Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Greening of the economy'

Green economy is one that generates increasing prosperity while maintaining the natural systems that sustain us. The greening of economies is not generally a drag on growth but rather a new engine of growth; that it is a net generator of decent jobs, and that it is also a vital strategy for the elimination of persistent poverty. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31039

An important condition for the economy transformations, focused on reducing of eco-destructive impact of production and consumption of goods and services per unit of gross national product (i.e greening the economy) is an effectiveness of those tools that provide reduction of the "pressure" of the economy on the environment. However, according to experts, those eco-oriented tools that Ukraine uses nowadays are not able to influence the formation of the structure of the economy. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31711

Nowadays, green architecture is being explored in order to meet the needs of people who try to adapt alternative ways of living with the changing conditions of biosphere owing to the fact that the earth suffers from continually rising temperatures, melting of icebergs, diminishing natural resources. Green architecture offers a large amount of help and solution to provide the emerging requirements of changing settings by getting to the root of the problem with nature friendly approaches. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31686

Матеріал присвячено питанням "озеленення" економіки та впровадженням зелених технологій в життя суспільства.
Материал посвящен вопросам "озеленения" экономики и внедрением зеленых технологий в жизни общества.
The material is devoted to the issues of "greening" the economy and the introduction of green technologies in the life of society.

In recent years the deterioration of the environment has become really influence on the quality of life of the population limiting the possibility of social and economic development of countries and regions. In this context, political decisions are needed for greening economic activity, which is defined as the process of creation, development and use of scientific and technical, technological, administrative, legal and socio-economic innovations in the production and consumption sectors [1]. Green economy is recognized as one of the main trends of the XXI century. It integrates environmental and economic interests of countries and regions. One of the main directions of green economy is energy efficiency (EE) activity which helps to save energy resources and therefore to reduce environmental contamination levels.

Абстрактний аналіз, що забезпечує елементи формування зеленої економіки, а також представляє роль третьої та четвертої промислових революцій у цьому процесі. Це відображає соціально-економічні перетворення, спрямовані на формування децентралізованого виробництва відновних джерел енергії. Вона також зосереджується на трансформації економічної системи для сталого розвитку, яка відбувається через дематеріалізацію використання енергії та матеріалів та потоків, озеленення економіки та, як наслідок, зменшення людського сліду в умовах третьої та четвертої промислової революції.
Абстрактные анализы, обеспечивающие элементы формирования зеленой экономики, а также представляют роль Третьей и Четвертой промышленных революций в этом процессе. Он отражает социально-экономические преобразования, направленные на формирование децентрализованного производства возобновляемой энергии. Он также фокусируется на преобразовании экономической системы для устойчивого развития, которое происходит за счет дематериализации использования энергии и материалов и потоков, озеленения экономики и, как следствие, сокращения человеческого следа в условиях третьей и четвертой промышленных революций.
The abstract analyses providing elements for forming green economy as well as presents the role of the Third and Fourth Industrial Revolutions in this process. It reflects the socio-economic transformations targeted at the formation of decentralized renewable energy production. It also focuses on economic system transformation for sustainable development, which occur through dematerialization of energy and material usage and flows, greening the economy and as a result reduction of human footprint in conditions of Third and Fourth Industrial Revolutions.

In a market economy, the behaviour of firms determines the extent and type of anthropogenic impacts that affect natural ecosystems. As such it is critical that the regulation of corporate behaviour is closely appraised. All economic production systems use natural resource inputs and release waste emissions to environmental sinks; they also contribute to sustainability in terms of income generation. The analysis of economic efficiency is thus coined in terms of juxtaposing and balancing these effects and the role of regulation is to intervene so that the outcome (in terms of corporate behaviour) approximates to this theoretical social optimum. Determining optimal regulation is the core focus of this thesis. The role of environmental regulation has become prominent of late owing to developments in the science (and social science) of climate change and ecosystems functioning. It has also been strongly influenced by the Porter Hypothesis (PH) which challenges the non-interventionist doctrine of neo-classical economics in favour of stricter environmental regulation, based on the presumption that significant pollution offsets are available if and only firms are forced to search for eco-innovations. In order to progress the argument vis-à-vis optimal regulation it is first essential to explore the role of the firm in society, i.e. what the responsibilities of industry ought to be with respect to the sustainability agenda. I juxtapose and critically appraise functionalist theory and its associated utilitarian ethic with social permission theory; the outcome of this analysis is the contention that ‘I&We’ deontological theory is the most defensible alternative and as such a firm’s fiduciaries ought to balance the conflicting claims of stakeholders, i.e. shareholders are important but not paramount. Given this outcome, the role of the regulator is to intervene when the market for ‘green’ corporate behaviour does not function. There are various reasons outlined as to why such intervention might be required. On the demand side, evidence is presented of consumers’ willingness-to-pay for perceived environmental quality. This product attribute is typically a credence attribute and there is asymmetric information; there is an incentive for ‘greenwashing’, i.e. false or misleading environmental marketing claims. The strategic behavioural model developed herein implies that the status quo is potential sub-optimality in that consumers play a mixed strategy and, over time, there is the potential for a vicious cycle in that progressively less and less ‘green’ marketing claims are genuine. On the supply side, firms may be ‘satisficing’ as opposed to optimising with respect to eco-innovations; a firm’s search for and selection of innovation is path-dependent, i.e. the history of innovations is influential. This supports the PH in that stimulating a shift to an eco-innovation trajectory realises benefits not only in the current time period but into the future. I also demonstrate that firms may be ‘locked in’ to technological paths that are sub-optimal (and environmentally damaging) owing to ‘coordination effects’ and as such there is a further role for economically efficient regulatory intervention on the supply side. Well-designed regulation can improve economic welfare in that it might propagate a shift in (as opposed to movement along) abatement cost curves. This in turn implies a convergence between the ‘best’ level of pollution for the polluter and for society, therein ameliorating the potential deadweight losses from the strategic interaction between the polluter and the regulator.

The "greening" of the economy implies a targeted process of economic transformation aimed at reduction of ecological impact on the environment. The concept of greening is realized through a system of organized measures, innovations, restructuring, technological transformations, and environmental policy activities at macro- and micro levels. Special attentions in greening the economy is devoted to the environmental innovations, as they are both profitable and environmentally friendly. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36212

This research investigates eco-clusters as driver for greening regional economic policy and examines necessary incentive structures to foster eco-innovation as well as growth and employment in the eco-industry sector. Eco-clusters are seen in context with sustainability and environmental friendly behavior as means for a socio-ecological transition in the long run. The main hypothesis implies that eco-clusters have to be policy driven and established top-down and therefore differ from cluster structures in other industries. Possible reasons are uncertainty on a developing market as well as external effects of eco-innovations; the latter are seen as radical innovations. Based on theoretic findings for the establishment of clusters and general research findings for eco-clusters and eco-innovations, it is differentiated between a spontaneous cluster emergence from private initiatives through self-reinforcing forces of companies in a region (bottom-up), and the formation of a policy-driven network with primarily regional objectives to stimulate the competitive advantage of the regional industrial location (top-down). The hypothesis will be proofed by empirical results gained through personal interviews and complemented by findings in current research literature. Finally, implications for incentive structures to green economic policy are identified. It is shown that eco-clusters are different to other clusters and crucial for a long-term sustainable change and thus need political commitment and public incentives. For empirical observation, eco-clusters in Austria were selected. This research relates to the ongoing debate on green growth and develops policy incentives for establishment of eco-clusters and thus greening of economic policy.
Series: WWWforEurope

