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Zhou, C. Y., G. H. Huang, J. P. Chen, and X. Y. Zhang. "Inexact Fuzzy Chance-Constrained Fractional Programming for Sustainable Management of Electric Power Systems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (November 19, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5794016.
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An inexact fuzzy chance-constrained fractional programming model is developed and applied to the planning of electric power systems management under uncertainty. An electric power system management system involves several processes with socioeconomic and environmental influenced. Due to the multiobjective, multilayer and multiperiod features, associated with these various factors and their interactions extensive uncertainties, may exist in the study system. As an extension of the existing fractional programming approach, the inexact fuzzy chance-constrained fractional programming can explicitly address system uncertainties with complex presentations. The approach can not only deal with multiple uncertainties presented as random variables, fuzzy sets, interval values, and their combinations but also reflect the tradeoff in conflicting objectives between greenhouse gas mitigation and system economic profit. Different from using least-cost models, a more sustainable management approach is to maximize the ratio between clean energy power generation and system cost. Results of the case study indicate that useful solutions for planning electric power systems management practices can be generated.
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Shaw, Jacob T., Adil Shah, Han Yong, and Grant Allen. "Methods for quantifying methane emissions using unmanned aerial vehicles: a review." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2210 (September 27, 2021): 20200450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0450.
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Methane is an important greenhouse gas, emissions of which have vital consequences for global climate change. Understanding and quantifying the sources (and sinks) of atmospheric methane is integral for climate change mitigation and emission reduction strategies, such as those outlined in the 2015 UN Paris Agreement on Climate Change. There are ongoing international efforts to constrain the global methane budget, using a wide variety of measurement platforms across a range of spatial and temporal scales. The advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology over the past decade have opened up a new avenue for methane emission quantification. UAVs can be uniquely equipped to monitor natural and anthropogenic emissions at local scales, displaying clear advantages in versatility and manoeuvrability relative to other platforms. Their use is not without challenge, however: further miniaturization of high-performance methane instrumentation is needed to fully use the benefits UAVs afford. Developments in the models used to simulate atmospheric transport and dispersion across small, local scales are also crucial to improved flux accuracy and precision. This paper aims to provide an overview of currently available UAV-based technologies and sampling methodologies which can be used to quantify methane emission fluxes at local scales. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Rising methane: is warming feeding warming? (part 1)'.
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Kebreab, E., K. Clark, C. Wagner-Riddle, and J. France. "Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Canadian animal agriculture: A review." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-010.
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Considerable evidence of climate change associated with emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) has resulted in international efforts to reduce GHG emissions. The agriculture sector contributes about 8% of GHG emissions in Canada mostly through methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The objective of this paper was to compile an integrative review of CH4 and N2O emissions from livestock by taking a whole cycle approach from enteric fermentation to manure treatment and storage, and field application of manure. Basic microbial processes that result in CH4 production in the rumen and hindgut of animals were reviewed. An overview of CH4 and N2O production processes in manure, and controlling factors are presented. Most of the studies conducted in relation to enteric fermentation were in dairy and beef cattle. To date, research has focussed on GHG emissions from the stored manures of dairy, beef cattle and swine; therefore, we focus our review on these. Several methods used to measure GHG emissions from livestock and stored manure were reviewed. A comparison of methods showed that there were agreements between most of the techniques but some systematic differences were also observed. Additional studies with comprehensive comparisons of methodologies are needed in order to allow for comparison of results obtained from studies using contrasting methodologies. The need to standardize measurement methods and reporting to facilitate comparison of results and data integration was identified. Prediction equations are often used to calculate GHG emissions. Various types of mathematical approaches, such as statistical models, mechanistic models and estimates calculated from emission factors, and studies that compare various types of models are discussed herein. A lack of process-based models describing GHG emissions from manure during storage was identified. A brief description of mitigation strategies focussing on recent studies is given. Reduction in CH4 emissions from ruminants through the addition of fats in diets and the use of more starch was achieved and a transient beneficial effect of ionophores was reported. Grazing management and genetic selection also hold promise. Studies focussed on manure treatment options that thave been suggested to reduce gas fluxes from manure storage, composting, anaerobic digestion (AD), diet manipulation, covers and solid-liquid separation, were reviewed. While some of these options have been shown to decrease GHG emissions from stored manure, different studies have obtained conflicting results, and additional research is needed to identify the most promising options. GHG emissions from pasture and croplands after manure application have been the subject of several experimental and modelling studies, but few of these have linked field emissions to diet manipulation or manure treatments. Further work focussing on the entire cycle of GHG formation from feed formulation, animal metabolism, excreta treatment and storage, to field application of manure needs to be conducted. Key words: Greenhouse gases, enteric methane, nitrous oxide, manure management
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Stainforth, David A., Thomas E. Downing, Richard Washington, Ana Lopez, and Mark New. "Issues in the interpretation of climate model ensembles to inform decisions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1857 (June 14, 2007): 2163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2073.
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There is a scientific consensus regarding the reality of anthropogenic climate change. This has led to substantial efforts to reduce atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions and thereby mitigate the impacts of climate change on a global scale. Despite these efforts, we are committed to substantial further changes over at least the next few decades. Societies will therefore have to adapt to changes in climate. Both adaptation and mitigation require action on scales ranging from local to global, but adaptation could directly benefit from climate predictions on regional scales while mitigation could be driven solely by awareness of the global problem; regional projections being principally of motivational value. We discuss how recent developments of large ensembles of climate model simulations can be interpreted to provide information on these scales and to inform societal decisions. Adaptation is most relevant as an influence on decisions which exist irrespective of climate change, but which have consequences on decadal time-scales. Even in such situations, climate change is often only a minor influence; perhaps helping to restrict the choice of ‘no regrets’ strategies. Nevertheless, if climate models are to provide inputs to societal decisions, it is important to interpret them appropriately. We take climate ensembles exploring model uncertainty as potentially providing a lower bound on the maximum range of uncertainty and thus a non-discountable climate change envelope. An analysis pathway is presented, describing how this information may provide an input to decisions, sometimes via a number of other analysis procedures and thus a cascade of uncertainty. An initial screening is seen as a valuable component of this process, potentially avoiding unnecessary effort while guiding decision makers through issues of confidence and robustness in climate modelling information. Our focus is the usage of decadal to centennial time-scale climate change simulations as inputs to decision making, but we acknowledge that robust adaptation to the variability of present day climate encourages the development of less vulnerable systems as well as building critical experience in how to respond to climatic uncertainty.
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Betts, Richard A., Matthew Collins, Deborah L. Hemming, Chris D. Jones, Jason A. Lowe, and Michael G. Sanderson. "When could global warming reach 4°C?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1934 (January 13, 2011): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0292.
