Journal articles: 'Greenhouse effect, atmospheric'

1

Jelbring, Hans. "The “Greenhouse Effect” as a Function of Atmospheric Mass." Energy & Environment 14, no. 2-3 (May 2003): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830503765184655.

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The main reason for claiming a scientific basis for “Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming (AGW)” is related to the use of “radiative energy flux models” as a major tool for describing vertical energy fluxes within the atmosphere. Such models prescribe that the temperature difference between a planetary surface and the planetary average black body radiation temperature (commonly called the Greenhouse Effect, GE) is caused almost exclusively by the so called greenhouse gases. Here, using a different approach, it is shown that GE can be explained as mainly being a consequence of known physical laws describing the behaviour of ideal gases in a gravity field. A simplified model of Earth, along with a formal proof concerning the model atmosphere and evidence from real planetary atmospheres will help in reaching conclusions. The distinguishing premise is that the bulk part of a planetary GE depends on its atmospheric surface mass density. Thus the GE can be exactly calculated for an ideal planetary model atmosphere. In a real atmosphere some important restrictions have to be met if the gravity induced GE is to be well developed. It will always be partially developed on atmosphere bearing planets. A noteworthy implication is that the calculated values of AGW, accepted by many contemporary climate scientists, are thus irrelevant and probably quite insignificant (not detectable) in relation to natural processes causing climate change.

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Smirnov, Boris Michailovich, and Dmitri Alexandrovich Zhilyaev. "Greenhouse Effect in the Standard Atmosphere." Foundations 1, no. 2 (October 27, 2021): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations1020014.

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The “line-by-line” method is used for the evaluation of thermal emission of the standard atmosphere toward the Earth. Accounting for thermodynamic equilibrium of the radiation field with air molecules and considering the atmosphere as a weakly nonuniform layer, we reduce the emission at a given frequency for this layer containing molecules of various types to that of a uniform layer, which is characterized by a certain radiative temperature Tω, an optical thickness uω and an opaque factor g(uω). Radiative parameters of molecules are taken from the HITRAN database, and an altitude of cloud location is taken from the energetic balance of the Earth. Within the framework of this model, we calculate the parameters of the greenhouse effect, including the partial radiative fluxes due to different greenhouse components in the frequency range up to 2600 cm−1. In addition, the derivations are determined from the radiative flux from the atmosphere to the Earth over the concentration logarithm of greenhouse components. From this, it follows that the observed rate of growth of the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide accounts for a contribution of approximately 30% to the observed increase in the global atmosphere during recent decades. If we assume that the basic part of the greenhouse effect is determined by an increase in the concentration c(H2O) of water atmospheric molecules, it is approximately dlnc(H2O/dt)=0.003 yr−1. This corresponds to an increase in the average moisture of the atmosphere of 0.2%/yr.

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Bhattacharya, Atreyee. "New measurements quantify atmospheric greenhouse effect." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 40 (October 2, 2012): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo400014.

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Upadhyay, Hari Om, and K. K. Mahajan. "Atmospheric greenhouse effect and ionospheric trends." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 17 (September 1, 1998): 3375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl02503.

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Liu, William Song. "Comparison of the greenhouse effect between Earth and Venus using multiple atmospheric layer models." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016704002.

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To better understand the mechanisms of global warming, we developed a one atmospheric layer model for Earth and a multiple atmospheric layer model (N = 111) for Venus. Earth’s greenhouse gas atmosphere has an average of 78.9% absorption efficiency of terrestrial radiation (f = 0.789), while we assume Venus’ atmosphere has a near 100% absorption efficiency (f = 1) due to its denser, CO2-rich atmosphere. Viewing the atmospheric layers as blackbodies, we modeled the surface temperature of Earth and Venus, both of which are able to predict the respective actual planetary temperatures. The consistency (δ < 1%) between the modeled surface temperature and the observed surface temperature of these two planets suggest that the multiple layer greenhouse gas atmosphere mechanism could explain Venus’ runaway global warming and scorching temperature. The results of these two models suggest that if Earth continues to experience uncontrolled greenhouse gas emissions, global warming and its negative outcomes may be further exacerbated.

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Turbet, Martin, David Ehrenreich, Christophe Lovis, Emeline Bolmont, and Thomas Fauchez. "The runaway greenhouse radius inflation effect." Astronomy & Astrophysics 628 (July 26, 2019): A12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935585.

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Planets similar to Earth but slightly more irradiated are expected to enter into a runaway greenhouse state, where all surface water rapidly evaporates, forming an optically thick H2O-dominated atmosphere. For Earth, this extreme climate transition is thought to occur for an increase of only ~6% in solar luminosity, though the exact limit at which the transition would occur is still a highly debated topic. In general, the runaway greenhouse is believed to be a fundamental process in the evolution of Earth-sized, temperate planets. Using 1D radiative-convective climate calculations accounting for thick, hot water vapor-dominated atmospheres, we evaluate the transit atmospheric thickness of a post-runaway greenhouse atmosphere, and find that it could possibly reach over a thousand kilometers (i.e., a few tens of percent of the Earth’s radius). This abrupt radius inflation resulting from the runaway-greenhouse-induced transition could be detected statistically by ongoing and upcoming space missions. These include satellites such as TESS, CHEOPS, and PLATO combined with precise radial velocity mass measurements using ground-based spectrographs such as ESPRESSO, CARMENES, or SPIRou. This radius inflation could also be detected in multiplanetary systems such as TRAPPIST-1 once masses and radii are known with good enough precision. This result provides the community with an observational test of two points. The first point is the concept of runaway greenhouse, which defines the inner edge of the traditional habitable zone, and the exact limit of the runaway greenhouse transition. In particular, this could provide an empirical measurement of the irradiation at which Earth analogs transition from a temperate to a runaway greenhouse climate state. This astronomical measurement would make it possible to statistically estimate how close Earth is from the runaway greenhouse. Second, it could be used as a test for the presence (and statistical abundance) of water in temperate, Earth-sized exoplanets.

