Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Greenstone'

The golden generation have a wealth of experience and knowledge from throughout their lifetimes that younger generations wish to retain. In our technology filled world an obvious means of collecting this information is electronically. Digital library col- lections are increasingly used by libraries and large institutions to record their large amounts of information but they can also be used for personal collections. Seniors are often willing and keen to impart their years of experience upon people of the younger generation but time is not always on their side as they grow older. Throughout a lifetime a person could collect large amounts of papers, diaries, pho- tos and media but the time it takes to organise these documents can be long and exhausting and the person's health is not always at its best in old age. Greenstone is a suite of software for creating digital libraries, which are organised collections of documents. Greenstone has the ability to distribute collections either using a server or CD-ROM, and provides advanced searching and organization tools. While Greenstone is a versatile and useful tool in creating digital collections, its in- terface is not designed for senior users. Seniors are commonly perceived to have more physical and mental disadvantages as they get older. These disadvantages can dramatically affect how usable seniors find a piece of software. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how usable the current Greenstone interface is for use by seniors and to re-design the interface so that Greenstone may be more easily used by senior users. This thesis focuses upon what types of documents and descriptive data seniors would like to include in a collection about their life. This is to ascertain exactly what parts of the interface must be improved when it comes to metadata and classifiers. The results of this investigation also helped in the creation of a customised metadata set for senior users use.

This thesis examines the origin and relative timing of carbonate alteration zones in the poly-deformed Doolena Gap Greenstone Belt in the East Pilbara Terrane, the type locality of Archaean dome-and-keel-terranes. The key findings are: [1] shear-assisted carbonate alteration occurred throughout the entire tectonic history of the greenstone belt; and [2] weak pre- and syntectonic carbonate minerals make up 40 to 60% of the examined greenstone rocks. These outcomes imply that carbonate minerals likely controlled the strength of Archaean lithosphere.

The Belingwe greenstone belt in southern Zimbabwe contains one of the most well preserved Archean volcanic successions in the world. The komatiites in this succession have been studied in great detail, but the associated basalts have received much less attention. A detailed study of these basalts in the Zeederbergs Formation has revealed the existence of a previously unrecognised lava type which has important implications for the petrogenesis of the suite. The Zeederbergs Formation and the underlying Reliance Formation form the 2.7 Ga Ngezi Group volcanics, which are underlain by thin, generally shallow water sediments of the Manjeri Formation. These in turn rest unconformably on 3.6 Ga and 2.9 Ga granitoid gneisses in the east and on older (2.9 Ga) greenstones in the west. The nature of the basal contact of the Ngezi Group volcanics on the sediments of the Manjeri Formation has been the subject of recent controversy, and is interpreted here as comformable. The type section of the Zeederbergs Formation in the Ngezi River is logged and described in detail for the first time. Combined with correlation of geochemical marker horizons in other sections this has led to a re-evaluation of the vertical thicknesses of the Zeederbergs Formation - estimated here to be approximately 3km. Study of the geochemical stratigraphy has revealed a horizon of basalts with low Zr/Nb and high CaO/Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> compared to the rest of the formation. The basalts in this horizon are called Type II (as opposed to the Type I basalts which make up the majority of the formation). Examination of the petrography of the Zeederbergs Formation basalts has revealed that no subdivision into different rock types on petrographic grounds is practical. The lavas are generally fine grained, sparsely phyric and altered to hydrated low greenschist assemblages. The 'spheroids' in the lavas are considered in some detail, and are thought to represent products of spherulitic devitrification.

