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1
Gillenwater, Michael, and Tinus Pulles. "Welcome to Greenhouse Gas Measurement & Management." Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management 1, no. 1 (February 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/ghgmm.2010.ed01.
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Gunst, Andrew. "Carbon pollution (greenhouse gas) measurement and reporting." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09042.
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Carbon reporting and emissions trading in Australia—both of which, in 2007, seemed unlikely—came into effect with the implementation of mandatory data reporting from July 2008 (Australia) and January 2010 (USA); the onus lies with emitting corporations to determine whether they must report. At the time of writing it is also likely that Australia and the USA will join Europe in placing a price on carbon by 2013. The background to the Australian regulations will be explored in this paper, along with comparisons made to regulations in other jurisdictions, including the new reporting scheme in the USA. To date, much of the public discussion in these countries has centred on the financial aspects of a carbon tax or emissions trading scheme; however, significant challenges exist in identifying and quantifying the emissions that the financial community seeks to trade, and business community understanding of the details of greenhouse emissions is not strong. Case studies from the Australian oil and gas and related industries will be used to explain counter-intuitive aspects of greenhouse gas emissions and their regulation, and to illustrate challenges in emissions measurement and reporting.
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Gunst, Andrew. "Carbon pollution (greenhouse gas) measurement and reporting." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 5, no. 4 (July 2010): 646–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.498.
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Palmer, Paul I., Simon O'Doherty, Grant Allen, Keith Bower, Hartmut Bösch, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Sarah Connors, et al. "A measurement-based verification framework for UK greenhouse gas emissions: an overview of the Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) project." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 16 (August 17, 2018): 11753–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11753-2018.
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Abstract. We describe the motivation, design, and execution of the Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions (GAUGE) project. The overarching scientific objective of GAUGE was to use atmospheric data to estimate the magnitude, distribution, and uncertainty of the UK greenhouse gas (GHG, defined here as CO2, CH4, and N2O) budget, 2013–2015. To address this objective, we established a multi-year and interlinked measurement and data analysis programme, building on an established tall-tower GHG measurement network. The calibrated measurement network comprises ground-based, airborne, ship-borne, balloon-borne, and space-borne GHG sensors. Our choice of measurement technologies and measurement locations reflects the heterogeneity of UK GHG sources, which range from small point sources such as landfills to large, diffuse sources such as agriculture. Atmospheric mole fraction data collected at the tall towers and on the ships provide information on sub-continental fluxes, representing the backbone to the GAUGE network. Additional spatial and temporal details of GHG fluxes over East Anglia were inferred from data collected by a regional network. Data collected during aircraft flights were used to study the transport of GHGs on local and regional scales. We purposely integrated new sensor and platform technologies into the GAUGE network, allowing us to lay the foundations of a strengthened UK capability to verify national GHG emissions beyond the project lifetime. For example, current satellites provide sparse and seasonally uneven sampling over the UK mainly because of its geographical size and cloud cover. This situation will improve with new and future satellite instruments, e.g. measurements of CH4 from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard Sentinel-5P. We use global, nested, and regional atmospheric transport models and inverse methods to infer geographically resolved CO2 and CH4 fluxes. This multi-model approach allows us to study model spread in a posteriori flux estimates. These models are used to determine the relative importance of different measurements to infer the UK GHG budget. Attributing observed GHG variations to specific sources is a major challenge. Within a UK-wide spatial context we used two approaches: (1) Δ14CO2 and other relevant isotopologues (e.g. δ13CCH4) from collected air samples to quantify the contribution from fossil fuel combustion and other sources, and (2) geographical separation of individual sources, e.g. agriculture, using a high-density measurement network. Neither of these represents a definitive approach, but they will provide invaluable information about GHG source attribution when they are adopted as part of a more comprehensive, long-term national GHG measurement programme. We also conducted a number of case studies, including an instrumented landfill experiment that provided a test bed for new technologies and flux estimation methods. We anticipate that results from the GAUGE project will help inform other countries on how to use atmospheric data to quantify their nationally determined contributions to the Paris Agreement.
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Cai, Mengyang, Huiqin Mao, Cuihong Chen, Xvpeng Wei, and Tianqi Shi. "Measuring Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Point Sources with Mobile Systems." Atmosphere 13, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081249.
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The traditional least squares method for the retrieval of CO2 emissions from CO2 emission sources is affected by the nonlinear characteristics of the Gaussian plume model, which leads to the optimal estimation of CO2 emissions easily falling into local minima. In this study, ACA–IPFM (ant colony algorithm and interior point penalty function) is proposed to remedy the shortcomings of the traditional least squares method, which makes full use of the global search property of the ant colony algorithm and the local exact search capability of the interior point penalty function to make the optimal estimation of CO2 emissions closer to the global optimum. We evaluate the errors of several parameters that are most likely to affect the accuracy of the CO2 emission retrieval and analyze these errors jointly. These parameters include wind speed measurement error, wind direction measurement error, CO2 concentration measurement error, and the number of CO2 concentration measurements. When the wind speed error is less than 20%, the inverse error of CO2 concentration emission is less than 1% and the uncertainty is less than 3%, when the wind direction error is less than 55 degrees, the inverse error is less than 1% and the uncertainty is less than 3%, when the CO2 concentration measurement error is less than 10%, the inverse error is less than 1% and the uncertainty is less than 3.3%, and when the measurement quantity is higher than 60, the inverse error is less than 1% and the uncertainty is less than 3%. In addition, we simulate the concentration observations on different paths under the same conditions, and invert the CO2 emissions based on these simulated values. Through the retrieval results, we evaluate the errors caused by different paths of measurements, and have demonstrated that different paths are affected by different emission sources to different degrees, resulting in different inversion accuracies for different paths under the same conditions in the end, which can provide some reference for the actual measurement route planning of the mobile system. Combined with the characteristics of the agility of the mobile system, ACA–IPFM can extend the monitoring of CO2 emissions to a wider area.
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Berhanu, Tesfaye Ayalneh, Ece Satar, Rudiger Schanda, Peter Nyfeler, Hanspeter Moret, Dominik Brunner, Brian Oney, and Markus Leuenberger. "Measurements of greenhouse gases at Beromünster tall-tower station in Switzerland." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2016): 2603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2603-2016.
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Abstract. In order to constrain the regional flux of greenhouse gases, an automated measurement system was built on an old radio tower at Beromünster, Switzerland. The measurement system has been running since November 2012 as part of the Swiss greenhouse gases monitoring network (CarboCount-CH), which is composed of four measurement sites across the country. The Beromünster tall tower has five sampling lines with inlets at 12.5, 44.6, 71.5, 131.6, and 212.5 m above ground level, and it is equipped with a Picarro cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) analyzer (G-2401), which continuously measures CO, CO2, CH4, and H2O. Sensors for detection of wind speed and direction, air temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity have also been installed at each height level. We have observed a non-negligible temperature effect in the calibration measurements, which was found to be dependent on the type of cylinder (steel or aluminum) as well as trace gas species (strongest for CO). From a target gas of known mixing ratio that has been measured once a day, we have calculated a long-term reproducibility of 2.79 ppb, 0.05 ppm, and 0.29 ppb for CO, CO2, and CH4, respectively, over 19 months of measurements. The values obtained for CO2 and CH4 are compliant with the WMO recommendations, while the value calculated for CO is higher than the recommendation. Since the installation of an air-conditioning system recently at the measurement cabin, we have acquired better temperature stability of the measurement system, but no significant improvement was observed in the measurement precision inferred from the target gas measurements. Therefore, it seems that the observed higher variation in CO measurements is associated with the instrumental noise, compatible with the precision provided by the manufacturer.
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McGinn, S. M. "Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from point sources in agriculture." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 355–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-099.