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Jones, M. D. H., and A. Henderson-Sellers. "History of the greenhouse effect." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 14, no. 1 (March 1990): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339001400101.

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The greenhouse effect is now commonly accepted by the scientific community, politicians and the general public. However, the misnomer 'greenhouse effect' has perpetuated, and there are a number of aspects of the effect which are poorly understood outside the atmospheric sciences. On such misconception is that greenhouse research is a recent phenomenon; another is that glasshouses are warmed by the same mechanism as lies at the heart of the greenhouse effect. This review traces the theory as far back as 1827, highlighting new directions and significant advances over that time. Four main themes can be discerned: 1) certain radiatively active gases are responsible for warming the planet ; 2) that humans can inadvertently influence this warming; 3) climate models are designed to permit prediction of the climatic changes in the atmospheric loadings of these gases but that they have not yet achieved this goal of prediction; and 4) many scenarios of changes, and especially of impact, are premised on relatively weak analysis. This latter point is illustrated by an examination of the relationship between increasing temperature and sea level change (the oceanic response to atmospheric warming). Current research suggests that sea-level rise is not likely to be as high as had previously been anticipated.

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Galashev, A., and Oksana Rakhmanova. "Atmospheric clustering, absorption and anti-greenhouse effect." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 28 (February 1, 2009): 282025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/28/282025.

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Philipona, Rolf. "Atmospheric thermal radiation from historical measurements to investigations of the Earth's greenhouse effect." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 22, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0473.

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Yoshida, Tatsuya, Naoki Terada, Masahiro Ikoma, and Kiyoshi Kuramoto. "Less Effective Hydrodynamic Escape of H₂–H₂O Atmospheres on Terrestrial Planets Orbiting Pre-main-sequence M Dwarfs." Astrophysical Journal 934, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7be7.

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Abstract Terrestrial planets currently in the habitable zones around M dwarfs likely experienced a long-term runaway-greenhouse condition because of a slow decline in host-star luminosity in its pre-main-sequence phase. Accordingly, they might have lost significant portions of their atmospheres including water vapor at high concentration by hydrodynamic escape induced by the strong stellar X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) irradiation. However, the atmospheric escape rates remain highly uncertain due partly to a lack of understanding of the effect of radiative cooling in the escape outflows. Here we carry out 1D hydrodynamic escape simulations for an H2–H2O atmosphere on a planet with mass of 1M ⊕ considering radiative and chemical processes to estimate the atmospheric escape rate and follow the atmospheric evolution during the early runaway-greenhouse phase. We find that the atmospheric escape rate decreases with the basal H2O/H2 ratio due to the energy loss by the radiative cooling of H2O and chemical products such as OH and OH+: the escape rate of H2 becomes one order of magnitude smaller when the basal H2O/H2 = 0.1 than that of the pure hydrogen atmosphere. The timescale for H2 escape exceeds the duration of the early runaway-greenhouse phase, depending on the initial atmospheric amount and composition, indicating that H2 and H2O could be left behind after the end of the runaway-greenhouse phase. Our results suggest that temperate and reducing environments with oceans could be formed on some terrestrial planets around M dwarfs.

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Dufresne, Jean-Louis, Vincent Eymet, Cyril Crevoisier, and Jean-Yves Grandpeix. "Greenhouse Effect: The Relative Contributions of Emission Height and Total Absorption." Journal of Climate 33, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 3827–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0193.1.

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AbstractSince the 1970s, results from radiative transfer models unambiguously show that an increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration leads to an increase of the greenhouse effect. However, this robust result is often misunderstood and often questioned. A common argument is that the CO2 greenhouse effect is saturated (i.e., does not increase) as CO2 absorption of an entire atmospheric column, named absorptivity, is saturated. This argument is erroneous first because absorptivity by CO2 is currently not fully saturated and still increases with CO2 concentration and second because a change in emission height explains why the greenhouse effect may increase even if the absorptivity is saturated. However, these explanations are only qualitative. In this article, we first propose a way of quantifying the effects of both the emission height and absorptivity and we illustrate which one of the two dominates for a suite of simple idealized atmospheres. Then, using a line-by-line model and a representative standard atmospheric profile, we show that the increase of the greenhouse effect resulting from an increase of CO2 from its current value is primarily due (about 90%) to the change in emission height. For an increase of water vapor, the change in absorptivity plays a more important role (about 40%) but the change in emission height still has the largest contribution (about 60%).

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Antoshin, V. V., A. I. Manevich, A. A. Gavrilova, and A. A. Kamaev. "Perspectives of using satellite databases of greenhouse gas emissions in monitoring of mining facilities." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 3/2024 (July 10, 2024): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2024-3-118-121.

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Emissions of the greenhouse gases, particularly methane and carbon dioxide, by the mining, processing, and energy industries can significantly affect pollution in the bottom layer of the atmosphere, aerosols, and the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Continuous monitoring of emissions is the basis for developing effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Satellite missions are actively used for this purpose. The article provides an overview and description of the existing databases of greenhouse gas emissions obtained based on satellite measurements. The monitoring methodology involves satellite spectroscopy aimed at analyzing the spectral characteristics of light absorbed by the atmosphere. The results of measurements by satellite spectrometers show the total molar mass of substances throughout the atmospheric column. Global satellite monitoring allows identifying zones of anomalous concentration and identifying new sources of greenhouse gases, comparing them with the ground-based measurements of pollutants.

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Gorshkov, V. G., and A. M. Makarieva. "Greenhouse effect dependence on atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse substances and the nature of climate stability on Earth." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 2, no. 2 (March 8, 2002): 289–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-2-289-2002.

