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1
Exnerová, Z., and E. Cienciala. "Greenhouse gas inventory of agriculture in the Czech Republic." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 8 (September 9, 2009): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2528-pse.
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As a part of its obligations under the Climate Convention, the Czech Republic must annually estimate and report its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This also applies for the sector of agriculture, which is one of the greatest producers of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. This paper presents the approaches applied to estimate emissions in agricultural sector during the period 1990–2006. It describes the origin and sources of emissions, applied methodology, parameters and emission estimates for the sector of agriculture in the country. The total greenhouse gas emissions reached 7644 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. in 2006. About 59% (4479 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) of these emissions has originated from agricultural soils. This quantity ranks agriculture as the third largest sector in the Czech Republic representing 5.3% of the total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The emissions under the Czech conditions consist mainly of emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management and agricultural soils. During the period 1990–2006, GHG emissions from agriculture decreased by 50%, which was linked to reduced cattle population and amount of applied fertilizers. The study concludes that the GHG emissions in the sector of agriculture remain significant and their proper assessment is required for sound climate change adaptation and mitigation policies.
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Chen, Xiao, Tao Tao, Jiaxin Zhou, Helong Yu, Hongliang Guo, and Hongbing Chen. "Simulation and Prediction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Cattle." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (August 4, 2023): 11994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151511994.
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Greenhouse gas emission is a key issue in the sustainable development of agriculture. To effectively predict the greenhouse gas emissions of beef cattle, a model is proposed based on system dynamics and greenhouse gas emission calculation methods, and a scenario is set as a ‘Straw to Beef’ project in Jilin Province. The model was built on a baseline emission scenario (feed precision: 60%, breeding environment: dry fattening farm, corn straw utilization: burning straw), with single- and comprehensive emission reduction scenarios considered, predicting trends and reduction potentials in greenhouse gas emissions from cattle breeding and straw burning in Jilin Province from 2013 to 2028, measured in CO2-eq (CO2 equivalent). The model also explored the impact of 11 controllable variables on greenhouse gas emissions. Results showed that (1) From 2013 to 2022, greenhouse gas emissions from straw burning and cattle breeding in Jilin Province increased significantly and had an annual growth rate of 6.51% in 2020. (2) Single emission reduction scenarios showed an increasing trend in greenhouse gas emissions, while comprehensive emission reduction scenarios showed a decreasing trend. Among them, the S2.2.1 scenario (feed precision: 80%, breeding environment: livestock barn manure pit, corn straw utilization: burning straw) had the strongest emission reduction ability in the single reduction scenario, the S3.2.2 scenario (feed precision: 80%, breeding environment: livestock barn manure pit, corn straw utilization: Feed-processing straw) had the strongest emission reduction ability in the comprehensive reduction scenario, reducing emissions by 5.10% and 69.24%, respectively, compared to the baseline scenario. This suggests that the comprehensive emission reduction scenarios which utilized straw resources reasonably can greatly reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. (3) The optimal emission reduction scenario indicated that the higher the proportion of digestible energy in beef cattle’s total energy intake, the more perfect the fecal treatment process, and the higher the utilization rate of straw feed, the lower the greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cattle breeding and straw burning in Jilin Province, it is important to implement comprehensive emission reduction scenarios prioritizing the efficient utilization of straw resources and improving beef cattle management practices.
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Zhang, Xia, Bingchun Liu, and Ningbo Zhang. "Forecasting the Mitigation Potential of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Shenzhen through Municipal Solid Waste Treatment: A Combined Weight Forecasting Model." Atmosphere 15, no. 4 (April 20, 2024): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040507.
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As a significant source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the municipal solid waste sector’s greenhouse gas emission mode remains unknown, hampering effective decision-making on possible greenhouse gas emission reductions. Rapid urbanization and economic growth have resulted in massive volumes of municipal solid trash. As a result, identifying emission reduction routes for municipal solid waste treatment is critical. In this research, we investigate the potential of municipal solid waste treatment methods in lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Shenzhen, a typical Chinese major city. The results showed that the combined treatment of 58% incineration, 2% landfill, and 40% anaerobic digestion (AD) had the lowest greenhouse gas emissions of about 5.91 million tons under all scenarios. The implementation of waste sorting and anaerobic digestion treatment of organic municipal solid waste after separate collection can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by simply increasing the incineration ratio.
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Liu, Leilei, Xu Guo, Jian Ding, and Hongliang Wang. "Methodological Study on Voluntary Greenhouse Gases Reduction for Shore Power System." E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802006.
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Voluntary emission reduction of greenhouse gases is conducive to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and fostering a carbon trading market. Voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction methodologies can be used to determine project baselines, demonstrate additionality, calculate emission reductions, and develop monitoring plans. Marine fossil fuel combustion is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions in port. Through the implementation of marine shore power system, it is possible to replace fuel consumption with electricity and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions during berthing. Through the analysis and study on shore power system, the methodology of voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction for shore power system is formed, which is conducive to promoting the participation in carbon emissions trading and promoting the promotion and use of shore power system.
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Budihardjo, Mochamad Arief, Isaaf Fadhilah, Natasya Ghinna Humaira, Mochtar Hadiwidodo, Irawan Wisnu Wardhana, and Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan. "Forecasting Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Heavy Vehicles: A Case study of Semarang City." Jurnal Presipitasi : Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan 18, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v18i2.254-260.
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In Indonesia, transportation sector, specifically road transport consumed most energy compared to other sectors. Eventually, the energy consumption will increase due to the growth of vehicle number that also escalate emission. Vehicle emissions had been recognized as a significant contributor to atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) pollution. Heavy-duty vehicles are considered as main sources of vehicular emissions in most cities. Therefore, it is crucial to take into account heavy-duty vehicle emission projections in order to support policymakers to identify vehicle emissions and develop pollution control strategies. The aim of this study is to forecast heavy-duty vehicle population, vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT), fuel consumption, and heavy-duty vehicle emissions using data of Semarang City to illustrate greenhouse gas emission of big cities in Indonesia. Business as Usual (BAU) and The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method were incorporated to determine vehicle emission projection. Heavy-duty vehicle emissions increase from 2021 to 2030 by 12.317 to 22.865 Gg CO2/year with amount trucks and buses emissions of 21.981,5 Gg CO2/year and 884,2 Gg CO2/year, respectively.
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H0GUE, CHERYL. "GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CURBS." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 81, no. 2 (January 6, 2003): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n002.p005.
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Showstack, Randy. "Greenhouse gas emissions tool." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 4 (January 24, 2012): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo040005.
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Nakićenović, Nebojša. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Scenarios." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65, no. 2 (October 2000): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1625(00)00094-9.
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HILEMAN, ΒΕTTΕ. "GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS PLAN." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 81, no. 7 (February 17, 2003): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n007.p016.
