, ‘Rubinola’, ‘Rajka’, ‘Goldstar’ and ‘Topaz’ each on M.9, P2, P60, P16 and P22 rootstocks were planted at a spacing of 3.5 × 1.2 m (2380 trees per hectare). The results of 11-year-long studies showed that ‘Rubinola’ and ‘Rajka’ were characterised by the strongest vigour, while ‘Rosana’ grew much weaker. Significant differences in the cumulative yield were not observed between cultivars, but rootstocks influenced cropping instantly. Trees on rootstock P60 had biggest cross-section area and canopy volume, and the highest cumulative yield. Fruit weight was highest from trees on M9 and P60. ‘Topaz’ and ‘Rosana’ formed significantly lightest fruits and ‘Goldstar’ the heaviest. Trees on the super-dwarfing P22 rootstock grew and yielded very weakly and produced very small fruits. The greatest susceptibility to powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) was observed in ‘Topaz’ and ‘Rajka’. ‘Rubinola’ has the best potential for organic cultivation, especially on dwarfing rootstocks.
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Olsson, Christer. "The use of grey alder Alnus incana by foraging Black Woodpeckers Dryocopus martius during winter." Ornis Svecica 30 (December 28, 2020): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v30.22397.
Full textAbstract:
Very few studies have been made on the Black Woodpecker’s Dryocopus martius feeding on deciduous trees in Scandinavia, especially at winter. This pilot study on the Black Woodpecker’s feeding in grey alder Alnus incana showed that the grey alder is a significant feeding tree during the winter months. The woodpeckers seem to prefer feeding in the southerly sector of grey alder trunks with a diameter of 13.5–15.4 centimetres, in their first dying stages. This study indicates that litter of a significant size, that is found beneath trees penetrated by woodpeckers, are from carvings made by the Black Woodpecker. Litter surveying may hence be an alternative investigational method to radio tracking for nutritional studies on the Black Woodpecker. This paper also discusses the role of a potential prey found in grey alders, the alder wood-wasp Xiphydria camelus, as a complementary food source at winter in different parts of Sweden, compared to the more well-described carpenter ants Camponotus herculeanus found in Norway spruce Picea abies.
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Gilman, Edward. "Effect of Root Pruning Prior to Transplanting on Establishment of Southern Magnolia in the Landscape." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 18, no. 4 (July 1, 1992): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1992.039.
Full textAbstract:
Roots of field-grown southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) were pruned once during dormancy, following the first shoot growth flush or after the second growth flush, prior to transplanting in the winter. During the first year after transplanting, root pruned trees grew at a slightly faster rate than unpruned trees but growth rates were similar for root pruned and unpruned trees the second and third year after transplanting. There was nodifference in post-transplantgrowth among root pruning treatments. Trees required, at most, 1 year per inch of trunk caliper to become established in the landscape.
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Tetsumura, Takuya, Hisajiro Yukinaga, and Ryutaro Tao. "Early Field Performance of Micropropagated Japanese Persimmon Trees." HortScience 33, no. 4 (July 1998): 751–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.751.
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Growth of micropropagated Japanese persimmon trees (Diospyros kaki L. cv. Nishimurawase) during the initial 3 years after field establishment was compared with that of grafted trees on seedling stocks. Judging from the mean length of annual shoots per tree and the yearly increases in height, trunk diameter, and top and root dry mass, the grafted trees on seedling stocks grew poorly during the first and second growing seasons, while micropropagated trees, raised in an outdoor nursery, developed poorly only during the first growing season. In contrast, micropropagated trees raised in pots fared well soon after field establishment. These trees had more fine than middle and large roots; in contrast, grafted trees on seedling stocks had one large taproot, which died back to some extent after field establishment, with few fine roots.
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Gerhold, Henry, and Heather McElroy. "Callery Pear Cultivars Tested as Street Trees: Initial Results." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 20, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1994.046.
Full textAbstract:
Eight callery pear cultivars were planted, two each in ten communities, for evaluation as street trees. They were measured annually during the first three years by cooperators in the Municipal Tree Restoration Program, using standardized methods. Under sometimes stressful site conditions, all the cultivars but one grew well and remained healthy. Two-year height growth of five cultivars varied from 1.0 to 3.4 feet, representing a 7 to 30 percent increase. Diameter growth ranged from 0.4 to 1.0 inches, i.e. average increases of 18 to 68 percent in two years. The health of foliage, branches, and trunks was good to excellent after the first growing season, during which there were occasional signs of transplant shock. The one exception was the Whitehouse cultivar, which grew little in height and exhibited greater foliage injury than the others. Aristocrat, Cleveland Select, and Redspire received the highest overall rating; Autumn Blaze, Cleveland Pride, and Valiant also appear promising, based on more limited data. Bradford is growing well, and has not yet shown signs of breakage which is known to occur when trees become more mature.