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Abstract. Due to the exponential positive feedback between sea surface temperature and saturated water vapour concentration, dependence of the planetary greenhouse effect on atmospheric water content is critical for stability of a climate with extensive liquid hydrosphere. In this paper on the basis of the law of energy conservation we develop a simple physically transparent approach to description of radiative transfer in an atmosphere containing greenhouse substances. It is shown that the analytical solution of the equation thus derived coincides with the exact solution of the well-known radiative transfer equation to the accuracy of 20% for all values of atmospheric optical depth. The derived equation makes it possible to easily take into account the non-radiative thermal fluxes (convection and latent heat) and obtain an analytical dependence of the greenhouse effect on atmospheric concentrations of a set of greenhouse substances with arbitrary absorption intervals. The established dependence is used to analyse stability of the modern climate of Earth. It is shown that the modern value of global mean surface temperature, which corresponds to the liquid state of the terrestrial hydrosphere, is physically unstable. The observed stability of modern climate over geological timescales is therefore likely to be due to dynamic singularities in the physical temperature-dependent behaviour of the greenhouse effect. We hypothesise that such singularities may appear due to controlling functioning of the natural global biota and discuss major arguments in support of this conclusion.

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Laštovička, J., R. A. Akmaev, G. Beig, J. Bremer, J. T. Emmert, C. Jacobi, M. J. Jarvis, G. Nedoluha, Yu I. Portnyagin, and T. Ulich. "Emerging pattern of global change in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 5 (May 28, 2008): 1255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-1255-2008.

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Abstract. In the upper atmosphere, greenhouse gases produce a cooling effect, instead of a warming effect. Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to induce substantial changes in the mesosphere, thermosphere, and ionosphere, including a thermal contraction of these layers. In this article we construct for the first time a pattern of the observed long-term global change in the upper atmosphere, based on trend studies of various parameters. The picture we obtain is qualitative, and contains several gaps and a few discrepancies, but the overall pattern of observed long-term changes throughout the upper atmosphere is consistent with model predictions of the effect of greenhouse gas increases. Together with the large body of lower atmospheric trend research, our synthesis indicates that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are affecting the atmosphere at nearly all altitudes between ground and space.

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Inamdar, A. K., and V. Ramanathan. "On monitoring the atmospheric greenhouse effect from space." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 49, no. 2 (January 1997): 216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v49i2.15963.

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INAMDAR, A. K., and V. RAMANATHAN. "On monitoring the atmospheric greenhouse effect from space." Tellus B 49, no. 2 (April 1997): 216–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.49.issue2.8.x.

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Żukowska, Grażyna, Magdalena Myszura, Magdalena Zdeb, and Małgorzata Pawłowska. "Carbon Sequestration in Soil as a Sustainable Way of Greenhouse Effect Mitigation." Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.19.

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Due to natural mechanisms of transformation the carbon compounds contained in the atmosphere into the humus, soil is an important factor controlling the concentration of atmospheric CO2. The mass of carbon contained in organic matter accumulated in the surface layer of the Earth’s crust is greater than the mass of this element in the atmosphere or biomass of all the organisms living over the globe. Over the recent years, much attention has been paid to the role of soils in limiting the reasons of climate changes, considering the possibility of increasing carbon sequestration in this matrix. This way of approaching the problem of the greenhouse effect, which does not require an involvement of complex and expensive technological solutions aimed at capturing and storing the atmospheric CO2, and additionally contributing to improving the quality of soil and water environment, and soil productivity is fully sustainable and combines the environmental, economic and social issues.

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Jain, Basanti. "EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3116.

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The abnormal increase in the concentration of the greenhouse gases is resulting in higher temperatures. We call this effect is global warming. The average temperature around the world has increased about 1'c over 140 years, 75% of this has risen just over the past 30 years. The solar radiation, as it reaches the earth, produces "greenhouse effect" in the atmosphere. The thick atmospheric layers over the earth behaves as a glass surface, as it permits short wave radiations from coming in, but checks the outgoing long wave ones. As a result, gradually the atmosphere gets heated up during the day as well as night. If such an effect were not there in the atmosphere the ultraviolet, infrared and other ionizing radiations would have also entered our atmosphere and the very existence of life would have been endangered. The ozone layer shields the earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiations. The warm earth emits long wave (infrared) radiations, which is partly absorbed by the green house gaseous blanket. This atmospheric blanket raises the earth’s temperature.

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Crowley, Thomas J. "Geological Assessment of the Greenhouse Effect." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74, no. 12 (December 1993): 2363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<2363:gaotge>2.0.co;2.

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Zhong, Wenyi, and Joanna D. Haigh. "The greenhouse effect and carbon dioxide." Weather 68, no. 4 (March 27, 2013): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.2072.

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Strangeways, Ian. "The greenhouse effect: a closer look." Weather 66, no. 2 (January 25, 2011): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.669.

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Sijp, Willem P., Matthew H. England, and J. R. Toggweiler. "Effect of Ocean Gateway Changes under Greenhouse Warmth." Journal of Climate 22, no. 24 (December 15, 2009): 6639–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3003.1.

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Abstract The role of tectonic Southern Ocean gateway changes in driving Antarctic climate change at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary remains a topic of debate. One approach taken in previous idealized modeling studies of gateway effects has been to alter modern boundary conditions, whereby the Drake Passage becomes closed. Here, the authors follow this approach but vary atmospheric pCO2 over a range of values when comparing gateway configurations. They find a significantly greater sensitivity of Antarctic temperatures to Southern Ocean gateway changes when atmospheric pCO2 is high than when concentrations are low and the ambient climate is cool. In particular, the closure of the Drake Passage (DP) gap is a necessary condition for the existence of ice-free Antarctic conditions at high CO2 concentrations in this coupled climate model. The absence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is particularly conducive to warm Antarctic conditions at higher CO2 concentrations, which is markedly different from previous simulations conducted under present-day CO2 conditions. The reason for this is the reduction of sea ice associated with higher CO2. Antarctic sea surface temperature and surface air temperature warming due to a closed DP gap reach values around ∼5° and ∼7°C, respectively, for high concentrations of CO2 (above 1250 ppm). In other words, the authors find a significantly greater sensitivity of Antarctic temperatures to atmospheric CO2 concentration when the DP is closed compared to when it is open. The presence of a DP gap inhibits a return to warmer and more Eocene-like Antarctic and deep ocean conditions, even under enhanced atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.