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) assessed a range of scenarios of future greenhouse-gas emissions without policies to specifically reduce emissions, and concluded that these would lead to an increase in global mean temperatures of between 1.6°C and 6.9°C by the end of the twenty-first century, relative to pre-industrial. While much political attention is focused on the potential for global warming of 2°C relative to pre-industrial, the AR4 projections clearly suggest that much greater levels of warming are possible by the end of the twenty-first century in the absence of mitigation. The centre of the range of AR4-projected global warming was approximately 4°C. The higher end of the projected warming was associated with the higher emissions scenarios and models, which included stronger carbon-cycle feedbacks. The highest emissions scenario considered in the AR4 (scenario A1FI) was not examined with complex general circulation models (GCMs) in the AR4, and similarly the uncertainties in climate–carbon-cycle feedbacks were not included in the main set of GCMs. Consequently, the projections of warming for A1FI and/or with different strengths of carbon-cycle feedbacks are often not included in a wider discussion of the AR4 conclusions. While it is still too early to say whether any particular scenario is being tracked by current emissions, A1FI is considered to be as plausible as other non-mitigation scenarios and cannot be ruled out. (A1FI is a part of the A1 family of scenarios, with ‘FI’ standing for ‘fossil intensive’. This is sometimes erroneously written as A1F1, with number 1 instead of letter I.) This paper presents simulations of climate change with an ensemble of GCMs driven by the A1FI scenario, and also assesses the implications of carbon-cycle feedbacks for the climate-change projections. Using these GCM projections along with simple climate-model projections, including uncertainties in carbon-cycle feedbacks, and also comparing against other model projections from the IPCC, our best estimate is that the A1FI emissions scenario would lead to a warming of 4°C relative to pre-industrial during the 2070s. If carbon-cycle feedbacks are stronger, which appears less likely but still credible, then 4°C warming could be reached by the early 2060s in projections that are consistent with the IPCC’s ‘likely range’.
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Barker, Terry. "Use of energy-environment-economy models to inform greenhouse gas mitigation policy." Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 16, no. 2 (June 1998): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14615517.1998.10590197.
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Rashid, Shahzada Mudasir. "Impact of Livestock Enteric Emission on Climate and its Mitigation." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8737.
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The increase in production of greenhouse gases is a major cause of global warming for which livestock holds a big share in total greenhouse gas emission annually. The greenhouse gases produced by livestock include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc. Cattle and buffalo are the major contributors responsible for 90% emission of GHG followed by sheep and goat. Increase in carbon dioxide emission by livestock, decaying of dung in absence of oxygen, enteric fermentations are the major sources of greenhouse gas production by livestock species. Owing to greenhouse effect, the elevated greenhouse gases cause global warming resulting in the increase of surface temperature of earth, decreased precipitation, and huge damage to environment and affect the flora and fauna turning the conditions on earth unfavorable for survival of living forms. The major impacts are loss of biodiversity, loss of habitat for animals and plants, uncertainty in climate, increase in livestock diseases, damage to feed sources (plants), decrease in productivity of livestock species and many more. Mitigation measures needed to be focused on decreasing the global meat consumption, implementing carbon tax, feeding dietary oils/nitrates, manure management and its biodigestion, genetic manipulations besides strengthening of global livestock environmental assessment models.
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Wei, Dan, Noah Dormady, and Adam Rose. "Development of Reduced-Form Models to Evaluate Macroeconomic Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation." Journal of Sustainable Energy Engineering 2, no. 4 (April 7, 2015): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7569/jsee.2015.629503.
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Boehlert, Brent, Ellen Fitzgerald, James E. Neumann, Kenneth M. Strzepek, and Jeremy Martinich. "Effects of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation on Drought Impacts in the United States." Weather, Climate, and Society 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-14-00020.1.
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Abstract The authors present a method for analyzing the economic benefits to the United States resulting from changes in drought frequency and severity due to global greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. The method begins by constructing reduced-form models of the effect of drought on agriculture and reservoir recreation in the contiguous United States. These relationships are then applied to drought projections based on two climate stabilization scenarios and two twenty-first-century time periods. Drought indices are sector specific and include both the standardized precipitation index and the Palmer drought severity index. It is found that the modeled regional effects of drought on each sector are negative, almost always statistically significant, and often large in magnitude. These results confirm that drought has been an important driver of historical reductions in economic activity in these sectors. Comparing a reference climate scenario to two GHG mitigation scenarios in 2050 and 2100, the authors find that, for the agricultural sector, mitigation reduces both drought incidence and damages through its effects on temperature and precipitation, despite regional differences in the sign and magnitude of effects under certain model scenarios. The current annual damages of drought across all sectors have been estimated at $6–$8 billion (U.S. dollars), but this analysis shows that average annual benefits of GHG mitigation to the U.S. agricultural sector alone reach $980 million by 2050 and upward of $2.2 billion by 2100. Benefits to reservoir recreation depend on reservoir location and data availability. Economic benefits of GHG mitigation are highest in the southwestern United States, where drought frequency is projected to increase most dramatically in the absence of GHG mitigation policies.
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Cayambe, Jhenny, and Ana Iglesias. "The cost of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in farms in Central Andes of Ecuador." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): e0101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020181-13807.
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Aim of study: Reduction of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions derived from food production is imperative to meet climate change mitigation targets. Sustainable mitigation strategies also combine improvements in soil fertility and structure, nutrient recycling, and the use more efficient use of water. Many of these strategies are based on agricultural know-how, with proven benefits for farmers and the environment. This paper considers measures that could contribute to emissions reduction in subsistence farming systems and evaluation of management alternatives in the Central Andes of Ecuador. We focused on potato and milk production because they represent two primary employment and income sources in the region’s rural areas and are staple foods in Latin America.Area of study: Central Andes of Ecuador: Carchi, Chimborazo, Cañar provincesMaterial and methods: Our approach to explore the cost and the effectiveness of mitigation measures combines optimisation models with participatory methods.Main results: Results show the difference of mitigation costs between regions which should be taken into account when designing of any potential support given to farmers. They also show that there is a big mitigation potential from applying the studied measures which also lead to increased soil fertility and soil structure improvements due to the increased soil organic carbon.Research highlights: This study shows that marginal abatement cost curves derived for different agro-climatic regions are helpful tools for the development of realistic regional mitigation options for the agricultural sector.
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Orlova, A. M., and O. V. Grevtsov. "Overview of Existing Mathematical Models for Estimating and Predicting Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Quality and life 24, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34214/2312-5209-2019-24-4-37-46.
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Moroni, M. T. "Simple models of the role of forests and wood products in greenhouse gas mitigation." Australian Forestry 76, no. 1 (March 2013): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2013.776921.
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Mannina, Giorgio, Alida Cosenza, and George Ekama. "Mathematical modelling of greenhouse gas emissions from membrane bioreactors: A comprehensive comparison of two mathematical models." Bioresource Technology 268 (November 2018): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.106.
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Field, John L., Tom L. Richard, Erica A. H. Smithwick, Hao Cai, Mark S. Laser, David S. LeBauer, Stephen P. Long, et al. "Robust paths to net greenhouse gas mitigation and negative emissions via advanced biofuels." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 36 (August 24, 2020): 21968–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920877117.