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Stang, E. J., and R. W. Weidman. "Economic Benefit of GA3 Application on Young Tart Cherry Trees." HortScience 21, no. 1 (February 1986): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.1.78.
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Abstract Application of 50 ppm gibberellin (GA3) at full bloom + 2 weeks in 197981 on ‘Montmorency’ cherry trees planted in 1978 reduced flowering the year after application. Treated trees grew larger, presumably due to reduced early fruiting. Projected cumulative grower return during the period 5 years after planting was increased because of GA3 application the first 3 years.
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Demakov, Yu P., D. V. Tishin, and I. P. Demitrov. "Grey Heron Colonies Affect the Radial Growth of Trees in Pine Plantations." Лесоведение, no. 3 (May 1, 2023): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0024114823030038.
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Data on the influence the grey heron (Ardea cinerea L., 1758) colonies have on the dynamics of tree ring parameters in pine plantations are presented. It is shown that the beginning of the stands colonisation by the grey heron can be quite accurately determined by analysing the dynamics of the annual tree rings parameters, especially the width of their late layer and the optical density of wood (the values of the former are lower in the control stand, and of the latter one are higher there). Grey heron colonies begin to appear in pine forests since as early as 10–12 years old, when the height of the trees reaches 5–6 m, and the diameter of the trunk at a height of 1.3 m from the soil surface is only 7–8 cm. In the first 15–20 years, they have a positive influence on the annual growth of trees, especially on the width of the late layer of wood and the thickness of the cell walls, but then the picture changes to the opposite. The total residence time of heron colonies in one place is about 35–40 years, after which they move to new places due to the forest stands coming into disarray or even facing complete destruction. To reduce the likelihood of the grey heron colonies appearance, which in many cases have a negative impact on the state of forest biogeocoenoses, it is necessary to stop creating pure pine forests near water bodies, giving preference to spruce, birch, poplar or linden-oak plantations.
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Okie, W. R., C. C. Reilly, and A. P. Nyczepir. "Effect of Criconemella xenoplax and Clitocybe tabescens on Cold Hardiness of Greenhouse-grown Peach Trees." HortScience 21, no. 2 (April 1986): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.2.274.
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Abstract Rooted cuttings of ‘Nemaguard’ peach were grown for 10 months in soil infested with or without Criconemella xenoplax (Raski) Luc and Clitocybe tabescens (Fr.) Bres. Trees were pruned in early December and placed in an unheated greenhouse subject to large temperature fluctuations during the winter. In March, 8 of 9 trees infested with C. xenoplax and all infested with C. xenoplax + C. tabescens showed severe stem cambial browning typical of cold injury and did not leaf out, although the root systems were still viable. All check trees and 7 of 9 trees infested with C. tabescens grew normally, although budbreak in the check trees occurred 2 weeks earlier than those infested. Symptoms were similar to symptoms of cold injury associated with peach trees short life in orchards.
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Wociór, Stanisław. "Influence of hand thinning of flowers and fruits on yielding and fruit quality of apples cultivar Szampion." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 2 (2012): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.042.
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The thinning of flowers and fruit sets did not change the strength of tree growth in a signifi cant way. Szampion cv. trees on rootstock A 2 grew better than on M.7. The trees of Szampion RENO cv. grew significantly worst. The thinning of flowers and fruit sets decreased the yield from a tree and the total yield from 1 ha of the studied biological material. Flower thinning slightly increased the mean commercial yield as compared to the control trees. Thinning of 50% of flowers at the stage of the pink bud and sets after the June fall decreased the number of fruits on the trees of Szampion cv. grafted on M.7. It was only in 2004 that the flower thinning treatment significantly increased the fruit weight. Flower thinning increased the percentage of fruits with a diameter of over 7 cm in the case of Szampion cv. trees grafted on M.7. This treatment considerably (in 2006 significantly) improved fruit colouring. A positive reaction to flower thinning was also observed in Szampion RENO trees. In the case of Szampion cv., which shows a tendency to excessive fruit setting and small fruits, it is better to apply flower thinning eliminating the excess of sets in the period of cell division in growing fruits than do it later, after the June fall. The inflorescence removal treatment requires much more time than thinning of fruit sets.