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Blanchard, Gerard T., Fawaz A. Adesina, William Cole Belkwell, James R. Dyess, Victoria A. Frabbiele, Conor S. McGibboney, and Ryan D. Rumsey. "Balloon-borne two-channel infrared spectral photometer for observation of atmospheric greenhouse effect by undergraduates." American Journal of Physics 90, no. 4 (April 2022): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0009284.

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We present a simple design of a balloon-borne infrared spectral photometer that can be built and used by undergraduate students to perform an experiment demonstrating the atmospheric greenhouse effect. The experiment demonstrates that the Earth radiates heat to space in the infrared region but that the radiation at the top of the atmosphere has a much lower effective radiation temperature than at the surface of the Earth, which is the essence of the greenhouse effect. The experiment also demonstrates that the greenhouse effect is much more pronounced in molecular absorption bands than in the so-called infrared window. The thrill of putting together a balloon experiment aside, students performing this experiment also gained experience in practical applications of Planck's law.

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SEMENOV, S. M. "GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND MODERN CLIMATE." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, no. 10 (October 2022): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2022-10-5-17.

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The concept of the greenhouse effect for the state of radiative equilibrium of the atmosphere-Earth’s surface system is discussed. The similarities and differences of modern long-term trends and intra-annual (inter-monthly) fluctuations in the concentration of CO2, CH4, N2O in the atmosphere are analyzed. The method of calculating the anthropogenic enhancement of the greenhouse effect using a one-dimensional horizontally homogeneous radiative model using modern spectroscopic data is discussed. Differences in the estimates of the greenhouse efficiency of CO2, CH4, N2O obtained using the radiative model are shown. The study explains the common mistake concerning the role of the anthropogenic enhancement of the greenhouse effect in modern climate change (it is sometimes arises from the simultaneous analysis of observational data on greenhouse gas concentrations and temperature in the near-surface layer).

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DEMERTZIS, STAVROS, VASILIKI DEMERTZI, and KONSTANTINOS DEMERTZIS. "DATA ANALYTICS FOR CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE." International Journal of Big Data Mining for Global Warming 03, no. 01 (June 2021): 2150005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2630534821500054.

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Global climate change has already had observable effects on the environment. Glaciers have shrunk, ice on rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier, plant and animal ranges have shifted and trees are flowering sooner. Under these conditions, air pollution is likely to reach levels that create undesirable living conditions. Anthropogenic activities, such as industry, release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, increasing the atmospheric concentrations of these gases, thus significantly enhancing the greenhouse effect, which has the effect of increasing air heat and thus the speedup of climate change. The use of sophisticated data analysis methods to identify the causes of extreme pollutant values, the correlation of these values with the general climatic conditions and the general malfunctions that can be caused by prolonged air pollution can give a clear picture of current and future climate change. This paper presents a thorough study of preprocessing steps of data analytics and the appropriate big data architectures that are appropriate for the research study of Climate Change and Atmospheric Science.

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Willison, Toby, Keith Goulding, David Powlson, and Colin Webster. "Farming, Fertilizers and the Greenhouse Effect." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 4 (December 1995): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400408.

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The atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gas methane has more than doubled in the past 100 years as a result of increases in methane sources such as paddy cultivation, ruminant husbandry and fossil fuel combustion. Research at IACR-Rothamsted over the last three years has highlighted the importance of aerobic soils as a sink for methane. Our work has shown how land management and agricultural practices can be key to determining the soil sink strength for methane. This article describes the results and reasons for the interactions of farming, fertilizers and the greenhouse effect.

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Kramm, Gerhard, and Ralph Dlugi. "Scrutinizing the atmospheric greenhouse effect and its climatic impact." Natural Science 03, no. 12 (2011): 971–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2011.312124.

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Kondratyev, K. Ya, and N. I. Moskalenko. "The atmospheric greenhouse effect and climates on various planets." Advances in Space Research 5, no. 8 (January 1985): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(85)90239-x.

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Woodward, F. I., M. R. Lomas, and R. A. Betts. "Vegetation-climate feedbacks in a greenhouse world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1365 (January 29, 1998): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0188.

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The potential for feedbacks between terrestrial vegetation, climate, and the atmospheric CO 2 partial pressure have been addressed by modelling. Previous research has established that under global warming and CO 2 enrichment, the stomatal conductance of vegetation tends to decrease, causing a warming effect on top of the driving change in greenhouse warming. At the global scale, this positive feedback is ultimately changed to a negative feedback through changes in vegetation structure. In spatial terms this structural feedback has a variable geographical pattern in terms of magnitude and sign. At high latitudes, increases in vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and vegetation height cause a positive feedback, and warming through reductions in the winter snow–cover albedo. At lower latitudes when vegetation becomes more sparse with warming, the higher albedo of the underlying soil leads to cooling. However, the largest area effects are of negative feedbacks caused by increased evaporative cooling with increasing LAI. These effects do not include feedbacks on the atmospheric CO 2 concentration, through changes in the carbon cycle of the vegetation. Modelling experiments, with biogeochemical, physiological and structural feedbacks on atmospheric CO 2 , but with no changes in precipitation, ocean activity or sea ice formation, have shown that a consequence of the CO 2 fertilization effect on vegetation will be a reduction of atmospheric CO 2 concentration, in the order of 12% by the year 2100 and a reduced global warming by 0.7°C, in a total greenhouse warming of 3.9°C.