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Biofuel and bioenergy systems are integral to most climate stabilization scenarios for displacement of transport sector fossil fuel use and for producing negative emissions via carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, the net greenhouse gas mitigation benefit of such pathways is controversial due to concerns around ecosystem carbon losses from land use change and foregone sequestration benefits from alternative land uses. Here, we couple bottom-up ecosystem simulation with models of cellulosic biofuel production and CCS in order to track ecosystem and supply chain carbon flows for current and future biofuel systems, with comparison to competing land-based biological mitigation schemes. Analyzing three contrasting US case study sites, we show that on land transitioning out of crops or pasture, switchgrass cultivation for cellulosic ethanol production has per-hectare mitigation potential comparable to reforestation and severalfold greater than grassland restoration. In contrast, harvesting and converting existing secondary forest at those sites incurs large initial carbon debt requiring long payback periods. We also highlight how plausible future improvements in energy crop yields and biorefining technology together with CCS would achieve mitigation potential 4 and 15 times greater than forest and grassland restoration, respectively. Finally, we show that recent estimates of induced land use change are small relative to the opportunities for improving system performance that we quantify here. While climate and other ecosystem service benefits cannot be taken for granted from cellulosic biofuel deployment, our scenarios illustrate how conventional and carbon-negative biofuel systems could make a near-term, robust, and distinctive contribution to the climate challenge.
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McGinn, S. M. "Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from point sources in agriculture." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-099.
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Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural sources have a significant role in the overall enhancement of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) effect. In research, measurements of GHG emissions are made to improve upon emission factors used in national inventories, identify and promote mitigation practices, and drive policy on GHG emissions in agriculture. These measurements are fundamental to the process of better management of GHG emissions. There is a variety of measurement techniques used in GHG research depending on the measurement environment and available resources. Techniques that use chambers or micrometeorological measurements are commonly employed for calculating emissions of GHG from point sources in agriculture, such as livestock and manure-holding facilities. This review examines these techniques, their limitations, and discusses methods to quantify their accuracy and precision. Emerging techniques like the use of dispersion models provide opportunities to directly determine emissions from whole farms. A few micrometeorological techniques (integrated horizontal flux and mass difference) are ideal for point sources such as manure storage facilities. For smaller sources, chambers are still recommended. In designing GHG emission studies, employing more than one technique when measuring GHG emissions is recommended, as often differences can exist due to technique. Ideally, a controlled release of the target gas, and its recovery, should also be conducted to evaluate techniques prior to their application. Although many techniques are often sensitive enough to quantify mitigation practices, i.e., the relative change in emissions, it is more difficult to determine “ true”emission factors as required for inventory work. It follows that the precision and accuracy of the techniques must accompany their application when estimating GHG emissions. Key words: Greenhouse gas, techniques, chambers, methane, agriculture, cattle
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Sándor, Renáta, Fiona Ehrhardt, Lorenzo Brilli, Marco Carozzi, Sylvie Recous, Pete Smith, Val Snow, et al. "The use of biogeochemical models to evaluate mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from managed grasslands." Science of The Total Environment 642 (November 2018): 292–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.020.
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González-Sánchez, Mariano, and Juan Luis Martín-Ortega. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Growth in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Determinants." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031012.
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Understanding the underlying reasons for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trends in different countries is fundamental for climate change mitigation. This paper identifies the main determinants that affect GHG emissions growth and assesses their impact and differences among countries in Europe. Previous studies have produced inconclusive results and presented several limitations, such as the lack of quality of the data used, the reduced identification of determinants and the use of methods that did not enable hypothesis testing. Conversely, this research identifies an extended list of determinants of GHG emissions, performs an in-depth statistical analysis and contrasts the significance of determinants using panel data and multiple linear regression models for the period 1990–2017 for the main Eurozone countries. The study found that GDP and final energy intensity are the main drivers for the reduction of GHG emissions in Europe. Furthermore, energy prices are not significant and heterogeneous results are found for the renewable energy, fuel mix and carbon intensity determinants, pointing to a different behavior at the country level. The uneven impact of the main determinants of GHG emission growth suggest that a differentiated application of European policies at country level will enhance the efficiency of mitigation efforts in Europe.
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Rawnsley, Richard, Robyn A. Dynes, Karen M. Christie, Matthew Tom Harrison, Natalie A. Doran-Browne, Ronaldo Vibart, and Richard Eckard. "A review of whole farm-system analysis in evaluating greenhouse-gas mitigation strategies from livestock production systems." Animal Production Science 58, no. 6 (2018): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15632.
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Recognition is increasingly given to the need of improving agricultural production and efficiency to meet growing global food demand, while minimising environmental impacts. Livestock forms an important component of global food production and is a significant contributor to anthropogenic greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. As such, livestock production systems (LPS) are coming under increasing pressure to lower their emissions. In developed countries, LPS have been gradually reducing their emissions per unit of product (emissions intensity; EI) over time through improvements in production efficiency. However, the global challenge of reducing net emissions (NE) from livestock requires that the rate of decline in EI surpasses the productivity increases required to satisfy global food demand. Mechanistic and dynamic whole farm-system models can be used to estimate farm-gate GHG emissions and to quantify the likely changes in farm NE, EI, farm productivity and farm profitability as a result of applying various mitigation strategies. Such models are also used to understand the complex interactions at the farm-system level and to account for how component mitigation strategies perform within the complexity of these interactions, which is often overlooked when GHG mitigation research is performed only at the component level. The results of such analyses can be used in extension activities and to encourage adoption, increase awareness and in assisting policy makers. The present paper reviews how whole farm-system modelling has been used to assess GHG mitigation strategies, and the importance of understanding metrics and allocation approaches when assessing GHG emissions from LPS.
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Munidasa, Sineka, Richard Eckard, Xuezhao Sun, Brendan Cullen, David McGill, Deli Chen, and Long Cheng. "Challenges and opportunities for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions through dairy cattle research in developing countries." Journal of Dairy Research 88, no. 1 (February 2021): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029921000182.
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AbstractThe global dairy sector is facing the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions whilst increasing productivity to feed a growing population. Despite the importance of this challenge, many developing countries do not have the required resources, specifically funding, expertise and facilities, for quantifying GHG emissions from dairy production and research. This paper aims to address this challenge by discussing the magnitude of the issue, potential mitigation approaches and benefits in quantifying GHG emissions in a developing country context. Further, the paper explores the opportunities for developing country dairy scientists to leverage resources from developed countries, such as using existing relevant GHG emission estimation models. It is clear that further research is required to support developing countries to quantify and understand GHG emissions from dairy production, as it brings significant benefits including helping to identify and implement appropriate mitigation strategies for local production systems, trading carbon credits and achieving the nationally determined contribution obligations of the Paris Agreement.
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Pérez-Domínguez, Ignacio, Agustin del Prado, Klaus Mittenzwei, Jordan Hristov, Stefan Frank, Andrzej Tabeau, Peter Witzke, et al. "Short- and long-term warming effects of methane may affect the cost-effectiveness of mitigation policies and benefits of low-meat diets." Nature Food 2, no. 12 (December 2021): 970–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00385-8.
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AbstractMethane’s short atmospheric life has important implications for the design of global climate change mitigation policies in agriculture. Three different agricultural economic models are used to explore how short- and long-term warming effects of methane can affect the cost-effectiveness of mitigation policies and dietary transitions. Results show that the choice of a particular metric for methane’s warming potential is key to determine optimal mitigation options, with metrics based on shorter-term impacts leading to greater overall emission reduction. Also, the promotion of low-meat diets is more effective at reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to carbon pricing when mitigation policies are based on metrics that reflect methane’s long-term behaviour. A combination of stringent mitigation measures and dietary changes could achieve substantial emission reduction levels, helping reverse the contribution of agriculture to global warming.