Urban Studies
Ph.D.
Many cities in the US and around the world are facing a dual challenge of promoting both urban revitalization and urban sustainability. Increasingly, cities are exploring greening initiatives - through which vegetation is planted and maintained - targeting vacant land as a potential means of addressing both of these challenges. This research is a sustainability-based assessment of the impacts of a Philadelphia, PA-based program that uses greening as an interim management strategy for vacant land. I use quantitative spatial analysis techniques to measure economic, environmental, and social justice impacts of the Philadelphia Land Care (PLC) program, which `treats' vacant land by removing debris, bringing in topsoil, planting grass and trees, putting up a split-rail fence and providing regular maintenance during the growing season. The analysis is shaped by the concept of sustainability which posits that to be sustainable, development must incorporate and balance economic development, environmental preservation and social justice. This research seeks to answer a series of questions about the economic, environmental, and social justice impacts of the PLC program, ultimately assessing not only the extent to which it exhibits impacts along these three dimensions of sustainability but also whether or not the impacts vary for different locations, and also questions the extent to which there may be tradeoffs between the different potential impacts of the program. This dissertation addresses several gaps in the urban greenspace literature including an assessment of the effect of location on the impacts of greenspaces and an assessment of the extent to which temporary greenspaces have the same impacts of more permanent greenspaces. It also addresses questions in urban revitalization and sustainability about the potential role of greening programs in meeting these challenges. Ultimately, the PLC program is shown to increase surrounding property values, improve environmental conditions, and increase equity in access to greenspace in Philadelphia. These benefits are not uniform, however, and differ for neighborhoods across the city. The research indicates the potential for greening programs such as PLC to help cities address pressing economic, environmental, and social concerns, but highlights the need to understand the tensions and tradeoffs between different forms of program impacts.
Temple University--Theses

The "greening" of the economy implies a targeted process of economic transformation aimed at reduction of ecological impact on the environment. The concept of greening is realized through a system of organized measures, innovations, restructuring, technological transformations, and environmental policy activities at macro- and micro levels. Special attentions in greening the economy is devoted to the environmental innovations, as they both profitable and environmentally friendly. Fluctuations in availability, prices of natural resources and objective necessity of maintaining ecological balance, forces society to bear out cost of natural parks creation, ecological monitoring, conservation of species, etc. In market system, people's needs are the main driving force of social development and production.

Denna magisteruppsats i ekonomisk historia har som syfte att utforska varför den svenska bilparken är mer bränslekrävande än genomsnittet i Europa, samt att identifiera de historiska processer som påverkat formandet av den svenska bilparken. Tidigare miljöinriktad forskning inom ekonomisk historia har fokuserat på strukturomvandling och institutionell förändring inom industri- och hushållssektorn. Denna studie utforskar den privata transportsektorn genom att studera Volvo som varit tongivande i att forma sammansättning av den svenska bilparken. Genom att studera två av Sveriges största biltidningar – Teknikens värld och Volvos egen konsumenttidning, Ratten – samt årsberättelser och hållbarhetsrapporter från Volvo, har historien om varumärket Volvo och Volvos relation till miljön utforskats.  Volvo antog ’kvalitet’ och ’säkerhet’ som kärnvärden vid starten 1927. ’Omsorg om miljön’ lades till som ett tredje kärnvärde 1972 vilket antas vara av relevans för hur Volvo byggt sin identitet. Hur Volvo tolkat ’omsorg om miljön’ i relation till sitt varumärke och hur det integrerats i företagets produktionsprocesser är utgångspunkter för uppsatsens undersökande del som sträcker sig från 1972 till 2014.  Resultatet visar på att begreppet ’miljö’ har omtolkats av Volvo och följt den samhälleliga diskursen ganska väl. Från att handla om den lokala ’arbetsmiljön’ och det som kopplas därtill, till att handla om regionala utsläpp av partiklar för att till sist innefatta ett globalt perspektiv. Resultatet visar också att Volvo på grund av höga kostnader för arbetare och en stor efterfrågan från den amerikanska marknaden drivits till att producera stora och dyra bilar som drar mycket bränsle. På grund av att Volvo inte kunnat konkurrera med höga försäljningsvolymer har man istället satsat på säkra och hållbara bilar som kunnat bringa högre vinstmarginaler.  Efter krisen på 1990-talet och ett byte av ledarskap från Pehr G. Gyllenhammar till Sören Gyll, visar resultatet att ’omsorg om miljön’ fick en mer framskjuten roll i Volvos varumärkesbyggnad. Samtidigt beslutades att Volvo skulle ta ytterligare steg mot att tillverka bilar i premiumsegmentet vilket var svårt att kombinera med miljöhänsyn vad gäller bränsleförbrukning.  Slutsatserna som dragits från denna uppsats är att Volvo efter andra världskriget lyckades skaffa sig en ’pionjärsfördel’ – pioneering advantage – genom en stark introduktion av PV 444/544-modellerna på 1940- och 1950-talet och att man sedan kunnat använda denna fördel för att omtolka svenskars preferenser att välja bränslekrävande bilar. Detta innebär att företag, om de vill, har möjlighet att styra konsumenter mot att välja bättre miljöanpassade produkter. I uppsatsen argumenteras för att avsättningsmarknader spelar stor roll för möjligheten för företag att ställa om produktionen till att leverera ’grönare’ produkter.

З року в рік посилюється техногенне навантаження на природу від діяльності добувної промисловості та розроблення кар’єрів. ГДК майже не враховуються. Не враховуються й попередньо накопичені відходи. Це відбувається внаслідок того, що надрокористувачі не заохочені впроваджувати новітні технології видобутку корисних копалин, оскільки в нашій державі відсутній відповідний економічний механізм.