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No. of bitstreams: 3 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_GeologiaPetrogeneseGreenstone_V1.pdf: 71676863 bytes, checksum: 533a6c11ec5056e6d7d5e3c25ec0a9fc (MD5) Tese_GeologiaPetrogeneseGreenstone_V2.pdf: 25031034 bytes, checksum: a1f5f43677654e5f560b4c78f08e5e4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994-10-07<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos<br>Este trabalho trata da geologia e petrogênese do "greenstone belt" Identidade, situado entre as cidades de Xinguara e Rio Maria, SE do Estado do Pará. Os dados obtidos permitiram discutir a evolução geodinâmica do terreno granito - "greenstone" da região de Rio Maria, inserindo-a no contexto da Província Mineral de Carajás (PMC), SE do cráton Amazônico. O "greenstone" em lide compõe um cinturão "sinformal" direcionado WNW-ESE, correspondendo a um pacote metavulcãnico, com xistos ultramáficos (UM), basaltos (BAS) e gabros (GB) na base, e, no topo, rochas hipabissais dacíticas (DAC - ca. 2,94 Ga, Pb/Pb). O conjunto foi intrudido por metaplutônicas Mesoarqueanas, os tipos mais precoces sendo quartzo dioríticos, seguidos sucessivamente por granodioritos (com enclaves máficos), trondhjemitos / tonalitos e leucogranitos. O embasamento gnáissico (GN - aflorante a norte e reconhecido por conter uma fábrica mais antiga Sn-1/D1), o "greenstone" e os metagranitóides foram intrudidos no final do Paleoproterozôico por enxames de diques riolíticos (ca. 1,60 Ga, Rb/Sr) e diabásicos. O "greenstone" apresenta estruturas e texturas ígneas reconhecíveis, porém obliteradas em regiões de contato com metagranitóides e em zonas de cisalhamento. As ultramáficas ocorrem como tremolititos, tremolita - talco xistos e talco xistos; o anfibólio é bastante alongado e fino, comumente em arranjos paralelos, interpretados como fantasmas de texturas "spinifex". Os basaltos são maciços ou almofadados, freqüentemente variolíticos. Mostram diferentes graus de recristalização, sendo identificados restos de texturas hialofiticas, pilotaxíticas e traquitóides. Clinoanfibólio (hornblenda actinolítica), epídotos e plagioclásio (albita - andesina) são os minerais mais abundantes. Os gabros são maciços a porfiriticos, distinguindo-se relíquias de texturas subofiticas e granofiricas. Os dacitos são porfiríticos, com fenocristais de quartzo e plagioclásio (oligoclásio), além de hornblenda e nódulos máficos (biotita, clorita, opacos, epidotos, titanita, apatita) nas variedades menos evoluídas. Dentre os metagranitóides, os leucogranitos e trondhjemitos contêm biotita cloritizada, enquanto granodioritos e parte dos tonalitos portam biotita ou biotita + hornblenda (também em quartzo dioritos). O "greenstone" e os metagranitóides foram afetados por uma deformação dúctil, heterogênea, que evoluiu para zonas miloníticas. A estruturação da área é marcada por uma fábrica planar (Sn//Sm/D2) direcionada WNW-ESE a E-W, de mergulhos divergentes. Lineações de estiramento E-W, WNW-ESE ou NW-SE, meso e microestruturas assimétricas S-C, peixes de micas e de clinoanfibólios, e rotações de porfiroclastos a e 15 indicaram uma megaestrutura resultante de um binário com encurtamento NW-SE. A geometria atual do "greenstone" seria derivada de transpressão dextrógira, com o "greenstone" compondo uma estrutura em flor positiva. O regime transpressivo favoreceu a criação de regiões transtrativas, onde se alojaram plútons graníticos no NW, além de clivagens de crenulação extensional (Sn+i/D2) no SW. A quantificação da deformação revelou encurtamento da ordem de 60%, extensão subhorizontal, paralela ao "trend" do "greenstone", de 68 a 500%, e extensão vertical de 101 a 280%. O elipsóide de deformação variou de oblato a prolato, com mudanças de densidade e rotação do eixo de estiramento máximo (X) nas zonas miloníticas. A inversão da deformação permitiu reconstruir a forma original do "greenstone", que seria também alongada WNW-ESE, embora de excentricidade menor que a atual. Estes dados, juntamente com a petrofábrica do eixo c do quartzo, sugeriram que a deformação progressiva envolveu mecanismos de cisalhamento puro e simples, sendo o arcabouço final resultante deste último. Falhas e fraturas rúpteis diversas, afetando também diques riolíticos e diabásicos, marcaram o último evento (D3). As paragêneses minerais do metamorfismo principal (Mn/M2) originaram-se de recristalização estática, pré-tectônica, que modificou parte das texturas e quase totalmente a mineralogia das rochas do "greenstone". Formaram-se anfibólio verde azulado (hornblenda actinolítica), epídotos (pistacita predominante), titanita e quartzo em BAS e GB; tremolita, talco e clorita em UM. Saussuritização e sericitização de plagioclásio, biotitização de anfibólio, cloritização de biotita e transformação de hornblenda em titanita verificaram-se nos metagranitóides. A coexistência de hornblenda + plagioclásio (An> 17) e/ou hornblenda actinolítica + epidotos + clorita em rochas metabásicas mostrou que o evento supra foi de pressão baixa e temperaturas transicionais entre as fácies xisto verde e anfibolito. Este episódio essencialmente térmico refletiu o aquecimento crustal produzido pelo plutonismo do final do Mesoarqueano, tendo obliterado as associações prévias do metamorfismo de fundo oceânico. Ligeiramente concomitante a francamente subseqüente, houve um evento de recristalização dinâmica extensiva (Mm/M2) na fácies xisto verde, particularmente em zonas de cisalhamento e contatos litológicos. Em tais locais, existem evidências de aporte de fluidos (blastomilonitos xistosos e abundantes veios de quartzo) e remobilização da maioria dos elementos químicos (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Na, Rb, Sr, Zr). Em condições PT ainda menores, deu-se finalmente a ação de um evento discreto, relacionado com crenulações e formando clorita, epídotos e quartzo (Mn+1/M2). O evento M2, bem como aquele detectado somente em GN (M1 em fácies anfibolito), foram de natureza dúctil, o que os distinguiu nitidamente do último episódio (D3/M3). Este foi posicionado no final do Paleoproterozóico, tendo caráter hidrotermal e associado á feições rúpteis de alto nível crustal. A evolução progressiva do metamorfismo M2, com pico térmico precoce ao pico da deformação, sugeriu uma trajetória P-T-t anti-horária, correspondente á evolução metamórfica de bacias marginais fanerozóicas. Algumas análises químicas de rochas metavulcânicas permitiram a definição de séries magmáticas e discussão de modelos petrogenéticos. Reconheceram-se três séries geoquímicas, a saber, da mais antiga para a mais nova, komatiítica (UM), toleitica (BAS e GB) e cálcio-alcalina (DAC). A primeira corresponde a komatiitos peridotíticos, com MgO>18% em peso (base anidra), com um "trend" de enriquecimento em Al, tal como em Geluk e Munro, e menos cálcico do que Barberton. Os padrões de terras raras leves são irregulares, com razões (La/Sm)N entre 0,42 e 4,2 e anomalias negativas de Eu. Os terras raras pesadas pareceram menos afetados por processos pós-eruptivos, sendo planos ou ligeiramente fracionados (1,0<(Gd1Yb)N<2,3). Modelos quantitativos foram de dificil execução em virtude da remobilização de vários elementos, porém, em termos qualitativos, foi possível estimar cumulados ricos em olivina e ortopiroxênio. Dentre os toleítos, BAS e GB apresentaram padrões geoquímicos muito similares entre si. Ambos são toleítos de baixo potássio, comparáveis a toleítos arqueanos empobrecidos. Os elementos terras raras são quase planos, com valores 10X o condrito, e anomalias fracas ou inexistentes de Eu. Modelos preliminares sugeriram cumulados semelhantes para BAS e GB, compostos essencialmente de clinopiroxênio e plagioclásio. De acordo com alguns cálculos geoquímicos, a fonte dos magmas que originaram os komatiitos e toleítos seria o lherzolito a granada. Os DAC apresentaram características geoquímicas afins à metavulcânicas e metaplutônicas cálcio-alcalinas tanto modernas quanto arqueanas, seguindo o "trend" trondhjemítico. A diferenciação magmática teria decorrido por fracionamento de plagioclásio>quartzo>hornblenda>K-feldspato, com quantidades accessórias de biotita, magnetita, titanita, alanita e zircão. A fonte do magma dacítico seria crustal do tipo toleíto metamorfisado em fácies granada anfibolito e ligeiramente enriquecido em terras raras leves. No modelo geodinâmico proposto, já existia um embasamento gnáissico antes de 2,96 Ga. Entre 2,96 e 2,90 Ga, a conjugação de alto gradiente geotérmico com extensão litosférica provocou o rifteamento continental, formando bacias marginais, onde se daria a extrusão de komatiitos e toleítos. Em torno de 2,94(?)-2,90 Ga, geraram-se os DAC através de fusão de crosta oceânica em zonas de subducção, evoluindo por fracionamento a baixas pressões. Os mesmos mecanismos geradores dos DAC também seriam responsáveis pelo plutonismo cálcio-alcalino, culminando com a inversão estrutural do "greenstone", espessamento crustal e forma final do terreno granito - "greenstone" (transpressão dextrógira ca. 2,88-2,86 Ga). A região sofreu ainda um episódio de (rea)quecimento, detectado a nível de minerais, sem deformação e metamorfismo correlatos, ao final do Eoarqueano (2,69-2,50 Ga), e intrusão de enxames de diques riolíticos (1,60 Ga, Rb/Sr) e diabásicos ao final do Paleoproterozóico. A correlação com o conhecimento atual da PMC permitiu admitir que o terreno granito - "greenstone" de Rio Maria já estava configurado quando da implantação do Supergrupo Itacaiúnas (ca. 2,76 Ga) e da granitogênse alcalina na Serra dos Carajás. Assim, a transpressão sinistrógira que inverteu aquele supergrupo corresponderia a um evento posterior e bem distinto da transpressão dextrógira da região de Rio Maria.<br>This thesis deals to the geology and petrogenesis of the Identidade greenstone belt, located between Xinguara and Rio Maria towns, SE of Pará state. The data of this area permitted the discussion of the tectonic evolution of the gravite greenstone terrain of the Rio Maria region in the context of the Província Mineral de Carajás, SE of the Amazonian craton. The greenstone studied compose a synformal belt in the WNW-ESE direction, corresponding to one metavolcanic pile, formed predominantly by ultramafic schists (UM), basalts (BAS) and gabbros (GB) at the base, and hypabyssal dacitic rocks (DAC - ca. 2.94 Ga, Pb/Pb) at the top. The whole was intruded by metaplutonic rocks of Mesoarchean ages, the older one being quartz diorites, followed successively by granodiorites, trondhjemites / tonalites and leucogranites. The gneissic basement (GN - outcroping toward north and recognized for having an older fabric Sn-1/D1), the greenstone and the metagranitoids were intruded by hypabyssal rhyolitic (ca. 1.60 Ga, Rb/Sr) and basic dykes at the end of the Paleoproterozoic. The greenstone presents igneous structures and textures still recognized, although obliterated near the contacts with the metagranitoids and shear zones. The ultramafics occur as tremolitites, tremolite - talc schists and talc schists; the amphibole is very elongated and thin, commonly in parallel arrays, interpreted as ghosts of spinifex textures. The basalts are massive or pillowed and frequently variolitic. They show different degrees of recrystallization, with some relicts of hyalophitic, pilotaxitic and traquitoid textures. Clinoamphibole (actinolitic hornblende), epidotes and plagioclase (albite - andesine) are the most abundant minerais. The gabbros may be massives to porphyritics (plagioclase phenocrysts), still with some relicts of subophitic and granophyric textures. The dacites are porphyritic, with phenocrysts of quartz and plagioclase (oligoclase), besides hornblende and mafic clots (biotite, chlorite, opaque minerais, epidotes, sphene, apatite) in the less evolved samples. Concerning the metagranitoids, the leucogranites and trondhjemites have chloritized biotite, whereas the granodiorites and some tonalites comprise biotite or biotite + hornblende (also in quartz diorites). The greenstone and the metagranitoids were affected by one event of heterogeneous, ductile deformation, that evolved to mylonitic zones. The structural framework of the area is marked by a planar fabric (Sn//Sm/D2) in the WNW-ESE to E-W direction, with moderate to strong dips in a divergent fan. E-W, WNW-ESE or NW-SE stretching lineations, meso and asymmetric S-C microstructures, mica and clinoamphibole fishes, and rotation of o and i porphyroclasts indicated one megastructure resulting from a binary system with NW-SE shortening direction. The actual geometry of the greenstone would be derived from a dextral transpression, with the greenstone forming a positive flower structure. The transpressional regime favored the grow of transtensional cites and subsequent emplacement of granitic plutons on the NW contact, and extensional crenulation cleavage (Sn+1/D2) on the SW of the greenstone. Strain measurements displayed a ca. 60% shortening, subhorizontal extension of ca. 60 to 500% parallel to the greenstone trend, and vertical extension of ca. 101 to 280%. The strain ellipsoid may be oblate to prolate, with changes in density and rotation of the axis of maximum stretching (X) toward the mylonitic zones. The inversion of the deformation permitted the reconstruction of the original shape of the greenstone, that would be also elongated WNW-ESE, but with lesser eccentricity than today. These data, together with the quartz petrofabric, suggested that the deformation has been accommodated by pure and simple shear mechanisms, the final framework resulting essentially from the later. The last event (D3) are represented by faults and fractures which also affected the felsic and basic dykes. The paragenesis of the main metamorphic event (Mn/M2) is represented by static recrystallization, which modified some textures and almost ali minerais within the greenstone. The minerais formed phases were bluish green amphibole (actinolitic hornblende), epidotes, sphene and quartz in BAS and GB; tremolite, talc and chlorite in UM. The metagranitoids show transformations of plagioclase (saussurite, fine white mica), amphibole (to biotite and/or sphene) and biotite (to chlorite). The coexistence of hornblende + plagioclase (An>17) and/or actinolitic hornblende + chlorite in metabasic rocks shows that this event was of low pressures and temperatures in the transitional field of the greenschist and amphibolite facies. This episode should reflect a regional crustal heating produced by the plutonism at the end of the Mesoarchean, that obliterated the previous associations of ocean floor metamorphism. Slightly coeval to subsequently, it occurred one event of extensive dynamic recrystallization (Mm/M2) in the greenschist facies, specially within shear zones and lithological contacts. In these places, there are evidences of fluid incoming (schistose blastomylonites and abundant quartz veins) and remobilization of chemical elements (Al, Fe, Ca, K, Na, Rb, Sr, Zr). Finally, under lower PT conditions, it occurred a less expressive event related to crenulation cleavages and forming chlorite, epidotes and quartz (Mn+1/M2). The M2 event, as well as the one detected only in GN (M1 under amphibolite facies), was of ductile nature and cleary distinguished from the last one (D3/M3). The later was placed at the end of the Paleoproterozoic, being of hydrothermal character and associated to high crustal structures. The progressive evolution of the M2 metamorphism with its thermal peak predating the deformation suggested a counterclockwise P-T-t path, corresponding to the metamorphic evolution of Phanerozoic marginal basins. Some chemical analysis of the metavolcanic rocks permitted the definition of magmatic series and a discussion of petrogenetical modeling. It was possible to recognize three geochemical series, that is, from the older to the younger, komatiitic (UM), tholeiitic (BAS and GB) and calc-alkaline (DAC). The first one corresponds to peridotitic komatiites with MgO>18 weight % (volatile-free basis), with an enrichment trend in Al, such as in Geluk and Munro, and less calcic than the Barberton one. The light rare earth element patterns are irregular with (La/Sm)N ratios between 0.42 and 4.2 and negative Eu anomalies. The heavy rare earth elements seem less affected by post-eruptive processes, being plate or slightly fractionated (1.0<(Gd/Yb)N<2.3). The quantitative models were of hard execution due to the remobilization of several elements. It was possible estimate cumulates rich in olivine and orthopyroxene. With regarding to tholeiites, the BAS and GB showed very similar geochemical signatures, both being low potassium tholeiites comparable to depleted Archean tholeiites. The rare earth elements are almost plate, with values 10X the chondrite, and slight or no Eu anomaly. Preliminary modeling suggested similar cumulates for BAS and GB, composed essentially by clinopyroxene and plagioclase. The magma sources that originated the komatiites and tholeiites would be a garnet lherzolite. The DAC presented geochemical characteristics of modern and Archean metavolcanics and metaplutonics of trondhjemitic nature. The magmatic differentiation would be achieved by fractionation of plagioclase>quartz>hornblende>K-feldspar, with subordinated amount of biotite, magnetite, sphene, allanite and zircon. The source of the dacitic magma would be a tholeiite metamorphosed to the garnet amphibolite facies and somewhat enriched in light rare earth elements. The geodynamical model proposed admit the existence of a gneissic basement prior to 2.96 Ga. Between 2.96 and 2.90 Ga, the interplay of high geothermal gradients and lithospheric extension was responsible for extensive rifting, forming marginal basin systems, where extruded the komatiitic and tholeiitic rocks. At 2.94(?)-2.90 Ga, the DAC were generated from partia' melting of oceanic crust in subduction zone settings, and evolved by low pressure fractional crystallization. The same mechanisms that generated the DAC are extended also to the calc-alkaline plutonism, this one being responsible for the structural inversion of the greenstone, crustal thickening and final shape of the granite - greenstone terrain (dextral transpression ca. 2.88-2.86 Ga). The region still suffered a late episode (end of Eoarchean, 2.69-2.50 Ga) of (re)heating, registered only in sorne mineral, without any evidente of deformation and/or metamorphism. Finally, it occurred the intrusion of felsic (1.60 Ga, Rb/r) and basic dykes at the end of the Paleoproterozoic. The correlation with the actual understanding of the Província Mineral de Carajás permitted envisage that the Rio Maria granite - greenstone terrain was then configured at the moment of implantation of the Itacaiúnas Supergroup (ca. 2.76 Ga) and alkaline granitic plutonism at the Serra dos Carajás. So the sinistrai transpression that inverted that supergroup would correspond to a newer event, very distinct as regards as the dextral transpression of the Rio Maria region.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The source of the K2O in the K2O-rich ~3.45 Ga felsic intrusive rocks of the H6 unit in the Hooggenoeg Formation of the Onverwacht Group in the Barberton Granite Greenstone Terrain (BGGT) is examined in this study. This is of particular research interest because the Paleoarchaean rock record is considered to lack K2O-rich magmatic rocks. Previous studies on the felsic igneous rocks of the H6 unit have proposed that these rhyolites are K-metasomatised eruptive equivalents of the sodium-rich ~3.45 Ga TTGs of the BGGT and that the K-feldspar crystals in the rocks formed as a consequence of subsolidus replacement of plagioclase by K-feldspar. Furthermore, the timing of K-metasomatism has previously been related to the formation of the Buck Ridge Chert (BRC), which overlies the H6 unit. However, it has recently been demonstrated from granitic clasts in the conglomerate layer at the base of the Moodies sucession that K2O-rich magmatic rocks formed concurrently with TTG magmas during each of three episodes of TTG magmatism observed in the BGGT. Consequently, the hypothesis of a metasomatic origin for the K2O-rich character of the felsic rocks of the H6 unit requires further examination. Previous studies of the chemistsry of felsic volcanic rocks within the H6 unit were based on relatively low numbers of samples. This study has examined a substantial set of the freshest material available. Two varieties of felsic volcanic rocks were identified; K2O-rich, CaO-poor, Na2O-poor rhyolites and Na2O-rich, CaO-poor, K2O-poor Na-rhyolites. The K2O- rich rhyolite variety is dominant. Consequently, it is possible that the K2O-rich character of these rocks represents a primary magmatic signature. However, this judgment is complicated by the presence of a greenschist-facies metamorphic overprint at 3.2 Ga, which has resulted in complete replacement of micrystalline groundmass and partial replacement of the phenocryst assemblages by greenschist- and sub-greenschist-facies mineral assemblages, which undoubtedly allowed possible shifts in chemical compositions In this thesis, I test the source of K2O in these rocks by using the porphyritic textures of the rocks as an indication of the primary composition of the magmas they were formed from. These textures are typically defined by K-feldspar or albite and quartz phenocrysts within a microcrystalline groundmass. The rocks containing albite are Na-rich (Na-rhyolites) whereas the rocks defined by K-feldspar phenocrysts are rhyolites. XRD study of the structural state of the K-feldspar phenocrysts in the rhyolites indicates that these crystals are orthoclase and intermediate microcline, i.e. medium temperature K-feldspar polymorphs. The modal proportions of K-feldspar, quartz and microcrystalline groundmass in the rhyolites were calculated by using image analysis software. The compositions of the feldspar minerals were determined by electron beam analysis. Minimum bulk rock K2O content of the rhyolites were calculated from the proportions of K-feldspar crystals and their compositions. Even where the proportion of K-feldspar phenocrysts is relatively low (~ 30%), the calculated minimum bulk-rock K2O content is still above 5 wt%. The HREE slope (GdN/LuN) of the felsic porphyritic rocks of the H6 rhyolites is similar to that of ~3.45 Ga TTG plutons and steeper than that of granitic clasts of identical age contained in the basal conglomerate of the Moodies Group. Hence this study has illustrated that the rhyolites of the H6 unit were primary K-feldspar-rich, K2O-rich magmas that formed contemporarily with the ~3.45 Ga TTGs. This implicitly means that rhyolitic volcanism was more wide spread than previously thought in the Paleoarchaean and that it occurred together with the intrusion of the ~3.45 Ga TTGs in the BGGT.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bron van die K2O in die K2O-ryk ~ 3,45 Ga felsiese vulkaniese rotse van die H6-eenheid in die Hooggenoeg formasie van die Onverwacht Groep in die Barberton Graniet Groensteen Terrein (BGGT) is in hierdie studie ondersoek. Dit is van besondere navorsingsbelang omdat die Paleoargeïse gesteenterekord beskou word as vry van magmatiese K2O ryke gesteentes. Vorige studies oor die felsiese vulkaniese rotse van die H6 eenheid het voorgestel dat hierdie rioliete K-gemetasomatiese eruptiewe ekwivalente van die natrium-ryke ~ 3,45 Ga TTGs van die BGGT is en dat die K-veldspaat kristalle in die gesteentes gevorm is as gevolg van subsolidus vervanging van plagioklaas deur K-veldspaat. Verder is die tydsberekening van K-metasomatisme voorheen gekoppel aan die vorming van die Buck Ridge Chert (BRC) wat die felsiese H6 eenheid bedek. Dit is egter onlangs aangetoon dat K2O-ryke magmatiese rotse gelyktydig met TTG magmas gevorm is tydens elk van drie episodes van TTG magmatisme waargeneem in die BGGT. Gevolglik vereis die hipotese van 'n metasomatiese oorsprong vir die K2O-ryke karakter van die felsiese gesteentes van die H6 eenheid verdere ondersoek. Vorige studies van die felsiese vulkaniese gesteentechemie in die H6 eenheid is gebaseer op 'n relatief klein getal monsters. Hierdie studie het 'n aansienlike stel van die varsste materiaal beskikbaar vir analise ondersoek. Twee variëteite van peralumineuse felsiese vulkaniese gesteentes naamlik 'n K2O-ryk, CaO-arm, Na2O-arm rioliet en Na2O-ryk, CaO-arm, K2O-arm Na-rioliet. Die K2O-ryke rioliet variëteit is meer oorheersend as die Na-rioliete. Dit is dus moontlik dat die K2O-ryk karakter van hierdie rotse 'n primêre magmatiese kenmerke verteenwoordig. Hierdie uitspraak is egter bemoeilik deur die teenwoordigheid van 'n groenskisfasies metamorfe oorprint op 3,2 Ga, wat gelei het tot die volledige vervanging van mikrokrisstalyne grondmassa en gedeeltelike vervanging van fenokrist samestellings deur groenskis en sub-groenskisfasies minerale samestellings en wat ongetwyfeld toegelaat het vir 'n moontlike verskuiwing in chemiese samestelling. In hierdie tesis toets ek die bron van K2O in hierdie gesteentes deur gebruik te maak van die vulkaniese teksture van die gesteentes as 'n aanduiding van die primêre samestelling van die magmas waaruit hulle gevorm het. Hierdie teksture word gewoonlik gedefinieer deur K-veldspaat of albiet en kwarts fenokriste binne 'n grondmassa van wat vroeërglasoorblyfsels was. Die rotse wat albiet bevat is Na-ryk (Na-rioliete) terwyl die rotse gedefinieer deur K-veldspaat fenokriste rioliete is. XRD studie van die strukturele toestand van die K-veldspaat fenokriste in die rioliete dui aan dat hierdie kristalle ortoklaas en intermediêre mikroklien is, dit wil sê die hoër temperatuur K-veldspaat polimorfe. Die modale proporsies van K-veldspaat, kwarts en glasoorblyfsels in die rioliete is akkuraat bereken deur gebruik te maak van beeld analise sagteware. Verder is die samestellings van die veldspaat minerale bepaal deur die elektronstraal analise. Minimum grootmaat rots K2O inhoud van die rioliet is berekén vanaf die fase verhouding van K-veldspaat en hul komposisies. Resultate dui daarop dat selfs waar die verhouding van K-veldspaat phenocrysts is relatief laag (~ 30%), die berekende minimum K2O grootmaat rots samestelling is nog steeds bo 5 wt%. Die REE-helling (GDN / Lun) van felsiese porphyritic rotse van die H6 is soortgelyke relatief tot die REE helling van ~ 3,45 Ga TTGs en steiler REE helling relatief tot granitiese klaste vervat in die basale konglomeraat van die Moodies-groep. Dus het hierdie studie getoon dat die rioliete van die H6-eenheid primêre K-veldspaat-ryke, K2O-ryke en peralumineuse magmas was wat gevorm is terselfdertyd met die ~3,45 Ga TTGs. Dit beteken implisiet dat riolitiese vulkanisme meer wyd verspreid was as wat voorheen gedink is in die Paleoargeïkum en dat dit tesame met die indringing van die ~ 3,45 Ga TTGs in die BGGT plaasgevind het.