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Appleton, Bonnie L., and Susan C. French. "Weed Suppression for Container-grown Willow Oak Using Copper-treated Fabric Disks." HortTechnology 10, no. 1 (January 2000): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.1.204.
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A commercially available copper-treated disk was evaluated for its effect on weed suppression for container-grown willow oak (Quercus phellos L.). No weeds grew in containers where disks were used. All trees grown without disks or preemergent herbicide were dead within 6 months. Top dry weights were greater for trees grown with disks or preemergence herbicide, but root dry weights were not different.
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Gilman, Edward, Chris Harchick, and Maria Paz. "Effect of Tree Size, Root Pruning, and Production Method on Establishment of Quercus virginiana." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.025.
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Significant differences may exist in establishment rate between trees planted from containers and those from field nursery. Containergrown plants have root balls with deflected roots which could impact establishment. Slicing root balls at planting could improve postplanting performance of container-grown trees. Sixty live oak 170 L containers were planted into landscape field soil. Root balls from 30 of these containers were sliced prior to planting. Thirty field-grown trees of slightly larger size, and 30 smaller trees from 57 L containers, were also planted. During dry periods in the first 432 days after planting (DAP), 57 L container trees had the least negative xylem potential. Field-grown trees had the most negative xylem potential when irrigation was withheld 12 DAP. Slicing root balls had little impact on xylem water potential in drought. Defoliation was greater for 170 L container trees than for 57 L containers. Trunk diameter increase of 57 L containers and field-grown trees was greater than for 170 L containers. Field-grown trees grew less in height. Root system radius was similar for 170 L containers and field-grown trees, and greater than 57 L containers. Small trees appear to establish quicker than larger trees.
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Beeson, R. C., and K. Keller. "Effect of Cyclic Irrigation on Growth of Magnolias Produced Using Five In-ground Systems." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-21.3.148.
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Abstract Five in-ground systems were evaluated based on shoot growth and marketability for the production of 2.17 m (7 ft) tall and 5.08 cm (2 in) trunk diameter Magnolia grandiflora cv. ‘Symmes Select’. Systems evaluated were Root Control Bags, Geo-Cell bags, and #25 containers in pot-in-pot in Experiment 1, and Agro-liners in socket pots and directly in-ground in Experiment 2. Each system was either cyclically irrigated or given a single irrigation event daily. In Experiment 1, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of height growth and trunk diameter compared to a single irrigation. Trees in Root Control Bags and pot-in-pot grew at a similar rate and faster than those in Geo-Cell bags. Faster growth rates with cyclic irrigation resulted in earlier marketability compared to single irrigation daily, except for pot-in-pot. In Experiment 2, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of trunk diameter growth, and Agro-liners in pots had greater height and trunk diameter growth rates than those directly in ground. Trees grown in the in-ground pot systems, whether in Agro-liners or black polyethylene containers, grew similarly to trees in Root Control Bags. Trees grown in Geo-cells or Agro-liners in-ground had significantly slower growth than the other treatments.
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Eis, S. "Differential growth of individual components of trees and their interrelationships." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 352–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-060.
Full textAbstract:
The growth of six Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), eight western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and eight western red cedar (Thujaplicata Donn.) trees was studied using standard stem-analysis techniques. Trees standing side by side had similar height and diameter increment patterns, i.e., high and low increments in identical years. With increasing distance, this similarity rapidly decreased even on identical forest sites. On different sites, the patterns were different, often opposite. The length increment pattern on branches was similar to that shown by stem height increment only on four to five top whorls. On exposed branches the average decrease of both diameter and length increments was slow and fluctuated widely from one year to another. On shaded branches the decrease in increment was rapid and smooth. Growth of roots was very irregular and uncorrelated one with another; while some grew rapidly in length in some years, others in the same root system grew slowly or not at all. The radial increments and the increment patterns of structural roots were similar to the pattern in the stem, but long, ropelike lateral roots had their own independent growth patterns dissimilar to those of any other part of the tree.
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Haigh, Amy, Ruth O'Riordan, and Fidelma Butler. "The preference for yew (Taxus baccata) by a red (Sciurus vulgaris) only squirrel population." Wildlife Research 42, no. 5 (2015): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15009.