Гобела В. В. Екологізація в системі економічної безпеки держави: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 21.04.01 – економічна безпека держави / Гобела Володимир Володимирович. – Львів: Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ МВС України, 2020. - 246 с.
У роботі обґрунтовано актуальність теми в умовах розвитку сучасних трансформаційних та глобалізаційних процесів, сформульовано мету, завдання, об’єкт та предмет дослідження, виділено наукову новизну та практичне значення отриманих результатів. Розглянуто історичні аспекти процесу становлення економічної думки та здійснено теоретичний аналіз основних положень неокласичної економічної теорії. Зроблено відповідні узагальнення стосовно необхідності пошуку способів перетворення екстерналій в інтерналії, тобто інтеграції екологічних витрат в економічні, з метою забезпечення добробуту майбутніх поколінь. Розглянуто теоретичні засади здійснення екологізації в системі економічної безпеки держави. Проаналізовано та розкрито сутність понять: «економічна безпека», «еколого-економічна безпека», «екологічна безпека», «екологізація», «інституційне забезпечення екологізації», «економіко-безпековий інструментарій екологізації», «псевдоекологізація», «деекологізація». З метою поглиблення напрацювань розглянуто теоретичні підходи до визначення поняття «екологізація» та запропоновано методичний підхід до трактування цього поняття в широкому та вузькому розумінні. Відповідно до зазначеного підходу, екологізацію в широкому розумінні трактуємо як: соціально-економічну концепцію, відносини, інструмент, метод, у вузькому розумінні екологізацію трактуємо як діяльність, запропоновано авторські визначення. Виокремлено сфери та рівні прояву екологізації. На основі аналізу цілей і завдань економічної та екологічної систем, зроблено висновок щодо їхньої часткової суперечності. Запропоновано ідентифікувати відповідне явище як конфлікт цілей між екологічними та економічними системами, обґрунтовано доцільність використання зазначеного терміну в безпекознавстві. Екологізацію розглянуто як інструмент подолання згаданого конфлікту цілей, що сприятиме забезпеченню економічної та екологічної безпеки держави. Автором наголошено на необхідності формування сучасної концепції суспільного розвитку з урахуванням екологічних вимог. Проаналізовано теоретичні основи формування ідей екологізації, що були наслідком поєднання основних положень: екологічної економіки, екологічної етики, соціальної екології, екологічної філософії. Здійснено структурно-функціональну характеристику екологізації, виокремлено загальні принципи та функції екологізації. До загальних зачислено такі принципи: законності; формування безпекового середовища; суспільної ефективності; інноваційного підходу; системності заходів; інклюзивності; своєчасності заходів. До функцій екологізації належать: захисна; відновлювальна; просвітницька; інтеграційна; трансформаційна. З’ясовано, що економіко-безпековий інструментарій екологізації – це система економічних заходів та прийомів, які спрямовано на подолання конфлікту цілей між екологічною та економічною системами шляхом попередження, виявлення та усунення екологічних загроз. Сформовано визначення поняття «інституційне забезпечення екологізації» як сукупність основоположних норм та правил, взаємозв’язків і відносин між формальними та неформальними суб’єктами, сукупність організацій, що визначають рамки поведінки суб’єктів господарювання в еколого-економічних системах. Розроблено систему класифікації інституційних одиниць за загальними ознаками і специфічними ознаками на глобальному та національному рівнях. Запропоновано методичний підхід до розрахунку екологічно скоригованого валового продукту (ЕсВП), у межах якого, окрім екологічних податків та витрат на охорону довкілля, з ВВП вилучено широкий перелік екологічних витрат. Розроблено методичний підхід до розрахунку рівня екологізації, який передбачає три складові: сировинну, енергетичну та виробничу, що дало змогу удосконалити механізм виявлення екологічних загроз. У рамках наведеного підходу запропоновано формулу розрахунку рівня екологізації. Обґрунтовано необхідність доповнити систему оцінки екологізації як безпекової діяльності, індикаторами розроблених Комісією зі сталого розвитку ООН. Також для комплексної оцінки процесів екологізації в системі економічної безпеки держави запропоновано застосовувати додаткові показники: ЕсВП, «токсичність» економіки, рівень природного відтворення еколого-економічної системи, індекс людського розвитку (ІЛР), рівень екологізації. Для ідентифікації основних екологічних загроз запропоновано науковометодичний підхід, що ґрунтується на основних положеннях закону ентропії. В межах зазначеного підходу проаналізовано стан довкілля за такими базовими показниками: утворення відходів, викиди забруднювальних речовин, частка відновлюваної енергетики, показники енергоємності та карбоноємності ВВП. Отож сформовано основні екологічні загрози для системи економічної безпеки держави: високий рівень енергоспоживання у розрахунку на одиницю ВВП; низька частка вітрової та сонячної енергетики у структурі енергоспоживання; високий рівень утворення відходів та забруднення. Для вдосконалення стратегічного планування екологізації як безпекової діяльності запропоновано здійснювати стратегічний аналіз з використанням методу SWOT-аналізу. Визначено основні можливі загрози, що можуть становити процеси екологізації для економічної системи в довготривалому періоді та їхній вплив на економічну безпеку держави. Наголошено на важливості надання широких повноважень громадським організаціям та іншим соціальним інститутам як суб’єктам екологізації. Розроблено теоретико-методичний підхід до екологізації як функції економічної безпеки держави з виокремленням її безпекових механізмів та інструментів. Сформульовано прикладний зміст екологізації як цілеспрямованої діяльності, що має на меті усунення екологічних загроз для системи економічної безпеки держави. У рамках зазначеного підходу було сформовано основні види інструментів екологізації, які містять ті чи інші безпекові механізми: попередження, виявлення, усунення та відновлення. Обґрунтовано, що поведінка людини може суттєво впливати на екологічну та економічну системи, залежно від типів екологічного світогляду. Отож визначено основні типи екологічної поведінки: екзистенційний, нігілістичний, екодевіантний, екологічно сумісний та екораціональний; розкрито їх зміст. Доведено, що екологічно сумісний та екораціональний типи екологічної поведінки сприяють попередженню та усуненню екологічних загроз. Запропоновано орієнтувати мотиваційний механізм екологізації на розвиток екологічних потреб людини з метою формування екологічно сумісного та екораціонального типу світогляду для забезпечення економічної безпеки держави. Розроблено механізм екологізації як функції економічної безпеки держави. Завдяки такому механізму здійснюється вплив на населення та господарюючі суб’єкти, що сприяє зменшенню кількості використання сировини та розміщенню відходів, зменшенню розміру забруднення, а отже, покращенню стану довкілля та водночас забезпеченню економічної безпеки держави. На основі результатів виконаного теоретичного аналізу основних концепцій трансформації суспільного розвитку в екологічно безпечний зроблено висновок щодо доцільності впровадження основних ідей концепції антизростання. Також з’ясовано, що сформовані основні екологічні загрози для системи економічної безпеки держави спричиняють підвищення екологоекономічної ентропії, що в довготривалому періоді створює деструктивний вплив на суспільний розвиток. Обґрунтовано, що еколого-економічна ентропія є причиною конфлікту цілей між екологічною та економічною системами, а зниження її рівня – необхідна умова забезпечення економічної безпеки держави. Визначено, що екологізація як безпекова діяльність сприяє зниженню еколого-економічної ентропії та забезпеченню економічної безпеки держави. На основі цього запропоновано безпековий сценарій суспільного розвитку, який ґрунтується на засадах концепції антизростання і закону ентропії та передбачає екологізацію економічної діяльності, що забезпечить найбільший суспільний ефект. Сформовано основні завдання екологізації як функції економічної безпеки держави, що полягають у: зниженні еколого-економічної ентропії; зменшенні забруднення; відновленні довкілля. Наголошено, що ефективна реалізація екологізації значною мірою залежить від розвитку інклюзивних інститутів, впровадження основних ідей екологічного дизайну та біоніки, раціоналізації політики розподілу доходів, духовного та культурного розвитку суспільства. Запропоновано шляхи інтенсифікації екологізації як функції економічної безпеки держави, що передбачають екологізацію законодавства України, застосування економіко-безпекового інструментарію, запровадження енерго- та ресурсоощадного виробництва, впровадження ефективної системи торгівлі викидами, створення Фонду охорони довкілля та створення он-лайн платформи для інформування громадськості стосовно використання коштів зазначеного фонду, запровадження ідей екологічного дизайну; розвиток біоніки. The historical aspects of the process of formation of economic thought are considered and the theoretical analysis of the main provisions of neoclassical economic theory is carried out. Appropriate generalizations have been made regarding the need to find ways to transform externalities into internals that is to integrate environmental costs into economic ones, in order to ensure the well-being of future generations. Theoretical principles of greening in the system of economic security of the state are considered. The essence of the concepts is analyzed and revealed: "economic security", "environmental and economic security", "environmental security", "greening", "institutional support of greening", "economic and security tools of greening", "greenwashing", "de-greening". In order to deepen the work, theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "greening" are considered and a methodical approach to the interpretation of this concept in a broad and narrow sense is proposed. According to this approach, greening in the "broad" sense is interpreted as: socio-economic concept, relations, tool, method, in the "narrow" sense, greening is treated as an activity, the author’s definitions are proposed. The spheres and levels of manifestation of greening are singled out. Based on the analysis of the goals and objectives of economic and environmental systems, a conclusion is made about their partial contradiction. It is proposed to identify this phenomenon as a conflict of goals between ecological and economic systems and substantiate the feasibility of using this term in security science. Greening is seen as a tool to overcome this conflict of goals, which will ensure economic and environmental security of the state. The author emphasizes the need to form a modern concept of social development taking into account environmental requirements. Theoretical bases of formation of ideas of greening which were a consequence of a combination of the basic positions: ecological economics, ecological ethics, social ecology, ecological philosophy are analyzed. The structural and functional characteristics of greening are carried out, the general principles and functions of greening are singled out. The following principles are general: legality; formation of a safe environment; social efficiency; innovative approach; systematic measures; inclusiveness; timeliness of measures. The functions of greening include: protective; restorative; educational; integration; transformational. It is established that the economic and security tools of greening is a system of economic measures and techniques aimed at overcoming the conflict of goals between the ecological and economic systems, by preventing, identifying and eliminating environmental threats. The definition of the concept of "institutional support of greening" as a set of basic norms and rules, relationships and relations between formal and informal entities, a set of organizations that determine the framework of behavior of economic entities in environmental and economic systems. A system of classification of institutional units by general features and specific features at the global and national level has been developed. A methodical approach to the calculation of "green" GDP is proposed, within which, in addition to environmental taxes and environmental expenditures, a wide range of environmental expenditures is removed from GDP. A methodical approach to the calculation of the level of greening has been developed, which provides for three components: raw materials, energy and production, which has improved the mechanism for identifying environmental threats. Within the framework of this approach, a formula for calculating the level of greening is proposed. The need to supplement the system of greening assessment as a security activity with indicators of sustainable development, namely the system of indicators of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, is substantiated. Also for a comprehensive assessment of greening processes in the system of economic security of the state. It is proposed to use additional indicators: "green" GDP, "toxicity" of the economy, the level of natural reproduction of the ecological and economic system, the human development index (HDI), the level of greening. To identify the main environmental threats, the analysis of environmental indicators and ecological and economic efficiency of the economy was carried out according to the following main indicators: waste generation, pollutant emissions, the share of renewable energy, energy and carbon intensity of GDP. Thus, the main environmental threats to the economic security system of the state are formed: high level of energy consumption per unit of GDP; low share of wind and solar energy in the structure of energy consumption; high level of waste generation and pollution. To improve the strategic planning of greening as a safety activity, it is proposed to carry out strategic analysis using the method of SWOT-analysis. The main possible threats that may pose greening processes to the economic system in the long run and their impact on the economic security of the state have been identified. The importance of giving broad powers to public organizations and other social institutions as subjects of greening is emphasized. A theoretical and methodological approach to greening as a function of economic security of the state with the separation of its security mechanisms and tools. The applied content of greening as a purposeful activity aimed at eliminating environmental threats to the system of economic security of the state is formulated. Within the framework of this approach, the main types of greening tools have been formed, which contain certain security mechanisms: prevention, detection, elimination and restoration. It is substantiated that human behavior can significantly affect the ecological and economic system, depending on the types of ecological worldview. Therefore, the main types of ecological behavior are substantiated: existential, nihilistic, ecodeviant, ecologically compatible and ecorational and their content is revealed. It is proved that ecologically compatible and eco-rational types of ecological behavior contribute to the prevention and elimination of ecological threats It is offered to orient the motivational mechanism of greening on development of ecological needs of the person for the purpose of formation of environmentally compatible and environmentally friendly type of world outlook, for maintenance of economic safety of the state. The mechanism of greening as a function of economic security of the state is developed. This mechanism has an impact on the population and businesses to reduce the use of raw materials and waste disposal reduce pollution, which contributes to improving the environment and at the same time ensures the economic security of the state. Based on the results of the theoretical analysis of the basic concepts of transformation of social development into ecologically safe, the conclusion about expediency of introduction of the basic ideas of the concept of degrowth is made. It is also established that the main environmental threats to the system of economic security of the state cause an increase in ecological and economic entropy, which in the long run creates a destructive impact on social development. It is substantiated that ecological and economic entropy is the cause of conflict of goals between ecological and economic systems, and reduction of its level is a necessary condition for ensuring economic security of the state. It is also established that greening as a security activity contributes to the reduction of ecological and economic entropy and ensuring the economic security of the state. Based on this, a security scenario of social development is proposed, which is based on the principles of the concept of degrowth and the law of entropy and provides for the greening of economic activity, which will provide the greatest social effect. The main tasks of greening as a function of economic security of the state are formed, which are: reduction of ecological and economic entropy; pollution reduction; environmental restoration. Ways to intensify greening as a function of economic security of the state, providing greening of Ukrainian legislation, application of economic and security tools, introduction of energy and resource-saving production, introduction of an effective emissions trading system, creation of the Environmental Protection Fund and creation of an online platform for informing the public. funds of the specified fund, introduction of ideas of ecological design; development of bionics.