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Geology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

A low-density reconnaissance geochemical survey was made of the stream sediments and rocks in the Akaka/Ago-Iwoye, Egbe and Igbo-Ora districts of the southwestern basement complex, Nigeria. The areas are underlain by mainly Precambrian greenstone rocks in close association with granites, gneisses, metasediments (quartzites, quartz-mica schists) and pegmatites. Typical rain forest areas and streams are dissected by a closely and deeply developed dentritic-subdentritic drainage pattern. This study compares the three areas and includes recommendations for further prospecting. Field and mineralogical petrological evidence indicates sulphide mineralization, and geochemical trends in the amphibolites favour a tholeiitic affinity with ultrabasic igneous proliths overprinted by post-magmatic processes. The range of concentrations and geochemical characteristics of elements commonly found in rocks and sediments are reviewed. More than 350 samples were collected and analysed for 17 trace and 10 major elements by X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. Analytical precision was monitored using duplicates, standards and reference materials and the statistical basis of analytical quality control examined. Computer based univariate and multivariate statistical techniques are applied to the geochemical data. Initial univariate analyses clearly establish anomalous elemental abundances. Anomalously high Mo, significant Ni and Au values are characteristic of the areas investigated. Particular geochemical patterns of single-element distribution were found. In general, multi-element associations in the sediments were similar to those discerned in the associated bed-rocks. The application of multiple regression analysis to sediments from the Egbe area revealed enhanced Cu and Ni anomalous populations which were suppressed by iron-oxide coprecipitation. R-mode analysis identified models meaningful in terms of correlation either with underlying parent rock, secondary processes of the surifical environment and mineralization. However, there are no clearly defined indications of the ore potential of the Akaka area. The fourth-factor (Au-Sr) for rock samples in the Igbo-Ora complex confirms occurrence of gold mineralization. A clear-cut association of rare-earths are shown in all the areas. The most significant findings of the present work were the identification of exploration target areas worth further investigations. Other aspects highlighted were the possibility of reliable indicator elements for ore mineralization in these areas, significant anomalies being evident in the rocks and sediments.

A porção da seqüência metavulcano-sediemntar (SVS) de Piumhi enfocada neste trabalho representa a parte basal de um greestone belt arqueano a paleoproterozóico, e foi estudada em seus aspectos estruturais, petrográficos, geoquímicos e metalogenéticos. A análise estrutural propiciou uma melhor compreensão da evolução tectônica geométrica/estratigráfica, e da cinemática interna da SVS, e da relação com as outras unidades precambrianas justapostas em contato direto. A SVS ocorre cavalgando o corpo granítico TTG a norte, em zonas de cisalhamento com forte milonitização junto ao contato. Este conjunto forma o embasamento do Grupo Bambuí, que o recobre com contatos sedimentares, apresentando apenas alguns distúrbios tectônicos locais na forma de falhas inversas menores e pequenas transcorrências rúpteis. Num último evento tectônico regional importante, este conjunto autóctone TTG-greenstone belt e suas coberturas plataformais (Grupo Bambuí), foram recobertas pelas seqüências quartzíticas alóctones de nappe do Grupo Canastra. Os estudos petrográficos e geoquímicos mostraram a necessidade de se redefinir a classificação e nomenclatura utilizadas na literatura sobre a SVS. Conduziram também à revisão da evolução magmática da SVS e à caracterização dos processos de alteração hidrotermal que modificaram sua associação litológica original. Por fim, foi estudada a relação destes processos com a metalogênese, na geração de hidrotermalitos e rochas sedimentares exalativas, portadoras de indícios de mineralizações de ouro e metais-base. A unidade basal mapeada é constituída por rochas vulcânicas de composição intermediária a ácida (andesitos basálticos, dacitos e riolitos), de caráter toleiítico a transicional para cálcio-alcalino. Cálculos e modelamentos litogeoquímicos sustentam a evolução cogenética destes litotipos através de diferenciação por fracionamento magmático. A maior parte destas rochas foi alterada ) hidrotermalmente por processos de espilitização, epidotização, keratofirização e silicificação. A unidade sobreposta é constituída por rochas vulcânicas basálticas magnesianas, com texturas spinifex bem desenvolvidas, embora estejam sempre pseudomorfisadas por paragêneses secundárias metamórficas, de fácies xisto verde média a superior. Na literatura estas rochas são referidas notoriamente como komatiítos, entretanto, não o são nem mineralogicamente e nem geoquimicamente. Apresentam majoritariamente texturas spinifex aciculares, segundo clinopiroxênios, e muito raramente spinifex em placas, segundo olivinas. Além disso, seus teores de sílica são muito elevados, alcançando até teores intermediários. Por fracionamento, que ocorre em derrames diferenciados, estes basaltos magnesianos dão origem a andesitos basálticos. Admite-se aqui, com base em dados geoquímicos, que estas rochas possam representar equivalentes extrusivos dos magmas mais primitivos, a partir dos quais as rochas vulcânicas intermediárias da unidade basal teriam se diferenciado em profundidade. Os basaltos magnesianos, pouco alterados, mostram características toleiíticas, de evolução em ambiente de retro-arco, numa crosta continental pouco espessa. Intercaladas nesta unidade, encontram-se ainda a maioria das formações ferríferas bandadas (BIF), às quais constituem importantes alvos metalogenéticos. A composição química destas formações ferríferas foi comparada aos elementos mobilizados das rochas vulcânicas nos processos de alteração, identificados e quantificados através de cáculos de balanço de massa. O quimismo dos BIF mostrou forte correlação principalmente com os elementos lixiviados na espilitização dos andesitos basálticos. Verificou-se assim, com a aplicação dos modelos numéricos às ocorrências naturais de Piumhi, a possível ligação destes processos de alteração hidrotermal de fundo oceânico com a gênese dos fluidos ) exalativos que deram origem, e eventualmente, mineralizaram, as formações ferríferas. Ouro ocorre nestas formações ferríferas, conforme mostrado por análises geoquímicas realizadas por ICP-AES em extrações seletivas, por vezes, com fortes anomalias (efeitos-pepita). Cálculos indicam correlação positiva do Au, com Co, As, Zn, Ni e Sb, confirmando-os neste estudo como elementos traçadores na prospecção.<br>The metavulcano-sedimentary sequence (VSS) portion of Piumhi, focused in this work, represents the basal part of an Archean to Paleoproterozoic greenstone belt, and has been studied in its structural, petrographical, geochemical and metalogenetic aspects. The structural analysis provided a better understanding of the geometric/stratigraphic tectonic evolution and internal kinetics of the VSS, and of its relationship with the other juxtaposed precambrian units in direct contact. The VSS occurs thrusting a TTG granitic body to the north, in shear zones with strong milonitization near the contact. This set corresponds to the basement of the Bambuí Group, that covers it with sedimentary contacts, presenting only some tectonic local disturbances, represented by some small reverse and transcurrent ruptile faults. In the last important regional tectonic event, this autoctonous TTG-greenstone belt set, and its plataformal cover (Bambuí Group), were covered by the quartzitic aloctonous sequences of the Canastra Group nappe. The petrographical and geochemical studies showed the necessity of a redefinition on the classification and nomenclature used in the literature for the VSS. They also lead to the revision on the magmatic evolution of the VSS, and to the characterization of the hydrothermal alteration that modified the original litologic association. Still, the relation among these processes with the metalogenetic aspects has been studied, in the generation of hydrothermalites and exalative sedimentary rocks, containing traces of gold and base metals mineralizations. The mapped basal unit is constituted by volcanic rocks of acid to intermediate composition (basaltic andesites, dacites and rhyolites), of toleiitic to transitional calcalkaline feature. Litogeochemical calculations and modeling support the cogenetic evolution of these litotypes through differentiation by magmatic fractionating. Most of these rocks were altered hydrothermally by espilitization, epidotization, keratophyrization and silicification processes. The uppermost unit is composed by magnesian basaltic volcanic rocks, with well developed spinifex textures, although they are always in pseudomorphs replaced by metamorphic secondary paragenesis of medium to high greenschist facies. In literature, these rocks are referred notoriously as komatiites, however, their mineralogical and geochemical aspects indicate that they are not these litotypes. They present acicular spinifex textures, as clinopyroxene shapes, and rarely blade spinifex, as olivine shaped crystals. Besides, their silica rates are high, reaching intermediate rock values. Through fractionating, that occurs in differentiated basaltic flows, these magnesian basalts originated basaltic andesites. It is assumed here, based on geochemical data, that these basaltic rocks may represent extrusive equivalents of the most primitive magmas, which originated the intermediate volcanic rocks of the basal unit, differentiated in depth. The magnesian basalts, less altered, show toleiitic characteristics, evolving in a back-arc environment, in a thin continental crust. Intercalated in this unit is the majority of the banded iron formations (BIF) in the VSS, which constitutes important metalogenetic targets. The chemical composition of the iron formations was compared to the mobilized elements of the volcanic rocks in the alteration processes, identified and quantified through mass balance calculations. The chemical characteristics of the BIF showed strong correlation mainly with the leached elements in the espilitization processes suffered by the basaltic andesites. Therefore, with the application of numerical models to the natural occurrences in Piumhi, is suggested the possible link of these processes of deep-sea hydrothermal alterations, with the exalative fluids that originated and eventually mineralized the iron formations. Gold occurs in these iron formations, as verified in geochemical analysis made by ICP-AES in selective extractions, sometimes, with strong anomalies (nugget effects). Calculations indicated positive correlation of Au, with Co, As, Zn, Ni and Sb, confirming them as tracer elements in prospection.