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Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural sources have a significant role in the overall enhancement of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) effect. In research, measurements of GHG emissions are made to improve upon emission factors used in national inventories, identify and promote mitigation practices, and drive policy on GHG emissions in agriculture. These measurements are fundamental to the process of better management of GHG emissions. There is a variety of measurement techniques used in GHG research depending on the measurement environment and available resources. Techniques that use chambers or micrometeorological measurements are commonly employed for calculating emissions of GHG from point sources in agriculture, such as livestock and manure-holding facilities. This review examines these techniques, their limitations, and discusses methods to quantify their accuracy and precision. Emerging techniques like the use of dispersion models provide opportunities to directly determine emissions from whole farms. A few micrometeorological techniques (integrated horizontal flux and mass difference) are ideal for point sources such as manure storage facilities. For smaller sources, chambers are still recommended. In designing GHG emission studies, employing more than one technique when measuring GHG emissions is recommended, as often differences can exist due to technique. Ideally, a controlled release of the target gas, and its recovery, should also be conducted to evaluate techniques prior to their application. Although many techniques are often sensitive enough to quantify mitigation practices, i.e., the relative change in emissions, it is more difficult to determine “ true”emission factors as required for inventory work. It follows that the precision and accuracy of the techniques must accompany their application when estimating GHG emissions. Key words: Greenhouse gas, techniques, chambers, methane, agriculture, cattle
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Karion, A., C. Sweeney, S. Wolter, T. Newberger, H. Chen, A. Andrews, J. Kofler, D. Neff, and P. Tans. "Long-term greenhouse gas measurements from aircraft." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 511–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-511-2013.
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Abstract. In March 2009 the NOAA/ESRL/GMD Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Group collaborated with the US Coast Guard (USCG) to establish the Alaska Coast Guard (ACG) sampling site, a unique addition to NOAA's atmospheric monitoring network. This collaboration takes advantage of USCG bi-weekly Arctic Domain Awareness (ADA) flights, conducted with Hercules C-130 aircraft from March to November each year. Flights typically last 8 h and cover a large area, traveling from Kodiak up to Barrow, Alaska, with altitude profiles near the coast and in the interior. NOAA instrumentation on each flight includes a flask sampling system, a continuous cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) carbon dioxide (CO2)/methane (CH4)/carbon monoxide (CO)/water vapor (H2O) analyzer, a continuous ozone analyzer, and an ambient temperature and humidity sensor. Air samples collected in flight are analyzed at NOAA/ESRL for the major greenhouse gases and a variety of halocarbons and hydrocarbons that influence climate, stratospheric ozone, and air quality. We describe the overall system for making accurate greenhouse gas measurements using a CRDS analyzer on an aircraft with minimal operator interaction and present an assessment of analyzer performance over a three-year period. Overall analytical uncertainty of CRDS measurements in 2011 is estimated to be 0.15 ppm, 1.4 ppb, and 5 ppb for CO2, CH4, and CO, respectively, considering short-term precision, calibration uncertainties, and water vapor correction uncertainty. The stability of the CRDS analyzer over a seven-month deployment period is better than 0.15 ppm, 2 ppb, and 4 ppb for CO2, CH4, and CO, respectively, based on differences of on-board reference tank measurements from a laboratory calibration performed prior to deployment. This stability is not affected by variation in pressure or temperature during flight. We conclude that the uncertainty reported for our measurements would not be significantly affected if the measurements were made without in-flight calibrations, provided ground calibrations and testing were performed regularly. Comparisons between in situ CRDS measurements and flask measurements are consistent with expected measurement uncertainties for CH4 and CO, but differences are larger than expected for CO2. Biases and standard deviations of comparisons with flask samples suggest that atmospheric variability, flask-to-flask variability, and possible flask sampling biases may be driving the observed flask versus in situ CO2 differences rather than the CRDS measurements.
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Kumar, Amit, Tao Yang, and M. P. Sharma. "Greenhouse gas measurement from Chinese freshwater bodies: A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 233 (October 2019): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.052.
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Harper, L. A., O. T. Denmead, and T. K. Flesch. "Micrometeorological techniques for measurement of enteric greenhouse gas emissions." Animal Feed Science and Technology 166-167 (June 2011): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.013.
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Pattey, E., G. Edwards, I. B. Strachan, R. L. Desjardins, S. Kaharabata, and C. Wagner Riddle. "Towards standards for measuring greenhouse gas fluxes from agricultural fields using instrumented towers." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 373–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-100.
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This is a discussion of the available technology for measuring turbulent fluxes using instrumented towers. This review focuses on the flux measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) for agricultural systems and the development of standards and protocols for measuring them. Agroecosystems present unique challenges because they undergo large leaf area index (LAI) and canopy architecture changes in a relatively short period of time (i.e., months) coupled with the fact that many of the greenhouse gas sources are diffuse. This review examines all aspects of the theory and application of the micrometeorological techniques, with focus on the flux gradient, eddy accumulation and eddy covariance techniques. Instrument placement, sens or response and noise characteristics are also explored. Innovative applications of micrometeorological methods are discussed for closed- and open-path trace gas sensors and commonly used meteorological instrumentation. The use of fast response single-pass optical tunable diode laser (i.e., CH4, N2O) and infrared gas analyzers (i.e., CO2, H2O) is described. Consideration is also taken of the trace gas sensors’flow system design, mixing ratio measurement, and data acquisition and reduction requirements for micrometeorological flux measurement. Procedures are outlined for the meteorological instrumentation necessary for eddy covariance-based energy budget measurement including ultrasonic anemometry. Key words: Tower-based greenhouse gas flux measurements, nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide, tunable diode laser
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Vermeulen, A. T., A. Hensen, M. E. Popa, W. C. M. van den Bulk, and P. A. C. Jongejan. "Greenhouse gas observations from Cabauw Tall Tower (1992–2010)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 5 (September 28, 2010): 4169–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-4169-2010.
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Abstract. Since 1992 semi-continuous in-situ observations of greenhouse gas concentrations have been performed at the tall tower of Cabauw (4.927° E, 51.971° N, −0.7 m a.s.l.). Through 1992 up to now, the measurement system has been gradually extended and improved in precision, starting with CO2 and CH4 concentrations from 200 m a.g.l. in 1992 to vertical gradients at 4 levels of the gases CO2, CH4, SF6, N2O, H2, CO and gradients at 2 levels for 222Rn. In this paper the measurement systems and measurement results are described for the main greenhouse gases and CO for the whole period. The automatic measurement system now provides half-hourly concentrations gradient with a precision better than or close to the WMO recommendations. The observations at Cabauw show a complex pattern caused by the influence of sources and sinks from a large area around the tower with significant contributions of sources and sinks at distances up to 500–700 km. The concentration footprint area of Cabauw is one the most intensive and complex source areas of greenhouse gases in the world. Despite this, annual mean trends for the most important greenhouse gases, compatible with the global values derived using the global network, can be reproduced from the measured concentrations at Cabauw over the entire measurement period, with a measured increase in the period 2000–2009 for CO2 of 1.90 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1, for CH4 of 4.4 ± 0.6 ppb yr−1, for N2O of 0.86 ± 0.04 ppb yr−1, and for SF6 of 0.27 ± 0.01 ppt yr−1; for CO no significant trend could be detected. The strong local sources and sinks reflect in the amplitude of mean seasonal cycles observed at Cabauw, that are larger than the mean Northern Hemisphere average; Cabauw mean seasonal amplitude for CO2 is 25–30 ppm (higher value for lower levels). CH4 seasonal amplitude observed is 50–110 ppb. All gases except N2O show highest concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer, N2O observations show two additional concentrations maxima in early summer and in autumn. Seasonal cycles of the day-time mean concentrations show that surface concentrations or high elevation concentrations alone do not give a representative value for the boundary layer concentrations, especially in winter time, but that the vertical profile data along the mast can be used to construct a useful boundary layer mean value. The variability at Cabauw in the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 on time scales of minutes to hours is several ppm and is much larger than the precision of the measurements (0.1 ppm). The diurnal and synoptical variability of the concentrations at Cabauw carry information on the sources and sinks in the footprint area of the mast, that is and will be used in combination with inverse atmospheric transport model to verify emission estimates and improve ecosystem models. For this purpose a network of tall tower stations like Cabauw is a very useful addition to the existing global observing network for greenhouse gases.