The Environmental Justice Networking Forum’s first national conference had three major objectives: to constitute the organisation on a national basis; to make policy recommendations regarding the implementation of the RDP both for submission to government and as a guide to action by EJNFparticipants; to build and disseminate the workof thelDRC/ANC/ COSATU/ SACP/ SANCO International Mission on Environmental Policy (referred to here as the Mission). EJNF was in itiated at the Earthlife Africa International Environment Conference in 1992 at Pietermaritzburg. That conference mandated an interim national steering committee to guide a process of establishing an organised voice within civil society for environmental justice. It stipulated that the organisation should be formed on a regional basis leading up to the national constitution of EJNF at a national conference. The EJNF conference is thus the culmination of a two year process. During that time, meetings were held to establish EJNF in six regions: Gauteng, Northern Transvaal, Western Cape, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu- Natal and OFS. Participating organisations include women’s, rural, youth, religious and environmental organisations, unions, civics and service NGOs. Each region sent delegations to the national conference. Two other regions, Eastern Transvaal and Northern Cape, also sent delegations which will form the focus groups for establishing EJNF in those regions. Regional EJNF participant organisations also elected members to the national steering committee. They took office at the constitutive conference. The minutes of the constitutive session of the conference are not included here but are available from the EJNF national office. The EJNF delegates were joined by a number of guest delegates for the conference on Greening the RDP. They included members of national organisations which represent or work with the constitutuencies which EJNF is developing and researchers working in the sectors covered by the conference. Government was represented by Ministers Kader Asmal (Water Affairs) and Derek Hanekom (Land Affairs), by provincial MECs, by members of standing committees in parliament and provincial legislatures andby ministry or department officials.

This thesis investigates the relationship between investment law and the power of states to produce and implement environmental measures. Through a strictly legal approach, and by situating the issue within the framework of public international law, this project endeavours to find avenues for the incorporation of environmental legal obligations within the investment legal regime. The thesis examines the main substantive protections granted to investors by the system of bilateral and multilateral investment instruments, before considering the ways in which, through express provisions, general conflict rules, and procedural means, tribunals can take environmental law into account. This taxonomy is tested in the third part of this work, through the analysis of the jurisprudence issuing from investment tribunals in disputes containing an environmental element.