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Cline, Sarah, and Sahan T. M. Dissanayake. "Special Issue on Climate Change and Land Conservation and Restoration: Advances in Economics Methods and Policies for Adaptation and Mitigation." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 47, no. 2 (August 2018): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2018.16.
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Climate change will likely impact the ecosystem services and biodiversity generated from conserved land. Land conservation can also play a significant role in achieving cost-effective mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. In this special issue we feature seven papers from the 2017 NAREA Workshop, “Climate Change and Land Conservation and Restoration: Advances in Economics Methods and Policies for Adaptation and Mitigation.” The articles include papers furthering the methodological frontier; portfolio optimization, dynamic rangeland stocking, and global timber harvest models, and those highlighting innovative applications; climate smart agricultural practices in Nigeria and Vietnam, welfare impacts on birding, and carbon and albedo pricing.
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Gurbanov, Sarvar. "Role of Natural Gas Consumption in the Reduction of CO2 Emissions: Case of Azerbaijan." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2021): 7695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227695.
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Azerbaijan signed the Paris Agreement in 2016 and committed to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 35% in 2030. Meanwhile, natural gas has been vital component in the total energy mix of Azerbaijan economy and accounted for almost 65% of the total energy consumption. In the overall electricity mix, natural gas-fired power plants generate 93% of the country’s electricity. Since global energy consumption is responsible for 73% of human-caused greenhouse-gas emissions, and CO2 makes up more than 74% of the total, this study investigates possible mitigation effects of the natural gas consumption on CO2 emissions for Azerbaijan. Author employed several cointegration methodologies, namely Bound testing Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Structural Time Series model (STSM). Author of this paper found that when the share of natural gas increases 1 percent in the total energy mix, CO2 emission per capita decreases approximately 0.14 percent as a result of the ARDL, FMOLS, and DOLS models. All three models provide cointegration between the share of natural gas in the total energy mix and reduction in CO2 emissions.
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Darmawan, Muhammad Indra, Adzani Ghani Ilmannafian, and Mariatul Kiptiah. "Greenhouse Gas Analysis in Field Maize Agriculture Using Life Cycle Assessment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1097, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1097/1/012034.
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Abstract The scope of this research was limited to analyzing land preparation and harvested maize. This study aimed to identify and measure the largest GHG in each process of field maize farming to design efficient mitigation efforts. This research employed a field research method and involved five farmer groups with different field maize farming models. The data analysis referred to the SNI ISO 14040: 2016 Framework, consisting of four stages: goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis, life cycle impact assessment, and life cycle interpretation. The life cycle inventory used energy coefficients, emission factors, and the Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. The results showed that the Total Global Warming Potential (GWP 100) in one ton of shelled maize production was 251.50–10,000.29 CO2 eq. The largest GWP was found in biomass burning and the use of Urea and NPK fertilizers. The potential for burning biomass was 5,533.67–9,683.93 CO2 eq per ton of shelled maize. There are two recommended efforts to minimize GHG emissions: converting biomass into feed and using organic fertilizer to reduce GWP from the use of fertilizer.
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Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana, Glen P. Peters, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Philippe Ciais, Francesco N. Tubiello, Giacomo Grassi, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, et al. "European anthropogenic AFOLU greenhouse gas emissions: a review and benchmark data." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 961–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-961-2020.
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Abstract. Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and removals from land, including both anthropogenic and natural fluxes, require reliable quantification, including estimates of uncertainties, to support credible mitigation action under the Paris Agreement. This study provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of bottom-up anthropogenic emissions data from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) in the European Union (EU281). The data integrate recent AFOLU emission inventories with ecosystem data and land carbon models and summarize GHG emissions and removals over the period 1990–2016. This compilation of bottom-up estimates of the AFOLU GHG emissions of European national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs), with those of land carbon models and observation-based estimates of large-scale GHG fluxes, aims at improving the overall estimates of the GHG balance in Europe with respect to land GHG emissions and removals. Whenever available, we present uncertainties, its propagation and role in the comparison of different estimates. While NGHGI data for the EU28 provide consistent quantification of uncertainty following the established IPCC Guidelines, uncertainty in the estimates produced with other methods needs to account for both within model uncertainty and the spread from different model results. The largest inconsistencies between EU28 estimates are mainly due to different sources of data related to human activity, referred to here as activity data (AD) and methodologies (tiers) used for calculating emissions and removals from AFOLU sectors. The referenced datasets related to figures are visualized at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3662371 (Petrescu et al., 2020).
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KNOPF, BRIGITTE, YEN-HENG HENRY CHEN, ENRICA DE CIAN, HANNAH FÖRSTER, AMIT KANUDIA, IOANNA KARKATSOULI, ILKKA KEPPO, TIINA KOLJONEN, KATJA SCHUMACHER, and DETLEF P. VAN VUUREN. "BEYOND 2020 — STRATEGIES AND COSTS FOR TRANSFORMING THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM." Climate Change Economics 04, supp01 (November 2013): 1340001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007813400010.
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The Energy Modeling Forum 28 (EMF28) study systematically explores the energy system transition required to meet the European goal of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050. The 80% scenario is compared to a reference case that aims to achieve a 40% GHG reduction target. The paper investigates mitigation strategies beyond 2020 and the interplay between different decarbonization options. The models present different technology pathways for the decarbonization of Europe, but a common finding across the scenarios and models is the prominent role of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. In particular, wind power and bioenergy increase considerably beyond current deployment levels. Up to 2030, the transformation strategies are similar across all models and for both levels of emission reduction. However, mitigation becomes more challenging after 2040. With some exceptions, our analysis agrees with the main findings of the "Energy Roadmap 2050" presented by the European Commission.
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Balogh, Jeremiás Máté, and Tamás Mizik. "Global Impacts of Climate Policy and Trade Agreements on Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Agriculture 13, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020424.
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To limit increasing air pollution and fossil- energy production, several environmental and climate agreements have been established globally. In addition, trade agreements could also serve to achieve climate-mitigation goals, through a trade policy with environmental regulation. By removing tariffs and harmonizing standards on environmentally friendly products and eliminating distortionary subsidies on fossil-energy production, climate change can be mitigated. The objective of the research is to explore the effects of economic growth, international trade agreements and climate conventions on greenhouse gas emissions between 1990 and 2019, at the global level. As an econometric method, an air-pollution function is estimated by panel-regression models. The results confirm that global climate agreements have a significant, but only small, mitigating impact on global greenhouse-gas emissions. The results supported the inverted-U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve. In contrast, the environmental impacts of free-trade agreements had ambiguous results on emissions, as the members of the World Trade Organization contributed to the decrease in air pollution, while countries that signed the regional trade agreements were unable to limit emissions.
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Rana, Ashish, and Tsuneyuki Morita. "Scenarios for greenhouse gas emission mitigation: a review of modeling of strategies and policies in integrated assessment models." Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 3, no. 2 (June 2000): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03354041.