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GERLICH, GERHARD, and RALF D. TSCHEUSCHNER. "FALSIFICATION OF THE ATMOSPHERICCO2GREENHOUSE EFFECTS WITHIN THE FRAME OF PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 03 (January 30, 2009): 275–364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920904984x.

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The atmospheric greenhouse effect, an idea that many authors trace back to the traditional works of Fourier (1824), Tyndall (1861), and Arrhenius (1896), and which is still supported in global climatology, essentially describes a fictitious mechanism, in which a planetary atmosphere acts as a heat pump driven by an environment that is radiatively interacting with but radiatively equilibrated to the atmospheric system. According to the second law of thermodynamics, such a planetary machine can never exist. Nevertheless, in almost all texts of global climatology and in a widespread secondary literature, it is taken for granted that such a mechanism is real and stands on a firm scientific foundation. In this paper, the popular conjecture is analyzed and the underlying physical principles are clarified. By showing that (a) there are no common physical laws between the warming phenomenon in glass houses and the fictitious atmospheric greenhouse effects, (b) there are no calculations to determine an average surface temperature of a planet, (c) the frequently mentioned difference of 33° is a meaningless number calculated wrongly, (d) the formulas of cavity radiation are used inappropriately, (e) the assumption of a radiative balance is unphysical, (f) thermal conductivity and friction must not be set to zero, the atmospheric greenhouse conjecture is falsified.

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Suzdaleva, Antonina, Viktor Beznosov, Valerii Volshanik, and Valentina Kurochkina. "The use of wave power plants in water management for combating the greenhouse effect." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 13005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016413005.

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Nowadays, the development of the greenhouse effect is caused not only by industrial facilities emissions into the atmosphere. The contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gas emissions is becoming increasingly significant. For example, the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the decomposition of organic substances in the zones of degradation of permafrost increases every year. The contribution of the total emission of numerous dispersed sources of atmospheric pollution is also very significant. Traditional methods of control and limitation of greenhouse gas emissions in this case are irrevocable. The solution of the problem is possible only on the basis of the creation of controlled natural and technical systems. The task for the systems is to organize the flow of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and carbon fixing in the stable components of the environment. The main area of this activity is the stimulation of bioproduction processes. This task is difficult to accomplish in the field of agricultural production. The main objective of the development of this industry is to meet the growing shortage of food products. Against the background of the threat of mass starvation in a number of regions of the world, the problem of the greenhouse effect loses its relevance.

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Green, Christopher. "Economics and the ?greenhouse effect?" Climatic Change 22, no. 4 (December 1992): 265–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00142429.

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Levenson, Barton Paul. "Pressure doesn’t make Venus hot: a computer exercise." Physics Education 58, no. 5 (August 3, 2023): 055019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ace1c8.

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Abstract A persistent popular hypothesis is that atmospheric pressure, not the greenhouse effect, sets the surface temperatures of planets. With the aid of a very simple computer model, it is shown that this idea would require planetary atmospheres to be perpetual motion machines of the first kind.

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Wang, Yixiong, and Peter Read. "Diversity of Planetary Atmospheric Circulations and Climates in a Simplified General Circulation Model." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S293 (August 2012): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313013033.

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AbstractThe parametric dependence of terrestrial planetary atmospheric circulations and climates on characteristic parameters is studied. A simplified general circulation model—PUMA is employed to investigate the dynamic effects of planetary rotation rate and equator-to-pole temperature difference on the circulation and climate of terrestrial planetary atmospheres. Five different types of circulation regime are identified by mapping the experimental results in a 2-D parameter space defined by thermal Rossby number and frictional Taylor number. The effect of the transfer and redistribution of radiative energy is studied by building up a new two-band semi-gray radiative-convective scheme, which is capable of modelling greenhouse and anti-greenhouse effects while keeping the tunable parameters as few as possible. The results will provide insights into predicting the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets.

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Wang, Shuang, and Jun Yang. "Atmospheric Overturning Circulation on Dry, Tidally Locked Rocky Planets Is Mainly Driven by Radiative Cooling." Planetary Science Journal 3, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac6d65.

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Abstract In this study, we examine the driving mechanism for the atmospheric overturning circulation on dry, tidally locked rocky planets without the condensation of water vapor or other species. We find that the main driving process is the radiative cooling of CO2 (or other noncondensable greenhouse gases) rather than CO2 greenhouse warming or stellar radiation. Stellar radiation is the ultimate mechanism but not the direct mechanism. Due to the combination of the uneven distribution in the stellar radiation and effective horizontal energy transports in the free troposphere, there is strong temperature inversion in the area away from the substellar region. This inversion makes CO2 have a radiative cooling effect rather than a radiative warming effect for the atmosphere, the same as that in the stratosphere of Earth’s atmosphere. This cooling effect produces negative buoyancy and drives large-scale downwelling, supporting the formation of a global-scale overturning circulation. If CO2 is excluded from the atmosphere, the overturning circulation becomes very weak, regardless of the level of stellar radiation. This mechanism is completely different from that for the atmospheric overturning circulation on Earth or on moist, tidally locked rocky planets, where latent heat release and/or baroclinic instability are the dominated mechanisms. Our study improves the understanding of the atmospheric circulation on tidally locked exoplanets and also on other dry planets, such as Venus and Mars in the solar system.

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Blanchard, Gerard T., Bryce A. Bowlsbey, James R. Dyess, Ryan D. Rumsey, and Justin B. Woodring. "Improved spectral photometer for undergraduate observations of atmospheric infrared heat flux and greenhouse gas absorption bands." American Journal of Physics 91, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/5.0135029.