Плотнікова, О. В. Оптимізація елементів технологія вирощування соняшнику на прикладі СВК «Полісся» Чернігівського району : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 201 "Агрономія" / О. В. Плотнікова ; керівник роботи К. М. Кудряшова ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2021. – 53 с.
У першому розділі обґрунтована тема за літературними джерелами. Наведена детальна інформація по соняшнику, стан та перспективи його вирощування в Україні та світі ,описані біологічні та сортові особливості культури. У другому розділі наведена характеристика господарства СВК «Полісся». Подані загальні відомості про господарство, охарактеризовано ґрунтово-кліматичні умови та представлена технологія вирощування культур. Недоліки в технології вирощування соняшнику та рекомендовані заходи її поліпшення наведені у розділі 3. У 4 розділі проведена економічна оцінка запропонованих заходів технології вирощування соняшнику. Отже, за результатами досліджень приріст чистого доходу соняшнику виріс на 18,1%. А під час заміни закордонних ЗЗР вітчизняними виявлено, що система захисту в господарстві коштує 2828 грн/га, а запропонована – 1128 грн/га.
The first section substantiates the topic of literary sources. Detailed information on sunflower, the state and prospects of its cultivation in Ukraine and the world, biological and varietal features of culture are described. The second section describes the economy of Polissya Agricultural Complex. General information about the farm is given, soil and climatic conditions are characterized and the technology of growing crops is presented. Shortcomings in the technology of sunflower cultivation and recommended measures to improve it are given in Section 3. Section 4 provides an economic evaluation of the proposed measures of sunflower cultivation technology. Thus, according to research, the increase in net income of sunflower increased by 18.1%. And during the replacement of foreign PPE with domestic ones, it was found that the system of protection in the farm costs 2828 UAH / ha, and the proposed - 1128 UAH / ha.

Інноваційний розвиток є стратегічним пріоритетом еколого-економічної політики України, а впровадження екологічно орієнтованих природо господарських, природо відтворювальних, і, зокрема, лісогосподарських інновацій розглядається як одна із найважливіших проблем лісової економіки.

This thesis describes corporate greening in general, and specifically the environmental technology (ET) sector as a green sector. The thesis has also particular focus on production and products related aspects and the influence of the environmental profile of the ET sector on the environmental engagement of companies in the sector. The study is based on a questionnaire-based survey, online surveys and on semi-structured open-ended interviews. The organizations within the ET sector were identified using existing platforms within this sector: Sustainability Sweden and Swentec. The results show that not all companies and industry associations in the ET sector clearly distinguish between product and production related environmental aspects. Furthermore, the product related environmental profile, which constitutes the legitimacy for the sector, can influence companies’ environmental strategy, not only positively but also negatively. The results from the survey on Global Supersector Leaders 2009/2010 in Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes (DJSI) show that all companies are aware of production and product related environmental issues. Based on results from this survey a model of corporate environmental profile consisting of product and production oriented activities as well as initiatives that go beyond the core business operations is proposed. These initiatives can be divided into two groups: environmental education and environmental projects and sponsorship. This thesis proposes products and production related impacts and environmental activities as bases for defining corporate environmental profiles, corporate greening, and for defining ‘green’ and ‘green-green’ business as well as environmental leaders. The distinction between product and production related environmental initiatives as well as the other dimensions of the proposed model in this thesis can support companies in their communication of environmental performance and environmental activities.  Furthermore, ‘competitive advantage’, ‘environmental responsibility’ and ‘environmental leadership’ should motivate companies within the ET sector to be ‘vocal’ green-green firms.

The greening of etiolated first leaf blades of wheat (Triticium aestivum Mercia) seedlings (referred to in the text as leaf tissue) was studied in relation to tissue age and water stress. Use was made of whole seedlings, excised leaf blades and leaf blade segments. Responses to photoperiodic illumination were measured as changes in the levels of chlorophyll, total soluble protein and nucleic acids (both total and specific fractions). The pattern of greening in the whole seedlings, excised leaf blades and leaf blade segments was essentially the same in 6 and 10 day-old dark-grown tissues, where chlorophyll accumulation followed the age sequence along the leaf. Least chlorophyll accumulated in the tip of leaves of both ages but the older leaves contained less overall pigment than the younger leaves. Patterns of total soluble protein and total nucleic acid accumulation did not reflect the pattern shown by the chlorophyll. Protein accumulated most in the tip region, with nucleic acids being highest in the middle region. Water stress treatment reduced chlorophyll accumulation in leaf blade tissue, particularly in the intact seedlings. Protein levels, however, were more variable and appeared to reflect the ability of the younger tissue to accumulate this compound as a stress metabolite. Total nucleic acid levels were also elevated under water stress. Again, these effects were most marked on the intact seedlings, implying that an effect on the roots was also involved. The data from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of RNA fractions showed that the level of chloroplast RNA components was maintained up to 17 days for tissue incubated in the dark as well as in the light. Severe water stress treatments applied to the roots of whole seedlings resulted in the loss of ribosomal fraction in the leaves. However, this effect was not seen with mild water stress. Kinetin treatments during water stress did not appear to alter the pattern of cell component accumulation although in unstressed material, treatment with this compound enhanced chlorophyll accumulation slightly, especially in the young tissue. This indicates that, at the concentration used, the growth regulator was not able to alleviate the stress condition. The leaf blades of intact seedlings responded in a specific way which was much more pronounced than for excised leaf blades or leaf blade segments. It was concluded that some signalling was involved between the root and shoot tissues during water stress treatments.

Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, Center for Real Estate, 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-92).
The market of existing office buildings is going green. While early adopters of green buildings were owner-occupiers, there is a current wave of nonowner-occupied office buildings seeking Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) for Existing Buildings certification. This thesis examines the current context in which this dramatic change is transpiring as well as answers the following questions as they relate to this green transformation of existing multitenanted office buildings: * Who is participating? * Why are they participating? * What is the process? * What are the costs? * How is it being financed? Research conducted included literature review and interviews with building owners, property managers, building engineers and brokers in several major metropolitan office markets in the United States. This thesis examines green building rating systems from around the world. We focus on the LEED rating system, the most widely used in the United States, as it provides a good framework for owners and managers to evaluate and benchmark the environmental performance of their building. Our research indicates that a much higher percentage of Class A office building owners and managers are pursuing LEED for Existing Building (LEED-EB) certification, while Class B owners and managers are not. Class B owners face less incentives and greater obstacles when pursuing LEED-EB certification. In chapter four of this thesis, we explore two creative ways that Class B owners and managers may be able to overcome some of these hurdles - Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPCs) and Power Purchase Agreements (PPA).
by Tyson H. Dirksen [and] Mark D. McGowan.
S.M.in Real Estate Development

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of national culture on corporate greening with specific focus on motivations that drive companies to respond to environmental issues and strategies that companies develop in this regard. The existing literature indicates that the research on motivational and strategic aspects of corporate greening is limited from cultural perspective. Thus, a qualitative study of Swedish and Belarusian companies was conducted to illustrate what induces firms to go green and to describe what environmental strategies are implemented by them. The analysis of received empirical data was concentrated on aligning national culture features with the motivations for environmental initiatives and relevant elements of green strategies. The findings demonstrate the connection between national culture and environmental strategy through green motivations. Finally, some implications for further research as well as practitioners are presented.

