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Journal articles on the topic 'Greenhouse effect'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Chilingar, G. V., O. G. Sorokhtin, L. Khilyuk, and M. V. Gorfunkel. "Greenhouse gases and greenhouse effect." Environmental Geology 58, no. 6 (November 14, 2008): 1207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1615-3.

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2

Mcculloch, A., and JohnM Last. "GREENHOUSE EFFECT." Lancet 333, no. 8648 (May 1989): 1208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92791-8.

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3

Lewis, R. P. W. "THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GREENHOUSES: AN OVERLOOKED EXPERIMENT." Weather 47, no. 2 (February 1992): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1992.tb05777.x.

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4

P, Suseela, and Ranghaswami M V. "Effect of Height of Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse on Light Transmission." Madras Agricultural Journal 98, December (2011): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100323.

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Three low cost greenhouses of size 8x4 m each with ridge heights of 3m, 3.75m and 4.5m were designed and constructed with a side and roof ventilation of 30% and 6% respectively. The light intensity inside the greenhouses were found to be much lower than that of outside. The rate of reduction of light intensity inside the greenhouses was found to increase with increase in light intensity. It was observed that, during peak hours (at which light intensity was maximum), lower amount of light intensity was received by the 4.5 m height greenhouse and it was found to increase with decrease in height of the greenhouse. The 3 m and 3.75 m and also 3.75 m and 4.5 m greenhouses were on par in respect of light intensity even at 10% level. But, there was a significant reduction (P < 0.01) of light intensity in 4.5 m greenhouse compared to the 3 m greenhouse.

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5

Xu, Jing, Xiaoying Ren, Guifeng He, Shaohan Di, Zhiqing Shi, and Zongmin Liang. "The Influence of Mountain Height and Distance on Shape Factor of Wind Load of Plastic Tunnel." Applied Sciences 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2023): 13081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132413081.

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Due to their soft structure and covering material, plastic greenhouses are vulnerable to wind disasters, causing large-scale damage and huge economic losses. The wind load of greenhouses depends on the surface wind pressure distribution, which is different for greenhouses located in valleys from those in plain areas. To study the wind pressure distribution law for various regions of greenhouses built in valleys, mountain and greenhouse models have been built by Computational Fluid Dynamics, in which the length direction of the greenhouse is perpendicular to the valley and the wind direction is parallel to the valley. In the analysis, the verified turbulence model and grid division method are both introduced, and the effect of the height and distance of mountains is considered. According to the distribution law of wind pressure, the greenhouse’s surface is partitioned, and the variation law of the shape factor of wind load on a plastic tunnel is analyzed. Then, the calculation model for the shape factor of the wind load on the greenhouse located in a valley is proposed. The conclusions show that: (a) When the wind inflow direction angle is parallel to the valley, the distribution pattern of wind pressure on the surface of the greenhouse is similar to that on the plain regardless of the distance and height of the mountains, while the values of the wind pressure are greatly affected by the mountain height and distance. The distance between mountains has greater influence than the effect of mountain height. (b) The shape factor of wind load on the suction area of the greenhouse decreases as the distance of mountains increases, while the shape factor on the pressure area of the greenhouse increases with the increase in the distance. It can be seen that the valley effect is non-negligible. The narrower and deeper the valley, the greater the wind pressure effect. (c) When the ratio of the distance between the foot of the mountain and the greenhouse d to the height of the mountain H is less than 5, i.e., d/H < 5, the ratio of the distance to the height has a significant impact on the shape factor of wind load on the greenhouse. When d/H is close to 10, the shape factor of the wind load in the valley area is close to that in the plain area, and the effect of the ratio between the height and the distance is negligible. (d) The proposed calculation model can be used to calculate the effect of mountain height and distance on the shape factor of wind load. The research results can be used in the wind resistance design of plastic greenhouses in valley areas, and can also provide some data support for the revision of the greenhouse structural load code.

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6

Xu, Jihang, Weitao Bai, Jian Wang, Zhihui Mu, Weizhen Sun, Boda Dong, Kai Song, et al. "Study on the Cooling Effect of Double-Layer Spray Greenhouse." Agriculture 13, no. 7 (July 21, 2023): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071442.