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Context As invasive grey squirrels continue to spread, red only areas are becoming rarer. It has been reported that red squirrels can outcompete greys only in pure coniferous woodland. In areas of sympatry with grey squirrels, there are concerns about red squirrels’ dependence on certain coniferous tree species in light of recent tree diseases. Aims This study aimed to investigate tree selection by red squirrels in an area vulnerable to the spread of the grey squirrel, but currently free of this species. Methods During 2013–14, squirrels were trapped and monitored on a 315-ha managed island, with a woodland characterised by a mixture of deciduous and coniferous species. Radio-tracking revealed that squirrels clustered their activity along a network of yew trees, a preference they showed throughout the year. Trap success was also higher in traps placed on yew trees. Yew and beech were selected most commonly, but squirrels were also observed foraging on other items, such as sycamore flowers and lichen. Squirrels spent 35% of their time foraging, utilising the greatest number of tree species in June (n = 13). In spring, squirrels foraged to a greater extent on the ground than in the trees, and exploited a lower number of tree species. Conclusions There has been little previous data on the use of yew trees by red squirrels, but they have previously been listed as a species that is preferred by red squirrels rather than greys. This study has further emphasised the importance of this tree species to red squirrels. Implications The continued spread of the grey squirrel may lead to red squirrels becoming restricted to areas of intense management such as parks and, accordingly, optimum tree planting is required from the onset for the long-term maintenance of red squirrels. With recent concern about the disease vulnerability of other coniferous species, this study emphasises the relative importance of yew and other tree species in the distribution of red squirrels.
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Prestidge, Orlando, and Orlando Prestidge. "Forêt de Guerre: Natural remembrances of the Great War." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 16–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v1i1.71.
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I will discuss the effect that the Great War had on the medieval woodland landscape of France, and how the cataclysmic destruction of the conflict is now represented, remembered and sometimes even preserved by the presence of post-war woodland. The unparalleled quantities of munitions that tore apart the landscape from 1914-1918 had both physical effects at the time, as well as longer-lasting manifestations that we see today. The first use of chemical weapons, along with the problems posed by their disbursement and disposal, also still affect the soil of the Western Front, as well as the trees and plants that traditionally grew in the region. I will also analyse the deeper and far more ancient significance of forests and trees within French culture, and how this has affected the way that people have interacted with the ‘Forêt de guerre’ landscape that grew up to replace that lost during the hostilities.
World War I; 1914-18; Archaeology; Anthropology; Folklore; Landscape; Trees; Forests; Zone Rouge; Historic Sites - France
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Gerhold, Henry. "Tree Lilac Cultivars Tested as Street Trees: Initial Results." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 25, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1999.026.
Full textAbstract:
Three Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata) cultivars, 2 each in 11 communities, were planted for evaluation as street trees. Cooperators in the Municipal Tree Restoration Program using standardized methods measured them annually for 3 years, and periodically afterwards. 'Ivory Silk', 'Regent', and 'Summer Snow' performed well at all locations. All 3 cultivars grew slowly initially, and their foliage tended to turn yellow in late summer. Height growth of 'Summer Snow', reputed to be slower than 'Ivory Silk', was not slower at all locations.
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Berrill, John-Pascal, and Christa M. Dagley. "Geographic Patterns and Stand Variables Influencing Growth and Vigor of Populus tremuloides in the Sierra Nevada (USA)." ISRN Forestry 2012 (December 6, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/271549.
Full textAbstract:
Awareness of geographic patterns and stand variables that influence tree growth will help forest managers plan appropriate management and monitoring strategies. We quantified influences of stand location, species composition, stand density, and tree size on aspen tree growth and vigor around the Lake Tahoe Basin in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California and Nevada, USA. Radial growth data were taken from increment cores. Aspen trees on the south and west sides of the lake grew 20–25% faster than aspen in north and east side stands. Diameter growth at 2,400 m elevation was 58% of growth at 1,900 m near lake level. Aspen grew faster with less competition from neighbor trees. At any level of competition, aspen growth was slower beside conifer neighbors and correlated with crown ratio (CR: length of live crown relative to total tree height, a proxy for tree vigor). Analysis of independent CR data for 707 aspen trees in nine additional stands indicated that aspen had smaller crowns in the presence of greater competition, and that composition of neighbor trees also affected CR: aspen trees had shorter crowns in the presence of conifer at higher stand densities. Taken collectively, our analyses point towards a cascading decline in aspen growth and vigor incited by succession of aspen stands to conifers. Our findings suggest that conifer removal and stand density control in aspen-conifer stands at Lake Tahoe will enhance aspen growth and vigor.
