Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Green ratings'

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African water service providers experience major problems with providing adequate water services to consumers. Water service providers in South African urban areas rely on traditional centralised infrastructure, such as bulk supply networks, to provide water services. Alternative supply and stormwater drainage methods should be encouraged to help mitigate these problems. The researcher thus aims to quantify the potential impact that three alternative methods may have on a given dwelling in terms of its dependence on traditional bulk water services. The three alternatives considered in this thesis are the construction of green roofs, rainwater harvesting and greywater re-use. An efficiency of dwelling water use index (EDWI) was developed during this research project. It was designed in such a way as to show what portion of municipal water services could be replaced within the given dwelling by using the proposed techniques. The final EDWI-rating is obtained by using the EDWI-software tool developed as a part of this research. The derived EDWI-rating ranges from 0 to 100, with a rating of 100 indicating a dwelling requiring only the removal of a portion of sewage by a municipality, but no external water supply. Such a dwelling would also not require any water from a municipal network to meet domestic demand and all stormwater from its roof would be utilised within the plot boundaries. Results presented in this thesis illustrate how different geographical regions require different system specifications to obtain optimal EDWI-ratings, thereby lowering their dependence on the respective municipal water services. Validation of the EDWI-system proved difficult as no similar index could be found during the literature review. It was therefore decided to benchmark the EDWI-system using three model dwellings with nine configurations producing a total of 27 analyses. The EDWI-system provides a conceptual foundation for sustainable water services to South African households in serviced urban areas. Future work could further improve the EDWI-system by testing its practical application so that it may be extended to act as a national barometer, used to compare decentralised water services in terms of sustainability.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Suid-Afrikaanse waterdiensverskaffers ondervind groot probleme met die voorsiening van voldoende waterdienste aan verbruikers. Waterdiensverskaffers in Suid-Afrikaanse stedelike gebiede maak staat op tradisionele gesentraliseerde infrastruktuur, soos grootmaatvoorsienings netwerke, om waterdienste te verskaf. Alternatiewe voorsienings- en stormwater dreineringsmetodes moet aangemoedig word om hierdie probleme aan te spreek. Die studie poog dus om die potensiële impak wat drie alternatiewe moontlikhede kan hê op 'n gegewe woning in terme van sy afhanklikheid van die tradisionele waterdienste te kwantifiseer. Die drie alternatiewe moontlikhede wat in hierdie studie ingesluit word is die konstruksie van groendakke, reënwater oes en grys water hergebruik. 'n Huishoudelike water gebruik doeltreffendheids indeks (EDWI) is ontwikkel gedurende hierdie navorsingsprojek. Die indeks is ontwerp om aan te dui watter gedeelte van munisipale waterdienste deur die voorgestelde tegnieke vervang kan word. Die finale EDWI-gradering is verkry deur gebruik te maak van die EDWI-programmatuur wat ontwikkel is gedurende die navorsing. Die afgeleide EDWI- gradering wissel tussen 0 en 100, met 'n telling van 100 wat ‘n woning voorstel wat slegs die verwydering van 'n gedeelte van die riool deur die munisipaliteit vereis, maar wat geen eksterne watervoorsiening benodig nie. So 'n woning vereis dus geen water van ‗n munisipale netwerk nie, en alle stormwater van die dak word binne die erf gebruik. Resultate wat in hierdie studie voorgelê word illustreer hoe verskillende geografiese streke ander stelsel spesifikasies vereis om optimale EDWI-gradering te verkry. Die navorser kon geen indeks kry wat soortgelyk is aan die EDWI-stelsel om dit mee te vergelyk nie. Dit was gevolglik besluit om die indeks te standardiseer deur gebruik te maak van drie model huise met nege samestellings van alternatiewe, waardeur 27 ontledings ontwikkel was. Die EDWI-stelsel bied 'n konseptuele grondslag vir volhoubare waterdienste vir Suid-Afrikaanse huishoudings in gedienste stedelike gebiede. Toekomstige navorsing kan die EDWI-stelsel verder verbeter deur die praktiese toepassing te toets. Die stelsel kan uitgebrei word om ‗n nationale barometer vorm wat gebruik kan word om desentralisasie van waterdienste te meet in konteks van volhoubaarheid.

Genom styrning av finansiella medel har gröna obligationer fått en viktig roll i utvecklingen mot ett miljömässigt hållbart samhälle. Extern granskning av gröna obligationer styrs idag genom frivilliga marknadsstandarder, varav GBP är den vanligaste. Dessutom har EU nyligen presenterat en egen frivillig standard med särskild tillsyn. Bättre tillgång till klimatrelaterad information samt tydliga och gemensamma definitioner av gröna aktiviteter är förutsättningar för att investerare mer effektivt ska flytta kapital till miljömässigt hållbara verksamheter för att stötta omställningen till en mindre fossilbaserad ekonomi. I den här uppsatsen visas att dagens betygsättning, olika bedömningsmetoder till trots, torde vara relativt pålitlig, men att det finns utrymme att önska högre jämförbarhet och därmed ökad investerartillit. Tydligare marknadsstandarder kan vara en viktig aspekt för att öka betygens pålitlighet allt eftersom marknaden för gröna obligationer expanderar. Analysen visar att lagstiftning som leder till ökad mängd publicerad granskning genom gröna betyg torde gynna transparensen samtidigt som ryktesrisken vid intressekonflikter bör innebära motvillighet gentemot felaktig bedömning. Samtidigt kan överdriven reglering begränsa möjligheterna för innovation, utveckling och expansion av marknaden som helhet. Det torde därmed vara i lagstiftarens intresse att inte införa alltför sträng reglering, eftersom risk att inte kunna uppnå den finansiering av klimatmålen som önskas då uppstår. Eftersom gröna obligationer är ett internationellt fenomen behöver världens länder arbeta tillsammans mot gemensamma standarder i syfte att nå klimatmålen.  I det fall tvingande reglering ska införas bör den vara på som lägst EU-nivå. För marknadsbalans mellan aktörerna och jämförbarhet mellan obligationerna är det viktigt att regleringen inte upplevs otydlig. Regleringen måste dessutom vara generell och så pass flexibel att den kan möta teknologisk utveckling och förändrade förhållanden på marknaderna utan att processen blir för långdragen. Så länge målet är att ha en europeisk kapitalmarknad där aktörerna kan tillhandahålla finansiella tjänster nationsövergripande krävs finansiell tillsyn som inte stannar vid nationsgränserna. På sikt torde Esma vara lämpligast att överse samtliga granskare av gröna obligationer verksamma på den europeiska marknaden. För detta krävs utökad reglering som ger Esma ökad behörighet såväl som ökade resurser för att effektivt kunna utföra tillsynsarbetet.
Through the management of financial resources, green bonds have received an important role in the development towards an environmentally sustainable society. External review of green bonds is today subject to voluntary market standards, of which GBP is the most common. In addition, the EU has recently presented its own voluntary standard, which includes supervision. Better access to climate-related information and clear and harmonised definitions of green activities are prerequisites for investors to move capital more efficiently to environmentally sustainable businesses to support the transition to a less fossil-based economy. With this paper it is shown that the current rating, despite different assessment methods, should be relatively reliable, but that there is room to wish for higher comparability and thus increased investor confidence. Clearer market standards can be an important aspect in increasing the reliability of ratings as the market for green bonds expands. The analysis shows that legislation that leads to an increased number of published reviews through green ratings should promote transparency, while the risk of rumors in the event of conflicts of interest should imply reluctance to make incorrect assessments. At the same time, excessive regulation may limit the opportunities for innovation, development and expansion of the market as a whole. Thus, it should be in the interest of the legislator not to introduce a regulation which is too strict, as the risk of not being able to achieve the desired financing of the climate goals then arises. As green bonds are an international phenomenon, all countries need to work together towards common standards in order to achieve the purpose of the climate goals. In the event that mandatory regulation is to be introduced, it should at least be at EU level. For market balance between the market participants as well as comparability between the bonds, it is important that the regulation is not perceived as unclear. In addition, regulation must be general and flexible enough to meet technological developments and new market conditions without the process becoming too lengthy. As long as the goal is to have a European capital market where market participants can provide financial services nationwide, financial supervision that does not stop at national borders is required. In the long run, ESMA should be the most appropriate authority to oversee all examiners of green bonds operating in the European market. This requires increased regulation that gives ESMA increased authority, as well as increased resources in order to be able to carry out the supervisory work effectively.