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Greenhouses provide suitable environmental conditions for plant growth. Double-layer plastic greenhouses are often used in many regions to ensure normal crop growth during winter since single-layer plastic greenhouses have poor insulation. However, during summer, the high insulation of double-layer plastic greenhouses, combined with excessive external solar radiation, can cause high temperatures inside the greenhouse that are not suitable for plant growth and require cooling. In this study, we propose a double-layer spray greenhouse using a high-pressure spraying system that is placed inside the double film that allows for additional cooling capacity during the summer in order to sustain plant growth. A greenhouse platform test was set up to investigate the optimum operating conditions for the nozzles and to explore changes in greenhouse microclimate under different nozzle operating conditions. The results show that (1) the cooling rate increases with increasing water supply pressure, nozzle diameter and spraying time, and the humidification rate is consistent with the change in the rate of cooling. (2) The optimal condition for cooling in this experiment is achieved with a 120° double nozzle with a nozzle diameter of 0.30 mm, a water supply pressure of 6 MPa, and a spraying time of 15 min, which can reduce the temperature by up to 5.36 °C and serve as a reference for the summer cooling of the double-layer greenhouse.

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7

Qualter, Anne, Claire Francis, Edward Boyes, and Martin Stanisstreet. "The greenhouse effect." Education 3-13 23, no. 2 (June 1995): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004279585200151.

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8

Hileman, Bette. "The greenhouse effect." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 2 (February 1995): 90A—93A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00002a715.

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9

PERMAN, ROGER. "Greenhouse effect economics." Nature 347, no. 6288 (September 1990): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/347010a0.

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10

Bowman, John. "The greenhouse effect." Land Use Policy 7, no. 2 (April 1990): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(90)90002-g.

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11

Mason, B. J. "The greenhouse effect." Contemporary Physics 30, no. 6 (November 1989): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107518908221990.

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12

Blanchet, Jean-Pierre, and Eric Girard. "Arctic ‘greenhouse effect’." Nature 371, no. 6496 (September 1994): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/371383a0.

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13

McClenahan, John L. "The Greenhouse Effect." Annals of Internal Medicine 138, no. 5 (March 4, 2003): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00017.

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14

Andrews, David. "The “Greenhouse Effect”." Science Activities: Classroom Projects and Curriculum Ideas 23, no. 1 (March 1986): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00368121.1986.9958013.

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15

Kelly, P. M., and J. H. W. Karas. "The Greenhouse Effect." Capital & Class 13, no. 2 (July 1989): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981688903800102.

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16

Berger, A., and Ch Tricot. "The greenhouse effect." Surveys in Geophysics 13, no. 6 (November 1992): 523–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01904998.

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17

Prince, D. A. "The Greenhouse Effect." Weather 47, no. 12 (December 1992): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1992.tb07140.x.

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18

Michaels, Patrick J. "The Greenhouse Effect." Journal of Forestry 87, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/87.7.35.

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19

Kim, Hyung-Kweon, Si-Young Lee, Jin-Kyung Kwon, and Yong-Hyeon Kim. "Evaluating the Effect of Cover Materials on Greenhouse Microclimates and Thermal Performance." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010143.

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This study compared and analyzed changes in the microclimate and thermal environment inside single-span greenhouses covered with a single layer of plastic film, polycarbonate (PC), and glass. The results of the experiment show that the PC-covered greenhouse was the most favorable for managing the nighttime heating effect during the cold season. However, the glass-covered greenhouse was found to be the most favorable for managing the cooling effect during the hot season. Although the plastic-covered greenhouse was inexpensive and easy to install, the air temperature inside varied significantly, and it was difficult to control its indoor environment. The thermal load leveling values showed that the PC-covered greenhouse had the lowest variation, confirming its superiority in terms of environmental control and energy savings. In terms of the overall heat transfer, heat was generally transferred from the interior to the exterior of the greenhouses. In the plastic-covered greenhouse, however, heat was transferred in the opposite direction at night due to the influence of radiant cooling. The occurrence of the minimum and maximum heat transfer values had a tendency similar to that of the occurrence of the minimum and maximum air temperatures inside the greenhouses.

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20

Rasheed, Na, Lee, Kim, and Lee. "Optimization of Greenhouse Thermal Screens for Maximized Energy Conservation." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193592.