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Vermeulen, A. T., A. Hensen, M. E. Popa, W. C. M. van den Bulk, and P. A. C. Jongejan. "Greenhouse gas observations from Cabauw Tall Tower (1992–2010)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 3 (March 24, 2011): 617–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-617-2011.
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Abstract. Since 1992 semi-continuous in-situ observations of greenhouse gas concentrations have been performed at the tall tower of Cabauw (4.927° E, 51.971° N, −0.7 m a.s.l.). Through 1992 up to now, the measurement system has been gradually extended and improved in precision, starting with CO2 and CH4 concentrations from 200 m a.g.l. in 1992 to vertical gradients at 4 levels of the gases CO2, CH4, SF6, N2O, H2, CO and gradients at 2 levels for 222Rn. In this paper the measurement systems and measurement results are described for the main greenhouse gases and CO, for the whole period. The automatic measurement system now provides half-hourly concentration gradients with a precision better than or close to the WMO recommendations. The observations at Cabauw show a complex pattern caused by the influence of sources and sinks from a large area around the tower with significant contributions of sources and sinks at distances up to 500–700 km. The concentration footprint area of Cabauw is one the most intensive and complex source areas of greenhouse gases in the world. Despite this, annual mean trends for the most important greenhouse gases, compatible with the values derived using the global network, can be reproduced from the measured concentrations at Cabauw over the entire measurement period, with a measured increase in the period 2000–2009 for CO2 of 1.90 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1, for CH4 of 4.4 ± 0.6 ppb yr−1, for N2O of 0.86 ± 0.04 ppb yr−1, and for SF6 of 0.27 ± 0.01 ppt yr−1; for CO no significant trend could be detected. The influences of strong local sources and sinks are reflected in the amplitude of the mean seasonal cycles observed at Cabauw, that are larger than the mean Northern Hemisphere average; Cabauw mean seasonal amplitude for CO2 is 25–30 ppm (higher value for lower sampling levels). The observed CH4 seasonal amplitude is 50–110 ppb. All gases except N2O show highest concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer, N2O observations show two additional concentration maxima in early summer and in autumn. Seasonal cycles of the day-time mean concentrations show that surface concentrations or high elevation concentrations alone do not give a representative value for the boundary layer concentrations, especially in winter time, but that the vertical profile data along the mast can be used to construct a useful boundary layer mean value. The variability at Cabauw in the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 on time scales of minutes to hours is several ppm and is much larger than the precision of the measurements (0.1 ppm). The diurnal and synoptical variability of the concentrations at Cabauw carry information on the sources and sinks in the footprint area of the mast, that will be useful in combination with inverse atmospheric transport model to verify emission estimates and improve ecosystem models. For this purpose a network of tall tower stations like Cabauw forms a very useful addition to the existing global observing network for greenhouse gases.
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Khan, MB, S. Boult, P. Duy, E. Sharmin, and MA Baten. "Methane and Carbon Dioxide Flux from Rice Field: Contribution of Environmental Controls." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (March 22, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10123.
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An investigation was carried out to quantify the present fluxes of CH4 and CO2 from rice soils and also to investigate the controls on gas production. Soil samples were collected from rice field at Mymensingh, Bangladesh to characterize the samples and for ex-situ measurement. Water content was determined by drying to constant weight at 50°C from rice soils. To determine the organic compound present in rice soil, normal pyrolysis was done. Gasclam® was used to measure the gas concentration from both ex-situ and in-situ measurement. Ex-situ measurement was conducted to measure the gas fluxes from the soil and which was validated by measuring concentration ratios in-situ. Moreover, in-situ measurement was carried out to investigate the influences of controls of environment on gas production and migration. In ex-situ measurement the production rate of CH4 at shallow and deep rice soil was 0.07 mole/tonne dry weight/day and 0.09 mole/tonne dry weight/day, respectively. On the otherhand, the production rate of CO2 in shallow and deep borehole was 0.23 mole/tonne dry weight/day and 0.29 mole/tonne dry weight/day, respectively. In in-situ measurement the average production rate of CH4 in shallow soil was 0.34 % while at deep soil it was very low. The CO2 concentration at shallow and deep soil was 6.37 % and 24.70 %, respectively. The ex-situ measurements of greenhouse gas fluxes are not reliable enough for rice soil as they are invalidated by comparison with concentration ratios of insitu measurements of greenhouse fluxes. There is no strong relationship between atmospheric pressure and patterns of greenhouse gas production in rice soils. Gas concentrations are remarkably constant despite varying pressure. However, the gas production and atmospheric pressure showed fluctuation during the measurement period. There was not enough organic matter in rice soil for detection organic analysis. However in future the organic matter can be extracted and analysed. Key Words: Methane and carbon dioxide flux; Rice field; Environmental controls; Organic analysisDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v4i2.10123 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 4(2): 1-6, 2011
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Christen, Andreas. "Atmospheric measurement techniques to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from cities." Urban Climate 10 (December 2014): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2014.04.006.
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Baptista, F. J., B. J. Bailey, J. M. Randall, and J. F. Meneses. "Greenhouse Ventilation Rate: Theory and Measurement with Tracer Gas Techniques." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 72, no. 4 (April 1999): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1998.0381.
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Carney, Sebastian, and Simon Shackley. "The greenhouse gas regional inventory project (GRIP): Designing and employing a regional greenhouse gas measurement tool for stakeholder use." Energy Policy 37, no. 11 (November 2009): 4293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.028.
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Ciais, P., J. F. Soussana, N. Vuichard, S. Luyssaert, A. Don, I. A. Janssens, S. L. Piao, et al. "The greenhouse gas balance of European grasslands." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 13, 2010): 5997–6050. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-5997-2010.
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Abstract. The long-term carbon balance (NBP) of grasslands is estimated by combining scarce multi-year eddy-covariance observations at ecosystem observation sites where information on carbon inputs and harvesting removals is available. Following accounting for carbon leached to rivers, we estimated grasslands to be net carbon sinks of 74±10 g C m−2 yr−1. Uncertainties arise from the small number of sites and the short measurement period. Only 11 sites, out of a total of 20 grassland sites in Europe where eddy covariance systems are installed, were set-up for estimating NBP. These 11 selected sites are representative of intensive management practice and we lack information on disturbance history, such as plowing. This suggests that the grassland NBP estimate is likely biased towards overestimating the sink, compared to the European average. Direct measurements of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) are not possible in grasslands given permanent biomass removal by grazing and mowing, uncertainties in rhizodeposition and production of volatile organic carbon compounds lost to the atmosphere. Therefore, the grassland process-based ecosystem model PASIM was used to estimate the spatial-temporal distribution of NPP, providing a European average value of 750±150 g C across extensively grazed, intensively grazed pastures, and forage production systems. In Europe the NPP of grasslands seems higher than that of croplands and forests. The carbon sequestration efficiency of grasslands, defined as the ratio of NBP to NPP, amounts to 0.09±0.10. Therefore, per unit of carbon input, grasslands sequester 3–4 times more carbon in the soil than forests do, making them a good candidate for managing onsite carbon sinks. When using the 100 yr greenhouse warming potential for CH4 and N2O, their emissions due to management of grasslands together offset roughly 70–80% of the carbon sink. Uncertainties on the European grassland greenhouse gas balance, including CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes are likely to be reduced in the near future, with data being collected from more sites, and improved up-scaling methods.