The potentially hazardous nature of open pit mining requires the application of sound geotechnical engineering practice to mine design, for the purpose of permitting safe and economic mining of any commodity within any rock mass. The Lerala Diamond Project is situated in the south west of Botswana near the Martin’s Drift Border Post. A 2m-soil cover made surface mapping of geological features impossible, so a number of geotechnical holes were drilled to evaluate the characteristics of the kimberlite pipes and the Granite/gneiss host rock. The Lerala Diamond Project is a typical example of the geotechnical assessment of a kimberlite pipe in Greenstone belt granites. The explosive nature of the formation of these pipes was seen in the various types of joint and fracture pattern identified during this study that could have an influence on the stability of the open pit. Estimating the stability of rock slopes is required by the mining engineering industry for a wide variety of projects. Of importance in this regard is the preliminary evaluation of slope stability at the feasibility stage, excavation stage, and operating stage. The Lerala Diamond Project is currently undertaking a preliminary evaluation as part of a feasibility study. The aim of the geotechnical assessment was to divide the local rock into easily identifiable types that could be geotechnically evaluated. Two classification systems were used during the quantification of the rock mass types. These are the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system of Bieniawski (1976) and the Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR) system of Laubscher (1990). Observations and recordings of the drill core were carried out and these, in conjunction with laboratory results, enabled the determining of the characteristics of the rock mass that will be exposed in the slopes. Computer modelling programmes such as ROCKPAK III were used to test the designs against potential failures. The various potential failures were identified for the different highwalls. Recommendations including the continuous logging of geotechnical features were proposed for the purpose of developing a sound geotechnical model for identifying potential unstable areas within the pit.<br>Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.<br>Mining Engineering<br>unrestricted

Orientador: Elson Paiva de Oliveira<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T17:16:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DonattiFilho_JosePaulo_M.pdf: 3208335 bytes, checksum: 9cc1b1de3c939ba63d65e7dde4caea9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007<br>Resumo: O Greenstone Belt Paleoproterozóico do Rio Itapicuru, nordeste do Cráton do São Francisco, está inserido integralmente no Bloco Serrinha e possui um domínio vulcânico máfico com um contexto geodinâmico de formação em debate, se arco, bacia de retro-arco ou rifte intracontinental. Dados geoquímicos dos basaltos deste domínio foram obtidos com o intuito de reavaliar a geoquímica e o contexto tectônico de formação dessas rochas com base principalmente na geoquímica de elementos-traço de elevado poder interpretativo (e.g. Low Field Strenght Element (LFSE), High Field Strenght Element (HFSE), e Rare Earth Element (REE)). Este domínio é composto de lavas almofadadas, basaltos variolíticos, basaltos maciços e porfiríticos, bem expostos no curso médio do Rio Itapicuru. A paragênese metamórfica indica condições variando de fácies xisto verde a fácies anfibolito. O domínio é composto basicamente por basaltos Fe-toleíticos subalcalinos, que são divididos geoquimicamente em dois grupos: ThI ¿ enriquecidos em Ti-P e elementos-traço incompatíveis, e outro, representado pelos toleiítos tipo II (ThII) que exibem baixas concentrações nesses elementos. Os ThII são mais primitivos geoquimicamente, exibindo valores relativamente mais elevados em Mg, Ni e Cr. Espacialmente os dois grupos distribuem-se em dois domínio distintos, um a leste (ThI), e outro a oeste (ThII). O enriquecimento seletivo e a alta mobilidade de alguns elementos litófilos (e.g. Rb, Ba, Na, Cs) indicam que os basaltos passaram por processos de metassomatismo em ambiente oceânico. A lacuna composicional entre elementos incompatíveis dos dois grupos (e.g. P, Ti, Zr, Th, Nb) indica que a petrogênese não pode ser explicada por cristalização fracionada isoladamente. Provavelmente, diferentes estágios de fusão parcial seguido de cristalização fracionada foram suficientes para gerar líquidos basálticos distintos. A modelagem geoquímica sugere taxas de fusão variando entre 10-25% de uma mesma fonte sublitosférica (LaN/NbN =1) sem a presença de granada (LaN/LuN ~1). A composição sugerida da fonte mantélica dos basaltos foi um lherzolito ou plagioclásio lherzolito, que passou por um primeiro estágio de fusão (10-15%) dando origem aos ThI, e sucessivamente um segundo estágio de fusão (15-25%) que gerou os ThII. A presença de uma nítida anomalia negativa de Nb e a semelhança geoquímica com basaltos continentais (e.g. Paraná e Deccan), indicam uma significante assinatura crustal. Os resultados geoquímicos de elementos-traço sugerem para os basaltos do Greenstone Belt do Rio Itapicuru uma semelhança petrotectônica com basaltos transicionais (T-MORB) de ambiente continental a oceânico, similar nos dias de hoje com a margem continental Atlântica<br>Abstract: The Paleoproterozoic Rio Itapicuru Greenstone Belt, situated in the Serrinha Block - northeast São Francisco Craton, has a sequence of basaltic rocks whose tectonic setting is under discussion, i.e whether a back arc setting or intracontinental rift. The basalt geochemistry was revisited on the basis of incompatible trace elements data, such as high field strength elements (HFSE), low field strength element (LFSE) and the rare earth elements (REE). The basalts are well exposed along the Itapicuru River where the study is concentrated. They are composed of massive and pillowed flows with occasional variolitic to porphyritic structures; they show metamorphic paragenesis indicative of greenschist to amphibolite facies. The basalts are essentially Fe-rich tholeiites that can be separated into two groups: ThI ¿ with high abundances of Ti-P and other trace elements, and ThII ¿ with low abundances of Ti-P and other trace elements. The ThII group is geochemically more primitive than ThI and is relatively enriched in compatible elements (e.g. Mg, Ni e Cr) and show higher mg-number. The two basalt groups crop out in geographically distinct areas: ThI dominates in the eastern part of the basalts exposure area, whereas ThII is restricted to the western part of it. Selective enrichment in some large ion lithophile elements (LILE), such as Rb, Ba, Na and Cs indicates that the basalts were affected significantly by postmagmatic processes (low-grade metamorphism and ocean water interaction). The large variation of some trace element ratios (e.g. Ti, P, Zr, Nb, Th), indicate that the two basalt groups cannot be linked by fractional crystallization of a single parental magma. Instead, the two groups are likely to have derived from liquids resulting from different degrees of partial melting from a similar mantle source, followed by shallow level fractional crystallization. Geochemical modelling suggests melt rates around 10-25% of the same lithospheric mantle source (LaN/NbN = 1), with no garnet in the residue (LaN/LuN ~ 1). The suggested source is a lherzolite or plagioclase lherzolite that experienced a first stage of partial melting (10-15%) to give the ThI, and later the ThII group by higher partial melting rates (15-25%). The negative Nb anomaly on mantle-normalised multi-element diagrams and the geochemical similarities with continental flood basalts (e.g. Paraná and Deccan) indicate a significant crustal signature. The combined mode of field occurrence and the trace-element data indicate petrotectonic similarities with transitional-type basalts, thus rendering support to a tectonic setting transitional between continent and ocean, probably similar to the present-day Atlantic continental margin<br>Mestrado<br>Geologia e Recursos Naturais<br>Mestre em Geociências

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2002.<br>Title from title screen (viewed Apr. 23, 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Geosciences, Division of Geology and Geophysics. Degree awarded 2002; thesis submitted 2001. Includes bibliography. Also available in print form.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-11-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ajca_me_rcla.pdf: 3175157 bytes, checksum: f713f279f50dfdd18eba70a11d6a4b85 (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>Na porção norte do Maciço de Goiás são reconhecidas três faixas greenstone belt de idades arqueano/paleoproterozóicas denominadas de Crixás, Guarinos e Pilar de Goiás. A área em estudo está inserida na porção sul do Greenstone belt de Guarinos, sendo limitada a oeste e leste, através de contatos tectônicos, pelos gnaisses dos Complexos Caiamar e Moquém, respectivamente. O mapeamento geológico possibilitou uma individualização das unidades litológicas com nova interpretação do empilhamento estratigráfico bem como a caracterização de feições estruturais da área. O empilhamento das unidades foi dividido da base para topo nas formações Serra do Cotovelo (metaultramáfica); Serra Azul (metamáfica); Unidade A (associação de rochas metaultramáficas, metamáficas e psamo-pelíticas); Cabaçal (xistos carbonosos com formações ferríferas e gonditos) subdividida em Ca-1, Ca-2, Ca-3 e Ca-4; Aimbé, com uma subunidade inferior (formações ferríferas bandadas ricas em muscovita) e outra superior (metapelitos associados esporadicamente a formações ferríferas fácies óxidos); e São Patricinho (metapelitos, subordinadamente gonditos). Embora diversos trabalhos da literatura descrevam este empilhamento do greenstone de Guarinos como invertido, neste trabalho considera-se a sequência apresentada como normal devido, à ausência de estruturas geopetálicas, que pudessem mostrar a polaridade estratigráfica do pacote, e de estruturas tectônicas que indicassem situação de flanco invertido. Um pacote de metassedimentos psamopelíticos atribuídos na literatura ao “Grupo Araxá” está sobreposto à sequência vulcanossedimentar através de uma descontinuidade, interpretada neste trabalho como uma discordância estratigráfica e não como falha de empurrão de baixo ângulo, como descrito na literatura...<br>In the North portion of the Maciço de Goiás three greenstone belt of Archaean/Paleoproterozoic age are recognized, namely: Crixás, Guarinos and Pilar de Goiás. The study area is located on the southern portion of the Guarinos Greenstone Belt, and is delimited by faults to the west an east with the gneiss of the Caiamar Complex and Moquém Complex, respectively. The geological mapping allowed the individualization of lithological units, new interpretation of the stratigraphic stacking and the description of structural features found in the area. Previous studies describe the stratigraphic stacking of the Guarinos Greenstone Belt as inverteded. However, in this work, the stacking is interpreted as normal, due to the lacking of geopetalic and tectonic structures that could indicate top and basis of the sequence. The stratigraphic stacking was divided, from basis to top in Serra do Cotovelo Formation (metaultramafic); Serra Azul Formation (metamafic); Unit A (metaultramafic, metamafic and psammo pelitic association); Cabaçal Formation (carbonous schists with iron formations and gondites), which was subdivided in Ca-1, Ca-2, Ca-3 and Ca-4; Aimbé Formations, which contains a basal (banded iron formations, rich in muscovite) and a top subunit (metapelites, associated with rare iron formations, oxide facies); and São Patricinho Formation (metapelites, with subordinated gondites). Although several studies in the literature describe this stacking of the greenstone Guarinos as inverted, this paper considers the sequence presented as normal due to the lack of geopetálicas, which could show the polarity of the stratigraphic package, and tectonic structures to indicate status limb inverted. A package of metasediments in the literature psammo pelitic assigned to the Group Araxá volcanic sedimentary is superimposed on the sequence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This study investigates issues of changing recreation use and management in the Greenstone and Caples Valleys. Its underlying research themes are the differing characteristics and activities of four distinct user-groups, how such differences could contribute to conflict in recreation use and management, and the implications of such for management. The conceptual framework used to deal with these issues is the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), which is based upon the assumption that quality in recreation experiences and management is best achieved through provision of a range of recreation opportunities. This recognises that objective research input into recreation management cannot substitute for the ultimate subjectivity required in decision-making. Management has two roles here. First, to maintain and/or enhance the range of recreation opportunities availible. Second, to provide users with appropriate signals regarding the availibility of opportunities, and the acceptable norms of use and behaviour. Thus user choice of area and activities undertaken within becomes more a consequence of management action. This differs from most recreation management to date, which has tended to be in response to changing conditions (eg'demand-driven'). The absence of an equitable management approach results in selective reduction of opportunities for certain experiences, as evident from research into effects of conflict/crowding perceptions. In contrast, approaches such as the ROS emphasise management for such opportunities. On this basis and from research results, this study found that maintenance of experiences associated with angling and hunting opportunities in the study area, should be the basis for its management. These opportunities were exploited by relatively more experienced participants. For anglers in particular this was reflected by their characteristics of high activity specialisation. Greater experience and specialisation involved more specific resource requirements and norms of appropriate behaviour. Thus opportunities for hunting and angling in the study area were more susceptible to negative impacts from other uses and users. These impacts would be greatest for angling experiences. This would be more a consequence of perceived inappropriate behaviour by less specialised anglers than a consequence of physical crowding. For hunters these impacts would be primarily a result of concern about the increased presence of others on hunting management, rather than their actual presence. Experiences from the tramping and commercial guided walking opportunities availible are also important, but their participants were relatively less experienced and their recreation opportunities less unique in the region. In the context of an equitable regional ROS approach, there is greater flexibility for their provision elsewhere than there is for experiences from hunting and fishing opportunities. For maintenance of a spectrum of opportunities in the regional ROS, these hunting and angling opportunities should be emphasised in management decision-making. Within the study area itself, management for a regional ROS requires that the Greenstone and Caples Valleys be managed differently. It was clear that the Caples was perceived as providing more 'back-country'-type experience opportunities. In the regional ROS context, management should emphasise maintenance of such opportunities there. Along with this should be noted the greater preference for the CapIes by hunters, and for the Greenstone by anglers.