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In this work, we proposed a Building Energy Simulation (BES) dynamic climatic model of greenhouses by utilizing Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS 18) software to study the effect of use of different thermal screen materials and control strategies of thermal screens on heat energy requirement of greenhouses. Thermal properties of the most common greenhouse thermal screens were measured and used in the BES model. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.84 and 0.78 showed good agreement between the computed and experimental results, thus the proposed model appears to be appropriate for performing greenhouse thermal simulations. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effects of different thermal screens including; Polyester, Luxous, Tempa, and Multi-layers, as well as to evaluate control strategies of greenhouse thermal screens, subjected to Daegu city, (latitude 35.53 °N, longitude 128.36 °E) South Korea winter season weather conditions. Obtained results show that the heating requirement of greenhouses with multi-layer night thermal screens was 20%, 5.4%, and 13.5%, less than the Polyester, Luxous, and Tempa screens respectively. Thus, our experiments confirm that the use of multi-layered thermal screen can reduce greenhouse heat energy requirement. Furthermore, screen-control with outside solar radiation at an optimum setpoint of 60 W·m−2 significantly influences the greenhouse’s energy conservation capacity, as it exhibited 699.5 MJ · m−2, the least energy demand of all strategies tested. Moreover, the proposed model allows dynamic simulation of greenhouse systems and enables researchers and farmers to evaluate different screens and screen control strategies that suit their investment capabilities and local weather conditions.

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21

Othman, B. A., and E. S. Kakey. "PESTICIDES BIOACCUMULATION AND THEIR SOIL POLLUTANT EFFECT." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i1.1234.

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This study was aimed to investigate pesticides bioaccumulation and their soil pollutant effect. The experiment was included sixteen active greenhouses in Erbil plane, and conducted during September 2017 and March 2018. The present study revealed that the pesticides residue of pyridabine, thiamethoxam, abamectin and spirodiclofen were detected in greenhouse soil samples. The values of soil heavy metals contaminations factor (CF) revealed, that the studied greenhouse soil samples were ranged from low to very high contamination, while for pesticides were ranged from non to high contaminated. Soil pollution load index results supported that, the greenhouse soil was contaminated especially by Cr, Ni and Co. Pollution load index (PLI) was ranged from 7.751 to 0.303; supporting that the soils were contaminated in most sites. It could be concluded that, significant need for the development of pollution prevention and scientific strategies to reduce heavy metal pollution and pesticide accumulation residuals within greenhouses in Erbil plane.

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22

Akpenpuun, Timothy Denen, Wook-Ho Na, Qazeem Opeyemi Ogunlowo, Anis Rabiu, Misbaudeen Aderemi Adesanya, Kwame Sasu Addae, Hyeon-Tae Kim, and Hyun-Woo Lee. "Effect of Greenhouse Cladding Materials and Thermal Screen Configuration on Heating Energy and Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa var. “Seolhyang”) Yield in Winter." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122498.

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Strawberry cultivation depends on environmental factors, making its cultivation in the greenhouse a challenge in the winter. This study investigated the most appropriate greenhouse cladding material and thermal screen configuration for strawberry production in the winter by considering greenhouse air temperature, relative humidity (RH, vapor pressure deficit (VPD, and solar radiation (SR). Two gothic greenhouses with different cladding materials and thermal screen configurations, namely, the single-layer greenhouse and double-layer greenhouse, were used for strawberry cultivation. The greenhouse microclimate was controlled by natural ventilation aided with circulating fans and boilers. Strawberries were planted on 5 greenhouse benches, 660 stands per greenhouse. Daily environmental parameters were recorded and processed into daytime and nighttime. The impacts of cladding material-thermal screen configurations on temperature, RH, VPD, and SR, and the subsequent effect on strawberry yield in both greenhouse systems, were evaluated. Comparing the environmental parameters recorded in the single-layer and double-layer greenhouse showed that VPD and SR were significantly different in the daytime, whereas RH and VPD were significantly different in the nighttime. The post hoc test further showed that RH, VPD, and SR in both greenhouses were significantly different. The significant difference in RH and VPD can be attributed to the inner layer of polyethene in the double-layer greenhouse, which sealed up the pores of the thermal screen, resulting in humidity buildup, causing a lower VPD than in the single-layer greenhouse. The single-layer greenhouse yield was 14% greater than the double-layer greenhouse yield and can be attributed to the higher daytime VPD and lower RH achieved in the single-layer greenhouse at night. The study established that though the single-layer greenhouse system was cost-effective regarding construction, the operating cost of the single-layer greenhouse was higher than that of the double-layer greenhouse.