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Guo, L., J. Porro, K. R. Sharma, Y. Amerlinck, L. Benedetti, I. Nopens, A. Shaw, S. W. H. Van Hulle, Z. Yuan, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Towards a benchmarking tool for minimizing wastewater utility greenhouse gas footprints." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 11 (December 1, 2012): 2483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.495.
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A benchmark simulation model, which includes a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)-wide model and a rising main sewer model, is proposed for testing mitigation strategies to reduce the system's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The sewer model was run to predict methane emissions, and its output was used as the WWTP model input. An activated sludge model for GHG (ASMG) was used to describe nitrous oxide (N2O) generation and release in activated sludge process. N2O production through both heterotrophic and autotrophic pathways was included. Other GHG emissions were estimated using empirical relationships. Different scenarios were evaluated comparing GHG emissions, effluent quality and energy consumption. Aeration control played a clear role in N2O emissions, through concentrations and distributions of dissolved oxygen (DO) along the length of the bioreactor. The average value of N2O emission under dynamic influent cannot be simulated by a steady-state model subjected to a similar influent quality, stressing the importance of dynamic simulation and control. As the GHG models have yet to be validated, these results carry a degree of uncertainty; however, they fulfilled the objective of this study, i.e. to demonstrate the potential of a dynamic system-wide modelling and benchmarking approach for balancing water quality, operational costs and GHG emissions.
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Semenov, Sergey P., and Artem O. Tashkin. "The carbon cycle models analysis as applied to research wetland ecosystems in Western Siberia." Yugra State University Bulletin 18, no. 4 (January 14, 2023): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18822/byusu202204145-152.
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Subject of research: global climate processes are directly related to greenhouse gases (greenhouse gases, GHG). The main greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which makes the problem of studying the dynamics of the carbon cycle relevant. Of particular interest is the study of the swamp ecosystems of Western Siberia, since they contain significant carbon reserves.
Purpose of research: the work is devoted to an analytical review and analysis of current publications in the field of modeling the dynamics of the carbon cycle.
Methods and objects of research: the most popular dynamic models reflecting schemes and elements of the global carbon cycle, as well as functional dependencies of carbon consumption and release are considered.
Main results of research: analytical reviews of modern scientific results in the field of mathematical modeling of the carbon cycle scheme are given. There is a proposition of a carbon cycle model, which aimed at studying the dynamics of greenhouse gases in swamp ecosystems of Western Siberia.
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Stefanovic, Sandra, Zarko Stevanovic, Borislav Grubor, Zana Stevanovic, Marija Zivkovic, and Maja Djurovic-Petrovic. "Comparative analyses of built environment exposures relevant to health of greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategies in Serbia." Thermal Science 18, no. 3 (2014): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1403903s.
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Paper presents comparative analysis of residential indoor air pollutant concentration change over future specified time horizon, implementing building physical and thermal retrofit measures, thus creating pollution mitigation scenarios for existing Belgrade and Nis housing stock followed by greenhouse gas emission reduction scenarios up to 2050. Regarding specified mitigation scenarios, the set of typical housing unit models has been generated which define existing housing stock of Belgrade and Nis. Extensive monitoring of physical and thermal parameters as well as detailed socio-technical survey of selected households was performed and used as an initial modeling input. Relationship between environment pollution and building performances was investigated, with respect to indooroutdoor sources of pollution, thermal and physical properties of the stock samples and occupant?s behavior. As a final output, indoor pollutant concentrations for each of the modelled cases was obtained and validated against the available data. This housing modelling framework has been created in order to develop an assessment of present and future exposure and health impact quantity regarding single/multiple scenario interventions introduced to the housing stock. This paper provides each strategy guidelines for taking measures towards achieving the healthier indoor environments.
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Nunes, Leonel J. R., Catarina I. R. Meireles, Carlos J. Pinto Gomes, and Nuno M. C. Almeida Ribeiro. "Forest Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation: Management Oriented to Carbon Capture and Storage." Climate 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8020021.
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Today, climate change is assumed by many researchers and scholars as a certainty and is presented as the biggest challenge humanity has ever faced. It is commonly accepted that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause that is accelerating the process. Therefore, it is urgent to find solutions to mitigate climate change, mainly because the intense effects have already been felt, in many cases in the form of the occurrence of extremely violent weather events. Forests are undoubtedly one of the most effective and easiest ways to provide the function of carbon sinks. However, it is essential and convenient to analyze the permanence time of this carbon in forests, because this permanence time depends directly on the forest management model used. This article aims to analyze forest management models from the perspective of carbon residence time in temperate forests, dividing the models into three types, namely carbon conservation models, carbon storage models, and carbon substitution models, according to their ability to contribute to functioning as carbon sinks, thereby contributing to the mitigation of climate change.
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Gantner, Vesna, Ranko Gnatner, Goran Vučković, Maja Gregić, Krešimir Kuterovac, and Mirna Gavran. "Comparison of statistical models for estimation of methane emission in dairy Simmentals based on animal recording data." Poljoprivreda 25, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.25.1.11.
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In the last decades we have witnessed increasingly pronounced climate change worldwide resulting in environment transformation in various regions by making it not convenient for agricultural and livestock production. The global livestock sector contributes to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, but on the other hand, it can also deliver a significant share of the necessary mitigation effort. One of the most significant greenhouse gas is methane. Mitigation methods for the methane emissions in cattle can be classified as short and long term. Short-term methods imply increase of production per animal, reduction of number of animals and feeding optimization, while long-term methods imply genetic evaluation and selection based on methane emission variation. Prerequisite for genetic evaluation is selection of optimal indicators and models with high accuracy and easy applicability in routine Animal Recording. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate different models for methane emission estimation in dairy cows based on Animal Recording data. The results obtained indicate that data from regular Animal Recording could be used in estimation of methane emission of dairy Simmental cows enabling the population analysis and genetic evaluation of dairy cattle for methane emission. Given the very high variability determined in estimated methane emission values regarding the used statistical models and aiming high accuracy of genetic evaluation it is recommended to define estimation models for body weight, dry matter intake and methane emission based on parameters (type traits and test-day records) of particular dairy cattle population. The stated will enable genetic evaluation of dairy cattle for methane emission as well as selection of cows with lower methane emission intensity. Finally, this will lead to environmentally sustainable milk production.
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Janzen, H. H., D. A. Angers, M. Boehm, M. Bolinder, R. L. Desjardins, J. Dyer, B. H. Ellert, et al. "A proposed approach to estimate and reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from whole farms." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-101.
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Greenhouse gas emissions from farms can be suppressed in two ways: by curtailing the release of these gases (especially N2O and CH4), and by storing more carbon in soils, thereby removing atmospheric CO2. But most practices have multiple interactive effects on emissions throughout a farm. We describe an approach for identifying practices that best reduce net, whole-farm emissions. We propose to develop a “Virtual Farm”, a series of interconnected algorithms that predict net emissions from flows of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. The Virtual Farm would consist of three elements: descriptors, which characterize the farm; algorithms, which calculate emissions from components of the farm; and an integrator, which links the algorithms to each other and the descriptors, generating whole-farm estimates. Ideally, the Virtual Farm will be: boundary-explicit, with single farms as the fundamental unit; adaptable to diverse farm types; modular in design; simple and transparent; dependent on minimal, attainable inputs; internally consistent; compatible with models developed elsewhere; and dynamic (“seeing”into the past and the future). The Virtual Farm would be constructed via two parallel streams - measurement and modeling - conducted iteratively. The understanding built into the Virtual Farm may eventually be applied to issues beyond greenhouse gas mitigation. Key words: CO2, N2O, CH4, agroecosystems, models, climate change
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Mathot, Michaël, Eric Elias, Edouard Reding, Amélie Vanlierde, Werne Reuter, Viviane Planchon, and Didier Stilmant. "Variation of greenhouse gas emissions and identification of their drivers during the fattening of Belgian Blue White bulls based on a LCA approach." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15592.