As sustainability increasingly becomes a concern to society, it is in state transportation agencies' best interests to embrace and adopt initiatives that will both educate their employees and the communities they serve on how transportation systems and system operations can be viewed within such a context. One of the strategies some state departments of transportation (SDOTs) have adopted for providing a more sustainable approach to highway design is a "green streets and highways rating system." Adopting a strategy such as the one proposed in this thesis for the Georgia Department of Transportation will enable an agency to compare projects based on sustainability goals and outcomes. Such a rating system can provide several benefits to a state department of transportation. As a public relations tool, publishing the sustainability rating results of completed projects can promote an "environmentally friendly" image of the agency. In some cases, this could be used to garner increased support for an agency's program. Comparing the ratings of proposed projects during the early programming process may also help in the selection of more sustainably effective and efficient projects. Additionally, a project in the project planning phase could use the green rating criteria to identify those areas where changes in design could result in more environmentally sensitive designs. A green streets and highways rating tool is an important means of fostering an environmental ethic in a transportation agency, one that could become more important in years to come.

Austin Energy Green Building (AEGB) started their multifamily rating program in 1999. It is a green building program where participants can receive different ratings, 1-5 stars, depending on how many requirements the building fulfills. AEGB wants to evaluate the projected energy and demand savings from the multifamily program to be able to report to Austin Energy at the end of the fiscal year. Buildings going through the multifamily rating program can either use a prescriptive approach or a performance approach. For the prescriptive approach the savings are evaluated with the help of a deemed savings value. For the performance approach the participant needs to turn in an energy model of the proposed buildings with modeled projected energy and demand savings. The purpose of this degree project was to develop a plan for evaluation of the projected savings from the multifamily rating program.  AEGB will need to be able to compare the projected energy and demand savings with the actual energy and demand savings from the buildings that have gone through the program. Focus has been on finding a suitable evaluation approach, based on the available data. Criteria for inclusion were determined. Evaluation of all buildings is not be possible and therefore a sample size needed to be determined for the population. The projected energy savings data was analyzed. A way to account for apartments without full year use data was studied as well as common criteria for uncertainty analysis. It was suggested that one year of full energy use data was enough as criterion for buildings to be a part of the population to be evaluated, which gave a population size of 29 buildings.  of the buildings received a 1-3 star rating and they account for about  or  of the projected energy savings. If a simple random sample is used with a confidence level of  and  relative precision the sample will be 21 buildings. If the relative precision is changed to  the sample will contain 11 buildings. Another option is to use stratified random sample, and sample sizes were calculated by star rating and size of the buildings. A number of different ways of accounting for vacant units were found however the latest vacancy rate for multifamily buildings in Austin was . This corresponds to about  in lost projected energy savings for the buildings that have gone through AEGB’s multifamily program. Lastly, post occupancy evaluation (POE) will be recommended for this evaluation effort of AEGB’s multifamily program.

Buildings have significant and complex impacts both in their construction and in their use. Green building rating systems have been developed and promoted in more economically-advanced countries to offer guidelines to reduce negative impacts and to promote sustainable practices of building construction and operations. The green building rating system called Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), established in 1995 by the U.S. Green Building Council, is increasingly accepted as a meaningful measure for sustainability in building design and construction in the U.S. The Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) rating system in the U.K. and the Green Star rating system in Australia serve similar roles in their respective areas. How applicable are these green building rating systems to countries with different building cultures, climates and economic parameters? The research is based on my work as an architect and participant observer using case study analysis of several buildings that I have designed in Madagascar and Tanzania. The research indicates that several important aspects particular to the developing country contexts of Madagascar and Tanzania â such as labor and security - are not addressed by existing green building rating systems that have been developed in the context of more economically-advanced countries. Such rating systems typically give prominence to aspects such as mechanical systems and indoor air quality that are of limited relevance to the contexts of Madagascar and Tanzania. The results have implications for the development of green building rating systems that address the particular contexts of developing countries. By taking into account parameters such as those found in Madagascar and Tanzania and similar developing countries, the benefits of using an accepted measure of sustainability can be more effectively extended to the developing country sector.
Ph. D.

Fastighetsmarknaden har visat på ett växande behov av ett hjälpmedel för fastighetsvärderare som underlättar implementeringen av byggnaders gröna egenskaper i värderingsprocessen, samt för att investerare ska kunna se specifika gröna egenskapers effekt på fastighetsvärdet. Användningen av ett flertal olika miljöklassningssystem på marknaden skapar svårigheter vid jämförelse. RICS har tagit fram ett utkast på en hållbarhetschecklista för att komplettera värderingsutlåtandet med en utökad beskrivning av fastigheterna med en systematisk redovisning av egenskaper relevanta ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Dess syfte är att tydliggöra skillnader och öka utbudet av tillgänglig transaktionsdata med en påföljande ökad transparens på fastighetsmarknaden. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur en hållbarhetschecklista kan tas fram, se ut och fungera, samt om den kan implementeras i ett projekt för en samhällsfastighet. Genom att använda mig av utkastet från RICS och intervjua aktörer på fastighetsmarknaden har en lista tagits fram som jämförts med miljöklassningssystemen och implementerats på ett specifikt projekt. Utfallet har sedan analyserats och legat till grund för de slutsatser som dragits. Resultatet av studien visar att den lista som utgår från RICS ”Sustainability Checklist” med relevanta hållbarhetsaspekter kan implementeras även på samhällsfastigheter då dessa innehar liknande egenskaper som de kommersiella fastigheterna, med vissa skillnader, som övergripande beror av: budgetrestriktioner, lokala förhållanden samt regleringar från kommunen och övriga parter. Även val av miljöklassningssystem har en viss påverkan på utfallet i fallstudien, då ett nära samband finns mellan parametrarna i hållbarhetschecklistan och miljöcertifieringssystemen, och där de kommersiella fastighetsutvecklarna i högre grad har valt att certifiera sina byggnader med de internationella systemen som är mer komplexa och innehar ett högre antal parametrar. Emellertid bygger en framgångsrik implementering av listan på att värderarens roll ändras till mer informerande, vilket också ställer krav på kunskapsnivå och utbudet av utbildning och vägledning för professionella värderare, en uppgift som ska upptas av professionella värderingsorgan. Slutligen fastställs att listan bör bearbetas ytterligare, med utveckling och förtydligande av vissa aspekter för att underlätta insamling av information samt underlätta för värderare att i praktiken kunna använda den som ett komplement i värderingsarbetet.
The real estate market has shown an increased demand among real estate appraisers for a tool to facilitate the implementation of green building features into the valuation process, and for investors to discern a specific green feature’s impact upon value. The wide range of green building rating systems used on the real estate market today causes difficulties in comparison. To supplement the valuation report with an extended description of the properties including a systematic presentation of relevant features from a sustainability perspective, RICS (2012) has formed a draft of a ”sustainability checklist”, which purpose is to highlight differences, increase the supply of information and enhance transparency in the property market. The study aims to investigate the development, design and function of a sustainability checklist, and whether it can be implemented on public properties. A list was created based on the draft from RICS ”Sustainability Checklist”, and interviewed players in the real estate market, which were implemented on a specific project consisting of a public building. The result of the study was analysed and has formed the basis of the conclusions drawn. The result of the study conducted within this thesis shows that the list based on RICS ”Sustainability Checklist” with sustainability aspects included can be implemented also on public buildings, as these buildings possess similar features as the commercial buildings. Some main differences can be seen, overall resulting from: budget constraints, local conditions and regulations from the municipality and other parties. Also, the choice of a certain green building rating system influence the effect on the outcome, whereas a close relationship can be find between certain aspects within the sustainability checklist and green building rating systems, and the commercial real estate developers increasingly chose to certify their buildings with the international systems, which are more complex and contain a higher number of aspects. However, in order to achieve a successful implementation of the list among appraisers within the real estate market, the role of the valuer must change to more informative, which also make demands on the level of knowledge and the provision of training and guidance for professional appraisers, a task to be undertaken by professional valuators. Furthermore, it is also established within this study that the list should be further processed and modified in order to facilitate the gathering of information and to simplify for the appraiser to use it as a supplement within the valuation process.