How and why do organizations approach greening? How can we conceptualize approaches and how can we encourage reflexive dialogues on them? These are the main questions addressed in this qualitative study on organizational greening. The study sets off by discussing matters of research philosophy, arguing that our trust in science ought to be revised and that a more postmodern and constructionist philosophy might be a way to go. This is then followed by a theoretical review, showing that organizational studies have a history in environmental issues, but that it is basically technocentric in orientation. A more reflexive organizational approach is suggested. The empirical part of the study is based on qualitative research of five case studies, representing a mix of organizations situated in Sweden, all with an explicit ambition to approach greening. The analyses target the organizations' approaches from practice to assumptions, pointing at the commonalities as well as the tensions. Basically, greening was an issue for all studied organizations, but an increasing pressure to market-orient their operations in line with the business rhetoric dominated their identity construction. The environment was included if there were opportunities of win-win situations between environment and economy in sight. Once embarked upon, the organizations tended to focus on technocratic practices, developing or implementing management systems, product development indexes, life-cycle methodologies and other tools. On a more philosophical level, in the study referred to as the worldview level, the approaches were predominandy characterized by a representative epistemology and a dualistic ontology, that is, they were clearly anthropocentric. With a base in these findings, an alternative approach is discussed as a way out, or as a way of constructing a reflexive dialogue on greening. This is partly based on the tensions within and between the cases, which encouraged reflections on how greening was approached. In the alternative, organizations are seen as actors on a symbolic agora where transparency, participation and self-reflexivity are keys to organizational legitimacy. This view frames organizations in the dominating approach as agoraphobic producers of materialistically dependent satisfiers. The alternative also targets the limits of a preference and materialistically oriented view on die satisfaction of human needs. Instead, it is argued that environmental and cultural sensitivity should be acknowledged as natural parts of organizational greening. This, however, demands more room for reflexive dialogues encouraging ontological awareness and a respect for more ecocentric views.
digitalisering@umu

Traditional evaluations of habitat quality fail in their spatial incompleteness, their lack of contextual information and their poor consideration of urban environments. These issues are addressed here through the derivation and application of an urban-specific multi-criteria Habitat Value Index (HVI), providing relevant data in a straightforward, rapid and replicable manner. Both the current distribution and projected changes in landscape HVI are shown using the IDRISI Geographical Information System, providing quantitative information to land-management decision-makers. Using an urban-specific habitat classification in combination with aerial photographic interpretation habitat patches were identified in study areas in the West and South of Wolverhampton. The classification and location of the habitat patches were fieldchecked then each patch was evaluated using four criteria: structural elements, indicator species, general habitat structure and aesthetics. Using a tick-list approach the total number of structural elements and indicator species from pre-determined lists was noted in the field. General habitat structure and aesthetics were also evaluated in the field with each patch assigned to a single category for each. The criteria details for each patch were then transferred onto a GIS and for each criterion a map was generated showing its spatial distribution over the study area. The structural elements and indicator species totals were converted to scores based on scoreclasses, while the categories for general structure, aesthetics and the specific habitat type classification were used as weights by determining each to be either quality (weight = 2) or non-quality (weight = 1). For each habitat patch the structural elements and indicator species scores were then combined with the total weights to produce an HVI. All the habitat patch values for the study area were displayed in map form to give a contextual view of the distribution of ecological 'value' within the area. An additional, simple measure was also devised for measuring the status and quality of connectivity and contiguity within the study area. Sample criteria totals were then used predictively to quantitatively demonstrate the effects of landscape alteration on both the spatial distribution of the HVI and the connectivity and contiguity measures.

This Thesis is aimed at evaluating the options of renovation for an existing residential building to make it more energy efficient. The various aspects in the basic structures of residential homes are discussed in order to help the user identify the areas of the house for which renovation is required to improve the energy efficiency of the building. These aspects include doors, roof and wall in addition to various systems of electrical wiring, mechanical systems of ventilation, heating and cooling and plumbing systems for the efficient flow of water throughout the house. The renovation options have been described in detail to provide as many possibilities to the user as possible. The building taken for renovation is a 1953 suburban home which has been awarded the honor of being the first building to be labeled as Zero Energy Home in its vicinity. This has made the home so efficient that its expenditure of energy has become equivalent to its energy generation, therefore, cancelling each other out and creating an estimate of zero energy.

Work carried out during this master’s thesis is about urban greening and its close integration with district energy systems. Urban greening is the fact to develop green infrastructures (parks, street trees, ...) instead of grey infrastructures (buildings, roads, ...) in cities. Despite that the actual economic value of green infrastructure is less appreciated at first glance and very difficult to valorize, urban greening has many undeniable advantages such as reducing pollution and heat island effect. This report focuses essentially on the synergy between district cooling services and urban greening, but also on the decrease of pollution with reduction of particulate matter concentration. This thesis is made at ENGIE, a company which strives to become the world leader in energy transition and which already operates some large district cooling systems. One of the purposes of this study is to determine the benefits for ENGIE to invest in urban greening. To do so, a model is developed, taking into consideration an example from one district cooling system in Paris, France. All data, assumptions and models used are described in this report. Results show the clear benefits from an increased number of trees for the selected area. Economics are also part of the model, in order to evaluate the return on investment from urban greening. Globally, the model shows that urban greening as a strategy seems promising and district cooling system owners and operators like ENGIE together with city governments should invest in it. Furthermore, this could even provide more benefits in the future where green values should continue to increase.
Projektet som utfördes under detta examensarbete handlar om storstädernas gröna öar och dess koppling till belastningen på fjärrkylningssystem. Processen om att öka på grönskan i städer handlar naturligtvis om att utveckla miljövänlig grön infrastruktur i städer (parker, gatuträd, kantzoner, m.m.) istället för grå infrastruktur (råa byggnader, trädlösa vägar, m.m.). Trots att det ekonomiska värdet är svårt att beräkna och är mindre uppskattat vid första anblicken, den ökade grönskan i städer har många obestridda fördelar, som t.ex. en minskning av luftföroreningar och av den lokala uppvärmningseffekten under mycket varma dagar. Arbetet härmed inriktas huvudsakligen på samverkan mellan belastningen på system för fjärrkyla och mängden grönska i stora städer, men också på minskningen av föroreningar med minskad partikelkoncentration i luften. Denna rapport skrevs under handledning av ENGIE, ett företag som vill bli världsledande på energiomställning och som redan driver storskaliga system för fjärrkyla. Ett av syftena är att bestämma eventuella fördelar för ENGIE om att investera i ökad grön infrastruktur för att minska behovet för fjärrkyla i stora städer. För att kunna göra några specifika beräkningar, en modell togs fram med hänsyn tagen till ett riktigt exempel från ett fjärrkylanätverk i en stadsdel i Paris, Frankrike. All data, antaganden och parametrar som används i modellen beskrivs i denna rapport, liksom de slutgiltiga resultaten. Resultaten pekar på att det finns klara fördelar med en ökad trädmängd inom det markerade området. Ekonomin är också en del av modellen för att utvärdera avkastningen på investeringen från den ökade mängden träd. Modellen visar att investeringar i stadens grönska verkar lovande och företag som äger och driver lokala system för fjärrvärme och fjärrkyla liksom ENGIE tillsammans med stadens myndigheter bör absolut investera i det. Dessutom skulle denna process även tillföra andra mervärden i framtiden där avkastningen från de gröna öarna fortsätter att öka.

The population density of the inner city of Tshwane is increasing, with further residential and commercial development being planned. The current design of the city centre is characterised by hardscape and buildings with an internal focus. This results in street edges devoid of stimulus or engagement for pedestrians, providing no relief for the attention demands of traffic, noise and crowds. There is also no provision for accessible green spaces, yet it is widely recognised that biophilia is an important aspect of people's psychological well-being and social development. The proposal is to use the structure of and spaces between buildings to alter hardscape areas to accommodate biophilic environments. This study focuses on the Transvaal Provincial Administration Building and addresses the challenges of how to enhance the benefits of biophilia in this urban landscape while contextualising the design to meet urban design requirements and respond to the Modernist architectural heritage. In addition, the predominant experience for inner city users is horizontal. To provide another dimension, this design proposes a vertical landscape which optimises the spaces between buildings and uses their structure in conjunction with elements of sublime theory to enhance the biophilic impact on users and influence behaviour in the urban environment.
Die bevolkingsdigtheid van die stadskern van Tshwane is besig om toe te neem met verdere residensi?le en kommersi?le ontwikkelinge wat beplan word. Die huidige ontwerp van die stadskern word gekenmerk deur "hardscape" en geboue met 'n interne fokus. Die resultaat is straatkante wat geen stimulus aan voetgangers bied of wat hulle betrek nie en wat geen verligting bied vir die eise wat gestel word deur die verkeer, geraas en gedrang van mense nie. Daar is ook geen voorsiening vir toeganklike groen ruimtes nie ten spyte van die wye aanvaarding dat biofilia 'n belangrike aspek van mense se psigologiese welsyn en sosiale ontwikkeling verteenwoordig. Die voorstel is om om die struktuur van en die ruimtes tussen geboue te gebruik om die "hardscape" gebiede te verander ten einde die biofilise omgewing te akkommodeer. Hierdie studie fokus op die Transvaalse Provinsiale-gebou en bespreek die uitdaging van hoe om die voordele van biofilia in die stedelike landskap te verhoog en kontekstualiseer die ontwerp om te voldoen aan stedelike ontwerp vereistes met erkenning aan die Modernistiese argitektoniese erfenis. Bykomend, die oorwegende ervaring vir middestad gebruikers is horisontaal. Ten einde 'n ander dimensie te belig, stel hierdie ontwerp voor 'n vertikale landskap wat die ruimtes tussen geboue optimaliseer deur die gebruik van hulle strukture in samehang met elemente van sublieme teorie om die biofiliese impak op gebruikers te verhoog en hulle gedrag in die stedelike omgewing te be?nvloed.
Mini Dissertation (ML (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Architecture
ML (Prof)
Unrestricted