Orientador: Elson Paiva de Oliveira<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:46:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Grisolia_MariaFernandaPereira_M.pdf: 11518476 bytes, checksum: 78e6dbc87f588ed4d9104ec88d51df15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Resumo: A área em estudo localiza-se entre o embasamento mesoarqueano do Núcleo Serrinha e o Greenstone Belt do Rio Itapicuru (BA). O Núcleo Serrinha é constituído pelo Complexo Santa Luz, caracterizado por rochas metamórficas gnáissico-migmatíticas (Mascarenhas 1979), cobertas pelas vulcânicas do Grupo Capim (Winge 1984, apud. Cruz Filho et al. 2003) e pelas seqüências vulcano-sedimentares do Greenstone Belt do Rio Itapicuru (Brito Neves et al. 1980), intrudidas por granitóides diversos e recobertas por unidades fanerozóicas. Embora vários estudos tenham sido feitos, ou estão em desenvolvimento no GBRI, pouco se conhece sobre as rochas sedimentares do mesmo e quase nada sobre as relações de contato do GBRI e o embasamento. Por este motivo, foi planejado um projeto de cartografia geológica da transição embasamento-greenstone que resultou em um mapa geológico de uma área com cerca de 700 km2 entre as cidades de Nordestina, Queimadas e Santa Luz, a oeste da exposição principal do greenstone belt do Rio Itapicuru. Nesta região foi mapeada uma sequência de rochas sedimentares clásticas metamorfisadas denominada Sequência Metassedimentar Monteiro por Grisolia (2007) e Moreto (2007) em seus trabalhos de conclusão de curso de Geologia. Estudos de proveniência de sedimentos, erosão e possíveis ambientes tectônicos foram feitas pela primeira vez em metassedimentos do greenstone belt Rio Itapicuru, Bloco Serrinha, Bahia, utilizando geocronologia U-Pb, LA-ICP-MS em zircões detríticos, geoquímica e isótopos Sm- Nd. O protólito das rochas metassedimentares foram classificados como arcósia, xistos, grauvacas e arenitos. O índice químico de alteração (CIA) varia 39-70 indicando intemperismo químico moderado nas áreas fonte. Rochas félsicas a intermediárias (granito, granodiorito, andesito e riolito) são as principais rochas fonte, e, secundariamente, rochas máficas (basalto e gabro). A maioria das amostras mostram ?Nd negativo (0) valores variando de -6,83 a -34,29 e apenas uma amostra resultou ?Nd (0) = +2,38. Idades modelo de Nd (TDM) apresentam idades entre 2,0-2,2 Ga, com alguns outliers em 2,67 Ga. Os dados U-Pb em zircões detríticos de quatro amostras resultaram em populações com idades 207Pb/206Pb de 2,16, 2,14, 2,15, 2,17, 2,18, 2,20, 2,21 e 2,23 Ga, com alguns grãos mais velhos sendo alguns arqueanos. Os resultados isotópicos indicam que o metassedimentos do greenstone belt Rio Itapicuru possuem áreas fonte principalmente em terrenos Palaeoproterozoicos como os Greenstone Belts Rio Itapicuru e Rio Capim, e muito raramente rochas arqueanas. No entanto, as populações de zircão entre 2,17 Ga e 2,24 Ga não são encontradas no bloco Serrinha, exigindo, portanto, fontes ainda não encontradas. Diagramas de configuração tectônica sugerem que os sedimentos podem ter sido depositados principalmente em margens continentais ativas. Nossos dados confirmam um modelo em que os basaltos e granitos de arco do greenstone belt Rio Itapicuru acrescionaram para uma margem continental ativa desconhecida que colodidiu com outras estruturas pré-existentes, sendo posteriormente empurradas contra um microcontinente Arqueano.<br>Abstract: The area is located between the basement of the mesoarchean Serrinha Block and the Rio Itapicuru Greenstone Belt (BA). The Serrinha Block consists in the SantaLuz Complex, characterized by gneissic-migmatitic rocks (Mascarenhas 1979), covered by (Winge 1984, apud. Cruz Filho et al. 2003) volcano-sedimentary sequences of the Rio Itapicuru and Rio Capim greenstone belts (Brito Neves et al. 1980), intruded by granitoids and covered by several Phanerozoic units. Although several studies have been conducted or are under development in RIGB, little is known about the sedimentary rocks and almost nothing about the geological relations between RIGB and basement. For this reason, a project was planned with geological mapping of the transition-greenstone basement, which resulted in a geological map of an area of approximately 700 km2 between the towns of Nordestina, Queimadas and Sant Luz, west of the main display of the RIGB. A sequence of metamorphosed clastic sedimentary rocks was mapped known as Monteiro metamorphic sequence by Grisolia (2007) and Moreto (2007) in their final graduation work of Geology. Studies of sediment provenance, weathering and possible tectonic environments have been made for the first time in metasedimentary rocks of the Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt, Serrinha Block, Bahia, using LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology in detrital zircons and whole-rock geochemistry and Sm-Nd isotope data. The protolith of the metasedimentary rocks were classified as arkose, shale, greywacke and sandstone. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) ranges from 39-70 indicating moderate chemical weathering in source areas. Intermediate and felsic rocks (granite, granodiorite, rhyolite and andesite) are the likely main source rocks, and secondarily mafic rocks (basalt and gabbro). Most samples show negative ?Nd(0) values ranging from -6.83 to -34.29 and only one sample yielded ?Nd(0) = +2.38. Depleted mantle Nd model ages (TDM) fall most in the range 2.0 to 2.2 Ga, with a few outliers at 2.67 Ga. The U-Pb data on detrital zircons of four samples yielded 207Pb/206Pb age populations of 2.16 to 2.23 Ga, with a few grains older and only on Archaean grain. The isotope results indicate that the metasedimentary rocks the Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt have source areas mostly in Palaeoproteroic terranes such as the Rio Itapicuru and Rio Capim greenstone belts, and very much rarely in Archaean rocks. However, zircon populations between 2.17 Ga and 2.24 Ga are not found in the Serrinha block, thus requiring sources not yet found. Diagrams of tectonic setting suggest that the sediments may have been deposited mostly on active continental margins. Our data support a model in which basalts and arc granites of Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt accretted onto an unknown active continental margin and the entire pile collided with, and was thrusted onto Archaean microcontinents.<br>Mestrado<br>Geologia e Recursos Naturais<br>Mestre em Geociências

Orientador: Luiz Sérgio Amarante Simões<br>Banca: Hardy Jost<br>Banca: Marcelo Juliano de Carvalho<br>Resumo: Na porção norte do Maciço de Goiás são reconhecidas três faixas greenstone belt de idades arqueano/paleoproterozóicas denominadas de Crixás, Guarinos e Pilar de Goiás. A área em estudo está inserida na porção sul do Greenstone belt de Guarinos, sendo limitada a oeste e leste, através de contatos tectônicos, pelos gnaisses dos Complexos Caiamar e Moquém, respectivamente. O mapeamento geológico possibilitou uma individualização das unidades litológicas com nova interpretação do empilhamento estratigráfico bem como a caracterização de feições estruturais da área. O empilhamento das unidades foi dividido da base para topo nas formações Serra do Cotovelo (metaultramáfica); Serra Azul (metamáfica); Unidade A (associação de rochas metaultramáficas, metamáficas e psamo-pelíticas); Cabaçal (xistos carbonosos com formações ferríferas e gonditos) subdividida em Ca-1, Ca-2, Ca-3 e Ca-4; Aimbé, com uma subunidade inferior (formações ferríferas bandadas ricas em muscovita) e outra superior (metapelitos associados esporadicamente a formações ferríferas fácies óxidos); e São Patricinho (metapelitos, subordinadamente gonditos). Embora diversos trabalhos da literatura descrevam este empilhamento do greenstone de Guarinos como invertido, neste trabalho considera-se a sequência apresentada como normal devido, à ausência de estruturas geopetálicas, que pudessem mostrar a polaridade estratigráfica do pacote, e de estruturas tectônicas que indicassem situação de flanco invertido. Um pacote de metassedimentos psamopelíticos atribuídos na literatura ao "Grupo Araxá" está sobreposto à sequência vulcanossedimentar através de uma descontinuidade, interpretada neste trabalho como uma discordância estratigráfica e não como falha de empurrão de baixo ângulo, como descrito na literatura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: In the North portion of the Maciço de Goiás three greenstone belt of Archaean/Paleoproterozoic age are recognized, namely: Crixás, Guarinos and Pilar de Goiás. The study area is located on the southern portion of the Guarinos Greenstone Belt, and is delimited by faults to the west an east with the gneiss of the Caiamar Complex and Moquém Complex, respectively. The geological mapping allowed the individualization of lithological units, new interpretation of the stratigraphic stacking and the description of structural features found in the area. Previous studies describe the stratigraphic stacking of the Guarinos Greenstone Belt as inverteded. However, in this work, the stacking is interpreted as normal, due to the lacking of geopetalic and tectonic structures that could indicate top and basis of the sequence. The stratigraphic stacking was divided, from basis to top in Serra do Cotovelo Formation (metaultramafic); Serra Azul Formation (metamafic); Unit A (metaultramafic, metamafic and psammo pelitic association); Cabaçal Formation (carbonous schists with iron formations and gondites), which was subdivided in Ca-1, Ca-2, Ca-3 and Ca-4; Aimbé Formations, which contains a basal (banded iron formations, rich in muscovite) and a top subunit (metapelites, associated with rare iron formations, oxide facies); and São Patricinho Formation (metapelites, with subordinated gondites). Although several studies in the literature describe this stacking of the greenstone Guarinos as inverted, this paper considers the sequence presented as normal due to the lack of geopetálicas, which could show the polarity of the stratigraphic package, and tectonic structures to indicate status limb inverted. A package of metasediments in the literature psammo pelitic assigned to the Group Araxá volcanic sedimentary is superimposed on the sequence... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

Dissertação (mestrado)-Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2011.<br>Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2011-11-30T12:18:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_VictorHugoVSousa.pdf: 7613774 bytes, checksum: f2a3428459c827c06569af7c8bdfda91 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Elzi Bittencourt(elzi@bce.unb.br) on 2011-12-05T14:10:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_VictorHugoVSousa.pdf: 7613774 bytes, checksum: f2a3428459c827c06569af7c8bdfda91 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2011-12-05T14:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_VictorHugoVSousa.pdf: 7613774 bytes, checksum: f2a3428459c827c06569af7c8bdfda91 (MD5)<br>O Maciço de Goiás tem despertado interesse crescente em função da presença de seqüências do tipo greentone belt que alojam importantes ocorrências e depósitos de ouro. Apresentamos neste trabalho dados de geoquímica de Elementos Terras Raras e Isótopos de Carbono, Oxigênio e Enxofre ao longo de cerca de 800 m de sondagem, que recortam as rochas superiores dominantemente metassedimentares pertencentes a Formação Serra do Moinho do Greenstone Belt de Pilar de Goiás. Análises de ETRs em conjunto com petrografia revelaram metassedimentos com assinaturas típicas de sedimentos pós-arqueanos. Carbonatos estão presentes em quase toda a extensão do testemunho, tanto como macroestrutura maciça quanto disseminada. A exceção de carbonatos maciços presentes na porção superior do testemunho, a composição isotópica do carbono dos carbonatos varia de - 14 a -2 por mil, sendo que os valores mais negativos podem estar associados a trocas isotópicas com xistos carbonosos também presentes na sessão. Os carbonatos maciços da porção superior possuem δ13C variando entre +6 e +9 por mil, o que representa importante anomalia isotópica positiva coeva ao Grande Evento Oxidante (GOE) de 2.1 Ga. Consideramos que os carbonatos com alto δ13C encontrados em Pilar são correlacionáveis a rochas similares encontrados nos Greentone Belts de Crixás, Faina e Serra de Santa Rita, também pertencentes ao Bloco Arqueano Crixás-Goiás. Esta excursão positiva de carbono constitui um importante marco estratigráfico entre as seqüências superiores desses greentones. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT<br>The Goiás Massif has attracted increasing interest due to the presence of greenstone belts´ sequences that host major gold deposits and occurrences. In this study we present Rare Earth Elements geochemistry and Carbon, Oxigen and Sulphur isotope data of an 800m drill core that cuts the upper metasedimentary rocks of the Serra do Moinho Formation of Greenstone Belt of Pilar de Goiás. RRE analyses and with the petrographyc studies revealed metassediments with typical of post arquean sediments signature. Carbonates are present in almost the entire length of the testimony, as a macrostructure that is both disseminated and massive. With the exception of massive carbonates in the testimonies upper portion, the carbonate´s carbon´s isotopic composition varies from -14.2 to -2.7 per mil. The most negative values are associated with isotope exchange with carbonaceous schist also present in the section. The upper massive carbonate layer show δ13C values between +6 and +9 per mil, that represents an important positive isotopic anomaly that is coeval to the 2.1 Ga Great Oxidant Event (GOE). We believe that the high positive carbonates from Pilar are correlated to similar rocks from the Greentone Belts of Crixás, Faina and Serra de Santa Rita, with also belong to the Goiás-Crixas Arquean Block. This positive carbon excursion constitutes an important stratigraphic mark among the greenstone´s upper sequences.

Abstract. The thesis gives the first description of the geological setting, alteration, mineralization style and structural control of the Mustajärvi gold occurrence in the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, northern Finland. The applied methods mainly comprise drill core logging, bedrock mapping, thin section studies and microprobe analysis. The Mustajärvi gold occurrence lies at the southern border of the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, in proximity to the first-order transcrustal Venejoki thrust system. The occurrence is structurally controlled by the second-order Mustajärvi shear zone, which is located at the contact between Sodankylä Group siliciclastic metasediments and Savukoski Group mafic and ultramafic metavolcanic rocks. The outcropping gold-mineralized veins comprise a set of parallel quartz-tourmaline-pyrite veins that show typical pinch and swell features, with the vein widths ranging approx. from 0.15 to 1 m. At a depth of 90 m, a different mineralization style was recently discovered, comprising a 2-m-thick, quartz-poor, massive pyrite-mineralized zone grading 45.1 ppm Au. The geochemistry of both mineralization styles is typical for orogenic gold deposits, with strongly enriched elements comprising Au, B, Bi, C (CO₂), Te, and Se. Silver, As, Sb, and W are moderately elevated and positively correlate with gold. Atypical for orogenic gold deposits is the strong enrichment of Ni and Co. In unweathered rock, gold is hosted by Au- and Au-Bi-telluride micro-inclusions in pyrite, whereas strong weathering near the surface has caused a remobilization of gold, resulting in free gold, deposited mainly in the cracks of oxidized pyrite. The thesis emphasizes the prospectivity for a more extensive gold mineralized system, especially at greater depths and encourages further exploration. Future research on the Mustajärvi occurrence could comprise mineralogical studies on the massive pyrite mineralization at depth, and age dating of the mineralization based on observed monazite within the mineralized veins.

