Relevant bibliographies by topics / Greenhouse effect

Academic literature on the topic 'Greenhouse effect'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Greenhouse effect"

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Chilingar, G. V., O. G. Sorokhtin, L. Khilyuk, and M. V. Gorfunkel. "Greenhouse gases and greenhouse effect." Environmental Geology 58, no. 6 (November 14, 2008): 1207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1615-3.

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Mcculloch, A., and JohnM Last. "GREENHOUSE EFFECT." Lancet 333, no. 8648 (May 1989): 1208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92791-8.

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Lewis, R. P. W. "THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GREENHOUSES: AN OVERLOOKED EXPERIMENT." Weather 47, no. 2 (February 1992): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1477-8696.1992.tb05777.x.

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P, Suseela, and Ranghaswami M V. "Effect of Height of Naturally Ventilated Greenhouse on Light Transmission." Madras Agricultural Journal 98, December (2011): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100323.

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Three low cost greenhouses of size 8x4 m each with ridge heights of 3m, 3.75m and 4.5m were designed and constructed with a side and roof ventilation of 30% and 6% respectively. The light intensity inside the greenhouses were found to be much lower than that of outside. The rate of reduction of light intensity inside the greenhouses was found to increase with increase in light intensity. It was observed that, during peak hours (at which light intensity was maximum), lower amount of light intensity was received by the 4.5 m height greenhouse and it was found to increase with decrease in height of the greenhouse. The 3 m and 3.75 m and also 3.75 m and 4.5 m greenhouses were on par in respect of light intensity even at 10% level. But, there was a significant reduction (P < 0.01) of light intensity in 4.5 m greenhouse compared to the 3 m greenhouse.
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Xu, Jing, Xiaoying Ren, Guifeng He, Shaohan Di, Zhiqing Shi, and Zongmin Liang. "The Influence of Mountain Height and Distance on Shape Factor of Wind Load of Plastic Tunnel." Applied Sciences 13, no. 24 (December 7, 2023): 13081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132413081.

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Due to their soft structure and covering material, plastic greenhouses are vulnerable to wind disasters, causing large-scale damage and huge economic losses. The wind load of greenhouses depends on the surface wind pressure distribution, which is different for greenhouses located in valleys from those in plain areas. To study the wind pressure distribution law for various regions of greenhouses built in valleys, mountain and greenhouse models have been built by Computational Fluid Dynamics, in which the length direction of the greenhouse is perpendicular to the valley and the wind direction is parallel to the valley. In the analysis, the verified turbulence model and grid division method are both introduced, and the effect of the height and distance of mountains is considered. According to the distribution law of wind pressure, the greenhouse’s surface is partitioned, and the variation law of the shape factor of wind load on a plastic tunnel is analyzed. Then, the calculation model for the shape factor of the wind load on the greenhouse located in a valley is proposed. The conclusions show that: (a) When the wind inflow direction angle is parallel to the valley, the distribution pattern of wind pressure on the surface of the greenhouse is similar to that on the plain regardless of the distance and height of the mountains, while the values of the wind pressure are greatly affected by the mountain height and distance. The distance between mountains has greater influence than the effect of mountain height. (b) The shape factor of wind load on the suction area of the greenhouse decreases as the distance of mountains increases, while the shape factor on the pressure area of the greenhouse increases with the increase in the distance. It can be seen that the valley effect is non-negligible. The narrower and deeper the valley, the greater the wind pressure effect. (c) When the ratio of the distance between the foot of the mountain and the greenhouse d to the height of the mountain H is less than 5, i.e., d/H < 5, the ratio of the distance to the height has a significant impact on the shape factor of wind load on the greenhouse. When d/H is close to 10, the shape factor of the wind load in the valley area is close to that in the plain area, and the effect of the ratio between the height and the distance is negligible. (d) The proposed calculation model can be used to calculate the effect of mountain height and distance on the shape factor of wind load. The research results can be used in the wind resistance design of plastic greenhouses in valley areas, and can also provide some data support for the revision of the greenhouse structural load code.
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Xu, Jihang, Weitao Bai, Jian Wang, Zhihui Mu, Weizhen Sun, Boda Dong, Kai Song, et al. "Study on the Cooling Effect of Double-Layer Spray Greenhouse." Agriculture 13, no. 7 (July 21, 2023): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071442.