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Hobley, Anthony. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading." Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 19, no. 3 (August 2001): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2001.11433235.
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Smil, Vaclav. "China's greenhouse gas emissions." Global Environmental Change 4, no. 4 (December 1994): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(94)90032-9.
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Jonas, Matthias, Rostyslav Bun, Zbigniew Nahorski, Gregg Marland, Mykola Gusti, and Olha Danylo. "Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 24, no. 6 (May 23, 2019): 839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09867-4.
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Park, Yoosung, Sung-Mo Yeon, and Kyu-Hyun Park. "Development of GHG Emission Factors for the Life Cycle of the Animal Manure Treatment Systems." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.12.637.
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Objectives:A whole process greenhouse gas emission factor was developed considering the direct greenhouse gas emission from the decomposition of livestock manure provided by the IPCC guidelines and the energy consumption of manure management systems.Methods:Greenhouse gas generated by animal manure management is divided into direct greenhouse gas emission by decomposition of manure and greenhouse gas effect in the entire process due to energy use by operating manure management systems. By obtaining and summing them, the whole process greenhouse gas emission factor for the livestock manure treatment system was calculated.Results and Discussion:Among the pig manure management systems, the greenhouse gas emission factors for composting, purification and liquefaction were calculated as 128 kgCO2-eq./ton, 123 kgCO2-eq./ton, 119 kgCO2-eq./ton, respectively. It was analyzed that 20.7% to 24.1% of greenhouse gas emissions generated in the process of managing manure were due to electricity use. As a result of analyzing the change in the emission factor according to the change in GHG emissions of the national electric power according to the 8th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand, a change in emission of about 6% was confirmed. Based on the results of this study and analysis of direct GHG emissions from manure management in three major Western European countries, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, based on the manure management emission factor in 2017, GHG emissions of 48.9% to 70% compared to this study in all countries.Conclusions:In the greenhouse gas emission factor for the pig manure management system, the greenhouse gas emission from energy used in the manure management system operation represents a contribution of more than 20%, so improvement of energy efficiency of the manure management system in the future can contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emission. As the GHG emissions of the pig manure management system are expected to change substantially according to the change in the power grid composition ratio according to the 8th Basic Plan for Electricity Supply and Demand, it is necessary to study the application plan in preparation for the implementation of product environmental footprint certification for livestock products in the future. As a result of comparing direct GHG emissions by manure management with major Western European countries, the difference in emissions was found to be large, suggesting the need to develop a Tier 2 emission factor suitable for the situation in Korea.
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Ahn, Seyoung, and Haerim Kim. "Measures for Achieving Carbon Neutrality in Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 46, no. 7 (July 31, 2024): 370–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.7.370.
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Objectives : In modern society, domestic wastewater treatment plants are essential infrastructure. However these facilities are also major sources of significant greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate the climate crisis and move towards a sustainable society, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants is an urgent task. Achieving this requires the integrated application of technological improvements and institutional measures.Methods : Fundamental strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants include detailed categorization and quantification of emission sources, the implementation of greenhouse gas reduction facilities, and the enforcement of water usage reduction policies. This study uses modeling software to estimate the detailed emissions of greenhouse gases generated during the domestic wastewater treatment process. Additionally, it establishes the baseline treatment process of the domestic wastewater treatment plant and analyzes the greenhouse gas reduction effects of each facility by incorporating technological methods such as anaerobic digesters and combined heat and power (CHP) systems. Furthermore, it evaluates the impact of reducing water usage through water footprint (WF) labeling on greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment plant as an institutional approach.Results and Discussion : In scenario analysis, the implementation of anaerobic digesters results in a 6.7% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to the baseline, while the addition of CHP systems to anaerobic digestion is predicted to reduce emissions by 29.1%. By integrating CHP systems with anaerobic digesters and applying WF labeling, a reduction of 38.3% in greenhouse gas emissions from the domestic wastewater treatment plant compared to the baseline is anticipated. These results demonstrate the significant role of implementing anaerobic digesters, CHP systems, and WF labeling in achieving the carbon neutrality goal of domestic wastewater treatment plants.Conclusion : The integrated application of technological methods, institutional approaches, and detailed emission calculations through process modeling can be considered crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment plants.
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de Saillan, Charles. "United States Court Upholds Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 22, Issue 3 (June 1, 2013): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2013009.
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Last year, the US Court of Appeals (D.C. Circuit) upheld a series of findings, interpretations, and regulations that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had issued as its first steps to limit the emissions of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act. First, EPA had made a finding that emissions of greenhouse gases from motor vehicles cause or contribute to an endangerment to the public health or welfare. Second, to address this endangerment, EPA together with the Department of Transportation, promulgated greenhouse gas emission and fuel efficiency standards for cars and light trucks for model years 2012 through 2016. EPA estimates that these standards will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 960 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent over the life of these model years. Third, EPA formally reaffirmed its interpretation that the motor vehicle emission standards - by regulating greenhouse gases under the Act - would trigger permitting requirements for greenhouse gas emissions from stationary facilities. These permitting requirements include the installation of best available control technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from new or modified facilities. Fourth, EPA issued regulations phasing in these permitting requirements over several years. Rejecting a multitude of challenges, the court upheld all these actions, thus paving the way for EPA to significantly regulate and limit greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles and stationary facilities. On 26 June 2012, the prominent US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit handed the Barak Obama Administration a decisive, quadruple victory in its efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions through regulations. The court upheld the finding of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that greenhouse gas emissions are reasonably anticipated to endanger public health and welfare. The court also upheld EPA regulations and interpretations that will require reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles and large stationary sources. The court reaffirmed its decision, denying a petition for rehearing, on 20 December 2012. The decision paves the way for significant mandatory reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in the US.
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Natalia, Frida Christin, Andewi Rokhmawati, and Yulia Efni. "Factors Influencing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Disclosure at Manufacture Company in the Indonesia Stock Exchange." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, BUSINESS AND APPLICATIONS 5, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeba.5.2.1-14.
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This study aims to examine empirically the factors that influence greenhouse gas emission disclosure. Factors examined in this research are a type of industry, firm size, profitability, and leverage. In this study, the researcher adopted the checklist issued by the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) to measure the extensive disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions. To examine the factors, the researcher utilized multiple regression. The population of this study was all manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange in 2018. This research applied the purposive sampling method to obtain 131 listed manufacturing in 2018. The result implies that firm size has a positive and significant correlation with greenhouse gas emission disclosure. Meanwhile, type of industry, profitability, and leverage had no significant correlation with greenhouse gas emission disclosure. Manufacturing companies, especially greenhouse gas-intensive companies, must participate in protecting the environment and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions as stipulated in Presidential Regulation No. 61 of 2011 concerning the National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. In line with the concept of performance measurement of "Triple Bottom Line," the company does not only pay attention to profit (profit) and people (social), the company must also pay attention to the planet (environment). So the company can compete with other companies. The results highlighted that the much resources of the company, the better the company is conducting a greenhouse-gas-emission reduction strategy. It makes it easier for the company to do the disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions.