The concept of temperature dependent sex determination (TSD) has been somewhat of an evolutionary enigma for many decades and has had increased attention with the growing predictions of a changing climate, particularly in species that are already threatened or endangered. TSD taxa of concern include marine turtles, which go through various life stages covering a range of regions. This, in turn, creates difficulties in addressing basic demographic questions. Secondary sex ratios (from life stages post-hatchling) were investigated by capturing juvenile green turtles (Chelonia mydas), 22.6-60.9 cm in straight carapace length (SCL), from three developmental areas along the east coast of Florida (a region known to have important juvenile aggregations) by analyzing circulating testosterone levels. All three aggregations exhibited significant female biases with an overall ratio of 3.2:1 (female: male). The probability of a turtle being female increased as the size of the individual decreased. Ratios obtained in this study were slightly less female-biased, but not significantly different, than those observed in the late 1990s. However, they were significantly more biased than those found in a late 1980s pilot study. The shift to significantly female-biased ratios may be beneficial to a recovering population, an evolutionary adaptation, and is common among juvenile aggregations. A more skewed female bias in smaller size classes may be indicative of recent, warmer periods during incubation on the nesting beaches. This female bias could become more exaggerated if temperatures meet future climate warming predictions.
M.S.
Masters
Biology
Sciences
Biology

This study examines the LEED-ND pilot rating program created by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), the Congress for New Urbanism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) in 2007. The rating system is evaluated based on its application as a broad set of national standards meant to encourage green neighborhood development. The main case study is a master planned community in semi-rural Paso Robles, California. Among other things, the study discovers problems related to the application of the rating system in semi-rural and rural regions of the Western United States. Both the standards used by the rating system and the certification process itself were considered through a case study methodology.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-89).
Preservation of buildings is an important process for both cultural and environmental sustainability. Buildings are frequently demolished and rebuilt long before necessitated by structural or material deterioration, wasting both materials and energy. Preservation can be seen as the ultimate form of recycling; it allows existing buildings to be updated and retrofitted for continued use, optimizing the longevity of the structure while protecting its cultural significance. Currently, there is a lack of motivation and regulation for choosing preservation over new construction. The LEED guidelines give only a small number of points for building reuse, and frequently historic restrictions interfere with measures that would produce the same types of energy savings seen in new construction. This project will use several case studies, including the preservation of Pier A in New York City's Battery Park, as examples of contemporary restoration projects that have received or are anticipating LEED ratings. I will look at these projects in the context of current LEED guidelines and proposed future revisions to investigate how the LEED system addresses issues regarding preservation, and how they could be improved to encourage more sustainable renovation practices.
by Lori Ferriss.
M.Eng.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Cities are at the core of current environmental problems and, conversely, may host the solutions for them. They are the defining ecological phenomenon of the twenty-first century. Natural patterns and processes within cities might be a means toward an ecological regeneration of their bioregions through a symbiotic relationship between them. In this context, design has a great potential to reshape cities, transforming them for improved living conditions and balanced ecological systems. Considering buildings and landscapes as reciprocal entities within a system is a great opportunity for design innovation and increased performance with an active engagement between people and nature. By assuming the ecosystem services approach as a reference for highest ecological performance when multiple ecosystem services are provided within a system, this dissertation proposes an urban ecosystem services framework and the concept of service providing design for assessing architecture and landscape architecture. This framework is the basis to analyze three rating systems that are the most relevant standards for sustainable and regenerative design of architecture and landscape architecture, being the Living Building Challenge â , LEED â , and Sustainable SITES Initiative â . Furthermore, two architecture and landscape architecture certified and high-performance projects are analyzed. Based on the analysis, other ecosystem services beyond those proposed in the framework are identified, being renewable energy sources and active living. Some ecosystem services considered are not required by the rating systems, and not provided by the projects, being medicinal resources, pollination, and spiritual experience. Although required, food production is not provided in the projects studied due to a scale issue as they are located in densely occupied urban sites. Moreover, SITES is currently more related to ecosystem services than LEED, which suggests that the ecosystem services framework has a great potential as a tool to explore the relationship of building design criteria and natural systems and cycles. Although most ecosystem services are identified as provided by the two assessed projects, their performance suggests that they are not yet fully integrated to the natural ecosystem. This fact corroborates to the necessary next step for defining the Urban Ecosystem Services Framework in a quantitative approach with a hierarchical organization of the ecosystem services. Rigorously addressing the ecosystem services approach in LEED, SITES, and other rating systems will help integrate ecological regeneration processes in architecture, landscape architecture, and cities.

Green building, as an environmentally responsible and resource-efficient product, has emerged in recent decades. Along with the growing interest in green building design and operating practices, a number of green building certification standards and rating systems have been developed by different organizations worldwide. Those rating systems allow government regulators, building professionals, and consumers to embrace green building with confidence. Many recent studies find that LEED and Energy Star certified commercial buildings gain significant rental and sales price premiums and have higher occupancy rates. However, little research has been conducted to measure the market value of certified multi-family residential buildings, for instance, green condominiums. This study investigates the price effects of LEED certification on condominium real estate assets in a local housing market, in this case Portland, Oregon. The overall dataset is developed by combining information from Metro's Regional Land Information System (RLIS) and LEED certifications by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). A hedonic pricing model is employed to measure the effects of certification levels on sales prices. The model results indicate that, compared to non-certified condominiums in Portland, green certified properties have a 5.8 percent sales price premium on average. The result of this study confirms that LEED condominiums exhibit higher sales prices controlling for location- and property-specific factors.

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University, Construction Management Program, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 12, 2008). Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 284-286).

The following paper will explore the future of sustainable building practices as it relates to building design rating systems and whether building design rating systems are effective in conserving energy and resources in the construction of new buildings. This paper will begin by highlighting some of the general principles behind sustainable design practices, and the challenges of determining if building design rating systems are utilized effectively towards the goal of sustainability. In addition, the paper will highlight issues specific to ongoing litigation in Gifford v. U.S. Green Building Council and allegations made within the lawsuit that question the methodology and efficacy of building design rating systems. How political and ideological influences have propelled sustainability practices into the mainstream, and to what extent government is and should be involved in regulating building design rating systems will also be explored. Lastly, how will new energy performance and sustainable design methodologies, which are now being required in the law, affect the professional liability of building design professionals in the future?
B.A. and B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies

Reducing and managing the environmental impacts of building structures has become a priority of building stakeholders and within the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) community; although, conflicting approaches and methods to combat the issues are present. For example, green building standards are widespread throughout the world; however each one has its own characteristics and consequently its own specific requirements. While all have proven to be effective rating systems and have similar requirements, the distinguishing characteristic that separates them is their treatment of performance and prescriptive metrics. The feature they all severely lack or currently limit is the inclusion of strict engineering evaluation through energy simulations; hence, the reason why they fail to offer procedural steps to meet performance metrics. How can design professionals design energy efficient buildings with such constraints? Fortunately, advances in technology have allowed design professionals access to content found in Building Information Modeling (BIM). However, extracting pertinent information for specific use in energy analysis is problematic because BIM software currently available is filled with interoperability issues when placed in external software for energy analysis and energy analysis software itself is created with many assumptions that affect the tabulated energy results. This research investigates current building rating systems, determines how current professionals meet energy requirements, and prove that it is possible to create an add-on feature to Autodesk Revit that will allow design professionals to extract the needed information to meet energy goals with actual prescribed methods of mechanical systems selection and evaluation.

Thesis (D.Eng.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.
Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 8, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 321-343). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in in print.