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Berhanu, T. A., E. Satar, R. Schanda, P. Nyfeler, H. Moret, D. Brunner, B. Oney, and M. Leuenberger. "Measurements of greenhouse gases at Beromünster tall tower station in Switzerland." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 10 (October 21, 2015): 10793–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-10793-2015.
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Abstract. In order to constrain the regional flux of greenhouse gases, an automated measurement system was built on an old radio tower at Beromünster, Switzerland. The measurement system has been running since November 2012 as part of the Swiss greenhouse gases monitoring network (CARBOCOUNT-CH), which is composed of four measurement sites across the country. The Beromünster tall tower has five sampling lines with inlets at 12.5, 44.6, 71.5, 131.6 and 212.5 m a.g.l., and it is equipped with a Picarro CRDS analyzer (G-2401), which continuously measures CO, CO2, CH4 and H2O. Sensors for detection of wind speed and direction, air temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity have also been installed at each height level. We have observed a non-negligible temperature effect in the calibration measurements, which was found to be dependent on the type of cylinder (steel or aluminum) as well as trace gas species (strongest for CO). From a target gas of known mixing ratio that has been measured once a day, we have calculated a long-term reproducibility of 2.79, 0.05 and 0.29 ppb for CO, CO2 and CH4, respectively over 19 months of measurements. The values obtained for CO2 and CH4 are compliant with the WMO recommendations, while the value calculated for CO is higher than the recommendation, which is mainly due to the above mentioned temperature effects.
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Kastek, Mariusz, Krzysztof Firmanty, Benjamin Saute, Philippe Gagnon, Martin Lariviere-Bastien, and Daniel Pawelski. "Detection, Identification, and Quantification of SF6 Point-Source Emissions Using Hyper-Cam LW Airborne Platform." Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 25, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_241/37.
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Detection, identification, and quantification of greenhouse gases is essential to ensure compliance with regulatory guidelines and mitigate damage associated with anthropogenic climate change. Passive infrared hyperspectral imaging technology is among the solutions that can detect, identify and quantify multiple greenhouse gases simultaneously. The Telops Hyper-Cam Airborne Platform is an established system for aerial thermal infrared hyperspectral measurements for gas survey applications. In support of the Hypercam, is developing a suite of hyperspectral imaging data processing algorithms that allow for gas detection, identification, and quantification in real-time. In the Fall of 2020, the Hyper-Cam-LW Airborne platform was flown above a validated SF6 gas release system to collect hyperspectral data for gas quantification analysis. This measurement campaign was performed to document performance of the Hyper-Cam gas quantification capabilities against known quantities of released gas.
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Jeong, Sangjae, Seheum Moon, Jeryang Park, and Jae Young Kim. "Field measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from biological treatment facilities of food waste in Republic of Korea." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 5 (December 19, 2018): 452–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18815956.
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The Republic of Korea is trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% from business-as-usual levels by 2030. Reliable greenhouse gas inventory is prerequisite to making effective greenhouse gas reduction plans. Currently, Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change default emission factors were used in biological treatment of the solid waste sector without any consideration of the biological treatment process in the Republic of Korea. In this study, greenhouse gas emissions from biological treatment facilities of food waste have been monitored in order to develop country-specific emission factors in the Republic of Korea. Greenhouse gas emissions were monitored in two composting facilities and one anaerobic digestion facility. All study sites possess a local exhaust ventilation system and odour treatment system. Continuous greenhouse gas monitoring has been conducted on gathered gases using a non-dispersive infrared detector before entering odour treatment systems. At composting facilities, the emission factors of CH4 and N2O were 0.17–0.19 g-CH4 kg-waste−1 and 0.10–0.13 g-N2O kg-waste−1, respectively. Especially, the emission factors of CH4 in composting facilities showed significantly low values compared with other countries owing to the air blowing by a pump at the studied sites. At anaerobic digestion facilities, the emission factors of CH4 and N2O were 1.03 g-CH4 kg-waste−1 and 0.53 g-N2O kg-waste−1. The emission factors estimated in this study showed a significant difference from the Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change default value. Therefore, it is recommended to develop a country-specific emission factor in order to reflect the different processes of biological treatment of solid waste.
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Shahsavari Alavijeh, H., A. Kiyoumarsioskouei, M. H. Asheri, S. Naemi, H. Shahsavari Alavije, and H. Basirat Tabrizi. "Greenhouse gas emission measurement and economic analysis of Iran natural gas fired power plants." Energy Policy 60 (September 2013): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.001.
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Pihlatie, M. K., R. Kiese, N. Brüggemann, K. Butterbach-Bahl, A. J. Kieloaho, T. Laurila, A. Lohila, et al. "Greenhouse gas fluxes in a drained peatland forest during spring frost-thaw event." Biogeosciences 7, no. 5 (May 25, 2010): 1715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1715-2010.
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Abstract. Fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured during a two month campaign at a drained peatland forest in Finland by the eddy covariance (EC) technique (CO2 and N2O), and automatic and manual chambers (CO2, CH4 and N2O). In addition, GHG concentrations and soil parameters (mineral nitrogen, temperature, moisture content) in the peat profile were measured. The aim of the measurement campaign was to quantify the GHG fluxes during freezing and thawing of the top-soil, a time period with potentially high GHG fluxes, and to compare different flux measurement methods. The forest was a net CO2 sink during the two months and the fluxes of CO2 dominated the GHG exchange. The peat soil was a small sink of atmospheric CH4 and a small source of N2O. Both CH4 oxidation and N2O production took place in the top-soil whereas CH4 was produced in the deeper layers of the peat, which were unfrozen throughout the measurement period. During the frost-thaw events of the litter layer distinct peaks in CO2 and N2O emissions were observed. The CO2 peak followed tightly the increase in soil temperature, whereas the N2O peak occurred with a delay after the thawing of the litter layer. CH4 fluxes did not respond to the thawing of the peat soil. The CO2 and N2O emission peaks were not captured by the manual chambers and hence we conclude that high time-resolution measurements with automatic chambers or EC are necessary to quantify fluxes during peak emission periods. Sub-canopy EC measurements and chamber-based fluxes of CO2 and N2O were comparable, although the fluxes of N2O measured by EC were close to the detection limit of the system. We conclude that if fluxes are high enough, i.e. greater than 5–10 μg N m−2 h−1, the EC method is a good alternative to measure N2O and CO2 fluxes at ecosystem scale, thereby minimizing problems with chamber enclosures and spatial representativeness of the measurements.
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Kläring, Hans-Peter, and Oliver Körner. "Design of a Real-Time Gas-Exchange Measurement System for Crop Stands in Environmental Scenarios." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050737.
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In contrast to conducting measurements on single plants, canopy gas exchange monitored continuously and for large batches of plants can give high-value data for crop physiological models. To this end, a system including eight airtight greenhouse cabins with a ground area of 28.8 m2 and a volume of 107.8 m3 each was designed for measuring the CO2 and H2O gas exchange of crop stands following the general principle of semi-open chambers. The measuring facility consists of a set of mass flow meters allowing air exchange rates between 0.5 h−1 and 19 h−1 (i.e., m3 gas per m3 greenhouse air per hour) and CO2 supply rates up to 4 L min−1 (i.e., ca. 14.9 g m−2 greenhouse h−1) and sensors for measuring the concentrations of CO2 and H2O. There are four separated belowground troughs per cabin for the root environment that can be operated as individual gas exchange chambers measuring the belowground gas exchange for example root zone respiration. This paper outlines a demonstration of the possibilities and constraints for measuring crop gas exchange in combination with crop model validation for larger crop stands under various conditions and discusses them along with examples.
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Tomić, Josif, Miloš B. Živanov, Miodrag Kušljević, Đorđe Obradović, and József Szatmari. "Realization of Measurement Station for Remote Environmental Monitoring." Key Engineering Materials 543 (March 2013): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.543.105.