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23

Boyacı, Sedat, Atilgan Atilgan, Joanna Kocięcka, Daniel Liberacki, Roman Rolbiecki, and Barbara Jagosz. "Determination of the Effect of a Thermal Curtain Used in a Greenhouse on the Indoor Climate and Energy Savings." Energies 16, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 7744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16237744.

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In order to reduce the impact of outdoor extreme weather events on crop production in winter, energy saving in greenhouses that are regularly heated is of great importance in reducing production costs and carbon footprints. For this purpose, the variations in indoor temperature, relative humidity and dew point temperature in the vertical direction (2 m, 4 m, 5.7 m) of thermal curtains in greenhouses were determined. In addition, depending on the fuel used, the curtains’ effects on heat energy consumption, heat transfer coefficient, carbon dioxide equivalents released to the atmosphere and fuel cost were investigated. To reach this goal, two greenhouses with the same structural features were designed with and without thermal curtains. As a result of the study, the indoor temperature and relative humidity values in the greenhouse with a thermal curtain increased by 1.3 °C and 10% compared to the greenhouse without a thermal curtain. Thermal curtains in the greenhouse significantly reduced fuel use (59.14–74.11 m3·night−1). Considering the heat energy consumption, the average heat energy consumption was 453.7 kWh·night−1 in the greenhouse with a curtain, while it was 568.6 kWh·night−1 in the greenhouse without a curtain. The average heat transfer coefficient (U) values were calculated at 2.87 W·m−2 °C with a thermal curtain and 3.63 W·m−2 °C without a thermal curtain greenhouse. In the greenhouse, closing the thermal curtain at night resulted in heat energy savings of about 21%, related to the decrease in U values. The use of a thermal curtain in the greenhouse reduced the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere (116.6–146.1 kg·night−1) and fuel cost (USD 21.3–26.7·night−1). To conclude, extreme weather events in the outdoor environment adversely affect the plants grown in greenhouses where cultivation is performed out of season. A thermal curtain, used to reduce these adverse effects and the amount of energy consumed, is essential in improving indoor climate conditions, providing more economical greenhouse management and reducing the CO2 released into the atmosphere due to fuel use.

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24

Zagorska, V., A. Āboliņš, and A. Upītis. "Untraditional Solutions For The Usage Of Greenhouse Effect." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 5, 2015): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol1.928.

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The heat solar energy traditionally is used in greenhouses for ensuring optimal plant vegetation regime in our climatic conditions. Glass verandas built during last centuries at the south side of living houses and summer cottages are appreciated as original use of solar energy. Veranda as light and warm room was used for different household needs and also for social activities. Up-to-date materials and technologies proposes wide spectrum of innovative activities for greenhouses and conservatories. The variable amount of solar energy is possible to smooth out by using accumulation system. In the paper results from vegetable drying experiments are presented. In the research used products – carrots, dry matter of the product at the start 8.5%, chopped product – 9.9%, after desiccation – equilibrium moisture content 10 -11%. The experimental device placed in the room is simulating the processes, which would occur if we use greenhouse for product drying, accordingly making changes in the design of conventional greenhouses by separating drying section from growing section, supplying warm heated in the greenhouse upper layer air from the bottom by forcing it with axial ventilator, and accordingly choosing appropriate accumulation system for energy storage in case when outside air temperature drop occurs.

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25

Liang, Zongmin, Guifeng He, Yanfeng Li, Zixuan Gao, Xiaoying Ren, Qinan Wu, Shumei Zhao, and Jing Xu. "Analysis of Wind Pressure Coefficients for Single-Span Arched Plastic Greenhouses Located in a Valley Region Using CFD." Agronomy 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020553.

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The wind pressure coefficient is essential for calculating the wind loads on greenhouses. The wind pressure on single-span arched greenhouses built in valleys differs from those in plain regions. To promote our understanding of wind characteristics and ensure the structural safety of greenhouses in valley areas, an analysis of the distribution law of wind pressure on greenhouses is required. Firstly, we carried out a survey on greenhouse distribution and undulate terrain distribution near greenhouses in Tibet and measured the air density in Lhasa, Tibet. Then, employing the validated realizable k-ε turbulence model and the verification of grid independence, the wind pressure on greenhouses with different greenhouse azimuths was investigated. According to the survey results, values, such as the distance between the greenhouse and the mountain in addition to the greenhouse azimuth, were also obtained for calculating the wind pressure on greenhouses placed in valleys. A calculation model considering the relationship between the mountain distance and the wind pressure coefficient is proposed, whose results fit well with the results from computational fluid dynamics. The relative errors between the two different results are within 15%. Research shows that there is a canyon wind effect in the valley area, and its effect on wind pressure should be considered in greenhouse design. This research is valuable for the design of plastic greenhouses built in Tibet or other valley regions.