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Greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI; kilograms carbon dioxide equivalents/kilograms liveweight gain) have to be reduced so as to limit the impact of human activities on global warming while furnishing food to human. In this respect, performances of 654 Belgian Blue double-muscled bulls (BBdm) during their fattening phase were recorded. On this basis, their greenhouse gas emissions were modelled to estimate variation in GHGI and investigate mitigation options at that level. The relevance of theses option is discussed, taking into account the whole life and production system scales. Large variations (mean (s.d.)) were observed (from 7.2 (0.4) to 10.0 (0.7) kg carbon dioxide equivalents/kg liveweight gain) for, respectively, the 1st- and 4th-quantile groups defined for GHGI. Early culling, low liveweight and age at start of the fattening phase of the bulls would lead to a reduction of GHGI. Nevertheless, more than 32% of the variation remained unexplained. However, decision leading to reduction of GHG intensity at this stage of the life may be compensated in the early stage of BBdm. Attention is drawn on the necessity to encompass the whole life of BBdm for investigating mitigation options and on the sensitivity of the results on models and methodological choices.
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Kotz, Maximilian, Leonie Wenz, and Anders Levermann. "Footprint of greenhouse forcing in daily temperature variability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 32 (August 2, 2021): e2103294118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103294118.
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Changes in mean climatic conditions will affect natural and societal systems profoundly under continued anthropogenic global warming. Changes in the high-frequency variability of temperature exert additional pressures, yet the effect of greenhouse forcing thereon has not been fully assessed or identified in observational data. Here, we show that the intramonthly variability of daily surface temperature changes with distinct global patterns as greenhouse gas concentrations rise. In both reanalyses of historical observations and state-of-the-art projections, variability increases at low to mid latitudes and decreases at northern mid to high latitudes with enhanced greenhouse forcing. These latitudinally polarized daily variability changes are identified from internal climate variability using a recently developed signal-to-noise-maximizing pattern-filtering technique. Analysis of a multimodel ensemble from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 shows that these changes are attributable to enhanced greenhouse forcing. By the end of the century under a business-as-usual emissions scenario, daily temperature variability would continue to increase by up to a further 100% at low latitudes and decrease by 40% at northern high latitudes. Alternative scenarios demonstrate that these changes would be limited by mitigation of greenhouse gases. Moreover, global changes in daily variability exhibit strong covariation with warming across climate models, suggesting that the equilibrium climate sensitivity will also play a role in determining the extent of future variability changes. This global response of the high-frequency climate system to enhanced greenhouse forcing is likely to have strong and unequal effects on societies, economies, and ecosystems if mitigation and protection measures are not taken.
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Simionescu, Mihaela, Yuriy Bilan, Stanisław Gędek, and Dalia Streimikiene. "The Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Cereal Production in the European Union." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123433.
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Considering food security and climate change mitigation as the main sustainability challenges for agriculture, the main goal is to achieve agricultural production at an acceptable level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this paper, the effects of GHGs are described. Panel data models are built to assess the impact of greenhouse gases on harvested production of cereals in EU countries. The study is focused on the climate change cause by GHG emissions that have a direct impact on agriculture in what concerns cereal production. Therefore, the impact of GHGs on cereal production in the European Union, except Malta, in the period 2000–2016 was assessed. Moreover, the effects of GHGs on agricultural irrigated land in Denmark and Hungary, two EU countries with the large agricultural surface, were computed. The results indicated a positive impact of GHGs from agriculture and fertilizer consumption in the previous year on cereal production in the EU. Moreover, only in Hungary did the increase in GHG emissions determined a slow increase in the volume of agricultural irrigated lands in the period of 2000–2016.
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Vandyck, Toon, Kimon Keramidas, Stéphane Tchung-Ming, Matthias Weitzel, and Rita Van Dingenen. "Quantifying air quality co-benefits of climate policy across sectors and regions." Climatic Change 163, no. 3 (April 20, 2020): 1501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02685-7.
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AbstractThe overlap in sources of greenhouse gas and local air pollutant emissions creates scope for policy measures to limit global warming and improve air quality simultaneously. In a first step, we derive estimates for the air pollution mortality-related component of the social cost of atmospheric release for 6 pollutants and 56 regions in the world. Combining these estimates with emission inventory data highlights that sector contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution health impacts differ widely across regions. Next, simulations of future emission pathways consistent with the 2 °C and 1.5 °C targets illustrate that strengthening climate policy ambition raises the total value of air quality co-benefits despite lower marginal co-benefits per tonne of greenhouse gas emissions abated. Finally, we use results from a multi-model ensemble to quantify and compare the value of health-related ambient air quality co-benefits of climate policy across sectors and regions. On the global level, overall air quality co-benefits range from $8 to $40 per tonne of greenhouse gases abated in 2030, with median across models and scenarios of $18/tCO2e. These results mask strong differentiation across regions and sectors, with median co-benefits from mitigation in the residential and service sectors in India exceeding $500/tCO2e. By taking a sector- and region-specific perspective, the results presented here reveal promising channels to improve human health outcomes and to ratchet up greenhouse gas reduction efforts to bridge the gap between countries’ pledges and the global targets of the Paris Agreement.
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Durandeau, S., B. Gabrielle, C. Godard, P. A. Jayet, and C. Le Bas. "Coupling biophysical and micro-economic models to assess the effect of mitigation measures on greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture." Climatic Change 98, no. 1-2 (September 9, 2009): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9653-8.
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Abratenko, P., J. Anthony, L. Arellano, J. Asaadi, A. Ashkenazi, S. Balasubramanian, B. Baller, et al. "Observation of radon mitigation in MicroBooNE by a liquid argon filtration system." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): P11022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/11/p11022.
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Abstract The MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) maintains a high level of liquid argon purity through the use of a filtration system that removes electronegative contaminants in continuously-circulated liquid, recondensed boil off, and externally supplied argon gas. We use the MicroBooNE LArTPC to reconstruct MeV-scale radiological decays. Using this technique we measure the liquid argon filtration system's efficacy at removing radon. This is studied by placing a 500 kBq 222Rn source upstream of the filters and searching for a time-dependent increase in the number of radiological decays in the LArTPC. In the context of two models for radon mitigation via a liquid argon filtration system, a slowing mechanism and a trapping mechanism, MicroBooNE data supports a radon reduction factor of greater than 97% or 99.999%, respectively. Furthermore, a radiological survey of the filters found that the copper-based filter material was the primary medium that removed the 222Rn. This is the first observation of radon mitigation in liquid argon with a large-scale copper-based filter and could offer a radon mitigation solution for future large LArTPCs.