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The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that heats the Earth's surface and atmosphere. It is a result of the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane, are able to change the energy balance of the planet by absorbing long wave radiation emitted from the Earth's surface. Number of gases are involved in the human caused enhancement of the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide is the most important gas of these gases, which contributes about 55% of the change in the intensity of the Earth's greenhouse effect. The global monitoring of the greenhouse gases is necessary for handling the global warming issue. This paper presents a practical implementation of a measurement station for environmental monitoring using Internet technology and large sensor networks. The application of the sensor networks in the environmental monitoring requires the development specific solutions. This paper presents a solution that relies on existing technology, but offers hardware and software upgrade due to the advantages of using the concept of virtual instrumentation. The application uses temperature sensors, air relative humidity sensors, gas sensors and others. The measurement station collects the data from the sensors and sends them to the users using the UDP protocol via the Internet and GPRS modem. The measurement station was implemented in LabVIEW programming package.
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Voráček, Martin, and Jakub Hospodka. "Measurement of Contrails Using ADS-B Data." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 4, no. 17 (January 15, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2016.17.07.
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Air transport contributes to climate changes not only by greenhouse gas production but also because of production of contrails. The effect of contrails is less scientifically understood compared to greenhouse gases according to IPCC [3]. In order to be able to research the effect of contrails on the atmosphere, it is necessary to identify their realistic frequency of occurrence and to define the relationship between their occurrence and other factors. The effort to identify and monitor contrails and their dependence on the type of air traffic is the objective of SGS project.
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Ali, Henok, Momen Odeh, Ahmed Odeh, Ali Ahmed Abou-ElNour, and Mohammed Tarique. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicular System for Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Automatic Landing." Network Protocols and Algorithms 9, no. 3-4 (February 18, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/npa.v9i3-4.12319.
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This paper presents a reliable and low cost greenhouse gas measurement system. The system mainly consists of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a set of calibrated sensors, a wireless system, and a microcontroller. The system can measure the concentration of greenhouse gases namely carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and ozone (O3) at different altitudes. It can also measure temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. The system is able to send data to a remote monitoring station. The UAV is equipped with image processing based navigation and landing system so that it can land autonomously on a designated place. To ensure safe landing the system uses a specially designed parachute. This paper also presents some data generated by the system.
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Natalia, Frida Christin, Andewi Rokhmawati, and Yulia Efni. "Factors Influencing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Disclosure at Manufacture Company in the Indonesia Stock Exchange." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, BUSINESS AND APPLICATIONS 5, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeba.5.2.1-14.
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This study aims to examine empirically the factors that influence greenhouse gas emission disclosure. Factors examined in this research are a type of industry, firm size, profitability, and leverage. In this study, the researcher adopted the checklist issued by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) to measure the extensive disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions. To examine the factors, the researcher utilized multiple regression. The population of this study was all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2018. This research applied the purposive sampling method to obtain 131 listed manufacturing in 2018. The result implies that firm size has a positive and significant correlation with greenhouse gas emission disclosure. Meanwhile, type of industry, profitability, and leverage had no significant correlation with greenhouse gas emission disclosure. Manufacturing companies, especially greenhouse gas-intensive companies, must participate in protecting the environment and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions as stipulated in Presidential Regulation No. 61 of 2011 concerning the National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. In line with the concept of performance measurement of "Triple Bottom Line," the company does not only pay attention to profit (profit) and people (social), the company must also pay attention to the planet (environment). So the company can compete with other companies. The results highlighted that the much resources of the company, the better the company is conducting a greenhouse-gas-emission reduction strategy. It makes it easier for the company to do the disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions.
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Pulles, Tinus. "Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management: why do we need this journal?" Greenhouse Gas Measurement and Management 1, no. 1 (February 2011): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3763/ghgmm.2010.0008.
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Sun, Qingfeng, Cuihong Chen, Hui Wang, Ningning Xu, Chao Liu, and Jixi Gao. "A Method for Assessing Background Concentrations near Sources of Strong CO2 Emissions." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020200.
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In the quantification model of emission intensity of emission sources, the estimation of the background concentration of greenhouse gases near an emission source is an important problem. The traditional method of estimating the background concentration of greenhouse gases through statistical information often results in a certain deviation. In order to solve this problem, we propose an adaptive estimation method of CO2 background concentrations near emission sources in this work, which takes full advantage of robust local regression and a Gaussian mixture model to achieve accurate estimations of greenhouse gas background concentrations. It is proved by experiments that when the measurement error is 0.2 ppm, the background concentration estimation error is only 0.08 mg/m3, and even when the measurement error is 1.2 ppm, the background concentration estimation error is less than 0.4 mg/m3. The CO2 concentration measurement data all show a good background concentration assessment effect, and the accuracy of top-down carbon emission quantification based on actual measurements should be effectively improved in the future.
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Siozos, Panagiotis, Giannis Psyllakis, Peter C. Samartzis, and Michalis Velegrakis. "Autonomous Differential Absorption Laser Device for Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030460.
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A ground-based, integrated path, differential absorption (IPDA) light detection device capable of measuring multiple greenhouse gas (GHG) species in the atmosphere is presented. The device was developed to monitor greenhouse gas concentrations in small-scale areas with high emission activities. It is equipped with two low optical power tunable diode lasers in the near-infrared spectral range for the atmospheric detection of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapors (CO2, CH4 and H2O). The device was tested with measurements of background concentrations of CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere (Crete, Greece). Accuracies in the measurement retrievals of CO2 and CH4 were estimated at 5 ppm (1.2%) and 50 ppb (2.6%), respectively. A method that exploits the intensity of the recorded H2O absorption line in combination with weather measurements (water vapor pressure, temperature, and atmospheric pressure) to calculate the GHG concentrations is proposed. The method eliminates the requirement for measuring the range of the laser beam propagation. Accuracy in the measurement of CH4 using the H2O absorption line is estimated at 90 ppb (4.8%). The values calculated by the proposed method are in agreement with those obtained from the differential absorption LiDAR equation (DIAL).
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Rose, Mary Ann, and Mark A. Rose. "Oscillatory Transpiration May Complicate Stomatal Conductance and Gas-exchange Measurements." HortScience 29, no. 6 (June 1994): 693–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.6.693.
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A closed-loop photosynthesis system and a heat-balance sap-flow gauge independently confirmed oscillatory transpiration in a greenhouse-grown Rosa hybrids L. Repetitive sampling revealed 60-minute synchronized oscillations in CO2-exchange rate, stomatal conductance, and whole-plant sap-flow rate. To avoid confusing cyclical plant responses with random noise in measurement, we suggest that gas-exchange protocols begin with frequent, repetitive measurements to determine whether transpiration is stable or oscillating. Single measurements of individual plants would be justified only when transpiration is steady state.
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Minh, Dang Duy, Ben Macdonald, Sören Warneke, and Ian White. "Fluxes of greenhouse gases from incubated soils using different lid-closure times." Soil Research 56, no. 1 (2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17050.
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Different sampling times for greenhouse gas measurements have been proposed in many incubation studies. Little is known about effects of closure time on denitrification and nitrification rates from incubation experiments. The objectives of this study were to analyse greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) production from different soils with different times of lid closure and to assess effects of different activation times (defined as additional pre-incubation periods before incubation experiments) on gas emissions from soils. Forty grams of air-dried soil samples (depth 0–10 cm) were incubated in 125-mL jars at 25°C with the addition of glucose and nitrate. The first experiment measured greenhouse gas fluxes at different lid-closure times (40, 80, 120 and 1440 min). The second experiment assessed the effects of different durations of soil activation (0.7, 1.3, 2 and 24 h) on gas emissions. Both were conducted with a completely randomised design, with three replicates per treatment. Our findings showed closure time <1 h or >2 h may cause an underestimate of greenhouse gas emissions. Lengthening activation times resulted in different emission rates consistent with soil characteristics. To measure gas fluxes based on linear regression would require four or five sampling points and sampling at a 20-min interval over a maximum period of 80 min for estimating gas fluxes from soil. Because pre-incubation time is critical and a driving factor in the measurement of soil-induced gas emissions, a standardised procedure to quantify gas fluxes is needed for application to other soils.