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Camarero, Jesús Julio, Michele Colangelo, Cristina Valeriano, and Manuel Pizarro. "Reversible Impacts of a Cold Spell on Forest Cover, Tree Growth and Carbohydrates in Mediterranean Pine and Oak Forests." Forests 14, no. 4 (March 25, 2023): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040678.
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Climate extremes such as cold spells are becoming more frequent as climate variability increases. However, few studies have evaluated the impacts of winter cold spells on forest cover, tree growth and leaf and sapwood non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations. We analyzed changes in tree cover using remote sensing data and compared the radial growth of coexisting and defoliated Pinus halepensis trees and non-defoliated P. halepensis and Pinus pinaster trees. We also compared NSC concentrations in leaves and sapwood of defoliated and non-defoliated P. halepensis and Quercus ilex trees. In January 2021, a rapid drop in temperatures led to minimum values (−21.3 °C) in eastern Spain and triggered canopy defoliation in several planted (P. halepensis) and native (Q. ilex) tree species. The cold spell led to a decrease in forest cover in the most defoliated stands and reduced radial growth of defoliated P. halepensis and sapwood NSC concentrations in P. halepensis and Q. ilex, particularly starch. Prior to the cold spell, defoliated P. halepensis trees significantly (p < 0.05) grew more (2.73 ± 1.70 mm) in response to wetter winter conditions than non-defoliated P. halepensis (2.29 ± 1.08 mm) and P. pinaster (1.39 mm) trees. Those P. halepensis individuals which grew faster at a young age were less resilient to the winter cold spell in later years. The study stands showed a high recovery capacity after the cold spell, but the Mediterranean drought-avoiding P. halepensis was the most affected species.
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Lohr, Virginia I., and Caroline H. Pearson-Mims. "Urban Residents Rate the Benefits of Trees in Cities Highly and Are Unconcerned with Problems Associated with Trees." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1136B—1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1136b.
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In a survey, residents of the largest metropolitan areas in the continental United States rated the social, environmental, and practical benefits from trees in urban areas highly. They ranked the ability of trees to shade and cool surroundings highest. The potential of trees to help people feel calmer was ranked second highest. Survey respondents were not very concerned about potential problems with trees in cities, and felt that trees should be planted in cities regardless of any annoyance. Practical problems with trees, such as causing allergies, were bigger concerns than were financial issues. Responses varied slightly, based on childhood background and current demographic factors. For example, people who grew up with a garden near their home or actively worked with plants during childhood were more likely to appreciate the potential benefits of trees than were those who did not have such early experiences. People who strongly agreed that trees were important to their quality of life and those who did not strongly agree ranked the tree benefits and problems similarly, however. Those who strongly agreed that trees were important to their quality of life rated the benefits of trees more highly than people who did not strongly agree.
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Hossain, Shaik M., and Matthew G. Olson. "The Lateral Growth of Branches into Small Canopy Gaps: Implications for Competition between Canopy Trees." Forests 14, no. 7 (June 30, 2023): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14071350.
Full textAbstract:
Much research in forest ecology has been devoted to examining the effect of gap formation on regeneration dynamics. However, comparatively little research has examined the process of gap closure, in which larger trees bordering the gap grow laterally to exploit available light. Thus, it remains uncertain whether disturbance disrupts or reinforces the competitive hierarchy established among different species and sizes classes. We quantified the lateral growth of three hardwood tree species with differing autecologies both before and after the formation of small gaps created by single-tree selection. Linear mixed-effect models were employed to link lateral growth to species and stem diameter to examine whether gap formation favors intolerant species and small trees in the canopy. Additional models were also developed to examine the relationship of lateral growth with branch length and tree height. Before gap formation, the mid-tolerant yellow birch grew considerably faster than the tolerant sugar maple and American beech. However, yellow birch was less responsive to gap formation (~16%) than sugar maple or beech, whose lateral growth increased by 42% and 39%, respectively. This suggests that gap formation reinforces the competitive dominance of tolerant species. In contrast, gap formation disrupts the competitive dominance of large trees in the canopy, since the lateral growth of small trees increased five times that of large trees. Thus, small silvicultural gaps bordered by small trees may close too quickly to permit the regeneration of mid-tolerant species. Following the release, small trees also grew faster than their larger counterparts, suggesting that lateral growth declines as the cost of reproduction increases with tree size. However, lateral growth did not vary with tree height or branch length, suggesting that lateral growth does not decline due to increasing support costs or hydraulic limitation.