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26

Zakir, E., Q. O. Ogunlowo, T. D. Akpenpuun, W.-H. Na, M. A. Adesanya, A. Rabiu, O. S. Adedeji, H. T. Kim, and H.-W. Lee. "Effect of Thermal Screen Position on Greenhouse Microclimate and Impact on Crop Growth and Yield." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 19, no. 4 (January 28, 2023): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v19i4.15.

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Worldwide, researchers are developing methods in which producers can obtain higher yields and conserve more energy in greenhouse crop cultivation. To achieve this, thermal screens are deployed during cold nights and rolled up during the daytime. The positioning of these screens causes a reduction in the amount of solar radiation (SR) received by greenhouses, especially the single span. The impact of thermal screen position on the receipt of SR, temperature, relative humidity (RH), vapour pressure deficit (VPD), fuel consumption, and the consequent effects on crop yield and growth were investigated in this study. Two greenhouses with similar dimensions and structure but different thermal screen positions were designed, namely R-greenhouse (RGH) with thermal screens at the centre of the roof and Q-greenhouse (QGH) at five degrees (5o) Northward. Strawberries were cultivated as study crops. Statistical analysis of the recorded data of greenhouse microclimate parameters, crop growth, and yield showed that both greenhouses performed similarly in energy savings, and there was no significant difference regarding temperature, RH, and VPD. However, there were significant differences in the crop growth and yield obtained in the QGH compared to RGH. This can be attributed to the higher amount of SR received by the QGH than the SR that was received by the RGH, which was achieved because the thermal screen was installed on the north side of the Q greenhouse.

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27

Doehler, Marianne, Delphine Chauvin, Anne Le Ralec, Émeline Vanespen, and Yannick Outreman. "Effect of the Landscape on Insect Pests and Associated Natural Enemies in Greenhouses Crops: The Strawberry Study Case." Insects 14, no. 3 (March 21, 2023): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14030302.

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Compared to open-field crops, the influence of the surrounding landscape on insect diversity in greenhouse crops has been poorly studied. Due to growing evidence of insect influx in greenhouses, identifying the landscape properties influencing the protected crop colonization by insect pests and their natural enemies would promote the improvement of both pest prevention and conservation biological control methods. Here, we present a field study on the effect of the surrounding landscape on the colonization of greenhouse crops by insect pests and associated natural enemies. By monitoring 32 greenhouse strawberry crops in the South West of France, we surveyed crop colonization by four insect pests and four natural enemy groups over two cultivation periods. Our results showed that the landscape structure and composition could have contrasting effects on insect colonization of greenhouse crops so there could be species-specific effects and not general ones. While the degree of openness of greenhouses and the pest management practices modulated insect diversity marginally, we also showed that seasonality represented a key factor in insect crop colonization. The various responses of insect pests and natural enemy groups to the landscape support the idea that pest management methods must involve the surrounding environment.

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28

Singh, Sanjay. "The real greenhouse effect." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 73, no. 1 (2007): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.30655.

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29

Stafford, Ned. "The other greenhouse effect." Nature 448, no. 7153 (February 7, 2007): 526–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/448526a.

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30

Armstrong, Anna. "The other greenhouse effect." Nature Geoscience 1, no. 11 (November 2008): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo350.

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31

Barbier, Edward B. "The global greenhouse effect." Natural Resources Forum 13, no. 1 (February 1989): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00847.x.

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32

Campbell, Alison, and Marilyn Boysen. "Greenhouse Effect Evidence Debated." Physics Today 45, no. 2 (February 1992): 15–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2809521.

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33

Mak, Se-yuen. "The greenhouse-effect experiment." Physics Teacher 35, no. 8 (November 1997): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2344781.

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34

Lammel, Gerhard, and Hartmut Graßl. "Greenhouse effect of NOX." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2, no. 1 (July 1995): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02987512.