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Rella, C. W., H. Chen, A. E. Andrews, A. Filges, C. Gerbig, J. Hatakka, A. Karion, et al. "High accuracy measurements of dry mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane in humid air." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 4 (August 21, 2012): 5823–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-5823-2012.
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Abstract. Traditional techniques for measuring the mole fractions of greenhouse gas in the well-mixed atmosphere have required extremely dry sample gas streams (dew point < −25 °C) to achieve the inter-laboratory compatibility goals set forth by the Global Atmospheric Watch program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO/GAW) for carbon dioxide (±0.1 ppm) and methane (±2 ppb). Drying the sample gas to low levels of water vapor can be expensive, time-consuming, and/or problematic, especially at remote sites where access is difficult. Recent advances in optical measurement techniques, in particular Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS), have led to the development of highly stable and precise greenhouse gas analyzers capable of highly accurate measurements of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor. Unlike many older technologies, which can suffer from significant uncorrected interference from water vapor, these instruments permit for the first time accurate and precise greenhouse gas measurements that can meet the WMO/GAW inter-laboratory compatibility goals without drying the sample gas. In this paper, we present laboratory methodology for empirically deriving the water vapor correction factors, and we summarize a series of in-situ validation experiments comparing the measurements in humid gas streams to well-characterized dry-gas measurements. By using the manufacturer-supplied correction factors, the dry-mole fraction measurements have been demonstrated to be well within the GAW compatibility goals up to at least 1% water vapor. By determining the correction factors for individual instruments once at the start of life, this range can be extended to at least 2% over the life of the instrument, and if the correction factors are determined periodically over time, the evidence suggests that this range can be extended above 4%.
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Schuck, T. J., C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, F. Slemr, I. Xueref-Remy, and A. Zahn. "Greenhouse gas analysis of air samples collected onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 2, no. 2 (March 23, 2009): 915–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-2-915-2009.
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Abstract. CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) is a long-term atmospheric measurement program based on the use of a comprehensive scientific instrument package aboard a passenger aircraft. In addition to real time measurements, whole air sampling is performed regularly at cruising altitude in the upper troposphere and the extra-tropical UT/LS region. Air samples are analysed for greenhouse gases, NMHCs, halocarbons, and isotopic composition. The routinely performed greenhouse gas analysis comprises gas chromatography measurements of CO2, CH4, N2O and SF6. The sampling procedure, the GC system used for greenhouse gas analysis and its performance are described. Comparisons with other laboratories have shown good agreement of results as has a comparison with results from a CO2 in-situ analyser that is also part of the CARIBIC instrumentation. The timeseries of CO2 obtained from the collection of 684 samples at latitudes between 30° N and 56° N on 21 roundtrips out of Germany to different destinations in Asia between November 2005 and October 2008 is shown. A timeshift in the seasonal cyle of about one month was observed between the upper troposphere and the tropopause region. For two sets of return flights from Germany to the Philippines the relations between the four greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O and SF6 are discussed in more detail. Distinct seasonal changes in the correlation between CH4 and CO2 are observed.
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Griffith, David W. T., Denis Pöhler, Stefan Schmitt, Samuel Hammer, Sanam N. Vardag, and Ulrich Platt. "Long open-path measurements of greenhouse gases in air using near-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 3 (March 20, 2018): 1549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1549-2018.
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Abstract. In complex and urban environments, atmospheric trace gas composition is highly variable in time and space. Point measurement techniques for trace gases with in situ instruments are well established and accurate, but do not provide spatial averaging to compare against developing high-resolution atmospheric models of composition and meteorology with resolutions of the order of a kilometre. Open-path measurement techniques provide path average concentrations and spatial averaging which, if sufficiently accurate, may be better suited to assessment and interpretation with such models. Open-path Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) in the mid-infrared region, and differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) in the UV and visible, have been used for many years for open-path spectroscopic measurements of selected species in both clean air and in polluted environments. Near infrared instrumentation allows measurements over longer paths than mid-infrared FTS for species such as greenhouse gases which are not easily accessible to DOAS.In this pilot study we present the first open-path near-infrared (4000–10 000 cm−1, 1.0–2.5 µm) FTS measurements of CO2, CH4, O2, H2O and HDO over a 1.5 km path in urban Heidelberg, Germany. We describe the construction of the open-path FTS system, the analysis of the collected spectra, several measures of precision and accuracy of the measurements, and the results a four-month trial measurement period in July–November 2014. The open-path measurements are compared to calibrated in situ measurements made at one end of the open path. We observe significant differences of the order of a few ppm for CO2 and a few tens of ppb for CH4 between the open-path and point measurements which are 2 to 4 times the measurement repeatability, but we cannot unequivocally assign the differences to specific local sources or sinks. We conclude that open-path FTS may provide a valuable new tool for investigations of atmospheric trace gas composition in complex, small-scale environments such as cities.
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Rella, C. W., H. Chen, A. E. Andrews, A. Filges, C. Gerbig, J. Hatakka, A. Karion, et al. "High accuracy measurements of dry mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane in humid air." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 3 (March 27, 2013): 837–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-837-2013.
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Abstract. Traditional techniques for measuring the mole fractions of greenhouse gases in the well-mixed atmosphere have required dry sample gas streams (dew point < −25 °C) to achieve the inter-laboratory compatibility goals set forth by the Global Atmosphere Watch programme of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO/GAW) for carbon dioxide (±0.1 ppm in the Northern Hemisphere and ±0.05 ppm in the Southern Hemisphere) and methane (±2 ppb). Drying the sample gas to low levels of water vapour can be expensive, time-consuming, and/or problematic, especially at remote sites where access is difficult. Recent advances in optical measurement techniques, in particular cavity ring down spectroscopy, have led to the development of greenhouse gas analysers capable of simultaneous measurements of carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour. Unlike many older technologies, which can suffer from significant uncorrected interference from water vapour, these instruments permit accurate and precise greenhouse gas measurements that can meet the WMO/GAW inter-laboratory compatibility goals (WMO, 2011a) without drying the sample gas. In this paper, we present laboratory methodology for empirically deriving the water vapour correction factors, and we summarise a series of in-situ validation experiments comparing the measurements in humid gas streams to well-characterised dry-gas measurements. By using the manufacturer-supplied correction factors, the dry-mole fraction measurements have been demonstrated to be well within the GAW compatibility goals up to a water vapour concentration of at least 1%. By determining the correction factors for individual instruments once at the start of life, this water vapour concentration range can be extended to at least 2% over the life of the instrument, and if the correction factors are determined periodically over time, the evidence suggests that this range can be extended up to and even above 4% water vapour concentrations.
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Pihlatie, M. K., R. Kiese, N. Brüggemann, K. Butterbach-Bahl, A. J. Kieloaho, T. Laurila, A. Lohila, et al. "Greenhouse gas fluxes in a drained peatland forest during spring frost-thaw event." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 3 (June 23, 2009): 6111–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6111-2009.