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We present an experiment investigating the physics of the atmospheric greenhouse effect that can be performed by undergraduate physics students. The students construct a three-channel spectral photometer to observe the infrared heat flux in the atmosphere. With this spectral photometer, the students observe the difference in heat flux between the portion of the IR spectrum that is absorbed by water vapor and carbon dioxide and the portion that is not absorbed by atmospheric constituents. The students discover that Earth's surface is warmed by radiation from the greenhouse gas absorption bands, and the radiation of heat to space is retarded by the absorption bands. One component of the experiment is performed on the ground and the other component is performed in the atmosphere using a high-altitude balloon. The students then compare their results to a simulation of infrared radiation transport in the atmosphere.

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Tamás, András. "The effect of rising concentration of atmospheric carbone dioxide on crop production." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 67 (February 3, 2016): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/67/1758.

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In the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are rising in gradually increasing pace since the Industrial Revolution. The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to global warming, and the changes affect to both the precipitation and the evaporation quantity. Moreover, the concentration of carbon dioxide directly affects the productivity and physiology of plants. The effect of temperature changes on plants is still controversial, although studies have been widely conducted. The C4-type plants react better in this respect than the C3-type plants. However, the C3-type plants respond more richer for the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change.

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Kondratyev, K. Ya, and C. Varotsos. "Atmospheric greenhouse effect in the context of global climate change." Il Nuovo Cimento C 18, no. 2 (March 1995): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02512015.

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Grewe, V. "A new method to diagnose the contribution of anthropogenic activities to temperature: temperature tagging." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 2 (March 26, 2013): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-417-2013.

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Abstract. This study presents a new methodology, called temperature tagging. It keeps track of the contributions of individual processes to temperature within a climate model simulation. As a first step and as a test bed, a simple box climate model is regarded. The model consists of an atmosphere, which absorbs and emits radiation, and of a surface, which reflects, absorbs and emits radiation. The tagging methodology is used to investigate the impact of the atmosphere on surface temperature. Four processes are investigated in more detail and their contribution to the surface temperature quantified: (i) shortwave influx and shortwave atmospheric absorption ("sw"), (ii) longwave atmospheric absorption due to non-CO2 greenhouse gases ("nC"), (iii) due to a base case CO2 concentration ("bC"), and (iv) due to an enhanced CO2 concentration ("eC"). The differential equation for the temperature in the box climate model is decomposed into four equations for the tagged temperatures. This method is applied to investigate the contribution of longwave absorption to the surface temperature (greenhouse effect), which is calculated to be 68 K. This estimate contrasts an alternative calculation of the greenhouse effect of slightly more than 30 K based on the difference of the surface temperature with and without an atmosphere. The difference of the two estimates is due to a shortwave cooling effect and a reduced contribution of the shortwave to the total downward flux: the shortwave absorption of the atmosphere results in a reduced net shortwave flux at the surface of 192 W m−2, leading to a cooling of the surface by 14 K. Introducing an atmosphere results in a downward longwave flux at the surface due to atmospheric absorption of 189 W m−2, which roughly equals the net shortwave flux of 192 W m−2. This longwave flux is a result of both the radiation due to atmospheric temperatures and its longwave absorption. Hence the longwave absorption roughly accounts for 91 W m−2 out of a total of 381 W m−2 (roughly 25%) and therefore accounts for a temperature change of 68 K. In a second experiment, the CO2 concentration is doubled, which leads to an increase in surface temperature of 1.2 K, resulting from a temperature increase due to CO2 of 1.9 K, due to non-CO2 greenhouse gases of 0.6 K and a cooling of 1.3 K due to a reduced importance of the solar heating for the surface and atmospheric temperatures. These two experiments show the feasibility of temperature tagging and its potential as a diagnostic for climate simulations.

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Grewe, V. "A new method to diagnose the contribution of anthropogenic activities to temperature: temperature tagging." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 5, no. 4 (October 12, 2012): 3183–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-5-3183-2012.

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Abstract. This study presents a new methodology, called temperature tagging. It keeps track of the contributions of individual processes to temperature within a climate model simulation. As a first step and as a test bed a simple box climate model is regarded. The model consists of an atmosphere, which absorbs and emits radiation and of a surface, which reflects, absorbs and emits radiation. The tagging methodology is used to investigate the impact of the atmosphere on surface temperature. Four processes are investigated in more detail and their contribution to the surface temperature quantified: (i) shortwave influx and shortwave atmospheric absorption ("sw"), (ii) longwave atmospheric absorption due to non-CO2 greenhouse gases ("nC"), (iii) due to a base case CO2 concentration ("bC"), and (iv) due to an enhanced CO2 concentration ("eC"). The differential equation for the temperature in the box climate model is decomposed into four equations for the tagged temperatures. This method is applied to investigate the contribution of longwave absorption to the surface temperature (greenhouse effect), which is calculated to be 68 K. This estimate contrasts an alternative calculation of the greenhouse effect of slightly more than 30 K based on the difference of the surface temperature with and without an atmosphere. The difference of the two estimates is due to a shortwave cooling effect and a reduced contribution of the shortwave to the total downward flux: The shortwave absorption of the atmosphere results in a reduced net shortwave flux at the surface of 192 W m−2, leading to a cooling of the surface by 14 K. Introducing an atmosphere results in a downward longwave flux at the surface due to atmospheric absorption of 189 W m−2, which roughly equals the net shortwave flux of 192 W m−2. This longwave flux is a result of both, the radiation due to atmospheric temperatures and its longwave absorption. Hence the longwave absorption roughly accounts for 91 W m−2 out of a total of 381 W m−2 (roughly 25%) and therefore accounts for a temperature of 68 K. In a second experiment, the CO2 concentration is doubled, which leads to an increase in surface temperature of 1.2 K, resulting from an temperature increase due to CO2 of 1.9 K, due to non-CO2 greenhouse gases of 0.6 K and a cooling of 1.3 K due to a reduced importance of the solar heating for the surface and atmospheric temperatures. These two experiments show the feasibility of temperature tagging and its potential as a diagnostic for climate simulations.