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Vasylieva, Natalia. "Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Ukrainian Involvement in the Global Ecological Challenge." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 75, no. 3 (December 17, 2019): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.75.3.24313.
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Greenhouse gas emission is a global ecological challenge since it affects climate change and complicates providing food security. Each country ought to care about mitigating Greenhouse gas emissions including CH4 and N2O originated from agriculture. In this context, first, the performed research focused on Ukrainian ranking among the world Greenhouse gas emitters offering a multi-criteria evaluation of total Greenhouse gas quantities in CO2 equivalent, those ones per capita and per km2 of countries’ land territories. These indictors were also applied to visual comparing involvement of Ukrainian economy and its agriculture in the international Greenhouse gas emissions. Second, to explore agricultural Greenhouse gas emission at the domestic level we studied regional contributions by basic source categories such as enteric fermentation, manure management, and synthetic fertilizers. The proposed horizontal and vertical analyses allow clarifying regional management priorities in reducing Greenhouse gas emissions. Third, for this purpose the conducted investigation specified the EU Member States which match Ukrainian condition by shares of Greenhouse gas emissions and outputs in animal and crop sectors. The found patterns will be the most reliable vectors of adopting effective agricultural practices beneficial for the environment protection and mitigating influence over climate change.
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Severin, M., R. Fuß, R. Well, F. Garlipp, and H. Van den Weghe. "Soil, slurry and application effects on greenhouse gas emissions." Plant, Soil and Environment 61, No. 8 (June 6, 2016): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2015-pse.
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Zhang, Jiajun. "Time Series Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emission Based on ARIMA and LSTM." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 76 (December 31, 2023): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/zy49qb44.
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Greenhouse gas emissions have become a topic of great concern, and research on the prediction of greenhouse gas emissions is urgently needed. In this paper, based on the GHG emission data from 1990-2018, it applied ARIMA model and LSTM model to predict future GHG emissions, and evaluated their prediction performance using MAE. According to the analysis, the results show that the ARIMA model can more accurately capture the trend and seasonal characteristics in the greenhouse gas emission data, and generate prediction results that match the actual observations. Moreover, this study confirmed the effectiveness and feasibility of ARIMA and LSTM models in greenhouse gas emission prediction. At the same time, one must also be aware that greenhouse gas emission forecasts still face limitations such as data reliability, model assumptions, and policy uncertainties. Future research can further improve model performance and explore more comprehensive predictive models to improve accuracy. Overall, these results shed light on guiding further exploration of gas emission analysis.
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Zumrotin, Amelia, Rr Diah Nugraheni Setyowati, and Dyah Ratri Nurmaningsih. "Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Household Activities in Bojonegoro Regency." Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology 3, no. 01 (May 7, 2023): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijaset.v3i01.46.
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The energy sector from household activities is one of the contributors to carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions. The increase in population is a factor that can increase greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to determine the value of greenhouse gas emissions and to map greenhouse gas emission zones. This research is a quantitative descriptive. The sampling method is simple random sampling and emission zone mapping using ArcMap 10.6. The data in this study were obtained by using questionnaires and direct interviews with respondents. The emission sources analyzed in this study come from the consumption and type of motor vehicle fuel, the consumption and type of cooking fuel, and the consumption of electrical energy. The highest value of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from household activities in Bojonegoro Regency is Balen District with an emission value of 139,048 tons/year. Meanwhile, the lowest greenhouse gas emission is Sekar District with an emission value of 22.725 tons/year. The total emission from household activities in Bojonegoro Regency is 2048,355 tons/year. Emission zone mapping is mapped into 10 zones. Balen sub-district is a sub-district that has the highest CO2 emission value with an emission value of 139,048 tons/year. Sekar, Kasiman, and Kedewan sub-districts are classified as sub-districts that have low CO2 emission values with emission values of 22,725 tons/year, 32,041 tons/year, and 28,498 tons/year.
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Lægreid, Ole Martin. "Political and Economic Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions – a Quantitative Study." World Political Science 10, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 313–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/wpsr-2014-0014.
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AbstractThis study examines whether there is a curve linear relationship between economic development and greenhouse gas emissions, where poor and rich countries have low emissions while middle-income countries have high emissions. This is a controversial argument that suggests that persistent economic growth is the best means for achieving considerable emission reductions. The study contributes with new knowledge about the causes of variations in greenhouse gas emissions, by analyzing data for greenhouse gas emissions and testing economic explanations in relation to a broad array of political explanations. As the study demonstrates, there is a curve linear relationship between the level of economic development and greenhouse gas emissions, but the turning point – where a higher level of economic development starts to produce lower rather than higher emission levels – is far higher than previously thought. Among the study’s sample of countries, only the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland have experienced a sufficiently high level of economic development in order for increased wealth to result in lower emissions. Among the political impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, the study indicates that countries with consensual political systems produce lower emission levels than countries where the separation of powers is more centralized. A more robust “green” civil society leads to lower emissions in countries where the democratic system is functioning well, and ambitious targets regarding reduction of emissions in the Kyoto Protocol also seems to lower emissions.
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Bai, Yinping, Qianli Dai, Jiangbo Hai, Qing Wang, Dahang Liao, Guotong Liu, Yinjia Wang, et al. "Manganese Slag Amendment Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Paddy Soil." Atmosphere 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010131.
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Increasing crop productivity and minimizing greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields are increasingly receiving attention. Slag application not only can maximize the use of solid wastes as beneficial resources for agricultural production, but it also reduces greenhouse gas emissions. In order to determine the most effective slags as soil amendments for greenhouse gas emission reduction, three major slags, i.e., steel, titanium and manganese slags, were applied as soil amendments to paddy soils; correspondingly, the greenhouse gas emissions, cumulative emissions and global warming potential of the soils during one growing season were measured. It was found that applying all these three slags could reduce the methane emission rates and the cumulative methane emissions. Manganese slag significantly decreased methane emissions by 55% compared with the control. Carbon dioxide caused no significant changes among different slag treatments; however, the cumulative carbon dioxide emissions from fields treated with steel and manganese slags were lower than those from control fields. The global warming potential of paddy soil with manganese application was 63% lower than that of the control. Finally, manganese oxide was found to have a negative relation with greenhouse gas emissions. It was inferred that the electron acceptors and the photocatalysis of manganese oxide minerals might have been the main reasons for greenhouse gas reduction. This preliminary result could be further applied to utilizing solid wastes as beneficial resources and to developing carbon fixation and greenhouse gas reduction fertilizers.