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Abstract. Fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured during a two month campaign at a drained peatland forest in Finland by the eddy covariance (EC) technique (CO2 and N2O), and automatic and manual chambers (CO2, CH4 and N2O). In addition, GHG concentrations and soil parameters (mineral nitrogen, temperature, moisture content) in the peat profile were measured. The aim of the measurement campaign was to quantify the GHG fluxes before, during and after thawing of the peat soil, a time period with potentially high GHG fluxes, and to compare different flux measurement methods. The forest was a net CO2 sink during the two months and the fluxes of CO2 dominated the GHG exchange. The peat soil was a small sink of atmospheric CH4 but a small source of N2O. Both CH4 oxidation and N2O production took place in the top-soil whereas CH4 was produced in the deeper layers of the peat. During the thawing of the peat distinct peaks in CO2 and N2O emissions were observed. The CO2 peak followed tightly the increase in soil temperature, whereas the N2O peak occurred with an approx. one week delay after soil thawing. CH4 fluxes did not respond to the thawing of the peat soil. The CO2 and N2O emission peaks were not captured by the manual chambers and hence we conclude that automatic chamber measurements or EC are necessary to quantify fluxes during peak emission periods. Sub-canopy EC measurements and chamber-based fluxes of CO2 and N2O were comparable, although the fluxes of N2O measured by EC were close to the detection limit of the EC system. We conclude that if fluxes are high enough, i.e. greater than 5–10 μg N m−2 h−1, the EC method is a good alternative to measure N2O and CO2 fluxes at ecosystem scale, thereby minimizing problems with chamber enclosures and spatial representativeness of the measurements.
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Xu, Jie. "Research on Carbon Emissions Measurement of Coal-Energy Chain Based on Life-Cycle Assessment Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 367 (August 2013): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.367.333.
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Thepaper proposes to established the measurement models of China's coal-energychain carbon emissions based on life-cycle analysis, Through comparing the source andsize of the greenhouse gas emissions of coal-energy chain, the paper gains the totalCO2 equivalent emissions of coal-fired power plant generate unit generatingcapacity during coal-energy chain by detailed calculations is 990.716331 gCO2/kwh.Among them, greenhouse gas emission of coal-fired power generation sector isthe main link in coal-energy chain and aslo the focus of regulation andemissino reduction. Finally puts forward some suggestions to achieve low-carbonpath of China'selectric power industry.
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Brewer, Paul J., Jin Seog Kim, Sangil Lee, Oksana A. Tarasova, Joële Viallon, Edgar Flores, Robert I. Wielgosz, et al. "Advances in reference materials and measurement techniques for greenhouse gas atmospheric observations." Metrologia 56, no. 3 (May 16, 2019): 034006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ab1506.
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Luo, Hai-Yan, Zhi-Wei Li, Zhen-Wei Qiu, Hai-Liang Shi, Di-Hu Chen, and Wei Xiong. "Polarization sensitivity error analysis and measurement of a greenhouse gas monitoring instrument." Applied Optics 57, no. 34 (November 28, 2018): 10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.010009.
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Vine, Edward, Gregory Kats, Jayant Sathaye, and Hemant Joshi. "International greenhouse gas trading programs: a discussion of measurement and accounting issues." Energy Policy 31, no. 3 (February 2003): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00029-0.
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Schuck, T. J., C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, F. Slemr, I. Xueref-Remy, and A. Zahn. "Greenhouse gas analysis of air samples collected onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-2-449-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) is a long-term atmospheric measurement program based on the use of a comprehensive scientific instrument package aboard a commercial passenger aircraft. In addition to real-time measurements, whole air sampling is performed regularly at cruising altitudes in the tropical middle troposphere and the extra-tropical UT/LS region. Air samples are analyzed for greenhouse gases, NMHCs, halocarbons, and trace gas isotopic composition. The routinely performed greenhouse gas analysis comprises gas chromatography measurements of CO2, CH4, N2O and SF6. The air sampling procedure, the GC system and its performance are described. Comparisons with similar systems employed in other laboratories and a comparison with results from a CO2 in-situ analyzer that is also part of the CARIBIC instrumentation are shown. In addition, the time series of CO2, obtained from the collection of 684 samples at latitudes between 30° N and 56° N on 21 round trips out of Germany to different destinations in Asia between November 2005 and October 2008, is presented. A time shift in the seasonal cycle of about one month was observed between the upper troposphere and the tropopause region. For two sets of return flights from Germany to the Philippines the relationship between the four greenhouse gases is briefly discussed.
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Oney, B., S. Henne, N. Gruber, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, and D. Brunner. "The CarboCount CH sites: characterization of a dense greenhouse gas observation network." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 9 (May 4, 2015): 12911–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-12911-2015.
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Abstract. We describe a new rural network of four densely placed (< 100 km apart), continuous atmospheric carbon (CO2, CH4, and CO) measurement sites in north-central Switzerland and analyze their suitability for regional-scale (~ 100 to 500 km) carbon flux studies. We characterize each site by analyzing surrounding land cover, observed local meteorology, and sensitivity to surface fluxes, as simulated with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART-COSMO. The Beromünster measurements are made on a tall tower (212 m) located on a gentle hill. At Beromünster, regional CO2 signals (measurement minus background) vary diurnally from −4 to +4 ppmv on average, and are simulated to come from nearly the entire Swiss Plateau, where 50% of surface influence is simulated to be within 130 to 260 km distance. The Früebüel site measurements are made 4 m above ground on the flank of a gently sloping mountain. Nearby (< 50 km) pasture and forest fluxes exert the most simulated surface influence, except during convective summertime days when the site is mainly influenced by the eastern Swiss Plateau, which results in summertime regional CO2 signals varying diurnally from −5 to +12 ppmv and elevated summer daytime CH4 signals (+30 ppbv above other sites). The Gimmiz site measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) in flat terrain. Here, strong summertime regional signals (−5 to +60 ppmv CO2) stem from large, nearby (< 50 km) crop and anthropogenic fluxes of the Seeland region, except during warm or windy days when simulated surface influence is of regional scale (< 250 km). The Lägern-Hochwacht measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) on top of the steep Lägern crest, where simulated surface influence is typically of regional scale (130 to 300 km) causing summertime regional signals to vary from −5 to +8 ppmv CO2. Here, considerable anthropogenic influence from the nearby industrialized region near Zurich cause the average wintertime regional CO2 signals to be 5 ppmv above the regional signals simultaneously measured at Früebüel site. We find that the suitability of the datasets from our current observation network for regional carbon budgeting studies largely depends on the ability of the high-resolution (2 km) atmospheric transport model to correctly capture the temporal dynamics of the stratification of the lower atmosphere at the different sites. The current version of the atmospheric transport model captures these dynamics well, but it clearly reaches its limits at the sites in steep topography, and at the sites that generally remain in the surface layer. Trace gas transport and inverse modeling studies will be necessary to determine the impact of these limitations on our ability to derive reliable regional-scale carbon flux estimates in the complex Swiss landscape.
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Oney, B., S. Henne, N. Gruber, M. Leuenberger, I. Bamberger, W. Eugster, and D. Brunner. "The CarboCount CH sites: characterization of a dense greenhouse gas observation network." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 19 (October 7, 2015): 11147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11147-2015.