In urbanized areas, building and transportation systems generally comprise the majority of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption. Realization of global environmental sustainability depends upon efficiency improvements of building and transportation systems in the built environment. The selection of efficient buildings and locations can help to improve the efficient utilization of transportation and building systems. Green building design and rating frameworks provide some guidance and incentive for the development of more efficient building and transportation systems. However, current frameworks are based primarily on prescriptive, component standards, rather than performance-based, whole-building evaluations. This research develops a commercial building/site evaluation framework for the minimization of GHG emissions and energy consumption of transportation and building systems through building/site selection. The framework examines, under uncertainty, multiple dimensions of building/site operation efficiencies: transportation access to/from a building site; heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and domestic hot water; interior and exterior lighting; occupant conveyances; and energy supply. With respect to transportation systems, the framework leverages regional travel demand model data to estimate the activity associated with home-based work and non-home-based work trips. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to quantify the dispersion in the estimated trip distances, travel times, and mode choice. The travel activity estimates are linked with a variety of existing calculation resources for quantifying energy consumption and GHG emissions. With respect to building systems, the framework utilizes a building energy simulation approach to estimate energy consumption and GHG emissions. The building system calculation procedures include a sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo analysis to account for the impacts of input parameter uncertainty on estimated building performance. The framework incorporates a life cycle approach to performance evaluation, thereby incorporating functional units of building/site performance (e.g energy use intensity). The evaluation framework is applied to four case studies of commercial office development in the Atlanta, GA metropolitan region that represent a potential range of building/site alternatives for a 100-employee firm in an urbanized area. The research results indicate that whole-building energy and GHG emissions are sensitive to building/site location, and that site-related transportation is the major determinant of performance. The framework and findings may be used to support the development of quantitative performance evaluations for building/site selection in green building rating systems and other efficiency incentive programs designed to encourage more efficient utilization and development of the built environment.

xii, 145 p. : ill. (some col.), maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
In an effort to confront global warming and the increasing scarcity of resources, the preservation community began several years ago to adopt sustainable and green building practices and metrics for historic rehabilitation projects. As a result, there is an ever growing number of rehabilitated historic buildings in the United States not only incorporating sustainable building designs but also achieving Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification. Most of these are large, architect-designed buildings in urban settings rehabilitated for cultural and commercial uses. This thesis explores the application of the LEED 2009 New Construction and Major Renovation Rating System for the development of a sustainable rehabilitation plan for the modest vernacular 1897 Jeff. Smith's Parlor Museum in Skagway, Alaska. The goal of this research is to demonstrate how the LEED rating system might be applied to the rehabilitation of this building and other historic vernacular buildings.
Committee in Charge: Donald L. Peting, Chair; Grant Crosby, NPS Historical Architect

The theory of sustainable development has received worldwide acceptance, and is characterised by the protection of environmental quality, social justice and economic development to ensure a quality of life for future generations. The concepts of sustainable development have transcended to all aspects of society, including the built environment through the Habitat Agenda and building sustainability rating tools. The thesis investigates the implications of sustainable development on how it relates to the building construction industry in South Africa. The study sought to evaluate the extent of consideration and motivation for the incorporation of sustainability criteria in building design, using the case of the South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity wet collection facility in Grahamstown. The goal of the thesis was achieved by evaluating sustainability considerations and barriers to adoption of sustainability criteria in the design of the SAlAB building, the rating of the building against the LEED ™ criteria, and evaluation of the applicability of the LEED ™ in the South African context. The importance of the research emanates from the fact that, despite the proliferation of sustainable development and sustainability rating tools in the world, there is no widely used building sustainability rating tool in South Africa, even though the country is industrialising with a very active built environment. The study therefore contributes to the body of knowledge necessary for the implementation of a building rating tool in the country, through an understanding of barriers to implementation. The research method used in the study was a case study with the intention of obtaining the design professional's considerations and challenges in the context of designing the SAIAB building. The case study used multiple data collection methods, with primary information obtained from interviews of professionals involved in the design of the building, whilst additional information was from analysis of technical drawings and review of literature on the subject. The findings of the research showed that there is an understanding of sustainability and consideration in the building industry even though there is no targeted intent to meet sustainability goals. The barriers to building sustainability were identified as lack of regulation, incentives, access to land, awareness, availability of professional codes and standards, economic costs and capacity. These barriers translated into a relatively low score, a silver rating for the SAlAB building when using the LEEDTM rating system. The implications of the findings suggests a need for the development of a comprehensive building sustainability rating tool suited for the South African context, with performance standards and a technical manual to support it. This should however be done in an environment where sustainability goals are supported by regulation and incentives have been developed.