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Demarée, Gaston R., and Rosiane Verheyden. "Walthère Victor Spring – A Forerunner in the Study of the Greenhouse Effect." Papers on Global Change IGBP 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/igbp-2016-0011.

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Abstract In 1886, an article by Walthère Spring and Léon Roland, two scientists from the University of Liège, dealing with the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere in Liège appeared in the “Mẻmoires” of the Royal Academy of Belgium. In order to explain the difference between temperatures in the city of Liège and those observed in that city’s environs, the authors invoked the high level of atmospheric CO2. Although the climatological argument was rather weak and the article concerned only a local impact, it is obvious that Spring can be viewed as a precursor of Svante Arrhenius who foresaw global warming in 1895–1896.

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Pierrehumbert, R. T., and C. Erlick. "On the Scattering Greenhouse Effect of CO2Ice Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 55, no. 10 (May 1998): 1897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<1897:otsgeo>2.0.co;2.

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Stephens, Graeme L., Brian H. Kahn, and Mark Richardson. "The Super Greenhouse Effect in a Changing Climate." Journal of Climate 29, no. 15 (July 13, 2016): 5469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0234.1.

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Abstract In all outputs of the 1% yr−1 increase in CO2 climate model experiments archived under the World Climate Research Programme’s (WCRP) phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), regions exist in the low latitudes where both the clear-sky and all-sky OLR decrease with surface warming. These are identified as regions of positive longwave feedback and are regions of a super greenhouse effect (SGE). These SGE regions are identified from feedback analysis of the 4 × CO2 abrupt experiments of CMIP5, and despite their existence, there is little agreement across models as to the magnitude of the effect. The general effects of clouds on the SGE are to amplify the clear-sky SGE, but there is also poor agreement on the magnitude of the amplification that varies by an order of magnitude across models. Sensitivity analyses indicate that localized SGE regions are spatially aligned with a large moistening of the upper troposphere. The reduction in clear-sky OLR arises from a reduction in emission in the far IR with nonnegligible contributions from mid-IR emission from the midtroposphere. When viewed in the broader context of meridional heat transport, it is found that of the 1.03-PW rate of heat gained globally, 0.8 PW is absorbed in the tropics and is contributed almost equally by reductions in clear-sky longwave emission (i.e., the clear-sky SGE) and increased absorbed clear-sky solar radiation associated with increased water vapor. The processes that define the clear-sky SGE are shown to be fundamental to the way models accumulate heat and then transport it poleward.

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44

Nissan, Hannah, and Sian Williams. "Royal Meteorological Society classic papers - the greenhouse effect." Weather 70, no. 7 (July 2015): 218–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wea.2514.

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45

Makarieva, A. M., V. G. Gorshkov, and T. Pujol. "Height of convective layer in planetary atmospheres with condensable and non-condensable greenhouse substances." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 6 (December 16, 2003): 6701–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-6701-2003.

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Abstract. Convection reduces greenhouse effect by transporting a certain amount of non-radiative dynamic energy to the upper atmosphere, where this energy dissipates and radiates into space without interaction with greenhouse substances in the lower atmosphere. In this paper we show that the height of the convective layer zc is finite and independent of atmospheric optical thickness τs at large values of the latter. We derive an analytical formula for zc at large values of τs for condensable and non-condensable greenhouse substances. The formula obtained yields reasonable quantitative estimates of the observed height of convective layer on Venus and at low latitudes on Earth, where atmospheric thickness of water vapor is maximum. The dissipative power of dynamic convective processes is limited by the incoming flux of solar radiation. Height of convective layer being finite, values of optical depth at the top of the convective layer and at the mean height of convective energy dissipation increase proportionally to the atmospheric optical thickness, while the contribution of convective energy fluxes to formation of the outgoing flux of thermal radiation proportionally diminishes. As far as optical thickness of condensable greenhouse substances grows exponentially with increasing surface temperature, the obtained results lead to the conclusion that the outgoing thermal radiation into space in the presence of convection tends exponentially to zero with increasing surface temperature, instead of reaching a finite plateau as suggested by earlier radiative-convective studies.

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Petrov, Mihai, Zdravka Nikolaeva, Aleksandar Dimitrov, and Velichka Traneva. "THERMODYNAMIC EMPIRISM FOR DESCRIBING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 22, 2024): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2024vol1.7980.

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Humanity is currently subject to excessive pollution of the Biosphere and the atmosphere that comes from anthropogenic activity. The global warming is the most acute problem that has a negative impact on the state of the biosphere as a whole. The long empirical analysis on the state of the atmosphere makes it possible to develop quantitative expressions that give a dependence of the atmospheric temperature variation depending on the accumulation of anthropogenic polluting gases with greenhouse effect. One of the gases with a greenhouse effect is carbon dioxide, which has a major contribution to global warming. The method suggested in the paper focuses on the empirical analysis with the application of the thermodynamic laws describing the state of the atmosphere and gives the results of the validation within certain limits of the variation of the atmospheric temperature as the dependence of the accumulated concentration of the polluting gases with greenhouse effect. The relational connection between variations of concentrations and of the temperature is found by the equation of state of the ideal gas, assuming that the atmosphere can be described by this equation and the combination with the adiabatic thermodynamical equation leads to the expression which contains those variations. Annually, the monitoring stations record variations of concentrations and temperatures. The last 40 years the average temperature of the atmosphere is elevated up to 10C. The respective calculations by the application of thermodynamic expressions lead to the same order of 1 0C. It is explained by the application of thermodynamic physico-chemical laws that the rate of photosynthesis is comparatively low compared to the rate of additional excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide that comes from anthropogenic activity. The importance of the suggested method allows us to conclude about the validation of the method with the direct application of analytical expressions of the state of the atmosphere. Statistical analysis is very widely applied in general for data analysis, but it would be recommendable physico-chemical laws to be applied directly with a wider retrospective and the most important thing is that it allows the control of both the real recorded values and to be compared with those calculated by the thermodynamic method. The practical importance of this expression is based on the fact that the anthropogenic accumulation of carbon dioxide is followed by the accumulation of heat excess in the atmosphere, and in its turn to the increasing of the average global temperature of the atmosphere. one thing it is important to mention that the effect which takes place must be explained and this explanation is given by physical-chemical methods based on thermodynamic phenomena for the atmosphere.