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Abstract. We describe a new rural network of four densely placed (< 100 km apart), continuous atmospheric carbon (CO2, CH4, and CO) measurement sites in north-central Switzerland and analyze its suitability for regional-scale (~ 100–500 km) carbon flux studies. We characterize each site for the period from March 2013 to February 2014 by analyzing surrounding land cover, observed local meteorology, and sensitivity to surface fluxes, as simulated with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART-COSMO (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model-Consortium for Small-Scale Modeling). The Beromünster measurements are made on a tall tower (212 m) located on a gentle hill. At Beromünster, regional CO2 signals (measurement minus background) vary diurnally from −4 to +4 ppmv, on average, and are simulated to come from nearly the entire Swiss Plateau, where 50 % of surface influence is simulated to be within 130–260 km distance. The Früebüel site measurements are made 4 m above ground on the flank of a gently sloping mountain. Nearby (< 50 km) pasture and forest fluxes exert the most simulated surface influence, except during convective summertime days when the site is mainly influenced by the eastern Swiss Plateau, which results in summertime regional CO2 signals varying diurnally from −5 to +12 ppmv and elevated summer daytime CH4 signals (+30 ppbv above other sites). The Gimmiz site measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) in flat terrain. Here, strong summertime regional signals (−5 to +60 ppmv CO2) stem from large, nearby (< 50 km) crop and anthropogenic fluxes of the Seeland region, except during warm or windy days when simulated surface influence is of regional scale (< 250 km). The Lägern-Hochwacht measurements are made on a small tower (32 m) on top of the steep Lägern crest, where simulated surface influence is typically of regional scale (130–300 km) causing summertime regional signals to vary from −5 to +8 ppmv CO2. Here, considerable anthropogenic influence from the nearby industrialized region near Zurich causes the average wintertime regional CO2 signals to be 5 ppmv above the regional signals simultaneously measured at the Früebüel site. We find that the suitability of the data sets from our current observation network for regional carbon budgeting studies largely depends on the ability of the high-resolution (2 km) atmospheric transport model to correctly capture the temporal dynamics of the stratification of the lower atmosphere at the different sites. The current version of the atmospheric transport model captures these dynamics well, but it clearly reaches its limits at the sites in steep topography and at the sites that generally remain in the surface layer. Trace gas transport and inverse modeling studies will be necessary to determine the impact of these limitations on our ability to derive reliable regional-scale carbon flux estimates in the complex Swiss landscape.
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Chitra, L., N. Vasantha Gowri, M. Maheswari, Dipesh Uike, N. R. Medikondu, Essam A. Al-Ammar, Ahmed Sayed Mohammed Metwally, Ataul Islam, and Abdi Diriba. "IoT-Based Solar Energy Measurement and Monitoring Model." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (October 4, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5767696.
Full textAbstract:
In the early days, greenhouse energy did not pay much attention to coating inspections and new applications, spending more attention on repair solar energy projects instead. However, these attitudes have recently changed. Energy producers realize that preventing corrosion and deterioration is less expensive than solving the greenhouse problems when they occur. The proposed model also provides coating, paint control, and error analysis services within the scope of solar machinery and equipment-related services while the greenhouse equipment reached a low energy level. The greenhouse monitoring services ensure that a solar plant is economical, reliable, and of high quality, meets legal requirements, conforms to standards published by domestic and foreign organizations, and determines conditions that cause short circuits or power outages. In this context, with the help of cloud computing-based Internet of things (IOT), the industrial power stations, high-voltage substations, low-voltage networks, power stations that comply with legal regulations on safety from electricity, electrical installations for machinery, alarm systems, fire alarm systems, cathodic corrosion protection mechanisms in oil tanks and pipelines, emergency power supply installations, electrical installations in buildings, and gas alarm systems are inspected and documented.
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Fu, D., T. J. Pongetti, J. F. L. Blavier, T. J. Crawford, K. S. Manatt, G. C. Toon, K. W. Wong, and S. P. Sander. "Near-infrared remote sensing of Los Angeles trace gas distributions from a mountaintop site." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 3 (March 6, 2014): 713–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-713-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Los Angeles basin is a significant anthropogenic source of major greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) and the pollutant CO, contributing significantly to regional and global climate change. We present a novel approach for monitoring the spatial and temporal distributions of greenhouse gases in the Los Angeles basin using a high-resolution spectroscopic remote sensing technique. A new Fourier transform spectrometer called CLARS-FTS has been deployed since May, 2010, at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)'s California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CLARS) on Mt. Wilson, California, for automated long-term measurements of greenhouse gases. The instrument design and performance of CLARS-FTS are presented. From its mountaintop location at an altitude of 1673 m, the instrument points at a programmed sequence of ground target locations in the Los Angeles basin, recording spectra of reflected near-IR solar radiation. Column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of greenhouse gases (XGHG) including XCO2, XCH4, and XCO are retrieved several times per day for each target. Spectra from a local Spectralon® scattering plate are also recorded to determine background (free tropospheric) column abundances above the site. Comparisons between measurements from LA basin targets and the Spectralon® plate provide estimates of the boundary layer partial column abundances of the measured species. Algorithms are described for transforming the measured interferograms into spectra, and for deriving column abundances from the spectra along with estimates of the measurement precision and accuracy. The CLARS GHG measurements provide a means to infer relative, and possibly absolute, GHG emissions.
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Fu, D., T. J. Pongetti, J. F. L. Blavier, T. J. Crawford, K. S. Manatt, G. C. Toon, K. W. Wong, and S. P. Sander. "Near-infrared remote sensing of Los Angeles trace gas distributions from a mountaintop site." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 7, 2013): 8807–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-8807-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The Los Angeles basin is a significant anthropogenic source of major greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) and the pollutant CO, contributing significantly to regional and global climate change. We present a novel approach for monitoring the spatial and temporal distributions of greenhouse gases in the Los Angeles basin using a high-resolution spectroscopic remote sensing technique. A new Fourier Transform Spectrometer called CLARS-FTS has been deployed since May 2010 at JPL's California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing (CLARS) on Mt. Wilson, California for automated long-term measurements of greenhouse gases. The instrument design and performance of CLARS-FTS are presented. From its mountaintop location at an altitude of 1673 m, the instrument points at a programmed sequence of ground target locations in the Los Angeles basin, recording spectra of reflected near-IR solar radiation. Column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of greenhouse gases (XGHG) including XCO2, XCH4, and XCO are retrieved several times per day for each target. Spectra from a local Spectralon® scattering plate are also recorded to determine background (free tropospheric) column abundances above the site. Comparisons between measurements from LA basin targets and the Spectralon® plate provide estimates of the boundary layer partial column abundances of the measured species. Algorithms are described for transforming the measured interferograms into spectra, and for deriving column abundances from the spectra along with estimates of the measurement precision and accuracy. The CLARS GHG measurements provide a means to infer relative, and possibly absolute, GHG emissions.
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Rayner, P. J., S. R. Utembe, and S. Crowell. "Constraining regional greenhouse gas emissions using geostationary concentration measurements: a theoretical study." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 10 (October 2, 2014): 3285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3285-2014.
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Abstract. We investigate the ability of column-integrated trace gas measurements from a geostationary satellite to constrain surface fluxes at regional scale. The proposed GEOCARB instrument measures CO2, CO and CH4 at a maximum resolution of 3 km east–west × 2.7 km north–south. Precisions are 3 ppm for CO2, 10 ppb for CO and 18 ppb for CH4. Sampling frequency is flexible. Here we sample a region at the location of Shanghai every 2 daylight hours for 6 days in June. We test the observing system by calculating the posterior uncertainty covariance of fluxes. We are able to constrain urban emissions at 3 km resolution including an isolated power plant. The CO measurement plays the strongest role; without it our effective resolution falls to 5 km. Methane fluxes are similarly well estimated at 5 km resolution. Estimating the errors for a full year suggests such an instrument would be a useful tool for both science and policy applications.
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Rayner, P. J., S. R. Utembe, and S. Crowell. "Constraining regional greenhouse gas emissions using geostationary concentration measurements: a theoretical study." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 2 (February 12, 2014): 1367–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-1367-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We investigate the ability of column-integrated trace gas measurements from a geostationary satellite to constrain surface fluxes at regional scale. The proposed geoCARB instrument measures CO2, CO and CH4 at a maximum resolution of 3 km east–west × 2.7 km north–south. Precisions are 3 ppm for CO2, 10 ppb for CO and 18 ppb for CH4. Sampling frequency is flexible. Here we sample a region at the location of Shanghai every 2 daylight hours for 6 days in June. We test the observing system by calculating the posterior uncertainty covariance of fluxes. We are able to constrain urban emissions at 3 km resolution including an isolated power-plant. The CO measurement plays the strongest role; without it our effective resolution falls to 5 km. Methane fluxes are similarly well-estimated at 5 km resolution. Estimating the errors for a full year suggests such an instrument would be a useful tool for both science and policy applications.