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Greenhouses provide suitable environmental conditions for plant growth. Double-layer plastic greenhouses are often used in many regions to ensure normal crop growth during winter since single-layer plastic greenhouses have poor insulation. However, during summer, the high insulation of double-layer plastic greenhouses, combined with excessive external solar radiation, can cause high temperatures inside the greenhouse that are not suitable for plant growth and require cooling. In this study, we propose a double-layer spray greenhouse using a high-pressure spraying system that is placed inside the double film that allows for additional cooling capacity during the summer in order to sustain plant growth. A greenhouse platform test was set up to investigate the optimum operating conditions for the nozzles and to explore changes in greenhouse microclimate under different nozzle operating conditions. The results show that (1) the cooling rate increases with increasing water supply pressure, nozzle diameter and spraying time, and the humidification rate is consistent with the change in the rate of cooling. (2) The optimal condition for cooling in this experiment is achieved with a 120° double nozzle with a nozzle diameter of 0.30 mm, a water supply pressure of 6 MPa, and a spraying time of 15 min, which can reduce the temperature by up to 5.36 °C and serve as a reference for the summer cooling of the double-layer greenhouse.
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Qualter, Anne, Claire Francis, Edward Boyes, and Martin Stanisstreet. "The greenhouse effect." Education 3-13 23, no. 2 (June 1995): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004279585200151.

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Hileman, Bette. "The greenhouse effect." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 2 (February 1995): 90A—93A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00002a715.

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PERMAN, ROGER. "Greenhouse effect economics." Nature 347, no. 6288 (September 1990): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/347010a0.

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Bowman, John. "The greenhouse effect." Land Use Policy 7, no. 2 (April 1990): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(90)90002-g.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Greenhouse effect"

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Морозова, Ірина Анатоліївна, Ирина Анатольевна Морозова, Iryna Anatoliivna Morozova, and M. S. Naidenko. "Greenhouse Effect." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2008. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/16015.

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Смоленніков, Денис Олегович, Денис Олегович Смоленников, Denys Olehovych Smolennikov, and Victoria Kubatko. "The greenhouse effect and global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7989.

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Schultz, Lisa. "Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Using a Computer Model." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SchultzL2009.pdf.

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Li, Chi-cheong Markus. "The trading of greenhouse gas." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42575485.

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Al-Batty, Sirhan Ibrahim. "Utilization of CO2 to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Effect." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1271443724.

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Stickland, Trevor W. "The greenhouse effect: common misconceptions and effective instruction /." Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/physsp/3.

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Thesis (B.A.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009.
Project advisor: John Keller. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Jan. 14, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.
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Ferris, Rachel. "Growth and function of four chalk grassland herbs in elevated CO←2." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238918.

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Li, Chi-cheong Markus, and 李志昌. "The trading of greenhouse gas." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42575485.

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Rotmans, Jan. "IMAGE an integrated model to assess the greenhouse effect /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Rijksuniversiteit Limburg] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1990. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5579.

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Holt, Christopher Paul. "Climate change and future water resources in Wales." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320755.

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Books on the topic "Greenhouse effect"

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Thompson, Sharon Elaine. Greenhouse effect. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 1992.

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Library, Ontario Legislative, and Ontario Legislative Research Service, eds. Greenhouse effect. [Toronto]: Ontario Legislative Library, 1990.

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Hare, Tony. The greenhouse effect. New York: Gloucester Press, 1990.

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Hare, Tony. The greenhouse effect. New York: Gloucester Press, 1990.

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Michael, Bright. The greenhouse effect. London: Gloucester Press, 1991.

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Berwick, Rachel. The greenhouse effect. London: Serpentine Gallery, 1999.

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Gay, Kathlyn. The greenhouse effect. New York: F. Watts, 1986.

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Neal, Philip. The Greenhouse effect. London: Batsford, 1992.

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Ralph, Rugoff, Corrin Lisa G, and Serpentine Gallery, eds. The greenhouse effect. London: Serpentine Gallery, 2000.

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Kraljic, Matthew A. The greenhouse effect. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Greenhouse effect"

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Kaltenegger, Lisa. "Greenhouse Effect." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_673-3.

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Kaltenegger, Lisa. "Greenhouse Effect." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1018. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_673.

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Kaltenegger, Lisa. "Greenhouse Effect." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 694. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_673.

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Matemilola, Saheed, and Habeeb Adedotun Alabi. "Greenhouse Effect." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1810–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25984-5_517.

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Kaltenegger, Lisa. "Greenhouse Effect." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_673-4.

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Matemilola, Saheed, and Habeeb Adedotun Alabi. "Greenhouse Effect." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_517-1.

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Kaltenegger, Lisa. "Greenhouse Effect." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1228. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_673.

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Ali, Mohammad. "The Greenhouse Effect." In Climate Change Impacts on Plant Biomass Growth, 13–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5370-9_3.

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Kondratyev, Kirill Ya, Costas A. Varotsos, Vladimir F. Krapivin, and Victor P. Savinykh. "Greenhouse effect problems." In Global Ecodynamics, 71–132. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18636-3_2.