A common issue that is shared among Android smartphones users was and still related to saving their batteries power and to avoid the need of using any recharging resources. The tremendous increase in smartphone usage is clearly accompanied by an increase in the need for more energy. This preoperational relationship between modern technology and energy generates energy-greedy apps, and therefore power-hungry end users. With many apps falling under the same category in an app store, these apps usually share similar functionality. Because developers follow different design and development schools, each app has its own energy-consumption habits. Since apps share similar features, an end-user with limited access to recharging resources would prefer an energy-friendly app rather than a popular energy-greedy app. However, app stores give no indication about the energy behaviour of the apps they offer, which causes users to randomly choose apps without understanding their energy-consumption behaviour. Furthermore, with regard to the research questions about the fact that power saving application consumes a lot of electricity, past studies clearly indicate that there is a lot of battery depletion due to several factors. This problem has become a major concern for smartphone users and manufacturers. The main contribution of our research is to design a tool that can act as an effective decision support factor for end users to have an initial indication of the energy-consumption behaviour of an application before installing it. The core idea of the “before-installation” philosophy is simplified by the contradicting concept of installing the app and then having it monitored and optimized. Since processing requires power, avoiding the consumption of some power in order to conserve a larger amount of power should be our priority. So instead, we propose a preventive strategy that requires no processing on any layer of the smartphone. To address this issue, we propose a star-rating evaluation model (SREM), an approach that generates a tentative energy rating label for each app. To that end, SREM adapts current energy-aware refactoring tools to demonstrate the level of energy consumption of an app and presents it in a star-rating schema similar to the Ecolabels used on electrical home appliances. The SREM will also inspire developers and app providers to come up with multiple energy-greedy versions of the same app in order to suit the needs of different categories of users and rate their own apps. We proposed adding SREM to Google Play store in order to generate the energy-efficiency label for each app which will act as a guide for both end users and developers without running any processes on the end-users smartphone. Our research also reviews relevant existing literature specifically those covering various energy-saving techniques and tools proposed by various authors for Android smartphones. A secondary analysis has been done by evaluating the past research papers and surveys that has been done to assess the perception of the users regarding the phone power from their battery. In addition, the research highlights an issue that the notifications regarding the power saving shown on the screen seems to exploit a lot of battery. Therefore, this study has been done to reflect the ways that could help the users to save the phone battery without using any power from the same battery in an efficient manner. The research offers an insight into new ways that could be used to more effectively conserve smartphone energy, proposing a framework that involves end users on the process.
Um problema comum entre utilizadores de smartphones Android tem sido a necessidade de economizar a energia das baterias, de modo a evitar a utilização de recursos de recarga. O aumento significativo no uso de smartphones tem sido acompanhado por um aumento, também significativo, na necessidade de mais energia. Esta relação operacional entre tecnologia moderna e energia gera aplicações muito exigentes no seu consumo de energia e, portanto, perfis de utilizadores que requerem níveis de energia crescentes. Com muitos das aplicações que se enquadram numa mesma categoria da loja de aplicações (Google Store), essas aplicações geralmente também partilham funcionalidades semelhantes. Como os criadores destas aplicações seguem abordagens diferentes de diversas escolas de design e desenvolvimento, cada aplicação possui as suas próprias caraterísticas de consumo de energia. Como as aplicações partilham recursos semelhantes, um utilizador final com acesso limitado a recursos de recarga prefere uma aplicação que consome menos energia do que uma aplicação mais exigente em termos de consumo energético, ainda que seja popular. No entanto, as lojas de aplicações não fornecem uma indicação sobre o comportamento energético das aplicações oferecidas, o que faz com que os utilizadores escolham aleatoriamente as suas aplicações sem entenderem o correspondente comportamento de consumo de energia. Adicionalmente, no que diz respeito à questão de investigação, a solução de uma aplicação de economia de energia consume muita eletricidade, o que a torna limitada; estudos anteriores indicam claramente que há muita perda de bateria devido a vários fatores, não constituindo solução para muitos utilizadores e para os fabricantes de smartphones. A principal contribuição de nossa pesquisa é projetar uma ferramenta que possa atuar como um fator de suporte à decisão eficaz para que os utilizadores finais tenham uma indicação inicial do comportamento de consumo de energia de uma aplicação, antes de a instalar. A ideia central da filosofia proposta é a de atuar "antes da instalação", evitando assim a situação em se instala uma aplicação para perceber à posteriori o seu impacto no consumo energético e depois ter que o monitorizar e otimizar (talvez ainda recorrendo a uma aplicação de monitorização do consumo da bateria, o que agrava ainda mais o consumo energético). Assim, como o processamento requer energia, é nossa prioridade evitar o consumo de alguma energia para conservar uma quantidade maior de energia. Portanto, é proposta uma estratégia preventiva que não requer processamento em nenhuma camada do smartphone. Para resolver este problema, é proposto um modelo de avaliação por classificação baseado em níveis e identificado por estrelas (SREM). Esta abordagem gera uma etiqueta de classificação energética provisória para cada aplicação. Para isso, o SREM adapta as atuais ferramentas de refatoração com reconhecimento de energia para demonstrar o nível de consumo de energia de uma aplicação, apresentando o resultado num esquema de classificação por estrelas semelhante ao dos rótulos ecológicos usados em eletrodomésticos. O SREM também se propõe influenciar quem desenvolve e produz as aplicações, a criarem diferentes versões destas, com diferentes perfis de consumo energético, de modo a atender às necessidades de diferentes categorias de utilizadores e assim classificar as suas próprias aplicações. Para avaliar a eficiência do modelo como um complemento às aplicações da loja Google Play, que atuam como uma rotulagem para orientação dos utilizadores finais. A investigação também analisa a literatura existente relevante, especificamente a que abrange as várias técnicas e ferramentas de economia de energia, propostas para smartphones Android. Uma análise secundária foi ainda realizada, focando nos trabalhos de pesquisa que avaliam a perceção dos utilizadores em relação à energia do dispositivo, a partir da bateria. Em complemento, a pesquisa destaca um problema de que as notificações sobre a economia de energia mostradas na tela parecem explorar muita bateria. Este estudo permitiu refletir sobre as formas que podem auxiliar os utilizadores a economizar a bateria do telefone sem usar energia da mesma bateria e, mesmo assim, o poderem fazer de maneira eficiente. A pesquisa oferece uma visão global das alternativas que podem ser usadas para conservar com mais eficiência a energia do smartphone, propondo um modelo que envolve os utilizadores finais no processo.
Un problème fréquent rencontré par les utilisateurs de smartphones Android a été, tout en l’étant toujours, d’économiser leur batterie et d’éviter la nécessité d’utiliser des ressources de recharge. La croissance considérable de l’utilisation des smartphones s’accompagne clairement d’une augmentation des besoins en énergie. Cette relation préopérationnelle entre la technologie moderne et l’énergie génère des applications gourmandes en énergie, et donc des utilisateurs finaux qui le sont tout autant. De nombreuses applications relevant de la même catégorie dans une boutique partagent généralement des fonctionnalités similaires. Étant donné que les développeurs adoptent différentes approches de conception et de développement, chaque application a ses propres caractéristiques de consommation d’énergie. Comme les applications partagent des fonctionnalités similaires, un utilisateur final disposant d’un accès limité aux ressources de recharge préférerait une application écoénergétique plutôt qu’une autre gourmande en énergie. Cependant, les boutiques d’applications ne donnent aucune indication sur le comportement énergétique des applications qu’elles proposent, ce qui incite les utilisateurs à choisir des applications au hasard sans comprendre leurs caractéristiques en ce domaine. En outre, en ce qui concerne les questions de recherche sur le fait que les applications d’économie d’énergie consomment beaucoup d’électricité, des études antérieures indiquent clairement que la décharge d’une batterie est due à plusieurs facteurs. Ce problème est devenu une préoccupation majeure pour les utilisateurs et les fabricants de smartphones. La principale contribution de notre étude est de concevoir un outil qui peut agir comme un facteur d’aide efficace à la décision pour que les utilisateurs finaux aient une indication initiale du comportement de consommation d’énergie d’une application avant de l’installer. L’idée de base de la philosophie « avant l’installation » est simplifiée par le concept contradictoire d’installer l’application pour ensuite la contrôler et l’optimiser. Puisque les opérations de traitement exigent de l’énergie, éviter la consommation d’une partie d’entre elles pour l’économiser devrait être notre priorité. Nous proposons donc une stratégie préventive qui ne nécessite aucun traitement sur une couche quelconque du smartphone. Pour résoudre ce problème, nous proposons un modèle d’évaluation au moyen d’étoiles (star-rating evaluation model ou SREM), une approche qui génère une note énergétique indicative pour chaque application. À cette fin, le SREM adapte les outils actuels de refactoring sensibles à l’énergie pour démontrer le niveau de consommation d’énergie d’une application et la présente dans un schéma de classement par étoiles similaire aux labels écologiques utilisés sur les appareils électroménagers. Le SREM incitera également les développeurs et les fournisseurs d’applications à mettre au point plusieurs versions avides d’énergie d’une même application afin de répondre aux besoins des différentes catégories d’utilisateurs et d’évaluer leurs propres applications. Nous avons proposé d’ajouter le SREM au Google Play Store afin de générer le label d’efficacité énergétique pour chaque application. Celui-ci servira de guide à la fois pour les utilisateurs finaux et les développeurs sans exécuter de processus sur le smartphone des utilisateurs finaux. Notre recherche passe également en revue la littérature existante pertinente, en particulier celle qui couvre divers outils et techniques d’économie d’énergie proposés par divers auteurs pour les smartphones Android. Une analyse secondaire a été effectuée en évaluant les documents de recherche et les enquêtes antérieurs qui ont été réalisés pour évaluer la perception des utilisateurs concernant l’alimentation téléphonique depuis leur batterie. En outre, l’étude met en évidence un problème selon lequel les notifications concernant les économies d’énergie affichées à l’écran semblent elles-mêmes soumettre les batteries à une forte utilisation. Par conséquent, cette étude a été entreprise pour refléter les façons qui pourraient aider les utilisateurs à économiser efficacement la batterie de leur téléphone sans pour autant la décharger. L’étude offre un bon aperçu des nouvelles façons d’économiser plus efficacement l’énergie des smartphones, en proposant un cadre qui implique les utilisateurs finaux dans le processus.

碩士
國立交通大學
工學院碩士在職專班永續環境科技組
96
Vehicle exhaust emission is one of the major reasons to cause air pollution and greenhouse gas accumulation. In order to resolve these problems, in addition to establishing stringent standards, green rating of vehicles is an effective strategy. Although the government has implemented a similar vehicle rating, the items considered are primarily adopted from administrative standards, and major factors such as the environmental impacts induced from vehicle exhaust emissions were not assessed. In other countries, several vehicle green rating methods have been made available, with the environmental impacts from vehicle production and usage stages and factors such as environmental damage cost, resource consumption, and pollution quantity being evaluated. However, these methods are not applicable in Taiwan because data availability and some local characteristics are significantly different. This study had thus developed a domestic green vehicle rating method. The method includes four major steps: analyzing various environmental impacts of vehicle, establishing green indexes, developing an aggregate green indicator, and applying the aggregate indicator to evaluate major vehicles used in Taiwan. The environmental impacts from the four stages of vehicle production, use, maintenance, and scrap were analyzed. Evaluation items such as energy consumption, air pollution, greenhouse gas, material, waste, and noise were included, and the approach for computing the index associated to each item was formulated. Since it is not easy to make the vehicle comparison by multiple green indices, the Data Envelopment Analysis and Common Weight methods were used to develop an aggregate indicator. Vehicle models selected for this study were made between July-2005 and June-2006 and their total sold volume was over 50 % of the Taiwan market. The developed aggregate indicator was applied to these vehicle models and its applicability for green vehicle evaluation was demonstrated and discussed. The proposed method and indicator are expected to facilitate the green rating analysis of major vehicles in Taiwan.