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35

V.P. Sethi and G S Sidhu. "Effect of Aluminized Polyester Sheet on the Microclimate and Growth of Chrysanthemum." Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India) 41, no. 4 (December 31, 2004): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2004414.1097.

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In order to keep the air temperature inside the greenhouses with in favorable limits an Aluminized Polyester Sheet (APS) of 24 microns thickness was tested inside a lOO-m2 greenhouse at a height of 2.5 m from the ground level to reflect back the excess solar radiation falling on the greenhouse during the peak hours of the summer months of year 2001. Changes in the microclimate inside the greenhouse were recorded and compared with the other greenhouse where the reflector sheet was not used. It was observed that the total solar radiation and light intensity entering the greenhouse fitted with APS was reduced by 44.6%, and 48.8% respectively thereby reducing the inside air temperature by 3.3°C as compared to the other greenhouse. Experimental tunnels with APS as a cover material instead of polyethylene sheet (P.E.) were designed and fabricated. The growth of Chrysanthemum plants under these tunnels was observed during the summer months of year 2002 and compared with that of open field plants. It was observed that the vegetative growth of plants was 27% higher besides early flowering.

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36

Gent*, Martin P. N. "Effect of Shade on Quality of Greenhouse Tomato." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 759A—759. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.759a.

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Shading a greenhouse increased the fraction of tomatoes that were marketable, and the marketable yield, in a comparison of greenhouse tomato yields across years, in some of which the greenhouses were shaded. In 2003, the yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes were compared directly when grown in spring and summer in Connecticut in identical greenhouses that differed only in the degree of shade. Each half of four greenhouses was either unshaded or shaded using reflective aluminized shade cloth rated to reduced light transmission by 15%, 30%, or 50%. Each shade treatment was repeated in two houses. Tomatoes were germinated in February and transplanted in March The houses were shaded when fruit began to ripen in early June. Picking continued through August. The effect of shade on total yield developed gradually. Yields in June were unaffected by shade, but in August yield under no shade was about 30% higher than under 50% shade. In contrast, there was an immediate effect of shade on fruit size. Fruit picked in June from plants under 50% shade was 16% smaller than from plants grown under no shade. This difference declined later in the season, to 6 and 9%, in July and August respectively. The highest yield of marketable fruit in 2003 was picked from houses under no shade, but this was only 10% more than picked from the houses under 50% shade. Shade increased the fraction of marketable fruit, from 54% under no shade to 63% under 50% shade. Certain defects were decreased by shade. For instance the fraction of fruit with cracked skin was decreased from 33% to 25%. In general, effects on fruit quality varied linearly with the degree of applied shade.

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37

Mónaco, C. I., H. Alippi, I. Mittidieri, and A. I. Nico. "SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI ON TOMATO PHYLLOPLANE: EFFECT OF FUNGICIDES AND LEAF POSITION ON ABUNDANCE, COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 49, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.49.2001.3.5.

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Fungal isolations were made from leaves of tomato plants cultivated in greenhouses in an area close to La Plata, Argentina. Three different schemes of fungicide application were evaluated: high frequency preventive sprayings (Commercial Greenhouse I), low frequency preventive applications (Commercial Greenhouse II) and no fungicide spraying (Control Greenhouse). Leaves were sampled immediately after second fruit formation from three levels of the foliage: low, medium and high. Plating dilution was used to isolate fungal species. Total c.f.u. number and species composition and diversity were assessed by the plating dilution technique. Fungal populations were most abundant on leaves from lower parts of the foliage in the Control Greenhouse. Diversity varied according to fungicide application frequency and leaf position in the canopy. Higher values were recorded for lower leaves in the Control Greenhouse compared with upper leaves from Commercial Greenhouse II. Likewise position in the canopy influenced the frequency of some species. The implications for natural biological control are discussed. Key words: biodiversity, biological control, phylloplane, tomato

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38

Alharbi, Abdulaziz R., Jouke Campen, Mohamed Sharaf, Feije De Zwart, Wim Voogt, Kess Scheffers, Ilias Tsafaras, et al. "DE EFFECT OF CLEAR AND DEFUSE GLASS COVERING MATERIALS ON FRUIT YIELD AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER GROWN IN HOT CLIMATE." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2021.3.4.