Orientador: Luiz Sérgio Amarante Simões<br>Resumo: O Terreno Arqueano Paleoproterozoico de Goiás é um fragmento de crosta que contém complexos TTG arqueanos e sequências greenstone belt. A área de estudo está inserida na região sul desse terreno e abrange a porção sudeste do Greenstone belt de Faina (GBF), onde ocorre o depósito aurífero Sertão, a porção norte do Greenstone belt Serra de Santa Rita (GBSSR), e parte dos complexos TTG Uvá e Caiçara. Esses dois greenstone belts são separados pela Falha direcional de Faina com direção N50E e movimentação destral. No GBF, foram identificadas rochas de duas sequências metassedimentares, uma denominada de Inferior e outra de Superior, que apresentam contato tectônico. A Sequência Inferior é constituída de camadas de quartzito, xisto, formação ferrífera bandada e mármore. A Sequência Superior apresenta espesso pacote de clorita-muscovita-quartzo xisto com algumas intercalações de formação ferrífera e quartzito que para o topo grada para uma sequência química com mármore e mármore impuro sobreposta por quartzito. No GBSSR, identificou-se uma Sequência Metavulcânica Ultramáfica sotoposta a uma Sequência Metassedimentar, esta última constituída por xistos muscovíticos e carbonosos, quartzitos, formação ferrífera e metachert. O mapeamento geológico permitiu avanços na definição da estratigrafia da área, como a identificação de rochas da Sequência Metassedimentar Inferior nas porções sudeste e sudoeste do GBF, caracterizando-se que é esta a unidade que hospeda o depósito aurífero Sertão, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The Archean-Paleoproterozoic Terrane of Goiás is a crust block consisting of Archean TTG Complexes and greenstone belt sequences. The study area is in the southern region of this terrane comprising the southeastern portion of the Faina Greenstone Belt (FGB), where Sertão gold deposit is located, the northern portion of the Serra de Santa Rita Greenstone Belt (SSRGB), and small portions of Caiçara and Uvá TTG complexes. These two greenstone belts are separated by a strike-slip fault, known as Faina Fault, that strikes N50E showing dextral movement. Rocks of two distinct sedimentary cycles separated by a tectonic contact were identified in the FGB, denominated Lower and Upper Metasedimentary Sequences. The Lower Sequence shows quartzite, schist, banded iron formation and marble. The Upper Sequence shows, at the base, a thick package of chlorite-muscovite-quartz schist, with quartzite and BIF intercalations that grades to a sequence of marble and impure marble overlaid by quartzite. In the SSRGB, a Meta-ultramafic Volcanic sequence and a Metasedimentary Sequence were mapped. The last one comprises muscovitic and carbonaceous schists, quartzite, banded iron formation and metachert. The geological mapping provided advances in the definition of the stratigraphy of the area, such as the identification of rocks belonging to the Lower Metasedimentary Sequence in the southeastern and southwestern portion of the FGB, revealing that the Sertão gold deposit is hosted by this unit, and the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

The greenstone belt of Kenya is an extension of what is commonly referred to as the Tanganyika "Shield". The two supracrustal sequences recognized in Kenya are the Nyanzian and the Kavirondian. The rocks found in these sequences are diverse, with dominant volcanics in the Nyanzian, whereas the Kavirondian is predominantly sedimentary. The Nyanzian lavas represent a diverse range from basalts and basaltic andesites, through andesites and dacites to rhyolites. From geochemical studies the basalts and basaltic andesites are tholeiitic, whereas the andesites, dacites and rhyolites are calc-alkaline. The sedimentary sequence ranges from mudstone, through shales, sandstones and grits to conglomerates. The plutonic rocks range in composition from gabbro to true granites, but tonalite is the dominant rock type. The chemical differences between the tholeiitic basalts and the calc-alkaline andesitic to rhyolitic sequences suggests that these volcanic suites are derived from different sources and/or through different processes. The granitoids have close chemical similarities with the silicic volcanics. From the geochemical and field relationships, the Nyanzian and Kavirondian sequences are considered to have developed on a continental segment which had not yet attained full stability. The model employed for the generation of these volcanics considers the basalts to have been generated in a region undergoing extension, similar to that of a modern back-arc environment, whereas the calc-alkaline sequences, including the granitoids, are broadly comparable with those found in present day continental arc environments.

La minéralisation aurifère primaire du secteur de Bogoin se présente sous forme d'un stockwerk quartzeux de direction N-S encaissé dans des roches vertes. Ces dernières appartiennent à une série métamorphique (limite faciès schistes verts-amphibolite) plissée en un synclinorium de direction N-S qui dessine un "doigt de gant" dans un vaste massif granito-gneissique. La foliation principale (SP) est plan axial de cette structure. L'ensemble est réputé archéen. Le synclinal s'ennoie vers le Sud sous une couverture gréso-quartzitique protérozoïque supérieur. Les granitoïdes sont en partie intrusifs dans la série métamorphique, comme le montrent des transformations endomorphiques au contact des roches vertes et des itabirites. Leur mise en place est anté-à syn-SP. Ils sont de type S et de caractère calco-alcalin. Des filonnets aplo-pegmatitiques marquent deux "migmatisations", l'une anté-à syn-SP, l'autre post-SP. La série métamorphique comprend, de bas en haut : Des roches vertes (amphibolites), des gneiss fins, des itabirites, une série rubanée volcano-sédimentaire couronnée par des métarhyolitoïdes de type calco-alcalin. Ces deux derniers termes n'avaient pas auparavant été décrits. Le magmatisme basique est de type tholéiitique et les faciès ultra basiques peuvent correspondre à des cumulats résultant du processus de cristallisation fractionnée. La découverte de tourmalinite dans le stockwerk aurifère montre l'intervention de fluides liés aux granitoïdes. Une première génération de de quartz gris renferme des sulfures (pyrrhotite destabilisée en melnicovite-marcasite, pyrite, mispickel, chalcopyrite) et l'essentiel de l'or libre. Une deuxième génération de quartz blanc est dépourvue de sulfures et renferme de faibles teneurs en or. Dans le secteur minéralisé, les roches vertes ont subi des altérations (chlorite, muscovite, trémolite-actinote, talc). Des anomalies en or existent dans les roches vertes altérées. La minéralisation de Bogoin présente un certain nombre de caractères correspondant au type "zone de cisaillement aurifère". Son cadre géologique correspond bien aux ceintures de roches vertes. Dans ce contexte, des concentrations aurifères peuvent être recherchées dans tous les termes lithologiques, notamment les itabirites et la série volcano-sédimentaire. (Centrafrique ; Or ; Précambrien ; Ceinture de roches vertes ; Zone de cisaillement ; Métallogénie ; Géochimie ; Magmatisme).

The Campbell mine is located in the eastern part of the Red Lake greenstone belt, Uchi Subprovince. Auriferous veins are parallel to S2, and are termed foliation parallel auriferous veins (NW striking, SW dipping). Auriferous veins also occur in shear zones which are oblique to the regional NW trending foliation (foliation-oblique deformation zones). These auriferous veins occur proximal to the F2 fold hinges. The deformation zones are typically meters to 10's of meters wide, and are characterized by more intense foliation development, and abundant carbonate veins and veinlets. Progressive D2 shortening resulted in a late D2 decollement along the southwestern limb of the Balmer synform, cutting and offsetting auriferous mineralization. Several stages of hydrothermal activity are recognized in the Campbell mine area. Subsequent Au mineralization occurs in quartz veins and quartz + arsenopyrite hydrothermal breccias within quartz + carbonate veins; thus most of the Au mineralization overprints pre-existing quartz + carbonates within the D2 shear zones. Native gold from amphibolite facies domains contains significant Ag, precluding that it formed by the thermal decomposition of aurostibite. Therefore, the spatial variations in occurrence of Au phases reflect the deposition of Au during the peak metamorphism. Higher metamorphic grade rocks are extended westward along the auriferous shear zones, suggesting heat transfer along shear zones by hydrothermal fluids. This suggests a magmatic heat source to the east for auriferous hydrothermal activity. Hence, Au mineralization likely took place during the emplacement of the marginal phase of the Trout Lake batholith. The lack of Type II inclusions in high Au grade breccias is interpreted as a result of the selective loss of H2O following phase separation. Phase separation is probably the most important mechanism for the mineralization of high Au grades (>500 g/t Au) at the mine. The gold-related wallrock alteration at the Campbell Mine is similar to that in other Archean Au deposits hosted by lower amphibolite facies mafic rocks, such as the Coolgardie goldfields (Knight et al., 2000) and the Norseman district deposits (Mueller, 1992). The P-T conditions for the auriferous hydrothermal activity at many Archean lode-type deposits define a low P and high T path. The path indicates much higher temperatures than the Archean geotherm, suggesting either a contribution of heat from contemporaneous magmas to auriferous fluids, or rapid transfer of heat from deep levels. For syn-metamorphic Au deposits, the data support a magmatic heat source. This is in accord with the low P/high T conditions of the metamorphism accompanying the Au deposits. For post-peak metamorphic deposits, the data suggest transport of heat from a source external to the greenstone sequence. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Variolites are mafic to intermediate volcanic rocks containing centimetre-sized, spherical domains, termed varioles. Varioles are dominantly composed of plagioclase spherulites. Variolitic volcanic rocks host ore in many epigenetic Au deposits within Archean greenstone belts. The geochemistry and alteration of variolitic rocks were studied within the Archean Abitibi Greenstone Belt in Harker Township, Ontario and in the Dome Mine area, Timmins, Ontario. The study demonstrates that there is a connection between the anomalously high Fe/Mg ratio of the variolites and disseminated sulphide-Au mineralization. Variolites occur dominantly in the upper, more evolved parts of Fe tholeiitic volcanic sequences. They commonly have a more differentiated composition than typical Fe tholeiitic MORB rocks. They have elevated concentrations of incompatible elements, silica, iron, titanium and phosphorous, and lower than expected concentrations of compatible elements such as vanadium and magnesium. In addition, their Fe/Mg ratio is anomalously high, commonly greater than 3.0. Varioles tend to be more concentrated in intermediate-acidic flows, which are characterized by flow banding, extensive development of hyaloclastite, and brittle fracture. Disequilibrium crystal habits, including plagioclase spherulites, branching amphiboles (after pyroxene), and dendritic oxides, are common in variolites and are related to diffusion limited growth conditions. These conditions were likely caused, in part, by the relatively silica-rich nature of the lavas and undercooling. The differentiation of the variolitic suites is interpreted to be due to fractional crystallization. The compositional range of the suite is similar to other strongly differentiated Archean tholeiitic rocks, such as the Golden Mile Dolerite in Kalgoorlie, Australia. The variolitic suites are also similar to modern evolved, oceanic suites developed in areas of thicker oceanic crust. The variolitic suites are interpreted to result from injection of tholeiitic magma along faults to high levels in the crust where lower temperatures and pressures promoted rapid and extensive differentiation. Alteration studies of variolites associated with Au mineralization revealed that the alteration mineralogy is partly related to the host rock composition. The upper, more evolved flows of the variolitic suites tend to stabilize a complex mineral assemblage, including albite, Fe-Ti oxides, and pyrite whereas the lesser evolved flows stabilize a simpler assemblage, generally dominated by carbonate minerals. In both areas, mineralized zones have significant addition of CO2, S, and Au and depletion of H2O. Hydrothermal alteration in the Harker Lake area is characterized by oxidation of the host rock with addition of Na2O and Sr and depletion of Zn, MgO, MnO and, to a minor extent, HREE, whereas alteration at the Dome Mine is characterized by reduction of the host rock, addition of K2O, Ba, CaO, B, and LREE, and depletion of Na2O, Sr, and HREE. These results reflect differences between the two areas in the size and intensity of the mineralizing events, the influence of structural styles, and the local rock types. In variolites, Au is deposited by destabilization of the Au-bisulphide complex largely due to removal of sulphur from solution by reaction with iron in the host rock to form pyrite. Bohlke (1988) has demonstrated that the Fe/Mg ratio of the host rock plays a key role in determining whether Fe-Mg(-Ca) carbonates or pyrite will be formed in the alteration zone. Pyrite will tend to form in host rocks which have a high Fe/Mg ratio. This effect is enhanced when the auriferous hydrothermal fluids have previously equilibrated with high magnesian rocks. The anomalously high Fe/Mg ratio of variolitic rocks (> 2.0) makes them ideal chemical traps for sulphide-Au mineralization. Additionally, their tendency for brittle fracture enables the fluids to affect a greater volume of rock, enhancing the potential for mineralization. Variolites may be useful in the exploration for epigenetic Au deposits. As a consequence of their composition, variolites have excellent potential to host disseminated sulphide-Au mineralization in association with shear zones or faults, which have provided the pathways for auriferous fluids.