The United States Green Building Council's (USGBC's) Leadership in Energy and Design Green Building Rating System (LEED) is a product of its time and place. It is a fundamental assumption of this thesis that the most conscious, effective change is made through an understanding of causes and origins. That context is one of underlying North American values, as represented by North American consumer culture, environmentalism, and worldview. Having its origins in consumer culture, green consumerism is a paradox which addresses superficial change but not the underlying values and worldviews that drive large-scale change. North American environmentalism is uniquely wilderness-focussed and biophilic. And North American worldviews are undergoing a shift, or integration, which has consequences for the development of LEED. If the values of a consumer culture are embedded in LEED, and, if those values are opposed to that of a sustainable culture, then what will be the ultimate effect of LEED on the drive to increased building sustainability? By elaborating on the socio-cultural and conceptual origins from which LEED has arisen, which includes the creative tension between the environmental and industry groups that created it, the LEED system becomes contextualized and internal motivations illuminated. The implicit value-context is examined via qualitative, theoretical examination of the literature concerning consumer culture, environmentalism and worldviews, while the explicit social context for LEED is addressed through a case study conducted at the Vancouver Island Technology Park (LEED Gold award, 2002). Occupants were surveyed about their attitude toward the LEED label, green building, and environmental labelling in general. It was found that North American consumer culture was evident in how LEED is marketed and delivered. North American environmentalism was evident in the content of LEED performance areas. North American worldviews, both mechanistic and holistic, were evident in how the LEED system could be used, as a checklist for green building features, and/or as a holistic, integrative design tool. Recommendations were given to both environmentalists and industrialists in four areas, concerning LEED system specificity, green consumerism, the potentially problematic effect of technology transfer in other cultural contexts, and the differences between implementing green vs. sustainable building.

碩士
國立成功大學
土木工程學系
105
The development of sustainable construction began from buildings and the establishment of sustainability rating systems gradually went under progress, but the development in roadway sustainability is still in the initial stage. In order to increase the sustainability of roadways, the Construction and Planning Agency proposed the Ecological Green Corridor plan. However, the plan only includes environmental indicators, and the rating level is only used as a reference for determining the sequence of financial subsidy. This research aims to establish a green assessment framework for urban roadways, the main type of roadway construction. By comparing different rating systems of buildings, infrastructure and roadways, important sustainable issues faced in construction were identified. Considering that EEWH (Ecology, Energy saving, Waste reduction, Health) is a well-developed rating system, its principles of developing indicators were referenced to determine the categories of the framework. After the establishment of the framework, indicators were selected based on the comparison of indicators and the characteristics of urban roadways. Since the details of an indicator require knowledge of different disciplines, this research did not include the detailed contents of indicators. Instead, this research identified related issues when adjusting indicators, including the width of road, the assessment method, and the weights of indicators. As a research result, the framework includes 8 categories and 45 indicators. The categories are Ecology, Materials, Energy and Water Resource, Waste and Pollution, Communities and Stakeholders, Access and Livability, Economy and Innovation. Besides, issues including the width of road, the type of roadways, and the weights of indicators should be taken into consideration when developing indicators, so that the indicators are better understood and applicable.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
101
“Green Building” is regarded as the basis development of construction industry for the future, and becomes the new paradigm of building design. Today, almost every industrialized country has its own green building rating system, but rarely on explored other systems for universal design. Therefore, this study built “green building evaluation manual, EEWH-BC” and “evaluation standard for green office building” separate from Taiwan and China for feasibility of application on Subtropical green building system. In case of lighting system, establishing data flow from combine different method. The target to conform standard for green office of norms in China which used by energy-saving process in EEWH-BC to provide program for owner meets their requirements.

碩士
中華科技大學
建築工程與環境設計研究所
103
It has been an increasing trend for tourists to request for higher accommodation quality of hotels, therefore more and more hotels are starting to provide variety of better quality services in order to increase their occupancy rate. However, this may cause over consumption on energy and resources. Currently there is no green building rating system specially for hotel buildings or hospitality facilities, therefore developing a green building rating system specially for hotels is necessary for a greener tourism market. The system structure of the Taiwan Green Hotel Rating System is primarily based on Taiwan Environmental Hotel Assessment System developed by Taiwan EPA. The assessment methods of each credit are developed through the study on the available green building and green hotel related assessment methods or rating tools in Taiwan and around the world. A survey for green building professionals, scholars, and hotel operators was conducted to help determine the priority and weighting of the assessment credits. The feasibility of the implementation for hotels in terms of performance and operation improvement is also considered. The Green Hotel Rating System developed by this research incorporates many green building and green operation/maintenance assessment items. It can be used on the design of new hotels as well as the performance improvement of existing hotels, which can make hotels have actual savings with quantitative results through the implementation of this green hotel rating tool. Also the energy and water saving assessment methods of this tool are aligned with existing Taiwan Green Building Code and Standard, which enable the government authorities to provide incentives based on the assessment results of this tool in order to promote the sustainability of the hospitality industry. KEYWORDS: Green Hotel, Green Building Rating System Environmental Hotel.

碩士
國立成功大學
土木工程學系
105
Sustainability has drawn attention from the construction projects including roadways. Ecological issues are a priority on a sustainable construction site. This research developed a set of ecological indicators for urban roadway rating system along with their requirements. Current roadway sustainability rating systems such as Greenroads, Taiwan’s roadway design considerations, and ecological construction methods were analyzed to incorporate ecological issues and requirements. The ecological indicators found suitable for Taiwan’s urban roadway are ecological impact analysis, green intensity, vegetation quality, stormwater best management practices (BMPs) and landscape. After interviewing designers for opinions, the indicator checklists were produced. Ecological impact analysis evaluates the ecological impacts of a project on the environment. Green intensity aims to increase the roadway’s green area and increase the visual quality of a roadway. Vegetation quality is to reduce the impact of invasive vegetation species and improve biodiversity. BMPs help to reduce stormwater flow impacts and improve the water quality of stormwater runoff. Landscape enhances users’ visual experience through visual improvements along the roadway. Each ecological indicator has its own checklist and was verified by using data samples. The results indicate that the checklists are applicable and comply with the regulations for urban roadways in Taiwan.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
101
Variety of green building rating systems have been created and developed all over the world to emphasize the importance of green building and handle the natural environmental impact of common buildings. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is one of the most common green building rating systems used globally. However, it is difficult to apply LEED standard because of its complex requirements. Water conservation is one of categories that contain credits with multiple choice of possible designs. One of its most complex credit is Stormwater Quantity Control.There are many possible combinations of possible designs that even some of them are uncommon in the real applications. Thus, this research has studied and analyzed of many cases examined by Taiwan Green Building Center (GBC) through comprehending index, Stormwater Quantity Control, to be applied into LEED standard. By following design knowledge which are applied into the cases as visible designs and already considered as green building projects, Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) concept is utilized as an efficient method to provide several reliable designs for new cases. CBR concept quickly searches the similar design projects and manages revision of old similar design solution to fit in new cases. Test cases analysis results have shown the effectiveness of this concept by providing decision makers many fit design solutions.

Reused, recycled and regional product criteria within the LEED Green Building rating system are not based on comprehensive environmental assessments and do not ensure a measurable and consistent reduction of environmental burdens. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted for the LEED-certified Medical Sciences Building at the University of Victoria to illustrate how LCA can be used to improve these criteria. It was found that a lack of public LCA data for building products, insufficient reporting transparency and inconsistent data collection methodologies prevent a full incorporation of LCA into LEED. At present, LCA data can be used to determine what building products are generally associated with the highest environmental burdens per unit cost and thus require separate LEED criteria. Provided its deficiencies are rectified in the future, LCA can be fully incorporated into LEED to design environmental burden-based criteria that ensure a measurable and consistent reduction of environmental burdens.