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Shiogama, Hideo, Seita Emori, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Tatsuya Nagashima, Tomoo Ogura, Toru Nozawa, and Toshihiko Takemura. "Emission Scenario Dependency of Precipitation on Global Warming in the MIROC3.2 Model." Journal of Climate 23, no. 9 (May 1, 2010): 2404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3428.1.

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Abstract The precipitation sensitivity per 1 K of global warming in twenty-first-century climate projections is smaller in an emission scenario with larger greenhouse gas concentrations and aerosol emissions, according to the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate 3.2 (MIROC3.2) coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model. The authors examined the reasons for the precipitation sensitivity to emission scenarios by performing separated individual forcing runs under high and low emission scenarios. It was found that the dependency on emission scenario is mainly caused by differences in black and organic carbon aerosol forcing (the sum of which is cooling forcing) between the emission scenarios and that the precipitation is more sensitive to carbon aerosols than well-mixed greenhouse gases. They also investigated the reason for the larger precipitation sensitivity (larger magnitude of precipitation decrease per 1 K cooling of temperature) in the carbon aerosol runs. Surface dimming due to the direct and indirect effects of carbon aerosols effectively decreases evaporation and precipitation, which enhances the precipitation sensitivity in the carbon aerosol runs. In terms of the atmospheric moisture cycle, although changes of vertical circulation offset the effects of changes in the atmospheric moisture in both the carbon aerosol and greenhouse gas runs, the amplitude of vertical circulation change per 1 K temperature change is less in the carbon aerosol runs. Furthermore, the second indirect effect of organic carbon aerosol counteracts the influence of the vertical circulation change. These factors lead to suppression of changes in the moisture’s atmospheric residence time and increase of the precipitation sensitivity in the carbon aerosol runs.

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Karki, Krishna B. "Greenhouse gases, global warming and glacier ice melt in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 8 (December 26, 2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v8i0.721.

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Concentration of greenhouse gases has been found increasing over the past centuries. Carbon dioxide (9-26% greenhouse effect), methane (4-9%), and nitrous oxide (3-6%) are the three principal greenhouse gasses though chloroflourocarbon and halon are also included as greenhouse gasses but are in very small greenhouse effect. These gasses are produced both from natural process and anthropogenic activities .Increase of these greenhouse gasses from nature in the atmosphere is mainly from the decomposition of organic matter, nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen including respiration by the plants. Anthropogenic production of carbon dioxide is from burning of fossil fuel whereas for methane livestock and paddy cultivation. Agricultural activities mainly use of mineral fertilizer is responsible for nitrous oxide emission. Increase of these gasses in atmosphere increases temperature that further accelerates evaporation of moisture from the earth’s surface. Increase in water vapor in the atmosphere will further aggravate temperature rise. This increase in atmospheric temperature has direct effect in the melting of glacier ice in Nepalese Himalaya. Melting of ice and increases water volume in the glacier fed rivers and glacier lakes. Rise in water volume beyond its capacity the glacial lakes bursts releasing millions of cubit meters of water and takes million of lives and properties downstream. If this continues there will be no more ice left in the Himalaya and in the long run all the rivers of Nepal will go dry and country will face serious water shortage for drinking, irrigation and other purposes. The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 1-7

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Chatterjee, Suman, Debasis Das, and Salil Kumar Bhattacharya. "Global warming â€“ where we are." Journal of Comprehensive Health 4, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53553/jch.v04i02.003.

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Over last 8000 years, Earthâ€™s surface temperature raised by 1â—¦ C only. But at the present rate of global warming, the temperature would rise by 2.5â—¦C by 2050. By the end of this century temperature would rise by another 2.5 â—¦C. The Earth which was like an icebox has started burning. The sun sends energy as heat & light. Some part of the rays get through the atmosphere, some of them get reflected back into space. The ones which get through the atmosphere warm the earth up. All the time the earth radiates heat into space. Some of the heat going out is trapped by the atmosphere. This keeps our planet warm enough to live on. But if too much heat is trapped, the planet will warm up and the climate will change. The atmospheric air around the surface of the earth is made from a mixture of gases. Some of the gases trap heat, called greenhouse gases. This phenomenon is called natural greenhouse effect. Amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing day by day through human activities. More heat is trapped, enhanced greenhouse effect results. This is causing the earth to heat up universally called as â€“ â€˜Global warmingâ€™. It doesnâ€™t just mean that the earth gets hotter; the whole climate is changing. Nitrogen & Oxygen make up 99% of the atmosphere, donâ€™t trap heat, called non-greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Ozone, Water vapour â€“ these gases make up 1% of the atmosphere, trap heat, called greenhouse gases. Human activities increases the amount of these gases in the atmosphere

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Inamdar, A. K., and V. Ramanathan. "Physics of Greenhouse Effect and Convection in Warm Oceans." Journal of Climate 7, no. 5 (May 1994): 715–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0715:pogeac>2.0.co;2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Greenhouse effect, atmospheric'

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