The finding of Fe-rich picritic basalts in the Gusev Crater on Mars has stimulated interest in Fe-rich magmatism on the early Earth. A significant number of occurrences of ferropicrite magmatism have been identified in Archean terranes, and a study of their mineralogy and setting may provide insights into the petrogenesis of Martian ferropicrites. One of the best exposed of these terrestrial ferropicrites occurs in the Pulpwood Harbour sequence of the Heron Bay volcanics (~2.6-2.7Ga) in the Schreiber-Hemlo Greenstone Belt of the Superior Province of Canada. The ferropicrite bodies consist largely of cumulate rocks, overlain by minor Fe-rich lavas. The compositions of the cumulate rocks can be explained by progressive crystal accumulation of olivine (~Fo76) followed by clinopyroxene and then Fe-Ti oxides, in a relatively closed system, and with increasing proportions of interstitial liquid contained in the cumulate rocks. The overlying Fe-rich lavas represent very Fe-rich liquids, with up to ~17 wt.% FeO*, which appear to be comagmatic with the cumulate rocks below them. Although the compositions of the chilled margins and the Fe-rich lavas are similar to those of Martian lavas from Gusev crater, the Pulpwood Harbour ferropicrites liquids appear to have been mildly Silica-undersaturated, in contrast to the strongly orthopyroxene- normative compositions of the Gusev Crater ferropicrites, and have enriched incompatible trace element profiles characteristic of modern mildly alkaline OIB-type basalts. Inconsistencies between trace elements and major element modeling suggest, however, that the original parental magma may have had a significant carbonate component that was largely lost from the volcanic rocks upon eruption, but partially retained in the cumulate ferropicritic rocks of Pulpwood Harbour.<br>La découverte de basaltes picritiques riches en fer à la surface de Mars (notamment dans le cratère Gusev) a ravivé l'interêt des chercheurs pour les magmas terrestres de même type, bien plus faciles d'accès. En effet, de nombreuses ferropicrites ont été identifiées dans les terrains Archéens, et une étude détaillée de leur minéralogie et de leur contexte géologique pourrait, par analogie avec la Terre primitive, nous renseigner sur la pétrogenèse des ferropicrites martiennes. L'un des meilleurs affleurements de ferropicrites terrestres se situe dans la séquence volcanique de Pulpwood Harbour à Heron Bay (~2.6-2.7Ga), au sein de la ceinture de roches vertes de Schreiber-Hemlo, dans la Province géologique du Supérieur au Canada. Les affleurements de ferropicrites sont constitués de cumulats à leur base, et d'une partie supérieure de laves riches en fer. L'évolution des compositions de ces ferropicrites peut être expliquée par l'accumulation progressive de cristaux d'olivine (~Fo76), puis de clinopyroxenes et d'oxides de Fe et Ti, dans un système relativement clos, avec de plus en plus de liquide interstitiel contenu dans les cumulats. Les laves riches en fer situées au-dessus des cumulats représentent des liquides très riches en fer, avec jusqu'à 17 pds.% FeO*, et sont co-magmatiques avec les cumulats. Bien que la composition chimique des bordures figées des horizons lithologiques ressemble à celle de laves martiennes provenant du cratère Gusev, les liquides ferropicritiques de Pulpwood Harbour sont légèrement sous-saturées en Silice, contrairement aux compositions fortement normatives en orthopyroxenes des ferropicrites martiennes. Ils sont aussi enrichis en éléments incompatibles à la manière des basaltes alcalins modernes de type îles océaniques. Des incohérences entre nos modélisations des éléments traces et celles des éléments majeurs suggèrent cependant que le magma parent des ferropicrites contenait une quantité importante de carbonates. Ces carbonates se seraient échappés des roches volcaniques lors de leur éruption, mais auraient été partiellement retenus dans les cumulats ferropicritiques de Pulpwood Harbour.

Orientadores: Job Jesus Batista, Roberto Perez Xavier<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-21T09:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pires_PauloFernandoRavacci_M.pdf: 6148087 bytes, checksum: 07686fc46b8c721d0a18610bb070a801 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996<br>Resumo: O depósito aurífero Ambrósio situa-se no setor norte do Greenstone Be/t do Rio Itapicuru, de idade Proterozóica inferior (2.200 a 2.000 Ma), associado a uma estreita faixa de rochas supracrustais, intensamente deformada, entre dois domos sin-tectônicos (dom os Ambrósio e Pedra Alta). A mineralização encontra-se no contato entre metassedimentos clásticos e químicos / anfibolitos, que fazem parte do Domínio Vulcânico Máfico, porção basal da seqüência litoestratigráfica deste greenstone. Os metassedimentos e anfibolitos são a lapa e a capa da mineralização, respectivamente, sendo os primeiros representados por andaluzita-granada-biotita xistos e os últimos formados essencialmente por homblenda e plagioclásio. Estes litotipos apresentam aspecto milonitico desenvolvido em fácies anfibolito. O controle estrutural do depósito está intimamente associado a estruturas geradas em função do desenvolvimento de um sistema de dup/exes direcionais dúcteis, na região de recobrimento entre duas zonas de cisalhamento principais, situadas nas bordas dos domos granito-gnáissicos. O ouro é encontrado em veios quartzo-sulfetados (arsenopirita, pirrotita e pirita), com biotita, plagioclásio e muscovita em menor quantidade. Os veios foram submetidos a intenso processo de recristalização, sendo controlados por: I) zona transcorrente (NNE) e 2) dobras de arrasto com eixos subhorizontais na direção NNE. Estas estruturas mineralizadas estão relacionadas aos estágios iniciais da evolução deste sistema de dup/exes, concomitantes ao metamorfismo regional. Estudos de inclusões fluidas, nos veios mineralizados, revelam o predomínio de inclusões monofásicas ricas em CO2 (a temperatura ambiente). Estas inclusões ricas em CO2 aparecem restritas às trilhas intergranulares ou ao longo dos limites dos sub-grãos. Dados de microtennometria e microssonda Raman demonstram que os fluidos carbônicos são compostos por CO2 puro. A caracterização do fluido e a petrografia no veio mineralizado sugerem que o ouro foi transportado por tiocomplexos, em um fluido original aquo-carbônico que, durante a formação do veio e posteriormente com a deformação, foi enriquecido em CO2 pela perda de H20<br>Abstract: The Ambrósio lode gold deposit, located in the northem sector ofthe lower Proterozoic (2.200 to 2.000 Ma) Rio Itapicuru greenstone belt, northeast Brazil, is enclosed within a narrow belt ofhighly deformed supracrustals, tightly squeezed between two syn-tectonic granitic batholiths (pedra Alta and Ambrósio domes). The deposit is hosted at the contact of amphibolites and clastic-chemical metasediments, which represent part ofthe mafic volcanic domain at the basal portion ofthe greenstone belt sequence. The metasediments and amphibolites comprise the footwall and hangingwall ofmineralization, respectively. The former are represented by andalusite-gamet-biotite schist and the latter consits mainly ofhomblende and plagioclase; these lithotypes show mylonite texture devoloped in amphibolites facies. The deposit is closely associated with structures developed in a ductile strike-slip duplexes system, in the offset region between two main shear zones at the boundary of the granite-gneiss domes. The gold mineralization occurs in centimetre-wide quartz veins containing disseminations of iron sulphides (arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite and pyrite), and subordinate amounts ofbiotite, plagioclase and muscovite. The veins were submitted to intense recrystallization processes and are controUed by: 1) transcurrent shear zone (NNE) and 2) drag folds with subhorizontal axis in the NNE direction. These minera1ized structures are related to early stages of evolution ofthe duplexes system, and are broadly synchronous with regional metamorphism and granite intrusions. CO2 - rich inclusions, mostly monophase at room temperature, are the dominant or virtually the only fluid inclusion type, in the quartz veios of the Ambrósio deposito The CO2 - rich inclusions appear restricted to intergranular trails, or along subgrain boundaries. Microthermometry and laser Raman microphobe data demonstrate that the carbonic fluids are composed of pure CO2. Fluid inclusions and petrographic studies suggest that gold was transported by tiocomplex in an original H20-C02 fluid, which was enriched in C02 by loss ofH20 during the vein formation and later deformation<br>Mestrado<br>Metalogenese<br>Mestre em Geociências

O presente trabalho procurou identificar e definir os principais eventos geológicos sobre a evolução crustal dos terrenos granito-greenstone de Manica, região centro-oeste de Moçambique. O distrito de Manica localiza-se no centro-oeste de Moçambique entre as latitudes 18°50\'S - 19°00\'S e as longitudes 32°45\'E - 32°55\'E. É predominantemente constituída por terrenos da assembléia granito-greenstone belts de idade Arqueana e representa o prolongamento para leste do Cráton do Zimbabwe. O Greenstone belt de Manica é composto por uma sequência de metavulcanitos máficos e ultramáficos (Formação de Macequece) sobre a qual assenta em discordância uma sucessão metassedimentar clástica (Formação de Vengo). Foram coletadas e analisadas isotopicamente pelos métodos U-Pb (zircão), empregando as técnicas convencionais (TIMS) e LA-HR-ICP-MS, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, e K-Ar, amostras de granitóides do tipo TTG, rochas vulcânicas félsicas e máficas e ultramáticas e rochas sedimentares. Foram também estudadas as mineralizações de dois depósitos (Monarch e Mundonguara) associados a esses terrenos, com a aplicação das técnicas Pb-Pb e da plumbotectônica. Para os granitóides foram obtidas pelos métodos U-Pb (zircão) as idades de 2,9 Ga para os TTG do extremo sul do greenstone belt (Mundonguara e Complexo de Vumba), 2,7 Ga para os granitóides internos, 2,8 Ga para os granitóides do extremo norte e 2,6 Ga para as amostras da região de Messica. Obtiveram-se ainda as idades Rb-Sr de 2,7 Ga e 2,8 Ga com razões iniciais \'ANTPOT. 87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT. 86 Sr\' de 0,7015 e 0,7021 para as amostras de Mundonguara e Vumba. A idade máxima de deposição das rochas sedimentares da Formação do Vengo é definida como sendo de 2,65 Ga. Para as rochas vulcânicas obteve-se uma idade U-Pb (zircão) pelo método convencional de 2,9 Ga para as rochas félsicas e para as ultramáficas uma idade isocrômica Sm-Nd de referência de ~3,2 Ga. Para as rochas máficas obtiveram-se idade isocrômicas Sm-Nd de 2,0 para os metabasaltos, de 2,0 e 0,8 Ga para os doleritos. Assumindo extração da crosta a partir de manto empobrecido (DePaolo, 1981), obtiveram-se as idades-modelo \'T IND. dm\' dentro do intervalo de tempo de 2,8 a 3,1 Ga para os granitóides, 3,2 Ga para as rochas ultramáficas, 2,9 a 3,1 Ga para as rochas vulcânicas ácidas, 2,3 Ga para os metabasaltos e para os doleritos duas épocas distintas de 2,5 a 2,4 Ga e de 1,1 Ga. Esta última inclui os gabros. Os granitóides apresentaram valores de \'épsilon\' Nd calculados para 2,9 e 2,7 Ga de entre -5,15 a 0,79, mostrando que foram originados a partir de processos de fusão parcial de rochas crustais com participação subordinada de magmas mantélicos. Algumas rochas máficas e ultramáficas, embora tenham fracionado a razão Sm-Nd, apresentam valores de \'épsilon\' Nd (T) positivo, sugerindo que os seus magmas mantélicos parentais não sofreram contaminação crustal. As rochas fracionadas podem ter sofrido metassomatismo no manto superior através da adição de material crustal, o que justificaria os valores de \'épsilon\' Nd (T) negativos. As idades K-Ar (522 - 519 Ma) obtidas em biotitas indicam a ocorrência de fenômenos de aquecimento térmico na borda do Cráton do zimbbwe, região de Manica, durante o Pan-africano, por ação do Cinturão de Dobramentos de Moçambique a leste da área de estudo. As composições isotópicas de Pb revelam que os dois principais depósitos minerais do distrito de Manica têm composições isotópicas distintas, sendo o depósito de Cu de Mundonguara mais radiogênico que o de outo de Monarch. Tanto um como o outro mostram contribuições significativas de Pb proveniente de rochas da crosta continental superior. Com base nos dados geocronológicos obtidos pode-se admitir para ambas as mineralizações uma origem primária para os metais em cerca de 3,0 Ga, com uma posterior remobilização e concentração dos metais em épocas mais tardias provavelmente relacionadas ao final do arqueano. Finalmente podemos considerar que os terremos arqueanos de Manica evoluíram a partir de uma crosta continental com cerca de 3,2 Ga, que sofreu um rifteamento, produzindo adelgaçamento da crosta, ascensão da astenosfera e vulcanismo bimodal formando rochas vulcânicas ácidas e máficas/ultramáficas entre 2,9 e 3,1 Ga. Essas rochas com sedimentação associada, quando metamorfizadas durante o fechamento da bacia, produziram as sequências do tipo greenstone belt. Posteriormente ocorreram intrusões de corpos graníticos, o último dos quais à cerca de 2,6 Ga. O modelo de rifting intracontinental é o que melhor enquadra para a evolução dos terrenos de Manica.<br>The main prupose of this work is to identify and to characterize the main geological events related to the Manica granite-greenstone terrains, as well as to define the age and stratigraphy of the rock units of the Manica Greenstone Belt. The Manica district is located at the central-west of Mozambique between the parallels 18°50\'S - 19°00\'S and meridians 32°45\'E-32°55\'E. It is constituted mainly of Achean granite-greenstones and represents the eastern extension of the Zimbabwe craton. This greenstone assemblage is comprised of mafic and ultramafic metavolcanic rocks (the Macequece Formation) in lithological discordance with a succession of clastic metasediments (Vengo Formation). TTG-type granitoids, felsic and mafic/ultramafic volcanic and sedimentary rocks were sampled and analyzed for U-Pb (zircon) by TIMS and LA-HR-ICP-MS, and for Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and K-Ar. The Pb isotopic compositions of two mineral deposits (Monarch and Mundonguara) associated to these trerrains were studied. The ages of granitoids from the TTG suites were analyzed by U-Pb zircon method. The ages are as follows: a) an age of 2,9 Ga for the TTG suites at the far south of the belt, b) an age of 2,7 Ga for the internal granitoids, c) an age of 2,8 Ga for the northern granitoid and d) and age of 2,6 Ga for samples of Messica. Ages of 2,7 Ga and 2,8 Ga (Rb-Sr) and \'ANTPOT. 87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT. 86 Sr\' = 0,7015 and 0,7021 were also obtained for the samples of Mundongura and Vumba. The maximum age for the deposition of the sedimentary rocks of the Vengo Formation is about 2,65 Ga. An age of 2,9 Ga (U-Pb, zircon) was obtained for the felsic volcanic rocks and an Sm-Nd isochron age of ~3,2 Ga for the ultramafic rocks. An isochron age of 2,0 Ga for the metabasalts, 2,0 Ga and 0,8 for the dolerites were also obtained by Sm-Nd. Sm-Nd mantle-depleted model ages range from 3,1 to 2,8 Ga as the most important period for continental crustal accretion in the Manica area. The calculated \'épsilon\' Nd values for 2,9 Ga and 2,7 Ga of -5,15 to 0,79, for the TTG suites, depict and origin by partial melting of crustal rocks with a subordinate involvement of mantle-derived magmas. Some mafic and ultramafic rocks have a positive \'épsilon\' Nd (T), suggesting that their mantle-derived parental magmas did not suffer importante continental crustal contamination. The fractionated rocks might have suffered metasomatism in the upper mantle through the addition of crustal material, which could justify the negative contamination. The \'épsilon\' Nd (T) values. The K-Ar ages (522 - 519 Ma) obtained in biotites indicate an event of Pan-African tectonic reactivation in the Manica area, as a reflex of the Mozambique Belt evolution. The Pb isotopic compositions show that the two main deposits of the Manica district have distinct isotopic compositions, the Mundonguara deposit being more radiogenic than that of Monarch. Both have significant Pb derived from the upper continental crust, indicating that the present mineralizations are epigenetic. The Cu and Au were incorporated in the crust at 3,0 Ga were remobilized later by events of magmatic intrusions and reactivation of shear zones around 2,6 Ga. Based on the data obtained in this work, the Archean terrains of Manica evolved from a continental crust at 3,2 Ga that suffered rifting and hence, crustal thinning, asthenospheric upwelling and bimodal volcanism of acid, mafic/ ultramafic rocks between 2,9 Ga and 3,1 Ga. These rocks with the associated sediments were metamorphosed during the closing of the basin to produce the greenstone belt. Later on, there were granitic intrusions, with the last event ~2,6 Ga. The intracontinental rifting model is that which best fits with the evolution of the Manica terrains.