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Using proper greenhouse covering materials can provide a suitable environment for plant growth in Saudi Arabia. The effects of three different greenhouse covering materials, clear glass, polycarbonate and diffuse tempered glass were used to evaluate its effect on cucumber productivity, water and energy use efficiency. Results show that either water or light use efficiency was higher in compartments covered with diffused or clear glass than polycarbonate compartment. Inconsequence, fruit yield of cucumber plants/m2 was significantly higher (58%) in clear and diffuse glass greenhouses as opposed to polycarbonate greenhouse. In term of the effect of cultivar or plant density, no significant differences on cucumber yield were found. Using of different covering materials did affect environmental data of greenhouses. Less light was transmitted through polycarbonate cover than clear or diffuse glass. The photosynthesis active radiation (P.A.R.) was 996, 1703, 1690 mol/m2/d, while the electricity consumption was 2.97, 3.44, and 2.88 kWh under polycarbonate, clear glass, and diffuse glass, respectively. Meanwhile, diffuse glass compartment revealed 16% lower of water consumption than other covering materials. In this respect, it could be concluded that using diffuse glass, as a greenhouse cover material, has a strong positive influence on crop productivity under Saudi Arabia climate.

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Aissa, Mohammed, and Azzedine Boutelhig. "CFD Comparative Study Between Different Forms of Solar Greenhouses and Orientation Effect." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390212.

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Only scarce studies that were adopted have considered two properties, the structure safety and energy, where the aero-dynamic and energetic phenomena were taken into account simultaneously in the agricultural greenhouses area. In fact, in this numerical study, the response of the greenhouse has been investigated in outside climate conditions, by considering the orientation relatively to the wind direction velocity and solar trajectory. A resolution of the physical problem combined between the thermal and dynamical fluid flow equations have been based on the Ansys Fluent software. The results showed that the difference between inside and outside air temperature of greenhouse has been strongly affected by the reorientation of the tunnel greenhouse structure, or by the design of the tunnel structure that was adopted in the dome and chapel shape. Moreover, the safety properties of greenhouse structure linked to the drag stress can be developed when based on the interaction fluid-structure analysis. In this view, a temperature profile evolution versus different heights inside greenhouse was highlighted. As well as like continues of our previous study of the drag evolution over tunnel design body proved by the results found in the literature will be compared with chapel and dome designs.

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40

Kweku, Darkwah, Odum Bismark, Addae Maxwell, Koomson Desmond, Kwakye Danso, Ewurabena Oti-Mensah, Asenso Quachie, and Buanya Adormaa. "Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse Gases and Their Impact on Global Warming." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 17, no. 6 (February 15, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2017/39630.

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41

Isnawati, Isnawati, Siti Sriyati, Eka Cahya Prima, and Riandi Riandi. "VISIBLE WAVELENGTH EFFECT ON TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN GREENHOUSE EFFECT: LABORATORY DESIGN." Jurnal Pena Sains 11, no. 1 (April 28, 2024): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/jps.v11i1.19973.

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School internships typically adhere to a standard format, employing basic tools for educational purposes. Among these, the greenhouse effect modelling laboratory, traditionally conducted under direct sunlight, faces challenges due to the variability introduced by cloud cover. This variability limits the ability to study the influence of light wavelength on the greenhouse effect, an aspect not accounted for when using sunlight alone. This research aims to explore the impact of light wavelength on temperature changes within greenhouse effect models. In our methodology, we employed an experimental setup that simulated the greenhouse effect using artificial light sources of varying wavelengths: red (641 nm), orange (592 nm), yellow (586 nm), green (536 nm), and blue (474 nm). The experiment involved monitoring the temperature increase within the model greenhouse under each light condition, thereby isolating the effect of wavelength from other environmental variables. The results revealed a direct correlation between light wavelength and the rate of temperature increase in the greenhouse model. Specifically, longer wavelengths were associated with a quicker rise in temperature, highlighting the significant role of wavelength in the greenhouse effect's efficiency. This study underscores the necessity of incorporating wavelength considerations into greenhouse effect models, particularly in educational settings. By integrating such experiments into school curricula, students can gain a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the greenhouse effect, moving beyond the limitations of traditional sunlight-based experiments.

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Huang, Tao, Hongqiang Li, Guoqiang Zhang, and Feng Xu. "Experimental Study on Biomass Heating System in the Greenhouse: A Case Study in Xiangtan, China." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145673.