This PhD thesis belongs to three main knowledge domains: operations management, environmental management, and decision making. Having the automotive industry as the key sector, the investigation was undertaken aiming at deepening the understanding of environmental decision making processes in the operations function. The central research question for this thesis is ?Why and how do manufacturing companies take environmental decisions? This PhD research project used a case study research strategy supplemented by secondary data analysis and the testing and evaluation of a proposed systems thinking model for environmental decision making. Interviews and focus groups were the main methods for data collection. The findings of the thesis show that companies that want to be in the environmental leadership will need to take environmental decisions beyond manufacturing processes. Because the benefits (including financial gain) of non-manufacturing activities are not clear yet the decisions related to product design, supply chain and facilities are fully embedded with complexity, subjectivism, and intrinsic risk. Nevertheless, this is the challenge environmental leaders will face - they may enter in a paradoxical state of their decisions – where although the risk of going greener is high, the risk of not doing it is even higher.

Over the past 30 years, the U.S. prison population has exploded. With only 5% of the global population, the U.S. now incarcerates more than 25% of the world’s prisoners (ACLU, 2011). This has led to increased attention towards the carceral system in the United States, and the efficacy of its methods of rehabilitation. As inmate populations rise, prisons have also become increasingly over-crowded, and this has led to a variety of environmental problems. In response to this and calls to action by the Justice Department to implement more sustainable and cost effective strategies in prisons, the United States is seeing a surge in prison sustainability programs throughout the country. While sustainability is an important challenge facing the world, researchers have argued that these changes are being made not only with environmental sustainability in mind, but with strategic aims to sustain current levels of hyper-incarceration.

The interdependence between the economy and the environment necessitates integrated policymaking that recognizes the biological limits of our world and the scarcity of these natural resources. At the 1992 Earth Summit, countries agreed to adopt a National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) which should comprise the integration of economic, social, and environmental policies across sectors, territories, and generations; country ownership and commitment; broad participation and effective partnerships; development of the necessary capacity and enabling environment; and focus on outcomes and implementation. Working from these key factors and based on decades of international research and peer reviews of these policies, this study hypothesizes four relationships to test the influence of these principles on the successful execution of an NSDS. Offering the first formal framework which theorizes and evaluates connections between these dimensions, this qualitative approach is applied to two case studies, South Africa and Germany, by the use of documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews. The present study finds that embedding NSDS programs and institutions within existing policy agendas and organizations is extremely difficult, especially in countries with a solid history of environmental policy. Also, the significant role of subnational governments and entities in all aspects of policymaking must be taken into account for the effective implementation of a National Strategy. The present research examines the necessity of specific policymaking processes and implementation mechanisms for an effective National Sustainable Development Strategy, ascertains common implementation challenges, and offers recommendations for the improved implementation of National Sustainable Development Strategies.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Macquarie Graduate School of Management, 2006.
Bibliography: p. 240-276.
Introduction -- "Greening" phenomena of corporate environmental management and reporting -- China's environmental management and reporting -- Research theoretical methodology -- "Evolutionary epic" of China's environmental management institutions -- Findings and conceptualisation of CEM and CER -- Further discussion and implications -- Conclusion.
What was once the preserve of a 'green' social organisational fringe, Corporate Environmental Management (CEM) and Corporate Environmental Reporting (CER), have increasingly become a core business strategy. Research studies in this arena have been centred on industrialised nations (e.g., Guthrie and Parker, 1990), and until recently, comparatively sparse focus on developing nations (Belal, 2000), particularly in empirical studies on CER in the People's Republic of China (PRC). -- As the most populous nation on earth with one fifth of humanity (1.3 billions), China's astounding economic growth and resource consumption (Economist, 2005), provide 'telescoping' lessons in understanding the embracing of CEM and CER in rapidly developing countries. Motivated by China's unique institutional structure and embryonic stage of environmentalism (Luo and Yuwen, 2001; Chan and Welford, 2005), this field study explored the 'greening' phenomena of CEM and CER as perceived by senior managers in Shanghai. -- Utilising a modified grounded research approach (Strauss and Corbin, 1990; 1994; Whiteley, 2004), the constructivist ontology was chosen to penetrate the social context of the companies interviewed. Grounded in the data and applying interpretive epistemology, this qualitative research elucidated our awareness about the normative assumptions underpinning CEM and CER in Shanghai. The emergent model illuminated our understanding of how Chinese institutions and senior individuals within enterprises responded to the greening challenges, and how senior managers matched their personal beliefs with perceived CEM and CER. -- The results in this study indicated that CEM and CER were influenced and/or constrained by formal institutional rules (e.g., environmental policies and laws) and informal cultural institutional norms (e.g., Guanxi, trust and secrecy). The findings resonate well with institutional theoretical constraints (Powell and DiMaggio, 1991; Fogarty, 1992a) and cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1962). This is attributable to the dilemma of balancing the 'yin and yang' of long term environmental sustainability and short term economic growth.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
viii, 289 p. ill

Air pollution and urban heat island effect caused from the development of infrastructures are getting serious, in which air flow is reduced and heat is trapped among high-rise buildings. In order to mitigate these problems, various methods have been developed in previous studies. Green roof has been identified as one of the most important means to mitigate these problems and implement sustainable development principles in the building features. Governments world-wide have been introducing various policies and regulations for promoting green roof particularly for building projects. However, existing buildings in Hong Kong display limited green roof features, especially for old buildings. Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities with many high-rise buildings. This paper examines the major barriers encountered in promoting green roof systems for existing buildings in Hong Kong. A case study approach is adopted to investigate how and why the barriers hindered the implementation of green roof features. Research results showed that lack of promotion and incentives from government and lack of government coordination are the top barriers to the implementation. This research concludes by providing suggestions and actions that can help mitigate these barriers.
published_or_final_version
Housing Management
Master
Master of Housing Management