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Erickson, Galen E., Andrea K. Watson, Andy Suyker, Yijie Xiong, and Jane Okalebo. "317 Importance and Difficulty of Measuring Complete Greenhouse gas Flux from Diverse Beef Production Systems." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.282.
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Abstract Cattle naturally respire CO2 from energy and rumen metabolism, and produce enteric CH4 from rumen fermentation. In addition, N2O is produced from soils used for agricultural production following precipitation events. These three gases need to be more accurately quantified in beef production systems to model greenhouse gas (GHG) flux and establish effective mitigation strategies. Most models assume CO2 respiration equals carbon uptake by soil when cattle are fed harvested feeds or during grazing. Therefore, CH4 or N2O release is the net contribution from beef production, while ignoring respired CO2. Recent evidence suggests carbon uptake in soils within grazing systems may offset much of the GHG emissions during beef production. However, total flux is difficult to measure in open, extensive systems including pasture and feedlot pens. Using methods of eddy covariance, footprint modeling, and satellite GPS data on cattle location during grazing, we have estimated CO2 and CH4 production from grazing cattle independent of the pasture (soil and plant) to get accurate fluxes. Regardless of whether the beef industry is already net zero, focus on mitigating enteric methane production is warranted. Three primary methods are used for evaluating CH4: in vitro techniques, calorimetry head boxes, or pen chambers. The most robust system for quantification of enteric methane is pen chambers, which allows for cattle performance to be evaluated simultaneously. Many new additives are being evaluated, but not yet approved for use in food animals. Use of pen-based chambers has a limitation with large numbers of animals that cannot enter the food chain. More focus is required to find suitable methane mitigation strategies from novel feed additives and evaluate changes in productivity and ensuring no residues. Whenever possible, increasing speed of approval for those additives that are effective and pose no risk for food safety will be critical for ruminant production.
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Kone, Tiangoua, Amenan Lydie Clarisse Mangoua-Allali, Assamoi Béatrice Ama-Cauphys, Pantchie Hadidjata Kone, Pétémanagnan Jean-Marie Ouattara, and Lacina Coulibaly. "Assessment of the Potential for Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation by the Methanization of Slaughterhouse Waste in the District of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 36 (November 30, 2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n36p34.
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Abattoirs are a source of huge waste that contributes to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and, thus, to global warming and climate change. This study aimed to evaluate the GHG emission mitigation potential of a biodigester to be installed at the abattoir of Port-Bouët in the District of Abidjan. Mathematical methods developed by Hashimoto, Gwogon, and Amahrouch and an empirical method were used to assess this mitigation potential. The results showed that regardless of the methods, biogas volumes increased from 2013 to 2017 and decreased in 2018. The highest daily biogas production was obtained in 2017 for all the methods. According to Hashimoto's method, the biogas volume was 564.50 m3 in a biodigester of 2792.64 m3. Gwogon's method led to a biogas volume of 724.15 m3 for a 2228.14 m3 biodigester. The calculated volume of biogas with the Amahrouch method was 557.03 m3 for a 2785.17 m3 biodigester. The empirical method showed a maximum biogas volume of 631.31 m3. The amount of CO2 avoided per kilogram of dung ranged from 41579.88 to 71561.17 kg CO2e, 41643.46 to 71670.58 kg CO2e, 41689.19 to 71749.30 kg CO2e for Gwogon, empirical and Hashimoto methods, respectively. The values ranged from 41694.30 to 71758.10 kg CO2e for the Amahrouch method. These results show a biodigester's tremendous environmental and economic potential for treating the waste of the slaughterhouse of Port-Bouët.
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Zhong, Zhangqi, Xu Zhang, and Weina Gao. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Transferring via Trade: Influencing Factors and Policy Implications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 5065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145065.
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Global climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from anthropogenic activities have already become the focus of the world. A more systematic and comprehensive analysis on the factors influencing the changes of global GHGs transferring via trade have not been fully discussed. To this end, employing spatial econometric regression models and multi-regional input-output models, this paper reveals factors influencing the GHGs transferring via trade changes in 39 major economies, so as to develop the relevant GHGs reduction policies. The results indicate that regions with the highest net outflow of GHGs transferring via trade are primarily Russia and Canada, and the adverse effects of promoting GHGs reduction on the national economy could be avoided by these regions owing to trade relations. Additionally, factors influencing the changes in GHGs transferring via trade have significant spatial autocorrelation, and population size and energy structure exert significant spatial spillover effects on the changes in the GHGs transferring via trade. On this basis, this paper suggests that one more effective way to prevent trade from the rigorous demands of environmental governance measures while preserving the economic benefits of international trade may be to facilitate cooperation between countries on GHGs mitigation. Further, we articulate more balanced environment governance policies, including conducting the sharing of advanced energy technologies and developing clearer production technologies.
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Abu-Qdais, Hani A., Ziad Al-Ghazawi, and Abdallah Awawdeh. "Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energetic Potential from Solid Waste Landfills in Jordan: A Comparative Modelling Analysis." Water 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010155.
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Landfilling of solid waste has been and continues to be among the most common practices of solid waste disposal. This is particularly true for Jordan, where approximately 3.3 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is annually generated, with 90% of the generated amount disposed into landfills. The main objective of this study is to estimate the quantities of landfill gas (LFG) generated from the solid waste disposal and its potential as a source of clean energy in Jordan using four different models, namely, GasSim 2.5, LandGEM, Afvalzorg, and Mexico Landfill Gas Model V2 (MLFGM V2). Furthermore, the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of LFG projects was estimated. Currently, there are 18 active landfills that are distributed across the country. Based on screening criteria, the landfills were grouped into three categories: five landfills were considered for energy production, four were strong candidates for LFG collection and flaring, while the remaining nine landfills do not receive enough waste to be considered for either energy recovery or flaring. The total amount of LFG emissions was found to be 1.6 billion M3 of LFG, while the landfill energetic potential of the recovered LFG was estimated to be 34.8 MW. On the other hand, GHG mitigation potential was assessed between the years 2020 and 2030, which was found to be 18 million ton CO2 eq. The proposed LFG energy recovery projects will lead to increased biogas contribution to Jordan’s local renewable energy mix from a current level of 1% to 6%.
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Kistowski, Mariusz, and Paweł Wiśniewski. "Regionalisation of needs to reduce GHG emission from agriculture in Poland." Geographia Polonica 93, no. 3 (2020): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/gpol.0178.
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An important element in the local shaping of a low-carbon economy, as well as one of the key areas of activity in communal plans for its development should be rural areas and their related agricultural activities. This is due on the one hand to the significant share of agriculture in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Poland (on average about 8%, locally as much as 20-50%), and on the other hand to the high potential of rural areas to use their resources to increase carbon sequestration in biomass and soil, reduce GHG emissions, as well as use agricultural activity for the development of renewable energy. The paper, based on the results of mathematical modelling of GHG emission from agricultural sources in all Polish communes, attempts to regionalize the needs of integrating agriculture and rural areas into the development of low-carbon economy at the local level. For this purpose, the guiding factors for regionalisation of the needs for mitigation actions were determined, and a regionalisation of these needs as well as a typology of the distinguished regions were, consequently, developed. The regions with the most urgent needs for mitigation actions were indicated, as well as the directions of mitigation actions for particular types of regions.