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To meet the indoor heat load demand of greenhouses in China rural areas in winter, the authors proposed and designed a novel biomass heating system in greenhouses. The system uses biomass flue gas as the thermal working medium and heats the shallow soil inside the greenhouse through the buried flue gas-soil heat exchanger, thereby improving the indoor thermal environment of the greenhouse. To further study the heating system performance, we built up the heating experimental platform in a plastic greenhouse. Through testing the actual operation effect of the biomass heating system of the plastic greenhouse, no taking any heating measures system, the biomass heating system of the plastic greenhouse can improve the air average temperature and the soil average temperature 5.1 °C and 8.2 °C, respectively. The greenhouse biomass heating system is very economical, compared with the greenhouse without heating system, which can bring a 105% excess return rate for farmers every year. This study has obvious significance to promote the sustainable development of rural agriculture and the efficient utilization of rural biomass resources.

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BRAKATSOULA, Stella Olympia, Maria KOUSOULA, Christina NIKAKI, Antonios MAVROEIDIS, Alexandros TATARIDAS, Ioannis ROUSSIS, Ioanna KAKABOUKI, Panayiota PAPASTYLIANOU, Kostas TSIMPOUKAS, and Dimitrios BILALIS. "Economic Analysis of Medical Cannabis Greenhouse Production for Cbd in Greece." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 78, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2021.0035.

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A field experiment was conducted in the Agricultural University of Athens in order to evaluate the effect of different greenhouse cover materials on the CBD yield. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L var. Futura 75) plants were grown in three different greenhouses, each constructed with different polyethylene films by PLASTIKA KRITIS S.A. The overall CBD yield per greenhouse was estimated once the cannabis buds matured. Following this evaluation, a business plan was formed for the greenhouse whose cover materials prompted the highest CBD yield. Out of the three greenhouses (GH1, GH2, and GH3), the highest CBD yield was reported on GH2. Two different cover materials, with different properties, were used for the construction of GH2, EVO 7507 AC and EVO 7526 AC. The results indicate that in a five-year span, cannabis production in greenhouses built with the aforementioned materials, could result in a Net Profit of more than 25.000.000 € ha-1. In conclusion, greenhouse cover materials should always be considered in cannabis greenhouse production. Even though greenhouse cannabis production for CBD oil seems to be a potentially profitable business in Greece, selecting appropriate cover materials can significantly increase producer’s profit.

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Shi, Qiang, Yulei Pan, Beibei He, Huaiqun Zhu, Da Liu, Baoguo Shen, and Hanping Mao. "The Airflow Field Characteristics of UAV Flight in a Greenhouse." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070634.

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The downwash airflow field of UAVs is insufficient under the dual influence of greenhouse structure and crop occlusion, and the distribution characteristics of the flight flow field of UAVs in greenhouses are unclear. In order to promote the application of UAVs in greenhouses, the flow field characteristics of UAVs in a greenhouse were studied herein. In a greenhouse containing tomato plants, a porous media model was used to simulate the obstacle effect of crops on the airflow. The multi-reference system model method was selected to solve the flow field of the UAV. Studies have shown that the airflow field generated by UAV flight in a greenhouse is mainly affected by the greenhouse structure. With the increase in UAV flight height, the ground effect of the downwash flow field weakened, and the flow field spread downward and around. The area affected by the flow field of the crops became larger, while the development of the crop convection field was less affected. The simulation was verified by experiments, and linear regression analysis was carried out between the experimental value and the simulation value. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement with the simulation results.

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45

Grubb, Michael. "The greenhouse effect: negotiating targets." International Affairs 66, no. 1 (January 1990): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2622190.

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Gautier, Catherine, Katie Deutsch, and Stacy Rebich. "Misconceptions About the Greenhouse Effect." Journal of Geoscience Education 54, no. 3 (May 2006): 386–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-54.3.386.

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47

Owens, Susan. "The greenhouse effect: negotiating targets." International Affairs 66, no. 4 (October 1990): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2620390.

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48

Monastersky, Richard. "Has the Greenhouse Taken Effect?" Science News 133, no. 18 (April 30, 1988): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3972602.

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Chkhartishvili, Nino, Ani Kantaria, and Nino Giorgadze. "GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING." Theoretical & Applied Science 112, no. 08 (August 30, 2022): 364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2022.08.112.38.

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50

Risbey, James. "Hansen and the Greenhouse Effect." Science 245, no. 4917 (August 4, 1989): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4917.451.c.

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