碩士
龍華科技大學
商學與管理研究所
99
Proposed for the EU to reduce damage to ecosystems, environmental pollution, depletion of non-renewable resources and energy and other environmental requirements, requirements of multinational companies have their products must comply with environmental regulations, the supply chain must be more emphasis on environmental issues, and the environment and environmental issues into the entire supply chain process, known as "green supply chain." Enhancement of environmental awareness in the global and national attention and requirements of environmental protection under the product requirements in manufacturing, technology and environmental protection must meet both the production environment; and product development, design and manufacturing environment must be integrated Consider the surface, as required in the procurement of raw materials, are required to meet environmental requirements made of raw materials for the entire product life cycle planning to do for the environment must, therefore, experienced in all stages of product life process, from raw materials extraction, Manufacture to use, waste recycling disposal, must be kind to the environment. Green technology will become an important trend in industrial development is also under development in technology, business and environmental issues of sustainable co-existence worthy of attention. However, suppliers of green supply chain management for the establishment of the main axis of the green one, in which the work is first and foremost a good selection of suppliers and their suppliers with the degree of the quality of the green supply chain to promote the important factor. In the research use of AHP as a basis for supplier selection, the same time, to establish a sequence of selection procedures for the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of data collection, select the selection criteria, assessment score, and adjust the decision weights. In this study, the light-emitting diode (LED) as an example of green procurement and supply of the actual construction of assessment models to provide a selection of qualified suppliers in the industry, the relevant recommendations.

碩士
國立成功大學
土木工程學系
107
When it comes to domestic sustainable construction, green buildings are most commonly seen in Taiwan. However, in recent years, civil engineering has gradually started to address the issue regarding sustainability. Taiwan’s Construction and Planning Agency is in the process of developing a green roadway assessment system to evaluate the sustainability of urban roads in Taiwan. The green roadway assessment system classifies relevant indicators into six categories. This research explores one of the six categories: Construction Waste. The purpose of this research is to establish waste and pollution indicators, as well as compile their requirements and relevant documents. We have referenced domestic waste and pollution regulations, actual roadway construction cases and interviewed practical workers in understanding domestic practices for waste disposal. This study examines five foreign sustainability assessment systems, inspects the requirements of waste and pollution indicators, and combines similar domestic and foreign treatment methods. Through discussion meetings with experts of this field, not only have waste disposal methods suitable for application in Taiwan screened out, but waste and pollution indicators have also been determined. These are then used to evaluate real case studies with a checklist of waste indicators. The results of the study show that waste and pollution indicators suitable for urban roadway include Waste Management and Reuse, “Waste Water Disposal” and Air and Noise Prevention. Waste Management and Reuse assesses the treatment methods used for solid waste. Waste Water Disposal evaluates whether waste water treatment facilities were installed during construction. Air and Noise Prevention focuses on the reduction of environmental impact caused by air and noise pollution. These three indicators are then used to specify the degree of sustainability for implemented waste treatment regarding road works. Lastly, the case studies are assessed, and the checklist of waste indicators is filled in. The scores are then calculated to prove the validity of the three indicators. Assessment results indicate significant room for improvement regarding waste disposal of domestic roadway projects. If designers and constructors can be instructed into adopting measures requested by aforementioned indicators, the overall sustainability of roadways can be enhanced.

碩士
國立中山大學
企業管理學系研究所
93
As the awareness of environment consciousness, European Union passed the The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive(WEEE) Directive on October, 2002. According to this directive, private households will be able to return their WEEE to collection facilities free of charge and producers(manufacturers, sellers, distributors) will be responsible for financing these facilities from August, 2005. After that, EU passed The Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) Directive into law. It affects manufacturers, sellers, distributors and recyclers of electrical and electronic equipment containing lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chrome, polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). After 2006 the use of these materials will be banned in new products sold in Europe. The execution of these two directives will force electronic industry change the attitude that place importance on quality specifications to increase some environmental specifications. Some IC assemblying companys started to implement green supply chain and establish green purchasing specifications to follow the market trend. Vender selection is very important portion in the supply chain management. Base on the green purchasing request, the criterions also need to be revised. This research is trying to establish the green vender selection criterions and find out the weighted point of each criterions by Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) method. The purpose of this research is to set up a green vender rating system that can be applied to the IC assembly industry.

Sustainable development issues and environmental concerns continue to gain headlines as demand within Canada’s residential construction industry escalates. Current construction practices adhere to traditional methods of construction, with inherent weaknesses such as high labour costs, negative environmental impact during and after construction, and minimal technological advancement. Many programs exist to rate building environmental performance, including Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Built Green, which are primarily performance-based, not practice-based evaluations. Considerable research has supported these performance ratings; however, there has been very little research in construction practice ratings. Hence, the purpose of the research presented in this thesis is to bridge this gap by proposing a construction practice rating program in order to challenge builders’ claims of being sustainable. Although rating programs should include measurements of both performance and practice—given that great performance does not equal great practice, particularly if the standard of performance achievement is low, current programs are based on performance alone. The goal of this thesis is to enhance the sustainability of the residential construction practice through the incorporation of sustainability evaluation rating tools. To achieve this goal, a framework has been developed which encompasses sustainability rating tools that include an integrated construction practice rating program, an application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions quantification, and implementation of a mathematical linear optimization model as a tool that minimizes cost while incorporating user-defined preferences and numerous environmental criteria under a green building rating system. CO2 emissions of various house construction stages are quantified and utilized in a 3D BIM. Application of the proposed framework is demonstrated in a case study with findings that show the weak results of sustainability ratings for a particular home builder. Hence, the findings in this research demonstrate a residential builder’s ability to measure his sustainability efforts and enhance construction practices based on a rating analysis. The introduction of BIM for quantifying emissions in the construction process is found to be of significant value.
Construction Engineering and Management

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
104
As risen of environmental awareness, such as carbon reduction and sustainable development, “Green building” has become the direction of structure development in many countries. Taiwan has its own green building rating system, but due to the development of globalization, it still be affected by the development of other countries. Many buildings in Taiwan have both certifications of Taiwan and U.S.A, EEWH and LEED. In academe, the comparison between EEWH and LEED has always been studied. The purpose of the research is to integrate green building rating systems by using materials and equipment. These two things are the basic components of all structures. All the green building rating systems are to assess the materials and equipment, but there are some differences between the methods and contents of assessment. This research takes indoor environmental quality of Taiwan EEWH-BC and U.S LEED-BD+C as scope of studies. To compare the differences of rating systems and simplify the complex process with evaluative elements, and transfer those into materials and evaluative elements. Therefore, to choose proper materials and equipment, we could also create the indoor environment which is accordance with standard of green building.

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is one of the environmental assessment tools available to gauge buildings. This rating system is a voluntary system which does not include financial aspects in the evaluation framework. This poses a challenge for encouraging land development projects, since developers consider financial or economic return as a crucial factor before building a project. It becomes essential to know if market really accepts the economic worth of LEED ratings. This research attempted to find out relationship between economic worth of a land and parameters (measurements), which are essential to earn LEED sustainable rating for public transportation access. To find out this relationship and to recognize power of the LEED measurements to predict the appraised value of a land (dollars per square foot) various statistical models were used and predictive equations produced. The observational units were properties in Harris County, Texas that were unimproved and had zero improvement value. The dependent variable was unit value of the property measured in dollars per square foot. The independent variables were measurements that are required for a parcel to earn LEED sustainable site rating for public transportation access and the area of parcel. Data regarding appraised values and land area were acquired from the Harris County Appraisal District and transportation data was obtained from Houston- Galveston Area Council. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze different models and to develop predictive equations. Findings suggest that LEED green building rating system influences the appraised value, dollars per square foot, of properties. It further implies that market considers the economic effect of the LEED rating system even if this assessment method does not explicitly include financial aspects in the evaluation framework. Findings of this research also suggest that a sustainable feature of a site is related to the economic worth of a related land development project. This will provide encouragement for new sustainable land development projects. This will provide an economic incentive to the owners and developers. Developers will get encouragement to select a site located closer to mass transit networks.