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Shcherbyna, Ye V. "Estimation of fugitive emissions in Ukraine’s gas industry taking into account 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories." Problems of General Energy 2021, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2021.04.040.
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 to assess the risks and possible consequences of anthropogenic climate change. The IPCC includes a task force on national inventories, which develops methodological documents for national greenhouse gas inventories. The report 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories was adopted and accepted during the 49th Session of the IPCC in May 2019. The development of 2019 Refinement is related to the improvement of existing and the emergence of new technologies in the world economy, which has led to the need to update emission parameters and take into account new sources of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The purpose of the article is to study and apply changes in the methods of estimating fugitive emissions in Ukraine’s gas industry, taking into account 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. The article examines the state of greenhouse gas emissions in the gas industry in 2019 according to the Ukraine’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report data. The formation methane and carbon dioxide fugitive emissions in the last National Inventory Report according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is analyzed. The changes in the methods for national inventories in the energy sector 2019 Refinement are compared to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The estimation methane and carbon dioxide fugitive emissions in Ukraine’s gas industry in 2019 according to 2019 Refinement is made (taking into account the new emission factors and a new subcategory of abandoned wells). The article provides a comparative analysis the results with fugitive emissions in the gas industry in 2019 according to data of National Inventory Report. A study of the results shows that the use of 2019 Refinement for future greenhouse gas inventories will reduce methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Keywords: gas industry, greenhouse gas emissions, methane, carbon dioxide, inventory
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Sari, K. E. "Energy greenhouse gas emission inventory in Batu City." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 916, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/916/1/012003.
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Abstract The development of the tourism sector in Batu City is in line with the development of non-agricultural activities in Batu City that dominates 66.7% of Batu City’s land use pattern. This pattern is related to the energy demand in Batu City and contributes to the increasing GHG emissions from the energy sector. The energy sector contributes 24-25% of GHG emissions and it will increase along with further development of activities. The GHG emission inventory is an important step related to GHG emission reduction, and, due to the uncertainty of GHG emission distribution, the inventory was based on the sources of emission. The main purpose of this research is to make an inventory of the amount of GHG emission from the energy sector in Batu City from 3 main emission sources in Batu, namely transportation, commercial, and household. The analytical method used is the Tier 1 approach using a database of energy consumption and the number of activities as an emission source. The results show that the total amount of GHG emissions from the energy sector in Batu City is 2,562,159,822,007.89 kg/year with an average increase of 0.75% per year and is dominated by emission sources from the household sector. The average increase in GHG emissions from the transportation sector is 58.83% with a significant increase in 2015. In the commercial sector, the average annual increase in GHG emissions is 3.83%, and the household sector—as the largest energy consumer—has an average increase in GHG emissions each year of 0.75%.
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Sudakov, Ivan, and Sergey Vakulenko. "Bifurcations of the climate system and greenhouse gas emissions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, no. 1991 (May 28, 2013): 20110473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0473.
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We propose a generalization of the classical Goody model by taking into account greenhouse gas emission effects. We develop an asymptotic approach that allows us to obtain an expression for the greenhouse gas flux via the temperature and fluid fields. We show that there is a possible tipping point in atmospheric dynamics resulting from greenhouse gas emissions, where the climate system becomes bistable under sufficiently intensive greenhouse gas emissions.
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Taslimov, A. D. "Impact of climate change on electrical energy losses in electrical networks." E3S Web of Conferences 384 (2023): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401036.
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One of the global problems in the world is greenhouse gas emission. There are several reasons for this problem, one of which is electricity. This article provides a brief summary of the current state of electricity waste and analyzes the impact of electricity waste on greenhouse gas emissions, as well as ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the point of view of electricity generation. The situation of greenhouse gas emission in the territory of Uzbekistan and how much of it corresponds to the share of electricity losses is shown.
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Li, Zemin, Qihang Wei, Xiayan Liu, Rongsheng Zhu, Cuilan Li, and Zhaojun Li. "The Emission Characteristics of Greenhouse Gases from Animal Husbandry in Shandong Province Based on Life Cycle Assessment." Sustainability 16, no. 4 (February 6, 2024): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16041375.
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Life cycle assessment was used to study the following six major stages of animal husbandry: feed grain planting, feed grain transportation and processing, livestock and poultry breeding, livestock and poultry gastrointestinal fermentation, manure management, and livestock and poultry product slaughter and processing. The greenhouse gas emissions from animal husbandry in Shandong Province were quantified for the entire 20-year period spanning from 2002 to 2021. This study also analyzed the emission patterns and characteristics associated with this life cycle assessment. The results show that over the past 20 years, the greenhouse gas emissions from animal husbandry in Shandong Province increased continuously, the greenhouse gas emission intensity decreased continuously, and both of these trends tended to be stable. From a life cycle standpoint, the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions were gastrointestinal fermentation and the management of livestock and poultry manure. In terms of the structure of livestock and poultry breeding, poultry was the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions. The emission characteristics of the greenhouse gases produced by animal husbandry varied among different cities in Shandong Province. The main source of greenhouse gas discharged due to animal husbandry in Zibo and Binzhou was Ecattle; in Dongying, it was Esheep; and in the remaining cities, it was mainly Epoultry.
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Phong, Nguyen Thanh. "GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PLANTS." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 4B (March 22, 2018): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/4b/12043.
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This study investigated emissions of CH4, N2O and NH3 from nine anaerobic digestion plants that treat biowaste. The treatment is in form of mechanical pre-treatment, anaerobic digestion followed by a composting with or without intensive aeration. The exhaust gases from the mechanical and anaerobic steps are treated by biofilters. The emission sources at the plants consisted of biofilters, combined heat and power units (CHP), liquid digestate treatment systems (LTS) and open composting windrows of the solid digestate. Overall, the emission factors were 0.4 - 16 kg (Mg biowaste)-1 for CH4, 7 - 170 g (Mg biowaste)-1 for N2O and 41 - 6,032 g (Mg biowaste)-1 for NH3. Open composting windrows of solid digestate resulted in high emissions of CH4 and N2O. Intensive aeration of the solid digestate could reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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MIRKOVIĆ, Aleksandar, Marija ŽIVKOVIĆ, Stevan ĐENADIĆ, Darja LUBARDA, and Chinedu ANYANWA. "Integrative GHG Assessment in Oil and Gas Industry." Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXV, no. 1 (2023): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee23-1.51m.