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Salatin, Joel. "The Greenhouse Effect." In This is Homeschooling, 10–21. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003267362-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Greenhouse effect"

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Marchetta, Pietro, Valerio Persico, and Antonio Pescape. "The Greenhouse Effect Attack." In 2014 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cns.2014.6997532.

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Owen, Kevin C., and Brad J. Blythe. "Gaia Driving the Greenhouse Effect." In SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/66570-ms.

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García, Gabriela. "Greenhouse Effect in Miami, FL." In MOL2NET 2017, International Conference on Multidisciplinary Sciences, 3rd edition. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-03-04603.

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Kruger, S., and L. Pretorius. "Evaluating the Effect of Number of Spans on Heat Transfer in Greenhouses." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11420.

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Abstract The present study concerns convective flows in the empty volume above the plant canopy in a confined greenhouse. The purpose of this paper is to numerically investigate the effect of the number of spans on the convective heat transfer in closed greenhouses. The initial greenhouse CFD model cavity is validated against experimental results found in the literature. Thermal convection is induced by heating the bottom of the cavity. The numerical model is then modified to represent two-l greenhouse cavities with different numbers of spans. The computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software is then used to analyze mainly the natural convective heat transfer, velocity and temperature distributions for the single span greenhouse, as well as multi-span greenhouses (containing two and three spans). The greenhouse CFD model floor is heated, and the walls are adiabatic, corresponding to Rayleigh-Bénard convection. A mesh sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine a suitable size for the mesh. Results show that adding additional spans to the initial single-span cavity has a pronounced effect on the Nusselt-number distribution on the floor of the cavity. The temperature and velocity distributions were also significantly influenced. The four-span cavity showed three convective cells instead of four as for the lowest Rayleigh number.
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Machado, Alan Freitas, Bruno Martins Viveiros, and Claudio Elias da Silva. "Greenhouse effect simulator – An educational application." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2016 (ICCMSE 2016). Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4968698.

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Kruger, Sunita, and Leon Pretorius. "The Effect of Bench Arrangements on the Natural Ventilation of a Multispan Greenhouse." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63304.

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In this paper, the influence of various bench arrangements on the microclimate inside a two-span greenhouse is numerically investigated using three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. Longitudinal and peninsular arrangements are investigated for both leeward and windward opened roof ventilators. The velocity and temperature distributions at plant level (1m) were of particular interest. The research in this paper is an extension of two-dimensional work conducted previously [1]. Results indicate that bench layouts inside the greenhouse have a significant effect on the microclimate at plant level. It was found that vent opening direction (leeward or windward) influences the velocity and temperature distributions at plant level noticeably. Results also indicated that in general, the leeward facing greenhouses containing either type of bench arrangement exhibit a lower velocity distribution at plant level compared to windward facing greenhouses. The latter type of greenhouses has regions with relatively high velocities at plant level which could cause some concern. The scalar plots indicate that more stagnant areas of low velocity appear for the leeward facing greenhouses. The windward facing greenhouses also display more heterogeneity at plant level as far as temperature is concerned.
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Carlson, D. E. "Fossil fuels, the greenhouse effect and photovoltaics." In Conference Record of the Twentieth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.1988.105649.

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Amann, Charles A. "The Passenger Car and the Greenhouse Effect." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/902099.

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Zambrano, M. "Energy Efficiency and Greenhouse Effect Gas Reduction." In SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/177194-ms.

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Galashev, A. Y., O. R. Rahmanova, O. A. Galasheva, and A. N. Novrusov. "Climatic effect of clusterization of greenhouse gases." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Gelii A. Zherebtsov and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.675171.

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Reports on the topic "Greenhouse effect"

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Rayner, S. (Limiting the greenhouse effect). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6328050.

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Fulkerson, W. (Limiting the greenhouse effect). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6328067.

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Schwartz, Stephen E. Tutorial Papers on Greenhouse Effect. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1571401.

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Firestine, M. W. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the greenhouse effect. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5993221.

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Seginer, Ido, Daniel H. Willits, Michael Raviv, and Mary M. Peet. Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573072.bard.

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Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings. Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses. Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse. Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.
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Terry Brown and Song Jin. THE POTENTIAL OF RECLAIMED LANDS TO SEQUESTER CARBON AND MITIGATE THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885047.

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Sinn, Hans-Werner. Pareto Optimality in the Extraction of Fossil Fuels and the Greenhouse Effect: A Note. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13453.

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Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.

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Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.
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McQueen, Michael, John MacArthur, and Christopher Cherry. The E-Bike Potential: Estimating the Effect of E-Bikes on Person Miles Travelled and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC), May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.242.

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Helme, N., M. G. Popovich, and J. Gille. Cooling the greenhouse effect: Options and costs for reducing CO{sub 2} emissions from the American Electric Power Company. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10163575.

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