A pilot study had previously demonstrated the utility of a tranquillity prediction tool TRAPT for use in 3 green open spaces in a densely populated area. This allows the calculation of perceived levels of tranquillity in open spaces. The current study expands the range of sites to 8 and importantly considers the views of visitors to these spaces. In total 252 face to face interviews were conducted in these spaces. An important aim of the survey was to determine the extent to which reported tranquillity obtained from the questionnaire survey could be predicted by a previously developed prediction tool TRAPT. A further aim was to determine what additional factors may need to be considered in addition to the purely physical descriptors in TRAPT. The questions included the sounds and sights that were noticed, factors affecting tranquillity as well as questions relating to the benefits of visiting these areas. Predictions were considered satisfactory and could be further improved by taking account of issues surrounding personal safety. Examining the trends in these data it was also shown that the percentage of people feeling more relaxed after visiting the spaces was closely related to overall assessments of perceived tranquillity. Further trends and their implications are presented and discussed in the paper.
Made available in full text March 2014 at the end of the publisher's embargo period.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
104
In the present scenario, sustainable buildings are in high demand. The essential decision for building sustainability are made during the design and preconstruction stages. This can be done by the environmental performance of the material. Leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) is mostly used sustainable building rating system in the developed nations. This thesis studies the influence of construction materials on the CO2 emission and energy use by the residential buildings. The buildings analyzed here are based on an actual two, four, six, eight and ten story. Site for study has been taken for study is Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India. In order to develop a set of ‘benchmarks’, this research modelled the performance of ecofriendly and non-ecofriendly building materials on the similar residential buildings, located in the climate of Delhi in India. The baseline building is being constructed in reinforced concrete, steel, cement, etc. alternative versions have been same building with different material in two category such as ecofriendly (Wood, Mud) and Non-ecofriendly material (concrete). The analysis of each case study includes the calculation of annually carbon emission and energy use. The energy use and carbon dioxide emission of the buildings was simulated using Revit software. Then we have compared baseline model with ecofriendly material and non-ecofriendly material and found that we can save more energy use and carbon dioxide emission by using ecofriendly material in comparison of Non-ecofriendly material. And also we have proved that we can achieve more points in green rating system by using eco-friendly material in comparison of non-ecofriendly material. We have calculated the point in IGBC leed green rating system according to simulation result. Following are the calculated point for different material used- Mud: Annual energy use cast in the case of mud is $96 so we save 95% energy in comparison with base line. Thus got 15 points. Wood: Annual energy use cast in the case of wood is $864 so we save 51% energy in comparison with base line. Thus got 15 points. Concrete: Annual energy use cast in the case of mud is $1439 so we save 18% energy in comparison with base line. Thus got 9 points. As per result we clearly see that by using wood & mud we are able to save more than 32%. So we can get all 15 point in enhanced energy efficiency credit. And if we use concrete then we are able to save only 18 % so we can get 9 points only. In sustainable building material credit we can archive 8 points but we can only consider 2 point for our project cause in this work we are only considering local available material, we are not recycled, reuse salvaged material, materials with recycled content. So here we got 2 point. For Wood Based Materials (1-2 Points), we only got point in wood based building. These findings are of significance as for as ecofriendly construction materials are concerned.

Environmental sustainability in regards to infrastructure and the built environment is a significant consideration for the Department of National Defence (DND). As the 2nd largest landowner in Canada, the DND is making great efforts to operate in a sustainable manner through the creation and implementation of sustainable building policies. Meeting the green/sustainable buildings requirements of the recent Federal Sustainable Development Strategy, and the 2006 DND Sustainable Development Strategy to achieve accreditation within generic green building systems, has proven to be extremely challenging given the mandate and the nature of Canadian Forces (CF) operations, both domestically and overseas. This line of research was conducted in order to identify the unique requirements and the sustainability factors/criteria that are applicable to the CF / DND and to investigate how to best align these requirements within the context of sustainable development strategies. Input data was obtained through an analysis of literature and relevant documents, as well as a series of interviews with individuals at all levels within the Federal Government. The result of this research undertaking was, in part, the creation of a Sustainable Development for DND based on a thorough, comprehensive and internationally-investigated factor selection process. These results illustrate the importance for the DND to consider implementing a department-specific sustainable building strategy; one that is more representative of the unique type of infrastructure DND owns and operates. The results of such an investigation can surely be used to assist with best practices and strategic policies within DND and to potentially influence policies at the Federal level of governance in this regard. The ultimate goal of this thesis was to establish the policy framework with a view for DND to develop and implement its own unique Sustainability Standard.
Thesis (Master, Environmental Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-11-29 14:21:37.63

Microalgae produce large quantities of lipids that can be used for biofuel feedstock. The goal of this project was to determine the effect of several engineering and management parameters on the productivity of microalgae cultivated in large, outdoor facilities. The specific objectives were focused on the effects of inoculation ratios; the effects of light, temperature, and culture depth on growth; and the minimum circulation velocity necessary to maintain growth and minimize settling in open ponds. Microalgae must first be cultured in smaller quantities before the raceway is inoculated for optimized growth. Concentration ratios are defined as the ratio of the volume of microalgae inoculum to the volume of new growth media. The microalgae species used was Nannochloris oculata (UTEX #LB 1998). Inoculation ratios studied varied from 1:1 to 1:32 and were grown in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks. The study found that 1:16 and 1:32 were too dilute, while the 1:8 concentration had the largest growth rate. Determination of the effects of temperature, light intensity, and cultivation depth is critical to maintaining healthy cultures. Excess light intensity can result in photoinhibition and temperatures above the maximum growing tolerance can have detrimental effects. These factors can affect growth and evidence suggests an interaction that exacerbates these effects. In an outdoor culture there are few practical control variables other than pond depth. As cultivation depth increases, the algae undergo "selfshading" and the increased cultivation volume hinders temperature changes. Scaled raceway ponds were maintained at 10.16 cm (4 inch) and 13.97 cm (5.5 inch) depths. The species used was Nannochloris oculata and it was found to grow best at 785 micromol m⁻² s⁻¹m^-2 s^-1, 20°C, and 10.16 cm. Diatoms are attractive because of high growth rates, faster lipid production, and greater cell density. The latter promotes rapid settling once mixing has stopped. Because of the silica cell wall composition, diatoms are believed to be more susceptible to shear forces which can result in lysis. Determining the natural settling rate to the minimum channel velocity relationship in cultivation ponds was the objective. No flocculants/coagulants were added which created a case of "natural" settling. Four pennate Nitzschia sp. and one centric diatom were tested in a jar tester. There was no significant difference in settling times between the species. The mean settling time was 4.55 cm min⁻¹ and the minimum channel velocity was determined to be 10.12 cm min⁻¹.

La conscientisation quant aux enjeux environnementaux n'a cessé de croître au cours des vingt dernières années. Dans le milieu de la construction, comme dans bien d'autres secteurs de nos sociétés, cette conscientisation a donné naissance depuis une dizaine d'années à un foisonnement de programmes volontaires pour les bâtiments. Ainsi, on assiste à l'édification d'un nombre croissant de bâtiments appelés « verts » ou encore « durables ». L'utilisation de ces qualificatifs semble faire l'objet d'une certaine confusion, plusieurs y ayant recours comme s'il s'agissait de synonymes. Le système d'évaluation LEED®, actuellement le programme volontaire en construction le plus influent dans le monde, ajoute à cette confusion conceptuelle dans sa version canadienne. Cette recherche examine le fonctionnement du système d'évaluation LEED Canada NC 1.0 en tant qu'outil de développement durable pour le secteur de la construction. Puisque ce mémoire se penche sur un phénomène relativement récent, nous avons privilégié l'étude de cas pour notre stratégie de recherche en ayant recours à l'observation participante et à l'analyse documentaire pour effectuer la cueillette de données. Comme cadre d'analyse, ce travail se structure autour des principes de construction durable de la norme ISO 15392. Si la littérature semble considérer le système LEED d'abord comme un programme de performance environnementale, notre recherche démontre que ce programme réussit à intégrer en partie les principes du développement durable pour le secteur de la construction. Aussi, les lacunes principales du programme dans le projet étudié se situent dans la faible prise en compte des acteurs touchés par un projet LEED, la transparence déficiente et une évaluation manquante quant aux phases d'utilisation et de fin de vie utile du bâtiment. Toutefois, nous sommes d'avis que le système LEED-NC constitue un outil en constante évolution. En ce sens, il nous apparaît un outil de développement durable en devenir. Il est en effet possible qu'une version du programme puisse, dans un futur proche, intégrer les aspects actuellement négligés du développement durable. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : développement durable, construction, éco-construction, bâtiments verts, bâtiments durables, LEED®.