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Cohen, A., and A. Goell. "Fruit Growth and Dry Matter Accumulation in Grapefruit During Periods of Water Withholding and After Reirrigation." Functional Plant Biology 15, no. 5 (1988): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9880633.
Full textAbstract:
Changes in volume, fresh weight and dry matter (DM) contents were followed in fruits from girdled and non-girdled branches borne on regularly irrigated (RI) as well as water-stressed (S) trees. Water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation for various periods. The results indicate that, even during prolonged periods of drought, DM accumulation in fruits on S trees was only slightly impaired, even when fruit volume growth was reduced to zero or even to shrinkage. After irrigation was resumed, fruits from S trees grew faster than those from RI trees, indicating that some of the DM which had accumulated was available for volume growth. The possibility of using the rate of DM accumulation in the fruit as an indicator for the timing of irrigation is discussed.
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Gerhold, Henry. "Tree Lilac (Syringa reticulata) Cultivars Tested As Street Trees: Second Report." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.021.
Full textAbstract:
Through the Municipal Tree Restoration Program, cooperators planted three tree lilac (Syringa reticulata) cultivars in 13 Pennsylvania and New York, U.S. communities for evaluation as street trees, comparing two in each community. Standardized measurements in years 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 revealed that ‘Ivory Silk’, ‘Regent’, and ‘Summer Snow’ grew well and remained healthy at all locations. Average heights of the cultivars in the 12th year ranged from 4.8 to 5.1 m (15.8 to 16.8 ft). Differences in average height and crown width were small. In one community, the tallest cultivar, ‘Ivory Silk’, attained an average height of 6.4 m (21.1 ft) in the 12th year. ‘Summer Snow’ grew more slowly in height initially, and ‘Regent’ had narrower crowns. Foliage health ratings were somewhat lower than those of other species in some years, probably reflecting earlier yellowing of leaves in the autumn. If the tree lilac cultivars continue to grow at the same rate, they would not grow into overhead utility wires until the 18th year or later.
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Wociór, Stanisław. "Growth and cropping of two cultivars of peach and nectarine in the conditions of the Sandomierska Plateau." Folia Horticulturae 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0127.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this experiment, the growth of peach and nectarine trees was determined to be related to the cultivar. ‘Inka’ peach trees grew weaker than ‘Harbinger’ trees. The ‘John Rivers’ nectarine was characterized by stronger growth than the ‘Harko’. The amount of crops produced by the trees was related to the cultivar and the meteorological conditions during winter and spring. ‘Inka’ produced higher yields and bigger fruits as compared to ‘Harbinger’. The ‘Harko’ cultivar provided significantly higher yields than the ‘John Rivers’ only in 2006. Peach and nectarine fruit production in the Sandomierska Plateau in the years 2004 − 2007 was risky. In 2006, damage to the flower buds during winter caused no crop yield in young peach trees and the older ones of the ‘Harbinger’ cultivar. A minor reaction to the temperature drop, down to -26.8oC, was found for nectarines in comparison with peach trees. In 2007, the spring frost injured flower pistils and caused a lack of crops from the studied cultivars.
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Worthington, Josiah W. "599 PB 205 THE INFLUENCE OF COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS AND CHEMICAL MOWING ON THE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND WATER UTILIZATION OF YOUNG PECAN TREES AS MEASURED IN NON-WEIGHING LYSIMETERS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 518a—518. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.518a.
Full textAbstract:
Budded, bare root, `Wichita' pecan trees were planted and grown in inexpensive, 2m X.75m, non-weighing lysimeters for three growing seasons. Metered water was applied automatically through microirrigation systems as called for by switching tensiometers. Soil moisture tension was not allowed to exceed 25 Kpa. All tree/sod combinations received 336 kg N per hectare from 1-1-1 ratio commercial fertilizer. Water use, tree growth, and nutrient status of trees grown under the following orchard floor management practices were measured: 1)Unmowed coastal bermudagrass. 2)Mechanically mowed bermudagrass, 3)Chemically mowed bermudagrass, and 4)Bare soil. Water use by trees with chemical or mechanically mowed sod were intermediate in water use between unmowed and fallow soil treatments. In spite of the fact that water was never limiting for any treatment, fallow trees grew significantly larger than trees in any of the sodded treatments. A significantly lower level of foliar potassium was noted in trees growing in sod systems.