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Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is one of the main targets of national strategies in European countries. As a main contributor to emissions, the energy sector is recognized as the most promising to apply measures and actions aimed to decrease GHG emissions. The Oil and Gas industry as a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions is facing a growing need for estimating, mitigating, and reducing the impact of their operations on the atmosphere to stay competitive in a newly arising green economy. The goal to reduce GHG emissions emphasizes the need for identification of the main sources of emission in the Oil and Gas industry. This paper presents the comprehensive blueprint for the development of a greenhouse gas emissions inventory for the case of complex industries such as Oil and Gas, including its specifics related to processes of Oil and Gas production and processing (flaring, fugitive emissions, etc.). The model is implemented for a case of a typical upstream oil and gas company, with the aim to identify the main sources of emission. It was shown that the major source of emission is gas flaring, while the key contributor is uncombusted methane.
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Kebreab, Ermias, Mallory Honan, Breanna Roque, and Juan Tricarico. "245 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation Strategies." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.353.
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Abstract Livestock production contributed 3.9% to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from the US in 2018. Most studies to mitigate GHG from livestock are focused on enteric methane because it contributes about 70% of all livestock GHG emissions. Mitigation options can be broadly categorized into dietary and rumen manipulation. Enteric methane emissions are strongly correlated to dry matter intake and somewhat sensitive to diet composition. Dietary manipulation methods include increasing feed digestibility, such as concentrate to forage ratio, or increasing fats and oils, which are associated with lower methane emissions. These reduce digestible fiber that are positively related to methane production and more energy passing the rumen without being degraded, respectively. Rumen manipulation through feed additives can be further classified based on the mode of action: 1. rumen environment modifiers indirectly affecting emissions and 2. direct methanogenesis inhibitors. The rumen environment modifiers act on the conditions that promote methanogenesis. These include ionophores, plant bioactive compounds such as essential oils and tannins, and nitrate rich feeds that serve as alternative hydrogen sinks and directly compete with methanogens thereby reducing methane emissions. The inhibitor category include 3-nitroxypropanol and seaweeds containing halogenated compounds. The former was reported to reduce enteric methane emissions (g/d) by 39% in dairy and 22% in beef cattle. Seaweed, in particular Asparagopsis spp., reduced emissions intensity (g/kg milk) by up to 67% in dairy and emissions yield (g/kg dry matter intake) by up to 98% in beef cattle. Because inhibitors are structural analogs of methane, their mode of action is through competitive inhibition of the methyl transfer reaction catalyzed by methyl coenzyme-M reductase, the last enzyme in methanogenesis. The combination of dietary and rumen manipulation options, including feed additives, is expected to reduce enteric methane emissions by over 30% in the next decade without compromising animal productivity and health.
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Odewale, Stephen Ayodele, Jacob Ademola Sonibare, and Lukuman Adekilekun Jimoda. "Electricity sector’s contribution to greenhouse gas concentration in Nigeria." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, no. 6 (September 11, 2017): 917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2016-0048.
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Purpose Recent developments in the electricity generation sector of Nigeria necessitated the re-assessment of its contribution to air emission level in the country as information provided by previous inventory is nearly out-of-date. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated from existing thermal power plants in the country. Design/methodology/approach Thermal power plants in Nigeria and their installed capacities were identified, and estimation of CO2 emission from each of the plants was carried out using the emission factor method. In addition to the direct emissions generated through the combustion operation of the power plants, indirect emissions resulting from upstream activities such as extraction, production, and transportation of fuels consumed by the thermal power plant was determined using the same method. Findings In total, 40 thermal power plants are currently operational in Nigeria. Additional 18 thermal plants are at different stages of completion. The operational thermal plants have average generation output of 40 percent of their installed capacity and produce 87.3 million metric tonne (mmt)/annum CO2 emissions. In total, 66.9 percent of the estimated emissions are direct emissions, i.e. fuel combustion emissions; the rest are indirect emissions. Additional 67.9 mmt was estimated as expected overall emissions from the thermal power plants under construction. Considering the global warming potential of CO2, proactive measures must be taken to regulate its emissions from the country’s thermal power plants. Originality/value This paper bridged the information gap existing in the emission inventory from the Nigeria electricity sector by providing up-to-date data on the contribution of the sector to greenhouse gas emission level in the country.
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Grant, Tim, and Tom Beer. "Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from irrigated maize and their significance in the value chain." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (2008): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06099.
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The life cycle assessment component of this multi-institutional project determined greenhouse gas emissions in pre-farm, on-farm and post-farm activities involved in the use of maize for the manufacture of corn chips. When the emissions were expressed in terms of carbon dioxide-equivalents (CO2-e), pre-farm emissions comprised ~6% of the life cycle emissions, on-farm activities comprised ~36% and post-farm activities accounted for ~58% of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. We used one 400 g packet of corn chips as the functional unit. The single largest source of greenhouse emissions was the emission of nitrous oxide on the farm as a result of fertiliser application (0.126 kg CO2-e per packet). The next largest was electricity used during the manufacture of the corn chips (0.086 kg CO2-e per packet). The manufacture of the packaging (box plus packet, being 0.06 kg CO2-e) was the next largest source and then the oil for frying the corn chips (0.048 kg CO2-e per packet). Greenhouse gas emissions from fertiliser application were primarily nitrous oxide (N2O), which has a global warming potential of 310 kg CO2-e/kg N2O. In typical irrigated farm systems, these emissions, when converted to CO2-e, are almost three times more than the greenhouse gas emissions that result from energy used to pump water. However, pumping irrigation water from deep bores currently produces greenhouse gas emissions that are almost three times those from irrigation using surface waters. Greenhouse gas emissions from the use of tractors on typical farms are about one-third of the emissions from pumping water. Farm management techniques can be used to increase soil carbon and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. If farms that currently burn stubble were to implement stubble incorporation then, in the absence of other changes to the supply chain, they will achieve a 30% reduction in emissions from ‘cradle to farm-gate’. In absolute terms, when the soil carbon dioxide is included (even though soil carbon dioxide in this instance is not counted as a greenhouse gas in national and international greenhouse gas inventories), our measurements indicate that carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions from farms that produce maize using stubble incorporation are 56% lower than emissions from farms that burn their stubble. The pre-farm and on-farm operations add $0.40 value per kg of CO2-e greenhouse gas emitted. Post-farm processing added $2 value per kg of CO2-e greenhouse gas emitted. Processing maize for corn chips emitted more greenhouse gases than processing the same amount of corn for starch or ethanol.
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Yaman, Cevat, Ismail Anil, Megan K. Jaunich, Nawaf I. Blaisi, Omar Alagha, Ayse B. Yaman, and Seyda T. Gunday. "Investigation and modelling of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from waste collection and transport activities." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 12 (November 1, 2019): 1282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19882482.