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Selalame, Thabang W., Raj Patel, Iqbal M. Mujtaba, and Yakubu M. John. "A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit—Part II: The Regenerator." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010388.
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Heavy petroleum industries, including the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit, are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The FCC unit’s regenerator is where these emissions originate mostly, meaning the operation of FCC regenerators has come under scrutiny in recent years due to the global mitigation efforts against climate change, affecting both current operations and the future of the FCC unit. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable at predicting emissions of various greenhouse gases to keep up with new reporting guidelines that will help optimise the unit for increased coke conversion and lower operating costs. Part 1 of this paper was dedicated to reviewing the riser section of the FCC unit. Part 2 reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulating the FCC regenerator. Hydrodynamics and kinetics of the regenerator are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC unit, such as gas–solid cyclones and catalyst transport lines, are also considered. This review then identifies areas where the current generation of models of the regenerator can be improved for the future. Parts 1 and 2 are such that a comprehensive review of the literature on modelling the FCC unit is presented, showing the guidance and framework followed in building models for the unit.
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Hu, Xu, Jinwei Sun, Yisong Chen, Qiu Liu, and Liang Gu. "Considering Well-to-Wheels Analysis in Control Design: Regenerative Suspension Helps to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Battery Electric Vehicles." Energies 12, no. 13 (July 5, 2019): 2594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12132594.
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Recent research has investigated the energy saving potential of regenerative suspension. However, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation potential of regenerative suspension in battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has not been considered. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a typical method for evaluating GHG emissions but is rarely used in vehicle control design. Here we explore the effects of regenerative suspension on reducing the GHG emissions from a BEV, whose control design considers well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis. The work first conducts the WTW analysis and modelling of the GHG emissions from a BEV equipped with regenerative suspension. Based on the models, the relation between suspension control parameters and GHG emissions is obtained. To reach a compromise between dynamic performance and environmental benefit, two types of control parameters are recommended and their switch rules during the operation are proposed. Finally, we take a case study with different driving cycles, road levels and country contexts. The results show that considering WTW analysis in control design can contribute to GHG emission mitigation, especially for countries that have a high-carbon intensity of the electricity grid. These findings provide a quantitative reference for technology path decision on regenerative suspension. This paper may provide a new insight for employing LCA in vehicle design.
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Nieto, María, Olivia Barrantes, Liliana Privitello, and Ramón Reiné. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Grazing Systems in Semi-Arid Rangelands of Central Argentina." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114228.
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The livestock sector can be a major contributor to the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Within the sector, beef production produces the largest proportion of the livestock sector’s direct emissions. The objective of this study was to assess the on-farm GHG emissions in semi-arid rangelands in Argentina and to identify the relationship between emissions and current farm management practices. A survey recorded detailed information on farm management and characteristics. Assessments of GHG emissions were based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 protocols. The relationship between farm management and GHG emissions were identified using general linear models. Cluster analysis was used to identify groups of farms that differed from others in emissions and farm characteristics. Emissions per product sold were low on farms that had improved livestock care management, rotational grazing, received technical advice, and had high animal and land productivities. Emissions per hectare of farmland were low on farms that had low stocking rates, a low number of grazing paddocks, little or no land dedicated to improved pastures and forage crops, and low land productivity. Our results suggest that the implementation of realistic, relatively easy-to-adopt farming management practices has considerable potential for mitigating the GHG emissions in the semi-arid rangelands of central Argentina.
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Pudcha, Thichakorn, Awassada Phongphiphat, Komsilp Wangyao, and Sirintornthep Towprayoon. "Forecasting Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Thailand with Grey Modellin." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 21, no. 1 (November 30, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/21/202200104.
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Forecasting municipal solid waste generation is crucial in planning for effective and sustainable waste management. Where data on waste are limited, the grey model (GM) has proven to be a useful tool for forecasting. This study applied GM for forecasting municipal solid waste generation in Thailand up to 2030, based on a dataset from 2011-2018. Both univariate models and multivariate models with four influencing factors (population density, gross domestic product per capita, household expenditure, and household size) were tested. The GM (1,1)-0.1 and GM (1,3) provided the lowest prediction errors among all models. Based on these models, waste generation in 2030 was projected to be 84,070-95,728 tonnes/day (1.23-1.40 kg/capita/day), an approximately 10-25% increase compared to 2018. In a business-as-usual scenario, there would be 6,404,848 tonnes of improperly treated waste by 2030, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions from its disposal of up to 2,600 GgCO2e. This amount of waste is equivalent to 380 MWe of electricity; therefore, it should receive more attention. Results show that the improved management of improperly treated waste would help Thailand reach its waste-to-energy production target of 500 MW by 2036. Furthermore, diverting this portion of waste from open dump sites would directly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector more than the set target of Thailand’s Nationally Determined Contribution Roadmap on Mitigation 2021-2030 (1,300 GgCO2e).
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Dyer, J. A., X. P. C. Vergé, R. L. Desjardins, and D. Worth. "Long-term trends in the greenhouse gas emissions from the Canadian dairy industry." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07042.
Full textAbstract:
Estimates of the efficiency of mitigation measures on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the agricultural sector are required. In this paper, recently calculated dairy GHG emissions for 2001 were extrapolated back to 1981 for census years using an index. The index was verified by comparing it with estimates based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology for 1991. The index agreed with the IPCC estimates within 1% for methane and 4% for nitrous oxide on a national scale with no region having a difference of more than 5% for methane. For nitrous oxide, all regions were within 10%, except British Columbia, where the index was 19% too high. The index indicates that GHG emissions from primary milk production within the Canadian dairy industry have decreased by about 49% since 1981, mainly due to a 57% reduction in the dairy cow population during that period. The GHG emissions per kilogram of milk decreased by 35%, that is from 1.22 kg CO2eq kg-1 milk to 0.91 kg CO2eq kg-1 milk. Because this study took into account the energy-related CO2 emissions from all the major farm inputs (fertilizer and fossil fuel), there was little risk of hidden GHG emissions in the emission intensity calculation. This study demonstrates that where lack of input data restricts historical application of simulation models, a semi-empirical index approach can yield valuable results. Key words: Greenhouse gas, dairy industry, index, intensity indicator
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Praveen, Kumar G., K. Vasumathi, and M. Premalatha. "CFD simulation of an absorption column for CO2 capturing process." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2605rjce1623.
Full textAbstract:
The reduction of greenhouse gases is an important mitigation effort in the midst of rising global temperatures. CO2 capture with absorption is chosen because this technology looks to be ready for retrofitting in the power plant. This absorption column is simulated using FLUENT v 6.3.26. The simulated absorption column is 8m in height and 1m in diameter. Specifying boundary and operating conditions (temperature, pressure, fluid flow models, flow rates and porosity) and iterations are done till all the equations converge. Also, simulations were carried out for various porosities, liquid flow rates and gas flow rates to study the effect of variation in exit CO2 concentration and optimized. The simulated column showed maximum CO2 recovery of about 90% for liquid flow rate 3.2kg/s, gas flow rate 1kg/s and porosity=0.6.