The ca. 2720 Ma Vermilion, Shebandowan, Winston Lake, and Manitouwadge greenstone belts (VGB, SGB, WGB, and MGB, respectively) are located along the northern margin of the Wawa subprovince. They are interpreted to have formed in broadly similar rifted arc to back-arc environments, but their base and precious endowment and, in particular, their endowment in VMS deposits, differ markedly. These difference is metal endowment reflect differences in their metallogenic history that were examined by comparing their regional, belt-scale lithostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, petrogenesis and tectonic history constrained by new U-Pb zircon geochronology. The MGB is the most VMS-endowed and isotopically juvenile (Pb and Nd) greenstone belt. It has a trace element chemostratigraphy that is consistent with a rifted arc to back-arc environment. The trace element chemostratigraphy of the WGB is also consistent with a rifted-arc to back arc geodynamic setting. The Winston Lake VMS deposits formed during early rifting of the arc and their timing is tightly constrained at ca. 2720 Ma by U-Pb ages of the host felsic strata and post-VMS Zenith gabbro. The Zn-dominated VMS mineralization formed from hydrothermal fluids that were <300 ° and were possibly boiling in relatively shallow water. The trace element chemostratigraphy of the VGB, SGB, and WGB indicates a plume-driven rifted arc to back-arc geodynamic settings. The composition of VMS mineralization, lithofacies, and alteration in these belts are consistent with a relatively shallower-water environment, which may have compromised VMS formation. The high-Mg andesites that are typical of, but restricted to, the SGB formed during compressional “hot” subduction, which resulted in the development of a thicker arc crust. This thicker crust may have inhibited VMS formation, but favoured the formation of magmatic sulphide and gold mineralization. New detrital and magmatic zircon U-Pb geochronology allowed comparison and correlation of lithostratigraphy and metallogeny between the greenstone belts. U-Pb ages within the VGB also defined younger, Timiskaming-type volcanic and sedimentary strata that are coeval with similar deposits in the SGB. These strata are spatially and temporally associated with gold mineralization in both belts and are coeval with similar deformation and magmatic events in the WGB and along the northern margin of the Wawa-Abitibi terrane. This indicates that the formation of Timiskaming-type pull apart basins in the northern part of the Wawa-Abitibi terrane were synchronous, and earlier than in the southern part, which is consistent with oblique convergence of the Wawa-Abitibi terrane onto the Superior Province. Detrital zircon geochronology also revealed the presence of a >2720 Ma iv zircon population within the Timiskaming-type sedimentary strata of the SGB. This is consistent with their derivation from the Wabigoon subprovince and suggests trans-terrane transport of detritus in a foreland –type basin resulting from uplift of the Wabigoon subprovince during accretion of the Wawa subprovince.

The Timiskaming Group is a late Archaean syn-tectonic lithological unit which lies unconformably on greenstone-belt volcanic rocks and consists of an alluvial-fluvial assemblage intercalated with alkalic volcanic rocks and a turbidite assemblage. The fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the alluvial-fluvial assemblage and turbidite north unit have similar mineralogical and chemical compositions such as high SiO$\sb2$, U, Th and total rare-earth elements (REE). The turbidite south unit has high Fe$\sb2$O$\sb{3(\rm tot)}$, MgO, TiO$\sb2$, Cr and Ni. Petrographic and geochemical examinations of clasts from the alluvial-fluvial assemblage indicate that the clasts are mostly igneous rocks with minor sedimentary rocks. Four major types of igneous clasts are recognized: calc-alkaline porphyries, trachytes, trondhjemites and tholeiitic basalts. Results indicate that the turbidite south unit is the oldest unit of the Timiskaming Group and the age of sedimentation is bracketed between 2685 Ma and 2700 Ma. It was derived from an undissected arc terrane uplifted during accretion. Sources for the turbidite south unit estimated from chemical compositions of shales are 12% rhyolite, 18% komatiite and 70% andesite. The alluvial-fluvial assemblage and turbidite north unit are inferred to have been derived from a dissected island arc after accretion, but before the unroofing of K-rich intrusions, which are presently extensively exposed. A source comprising 60% calc-alkaline porphyries, 20% trachytes and 20% tholeiitic basalts is estimated for the turbidite north unit from the chemical composition of shales. The distribution of trachyte clasts in the alluvial-fluvial assemblage only close to the Lander Lake-Cadillac Fault (LLCF) suggests that displacement along the fault may have created conduits for alkaline magmas. Similar lithology of conglomerates north and south of the fault suggests that the alluvial-fluvial assemblage was deposited in a pull-apart basin after juxtaposition of two tectonic blocks along the fault between 2685 and 2677 Ma. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Part of the Slave Structural Province, the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt is a 82 km long north-striking sequence of supracrustal rocks dominated by mafic volcanic rocks with lesser felsic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Mapping of two transects in the southern section and two transects in the northern section have contributed to a robust stratigraphic framework the belt. Three recently discovered Archean lode gold deposits in the Hope Bay Greenstone belt have associations with major structures and specific lithologies (Fe-Ti enriched basalts). The Flake Lake and the Clover Transects are in the southern part of the belt and the Wolverine and Doris-Discovery Transects are in the northern part of the belt. This work subdivides the volcanic rocks into distinct suites based upon field, petrologic, geochemical, and geochronologic criteria. Some of the suites are stratigraphically continuous and can be correlated tens of kilometres along strike thereby linking the two parts of the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt. U-Pb geochronology supports work by Hebel (1999) concluded that virtually all the supracrustal rocks in the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt were deposited over at least 53 m.y. (2716-2663 Ma), with the majority of the volcanism occurring after 2700 Ma. A number of basalt groups are identified and include the normal basalt, the LREE-enriched basalt, the Ti-enriched basalt and the Ti-enriched Al-depleted basalt groups. They have chemical signatures that vary in trace elements particularly HFSE and REE’s, and can be easily be distinguished by geochemical screening. The felsic volcanic suites are also divided into three main groups, tholeiitic rhyolite, calc-alkaline dacite and calc-alkaline rhyolite groups. Nd and Hf isotope signatures are consistent with trace element signatures in identifying mafic and felsic volcanic groups, with the tholeiitic rhyolite showing highly variable signature. The Hope Bay Greenstone Belt has been show to have a number of felsic and volcanic cycles. An early construction phase of the belt is made up of primarily mafic volcanics which is followed by felsic volcanism equalled mafic volcanism which lacks basalts enriched in Ti. The geodynamic environment that created the Hope Bay Greenstone Belt can be explained by plume influenced subduction zone.

The Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt is an Eoarchean/Hadean succession preserved along the eastern coast of Hudson Bay in the Northeastern Superior Province, Quebec, Canada. It is essentially composed of three major lithological units: 1) mafic cummingtonite-amphibolite, known as the "faux-amphibolite", which is the dominant lithology of the belt, 2) ultramafic and mafic sills that intrude the faux-amphibolite, and 3) chemical sedimentary rocks comprising a banded iron formation (BIF) and a silica-formation. The faux-amphibolite has a basaltic to andesitic composition. It is composed of variable proportions of cummingtonite + biotite + quartz, ± plagioclase ± garnet ± anthophyllite ± cordierite and ranges from cummingtonite amphibolite to garnet-biotite schist. Some rocks from the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt have lower 142Nd /144Nd ratios than the terrestrial standard (epsilon142Nd = -0.07 to -0.15). The 142Nd/144Nd ratios for the faux-amphibolite correlate positively with their Sm/Nd ratios and produce a 146Sm-142Nd isochron with an age of 4280 +53 –81 million years. The 4.28 Ga faux-amphibolite is intruded by highly deformed gabbro sills yielding a 147Sm-143Nd isochron with a slope corresponding to an age of 4023 ± 110 Ma. The Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt also comprises 3.8 Ga felsic bands and is surrounded by 3.66 Ga tonalite interpreted to have been produced by the melting of the older mafic faux-amphibolite. The Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt thus represents an Eoarchean/Hadean crustal section comprising the oldest rocks preserved on Earth. The 4.28 Ga faux-amphibolite is divided into a high-Ti group and a low-Ti group with co-genetic ultramafic sills and separated by a BIF/silica-formation. At the base of the sequence, the high-Ti faux-amphibolite is basaltic in composition and has "tholeitic" affinities. The low-Ti faux-amphibolite above the BIF exhibits a wider range of composition from basalti<br>La ceinture de roches vertes de Nuvvuagittuq est une succession Éoarchéenne/Hadéenne préservée le long the la côte Est de la Baie d'Hudson dans la Province du Supérieur, Québec, Canada. Elle est essentiellement composée de trois unités lithologique majeures : 1) une amphibolite à cummingtonite appelée « faux-amphibolite » étant la lithologie dominante de la ceinture, 2) des filons-couches mafiques et ultramafiques en intrusion dans la faux-amphibolite, et 3) des roches sédimentaires chimiques comprenant une formation de fer rubanée (BIF) and une formation de silice. La faux-amphibolite est basaltique à andésitique en composition. Elle est constituée de différentes proportions de cummingtonite + biotite + quartz, ± plagioclase ± grenat ± anthophyllite ± cordiérite variant d'amphibolite à cummingtonite à schiste à biotite-grenat. Certaines roches de la ceinture de roches vertes de Nuvvuagittuq présentes des rapports 142Nd/144Nd inférieurs aux standards terrestres (epsilon142Nd = -0.07 to -0.15). Les rapports 142Nd/144Nd de la faux-amphibolite corrèle positivement avec leurs rapports Sm/Nd produisant une isochrone 146Sm-142Nd avec un âge de 4280 +53 –81 millions d'années. Des filons-couches de gabbro hautement déformés en intrusion dans la faux-amphibolite âgée de 4.28 Ga, produisent une isochrone 147Sm-143Nd avec une pente correspondant à un âge de 4023 ± 110 Ma. La ceinture de roches vertes de Nuvvuagittuq compte également des bandes felsiques de 3.8 Ga et est entourée par une tonalite datée à 3.66 Ga interprétée comme étant produite par la fusion des amphibolites mafiques plus âgées. La ceinture de roches vertes de Nuvvuagittuq représente donc une section crustal Éoarchéenne/Hadéenne comprenant les roches les plus vieilles préservées sur la Terre. La faux-amphibolite est divisée en un groupe riche en Ti et un groupe pauvre en Ti avec des filons-c