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Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from municipal solid waste management activities and the associated climate change impacts are getting great attention worldwide. This study investigates greenhouse gas emissions and their distribution during waste collection and transport activities in the Dammam region of Saudi Arabia. Greenhouse gas emissions and associated global warming factors were estimated based on diesel fuel consumption during waste collection and transport activities. Then, waste collection and transport data were used to parameterise a mechanistic collection model that can be used to estimate and predict future fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. For the collection and transport of municipal waste in the study area, the average associated total greenhouse gas emissions were about 24,935 tCO2-eq. Global warming factors for three provinces were estimated as 25.23 kg CO2-eq t-1, 25.04 kg CO2-eq t-1, and 37.15 kg CO2-eq t-1, respectively. Lastly, the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) modelling system was used to estimate the atmospheric dispersion of greenhouse gas emissions. Model results revealed that the maximum daily greenhouse gas concentrations ranged between 0.174 and 97.3 mg m-3, while annual average greenhouse gas concentrations were found to be between 0.012 and 27.7 mg m-3 within the study domain. The highest greenhouse gas concentrations were observed for the regions involving the municipal solid waste collection routes owing to their higher source emission rates.
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Kang, Seongmin, Seungjin Kim, Garam Song, Ki-Hyun Kim, and Eui-Chan Jeon. "Application of biomass fraction at industrial waste incinerator." Energy & Environment 30, no. 4 (October 8, 2018): 707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18802909.
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The factor required for estimating greenhouse gas emission, i.e. the fossil carbon fraction, excludes the biomass fraction of incinerated waste and can be applied as a major factor in estimating greenhouse gas emissions. In Korea, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from waste incineration facilities is calculated by using a solid waste incinerated amount default values (biomass fraction, content of dry matter, etc.) provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang (IPCC). However, this method cannot reflect the characteristics of Korea. This method is likely to overestimate or underestimate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to investigate the difference in emissions between the actual values of the biomass content based on the exhaust gas standard and the IPCC defaults applied in the calculation of the national emissions. The comparative result indicates that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions calculated using the solid waste composition method is 70.71 tons CO2/day and using the flue gas analysis is 56.92 tons CO2/day. This verifies that the former method overestimates the amount of greenhouse gas emissions compared with the latter method. The difference is caused by applying both factors in estimating greenhouse gas emissions and the basic values provided in the IPCC guideline. In addition, although the IPCC reported 10% of biomass content, it is 41.06% as a result of actual analysis, and hence, it is considered that there will be a difference depending on the biomass content. Thus, to increase the reliability of the calculated greenhouse gas emissions, these should be estimated by considering national characteristics.
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Zanger, Benjamin, Jia Chen, Man Sun, and Florian Dietrich. "Recovery of sparse urban greenhouse gas emissions." Geoscientific Model Development 15, no. 20 (October 17, 2022): 7533–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7533-2022.
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Abstract. To localize and quantify greenhouse gas emissions from cities, gas concentrations are typically measured at a small number of sites and then linked to emission fluxes using atmospheric transport models. Solving this inverse problem is challenging because the system of equations often has no unique solution and the solution can be sensitive to noise. A common top–down approach for solving this problem is Bayesian inversion with the assumption of a multivariate Gaussian distribution as the prior emission field. However, such an assumption has drawbacks when the assumed spatial emissions are incorrect or not Gaussian distributed. In our work, we investigate sparse reconstruction (SR), an alternative reconstruction method that can achieve reasonable estimations without using a prior emission field by making the assumption that the emission field is sparse. We show that this assumption is generally true for the cities we investigated and that the use of the discrete wavelet transform helps to make the urban emission field even more sparse. To evaluate the performance of SR, we created concentration data by applying an atmospheric forward transport model to CO2 emission inventories of several major European cities. We used SR to locate and quantify the emission sources by applying compressed sensing theory and compared the results to regularized least squares (LSs) methods. Our results show that SR requires fewer measurements than LS methods and that SR is better at localizing and quantifying unknown emitters.
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Bevzo, Danylo O. "Emissions Trading System in Ukraine." Business, Economics, Sustainability, Leadership and Innovation, no. 9 (September 18, 2023): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37659/2663-5070-2022-9-44-49.
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The article highlights the conceptual foundations for the introduction of an emissions trading system in Ukraine from a practical perspective. It is found that after signing the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in June 2014, Ukraine pledged to implement a number of EU environmental directives, including Directive 2003/87/EU establishing a system for trading in greenhouse gas emission allowances. It is established that in order to improve the level of environmental safety in Ukraine and reduce the impact and consequences of climate change, the Government of Ukraine approved the Strategy for Environmental Safety and Climate Change Adaptation until 2030 in 2021. It is revealed that since the beginning of 2022, Ukraine has fulfilled its obligations under international treaties, and it is found that most companies comply with the requirements of Ukrainian legislation and support the country's decision to introduce an emission allowances trading system in Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions”, according to which, starting from January 1, 2021, Ukraine will monitor, report and verify greenhouse gas emissions at the level of individual facilities, which enables Ukraine to ensure the trading of greenhouse gas emission allowances. It is established that Ukraine’s domestic and foreign policy prioritize the prevention of climate change through a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in wartime. Starting in 2025, Ukraine will introduce a greenhouse gas emissions trading system as part of its efforts to reduce emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. We find that clear rules must be established to ensure effective operation, supervision, and control of the emissions trading system in Ukraine. This includes identifying specific bodies responsible for regulating, implementing, and monitoring the system’s proper implementation in Ukraine, while also defining and delegating their respective roles and rights in regulating, implementing, and controlling the emissions trading system.
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Na, Youngrin, and Kyuhyun Byun. "Estimation of Potential Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Landfills in the United States: 2010–2020." Sustainability 16, no. 11 (June 5, 2024): 4810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16114810.
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Nitrous oxide (N2O), a major greenhouse gas, has the potential to be emitted from waste landfills. Previous studies have demonstrated the propensity of landfilling facilities to emit significant quantities of N2O, a fact underscored by the IPCC Guidelines, which emphasize the importance of researching this phenomenon. However, due to the absence of established international guidelines for quantifying N2O emissions from landfills, many countries, including the United States, have excluded N2O from greenhouse gas inventories. Therefore, this study aims to estimate N2O emissions from landfills in the United States, a country with a significant landfill waste volume. In this study, N2O emissions from U.S. landfills over an 11-year period (2010–2020) are estimated by using the emission estimation formula provided in CDM AM0083 and emission factors from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Additionally, emissions were calculated spatially for each state and individual landfill facility. As a result, the impact of integrating N2O emissions from landfills into the national greenhouse gas inventory was assessed. The average annual landfill N2O emission in the United States over the 11-year period was estimated to be 3,214,693 ton-CO2-equivalent/year, with an overall decreasing trend. In 2020, Indiana, Michigan, and Oregon exhibited high landfill N2O emissions per capita, while the Virgin Islands, Connecticut, and Massachusetts demonstrated lower emissions. When incorporated into the U.S. greenhouse gas inventory, landfill N2O emissions represent 10.41% of the total sector N2O emissions. Although N2O emissions are declining alongside reduced waste landfilling in the United States, the quantity remains significant and should be factored into greenhouse gas inventory calculations and emission scenarios for the next CMIP6. Further research investigating N2O emission coefficients across different regions and waste types is necessary. Ultimately, this study aims to support the United Nations (UN)’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action), by enhancing the tools for accurate greenhouse gas inventory and promoting sustainable waste management.