The burgeoning scholarship on African youth indicates that young people are experiencing difficulties in attaining social adulthood and spend extended time in waithood - a period of economic and job insecurities that is becoming a permanent marker of their youth, affecting their life trajectories and future aspirations (Honwana, 2012; Locke & te Lintelo, 2012). Youth waithood involves navigating precarious conditions arising under neoliberalism and its economic liberalization reforms, and developing new subjectivities resulting from the acquisition of extra skills set, maintaining social networks, and engaging in new political formations (Jeffrey, 2008). Informed by concepts of neoliberal subjectivities, opportunity spaces, and Bourdieu's forms of capital, I conducted qualitative research with university students in six public universities, and with educated young farmers in Western, Eastern, and Central regions of Kenya. I investigated how Kenyan youth navigate waithood by occupying new opportunity spaces opened up by student environmentalism and agricultural entrepreneurialism - two areas that have been reconfigured by global discourses of environmental change, green jobs, and agricultural transformation. My findings show that the occupational aspirations of educated youth were changing to include navigation strategies of portfolio occupations, tarmacking, and side-hustling. Within the new opportunity spaces, these youth realized neoliberal subjectivities that enabled them to garner capitals through self-making, entrepreneurialism, and reworking of elite distinctions. Student environmentalists' navigation strategies included acquiring environmental knowledge and work experiences; joining networks of environmental professionals; and participating in environmental anti-politics. Educated young farmers embraced ideologies of portfolio occupations and green livelihoods. They also relied on the reconfigurations of gendered identities and the rural-urban divide, competitive individualism, and associational life to rework their occupational aspirations and maintain elite distinctions in society. In sum, negotiating youth waithood is a complex, intertwined, and uncertain process involving flexibilities and chance opportunities to access, maintain, and utilize capitals. The emergent subjectivities remain insecure, unstable and do not necessarily guarantee exiting waithood.

The greening of our logistics systems has become a concern for many more than just those that operate and find themselves within supply chains. One of the organizations that accounts for a large share of negative environmental impact is the logistics service providers (LSPs), often responsible for the management and operation of transports. However, LSPs cannot be held solely accountable, as their services are procured from shippers in need of shipping goods to their customers. Additionally, many shippers affect the environmental performance of the logistics systems, both with their own operations and what they request from LSPs but also their promises to customers. By interacting with each other, organizations can share resources, information, and knowledge, as these items are required for implementing green logistics practices (GLPs). With additional resources, information, and knowledge, LSPs can implement GLPs successfully, without needing to procure or acquire resources, information, or knowledge, elsewhere. Therefore, the purpose of this licentiate thesis is to explore how supply chain interaction can facilitate logistics service providers to implement green logistics practices. The research in this thesis is both explorative and descriptive. The purpose is explorative, but to fulfill the purpose, GLPs must be described to include the need for interaction. Building on the description of GLPs is the exploration of forms of interactions that occur when implementing GLPs. Lastly, the interactions are explored throughout the implementation process to investigate how the interactions are characterized in the different phases that constitute the implementation process. Throughout the analysis and discussion, several important organizations for the LSP to interact with are identified; this includes shippers, technology providers, as well as actors within the LSPs. Different forms of interaction, which includes both internal and external interaction with different organizations and actors, are suggested in order for LSPs to acquire the information, resources, and knowledge necessary to implement GLPs. Additionally, the forms of interactions between organizations and actors changed with the implementation process, which suggests that different phases characterize both the interactions that occur and the need for interaction. Finally, it is proposed that supply chain interaction facilitates the LSPs to implement GLPs, by allowing the LSP to acquire information, knowledge, and resources through communication, trust, and commitment with other organizations or actors. The main contribution of this licentiate thesis to research and the green logistics literature is the identification of the need to have various forms of interaction with different organizations and actors when implementing GLPs. This illustrates that other organizations than the shipper can have information, resources, or knowledge that can facilitate LSPs to implement GLPs, instead of the LSP acquiring similar information, resources, or knowledge elsewhere and by themselves. Additionally, as interaction is a "two-way street", it allows access to valuable items and requires items offered in exchange for those items. Therefore, it is suggested to have various forms of external interaction with other organizations or internal interaction with actors within the same organizations. Thus, the interactions become less costly to withhold, and as the purpose of the interaction is to mitigate the cost of implementing GLPs, the finalized cost of implementing GLPs becomes lower. The contribution to practice instead helps organizations to highlight that interaction with key organizations can facilitate the implantation of GLPs and thus facilitate the much-required greening of our logistics systems.
Att göra våra logistiksystem grönare, har blivit en angelägenhet för fler än de som befinner sig och verkar i försörjningskedjorna. En typ av organisation som står för en stor del av den negativa påverkan som logistiken ger upphov till är logistiktjänsteleverantörer (LSPs), vilka ansvarar för och utför merparten av transporterna i logistiksystemen. Däremot kan inte enbart LSPs hållas ansvariga för utsläpp och den negativa miljöpåverkan som uppstår i logistiksystemet, eftersom deras tjänster upphandlas av varuägare, som behöver få ut gods till sina kunder. Dessutom påverkar många varuägare miljöprestandan i logistiksystemen genom sina egna handlingar men också genom vad de begär och kräver av LSPs samt utlovar till sina kunder. Genom interaktion, kan organisationer dela resurser, information, och kunskap, som krävs för att implementera gröna logistiklösningar (GLPs). Med ytterligare resurser, information och kunskap kan LSPs implementera GLPs framgångsrikt, utan att behöva förskaffa eller köpa resurser, information eller kunskap på annat håll. Därför är syftet i den här licentiatavhandlingen att utforska hur interaktion kan främja LSP att implementera GLPs. Forskningen i den här licentiatavhandlingen är både explorativ och deskriptiv. Syftet är explorativt, men för att kunna uppnå syftet, måste GLPs beskrivas på ett sätt så de innefattar interaktion. Baserad på den beskrivningen, kan former av interaktion som uppstår när GLPs implementeras utforskas. Slutligen så utforskas interaktionerna genom implementeringsprocessen, för att undersöka hur interaktionerna som uppstår karaktäriseras i olika faser som utgör implementeringsprocessen. I analysen identifieras flera viktiga organisationer för LSP att interagera med när GLP implementeras. Dessa är varuägare, teknikleverantörer samt interna aktörer inom LSP. Olika former av interaktion, vilket inkluderar både extern och intern interaktion föreslås som nödvändigt för att tillgodogöra sig information, resurser, och kunskap som behövs för att implementera GLPs. Dessutom, förekom det att formerna av interaktionerna kunde ändras genom implementeringsprocessen, vilket föreslår att interaktionsbehovet förändras genom olika faser. Slutligen, föreslås det att interaktion kan främja LSPs att implementera GLPs genom att tillåta LSP att skaffa resurser, information, och kunskap genom kommunikation, tillit, och engagemang till andra organisationer eller aktörer. Licentiatavhandlingens huvudsakliga bidrag till forskning och den gröna logistiklitteraturen är identifieringen av behovet att ha olika former av interaktion med olika organisationer och aktörer när GLPs implementeras. Detta illustrerar att andra organisationer än varuägare kan ha information, resurser, eller kunskap som behövs för att LSPs ska kunna implementera GLPs, istället för att LSP ska skaffa liknande resurser på egen hand. Dessutom, eftersom interaktion sker mellan två parter och i två riktningar, så ger det möjligheten att få tillgång till värdefulla föremål (ex. information eller resurser), men det kräver också att det skjuts in föremål. Därför föreslås det att man bör ha olika former av interaktion, eftersom det gör att interaktionerna blir mindre krävande att upprätthålla. Eftersom syftet är att främja LSP att implementera GLPs, så blir den slutliga kostnaden för att implementera GLPs lägre, om interaktionerna är så effektiva som möjligt i termer av resurser, information, eller kunskap som läggs in i interaktionerna. Bidraget till praktiker är istället att interaktion kan hjälpa organisationer inse att interaktion kan möjliggöra implementeringen av GLPs, eftersom det tillåter organisation att skaffa resurser, information, och kunskap som krävs för att implementera GLPs.