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Skiba, U., S. K. Jones, U. Dragosits, J. Drewer, D. Fowler, R. M. Rees, V. A. Pappa, et al. "UK emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1593 (May 5, 2012): 1175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0356.
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Signatories of the Kyoto Protocol are obliged to submit annual accounts of their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, which include nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Emissions from the sectors industry (3.8 Gg), energy (14.4 Gg), agriculture (86.8 Gg), wastewater (4.4 Gg), land use, land-use change and forestry (2.1 Gg) can be calculated by multiplying activity data (i.e. amount of fertilizer applied, animal numbers) with simple emission factors (Tier 1 approach), which are generally applied across wide geographical regions. The agricultural sector is the largest anthropogenic source of N 2 O in many countries and responsible for 75 per cent of UK N 2 O emissions. Microbial N 2 O production in nitrogen-fertilized soils (27.6 Gg), nitrogen-enriched waters (24.2 Gg) and manure storage systems (6.4 Gg) dominate agricultural emission budgets. For the agricultural sector, the Tier 1 emission factor approach is too simplistic to reflect local variations in climate, ecosystems and management, and is unable to take into account some of the mitigation strategies applied. This paper reviews deviations of observed emissions from those calculated using the simple emission factor approach for all anthropogenic sectors, briefly discusses the need to adopt specific emission factors that reflect regional variability in climate, soil type and management, and explains how bottom-up emission inventories can be verified by top-down modelling.
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Saidur, R., MA Sattar, H. H. Masjuki, and M. Y. Jamaluddin. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Refrigeration Equipment in Malaysia." Energy & Environment 20, no. 4 (August 2009): 533–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830509788707266.
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This paper presents an analysis of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from refrigeration equipment. The refrigeration equipments use refrigerants such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons HFCs, which are believed to contribute the ozone depletion and global warming. Refrigeration equipment thus contributes indirectly through emission due to electricity consumption and directly due to the emission of refrigerants. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of fossil fuels are quantified and presented in this paper. The calculation was carried out based on emissions per unit electricity generated and the type of fuel used. The direct emission of refrigerant was calculated based on emission factor and according to the procedure of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA. A study was conducted to evaluate the refrigerant losses to the atmosphere and the CO2 emission from fossil fuels to generate power to run the refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. In this paper, total appliance annual energy consumption by refrigerator-freezer and air conditioner as well as emission has been estimated for a period of 19 years (1997–2015) using the survey data. Energy savings and emission reductions achievable by raising thermostat set point temperature have been calculated for a period of 10 (i.e. 2005–2015) years.
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Kumar, Amit, and M. P. Sharma. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydropower Reservoirs." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 11 (July 7, 2012): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i0.7159.
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Hydropower reservoirs are found to emit about 35-70 times less greenhouse gas (GHG) compared to thermal power plants. The emissions not only depend on the type of eco-region in which the reservoir is located but also on the reservoir characteristics and water quality parameters. This paper reports the results of the impact of reservoir parameters and water quality characteristics on GHG emission from tropical, temperate and boreal reservoirs. For this purpose, linear equations are developed but the regression coeffi cient is found very poor. The R2 range for CO2 is 5×10-5 to 0.36 for tropical, temperate and boreal reservoirs and the R24 is 0.004- 0.244 respectively, which is far lower than 0.90, and cannot be accurately used for prediction. Thereafter, empirical regression equations are developed to see the combined impact of reservoir parameters and R2 is found as 0.48 for CO2 and 0.16 for CH4 for tropical, 0.34 and 0.37 for CO2 and CH4 respectively for temperate and 0.51 and 0.26 for boreal reservoirs. The R2 0.90 indicates that these equations cannot be used to accurately predict the emissions, but can be used to get some idea about emissions from the reservoirs.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i0.7159 Hydro Nepal Vol.11 2011 pp.37-42
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Hirz, Mario, Helmut Brunner, and Thu Trang Nguyen. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electric Cars." Tehnički glasnik 16, no. 2 (May 11, 2022): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20220407135956.
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As an important trend in the automotive industry, electrification of propulsion systems has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. Whereas electric vehicles do not produce exhaust emissions during driving, the impact of electricity provision for charging the batteries as well as the impact of vehicle production play an essential role in a holistic consideration of the carbon footprint. The paper introduces a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas emission-related factors of battery-electric cars, considering the entire product life cycle. This comprises vehicle production, including battery system, electric powertrain and other relevant components, the car’s use phase under consideration of different electricity mixes, user patterns and the end-of-life phase. The results of the study can serve as a basis for comparison with the characteristics of cars driven by conventional propulsion systems and allow a detailed discussion of the different technologies, especially under consideration of future development trends.
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Sirin, А. А., M. A. Medvedeva, and V. Yu Itkin. "Rewetting of Disused Drained Peatlands and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk Seriya Geograficheskaya 87, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 597–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s258755662304012x.
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Drained peatlands are a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. When abandoned, they become the most likely sites of peat fires. An effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent peatland fires in disused drained peatlands is through rewetting and wetland restoration. These can make significant contributions to the implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement within the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry sector and, ultimately, to climate change mitigation. An approach for estimating greenhouse gas emission reductions following rewetting, applicable to national and regional accounting, as well as to specific rewetting projects, is presented. It includes a methodology for determining effectively rewetted areas that can be considered wetlands, the application of IPCC greenhouse gas emission factors to said sites, and an uncertainty assessment. Starting from 2020 the Russian Federation National Report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gasses not controlled by the Montreal Protocol utilised this approach in its inclusion of rewetted peatlands. An assessment of greenhouse gas emission reductions is presented using the example of a 1500 ha section of a peatland within the Fire Hazardous Peatland Rewetting Programme in Moscow Oblast (2010–2013). CO2 emission reductions were cumulatively 33.4 thous. t by 2022 (taking into account nitrous oxide fluxes, dissolved organic carbon removal and increased CH4 emissions—20 thous. t CO2-eq.) and are projected to reach almost 113 (68) thous. t by 2050. Greenhouse gas emission reductions not yet included as well as possible ways of accounting for them in the future are also noted.
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Wiryoatmojo, Suyono. "Emisi Gas Kaca Pesawat Udara di Indonesia." WARTA ARDHIA 40, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/wa.v40i1.159.1-18.
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One of the environmental problrms facing the world today is the phenomenon of global warming that is caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Many human activities that cause greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming, among others, is the consumption of energy derived from fossil fuels, including fuels for the transport sector, particularly air transport. This research conducted the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions produced by aircraft operation in Indonesia in 2012 and the predictions of greenhouse gases up to 2030. The calculation refers to the emission inventory Guidebook 2013, and following the procedure has been set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Based on the calculation results showed that aircraft greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia in 2012 dominated by C02 gas that is equal to 8145 kTon (99.7%) while the hydrocarbon gas emissions of 1.04 kTon. By 2030, greenhouse das emissions aircraft in Indonesia is expected to reach 16814 kTon.Salah satu permasalahan lingkungan yang dihadapi dunia Saat ini adalah adanya fenomena pemanasan global yang antara lain disebabkan oleh emisi gas rumah kaca. Aktifitas manusia yang banyak menyebabkan emisi gas rumah kaca penyebab pemanasan global antara lain adalah konsumsi energi yang berasal dari bahan bakar fosil termasuk bahan bakar untuk sektor transportasi khususnya transportasi udara. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan perhitungan emisi Gas Rumah Kaca yang dihasilkan pesawat udara di Indonesia pada tahun 2012 dan prediksi gas rumah kaca sampai dengan tahun 2030. Perhitungan dan prediksi emisi gas rumah kaca pesawat udara pada penelitian ini mengacu pada emission inventory guidebook 2013 dan mengikuti prosedur yang telah ditetapkan oleh Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan didapatkan hahwa emisi GRK pesawat udara di Indonesia pada tahun 2012 didominasi oleh gas CO2 yaitu sebesar 8.145 kTon (99.7%) sedangkan emisi gas hidrokarbon sebesar 1,04 kTon Pada tahun 2030, emisi gas rumah kaca pesawat udara di Indoneisa diprediksikan mencapai 16.814 kTon.
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Kuzior, Aleksandra, Ihor Vakulenko, Svitlana Kolosok, Liudmyla Saher, and Serhiy Lyeonov. "Managing the EU energy crisis and greenhouse gas emissions: Seasonal ARIMA forecast." Problems and Perspectives in Management 21, no. 2 (May 22, 2023): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(2).2023.37.
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Changes in the logistics of energy resources and their potential shortage are causing a review of the EU energy policy. The energy sector significantly affects the progress toward achieving climate policy goals due to significt greenhouse gas emissions. The REPowerEU plan, implemented in the EU27 to overcome the energy crisis, requires new forecasts of greenhouse gas emissions due to a change in European energy policy. This paper aims to examine the consequences of the management of the energy crisis caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on EU climate policy. This study focuses on forecasting greenhouse gas emissions in the EU until 2030 and uses the Seasonal ARIMA model based on quarterly time series in the EU27. Depending on energy management and changes in energy policy to overcome the energy crisis, a positive or negative scenario for greenhouse gas emissions may occur. An important parameter that should be considered when determining the scenario of the EU energy development according to climate policy was defined by correlation analysis.According to the negative scenario and under the influence of the effects of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the value of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU at the beginning of 2030 will be 0.752911 tons per capita. The positive scenario shows greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced to 0.235225 tons per capita.The study results proved two extreme scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions, depending on how to overcome the energy crisis. AcknowledgmentThe authors appreciate the copyright holder: © European Union, 1995–2022, as well as the source of the extracted data, which is the European Commission website, Eurostat http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (accessed on 16 October 2022). This study was funded by the European Union (the project No. 101048079 – EU4SmartED – ERASMUS-JMO-2021-HEI-TCH-RSCH); by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (projects No. 0122U000788, 0122U000769, 0121U109553, 0120U102001, 0122U000777).This research was funded by Faculty of Organization and Management of the Silesian University of Technology (grant number: 13/990/BK_23/0178).
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Grabarczyk, Robert, and Sławomir Grabarczyk. "Cumulative Energy Demand and Carbon Footprint of the Greenhouse Cultivation System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 8786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178786.
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The paper describes the influence of horticultural production in greenhouses under Polish climate conditions on energy consumption, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. Four scenarios were studied, two of which were non-renewable fuels: coal and natural gas, while the other two were renewable energy sources: wood pellets and wood chips, to identify opportunities for reducing energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Cumulative energy demand was defined to assess these four scenarios. The environmental impact was determined using the carbon footprint of the principal greenhouse gases emitted and using CO2 as the reference gas (CO2-equivalents). Renewable energy sources in greenhouse production can reduce the cumulative energy demand by 83.3% and greenhouse gas emissions by 95% compared to the coal-burning scenario. The presented research results relate to a greenhouse intended for growing flowers in pots, which has not been conducted so far. The article also updates the data on the environmental impact of crops grown in greenhouses located in Poland. The study provides important information for horticultural producers, mainly due to increasing competition and consumer awareness of the origin of products. Renewable energy sources in horticulture reveal a great potential in the reduction in greenhouse gases, and thus may become an inspiration to look for new solutions in this area.
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Al rosyid, Ali Hasyim, Irham Irham, and Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo. "Hypothesis Testing on Environmental Kuznets Curve of Agricultural Sector in Java Island: Panel Data Analysis." Agro Ekonomi 28, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jae.25703.
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One obstacle in the improvement of community welfare in the agricultural sector, especially in Java, is the environmental externality which constantly exists in every economic activity. The objective of this research was to estimate greenhouse gas emission coming from agricultural sector in Java and identify whether farmers in Java had allocated environmental conservation costs as the impact of greenhouse gas emission from agricultural activities in Java. The inventory method of greenhouse gas emission from agricultural sector is based on inventory guidelines published by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2006. As for the analysis to determine the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and GRDP of agricultural subsector per agricultural labor, The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) was employed, alongside greenhouse gas emission indicators representing environmental degradation and GRDP of agricultural subsector per agricultural worker representing of per capita income of agricultural. Overall, greenhouse gas emissions, both CH4 methane emissions and carbon dioxide emission (CO2) - produced from rice cultivation, fertilizer application, livestock enteric fermentation and poultry manure - are gradually increasing. And the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and GRDP per worker has inverted-U shape; and it is in line with EKC hypothesis. Thereby, the role of the entire community elements and government support in implementing mitigation technology and agricultural adaptation is needed to cope with impacts of greenhouse gas emission, such as climate change.
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Amaefule, Chukwuemeka, Igwe Justice Ibeabuchi, and Akeem Shoaga. "Determinants of Greenhouse Gas Emissions." European Journal of Sustainable Development Research 6, no. 4 (June 25, 2022): em0194. http://dx.doi.org/10.21601/ejosdr/12176.
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