Journal articles on the topic 'Green movement – Portugal – Case studies'

In this article, we intend to show the paradox of Portuguese feminist liberation psychology, a discipline that is present inside the practical domain of social interventions, but remains unnamed. We aim to reveal examples of the few practices of feminist liberation psychology that exist in Portugal in order to inscribe them into the academic field. This article emphasizes some experiences from one grassroots movement that could be considered feminist psychology and liberation-psychology practices. Using a historical background, we focus on Portuguese social-political aspects including the feminist movement. Then, through a case study, we explore the grassroots movement Graal, whose projects were very influenced by the writings of Paulo Freire, on pedagogy of liberation. The concern with liberating oppressed groups is visible through the work of the Graal and shows the importance of collective action through conscientization.

The article discusses the contribution of pedagogical proposals by the High/Scope Foundation and by Portuguese Modern School Association (M.E.M.) for the implementation of Differentiated Pedagogy.Although Portugal has, since 2001, a law that apply the flexible curriculum approach, it is urgent that schools are "effectively for all".The pedagogical models most well-known in Portugal are the High/Scope model and the M.E.M. model (Gomes, 2011).We made an exhaustive analysis of the principles underlying the Differentiated Pedagogy and the principles and proposals of those models.Then, with the case studies made simultaneously, into the classrooms where the models are implemented, we debate the congruence with the respective theoretical lines and the principles of Differentiated Pedagogy.Both models are according of Differentiated Pedagogy theory and can be an excellent contribution to the quality of the way we want to tread, so that "the front of the school mitigate inequalities and simultaneously so that the level of education rises" (Perrenoud, 2000, p 19).

This article presents a case study looking at the social upheavals generated by the presence of young Brazilian women in a town in northern Portugal (Bragança) with strong traditionalist traits. Due to their situation as prostitutes, seducers and immigrants, these women were regarded as disturbing the social order. A number of women of the town, calling themselves the Mothers of Bragança, organized themselves into a social movement to drive the Brazilian women out of the town, accusing them of bewitching their husbands with charms and magic. Focusing on issues of social change, the research takes up the challenge of interpreting the mothers’ movement, the stereotypes associated with this movement and the Brazilian incomers, and also certain dilemmas of masculinity.

In Aveiro (NW coast of Portugal), a coastal monitoring programme was carried out in sequence of a shoreface nourishment intervention (over than 2 M m3) performed in 2020. In this programme, almost one year of biweekly subaerial topographies and quarterly bathymetric surveys have been collected along a 10 km coastal stretch between June 2020 and June 2021. In this study, topographic and bathymetric surveys were analysed to assess the expectation that if the shoreface nourishment is located in sufficiently shallow water depths, its landward movement will feed adjacent beaches and, consequently, increase the subaerial beach volume. Results show that the subaerial beach volume is well correlated with the 1.05 m (above MSL) isoline displacement through time. While the seaward limit of the shoreface nourishment moved landwards about 200 m, the shoreline proxy (isoline of 1.05 m) displayed a maximum seaward displacement of 60 m. The displacement of the shoreline proxy was highly variable in space, along the 10 km coastal stretch, and also in time, during storm events. During such events, both landward and seawards displacement of the shoreline proxy took place, depending on the spatial position. Moreover, while beaches close to the initial shoreface nourishment intervention displayed faster accretion patterns than those located farther away, the well-defined onshore movement of the shoreface nourishment did not result in a considerable beach volume increase. The achieved results were also compared against case studies of shoreface nourishments with similar volumes performed worldwide.

In Aveiro (NW coast of Portugal), a coastal monitoring programme was carried out in sequence of a shoreface nourishment intervention (over than 2 M m3) performed in 2020. In this programme, almost one year of biweekly subaerial topographies and quarterly bathymetric surveys have been collected along a 10 km coastal stretch between June 2020 and June 2021. In this study, topographic and bathymetric surveys were analysed to assess the expectation that if the shoreface nourishment is located in sufficiently shallow water depths, its landward movement will feed adjacent beaches and, consequently, increase the subaerial beach volume. Results show that the subaerial beach volume is well correlated with the 1.05 m (above MSL) isoline displacement through time. While the seaward limit of the shoreface nourishment moved landwards about 200 m, the shoreline proxy (isoline of 1.05 m) displayed a maximum seaward displacement of 60 m. The displacement of the shoreline proxy was highly variable in space, along the 10 km coastal stretch, and also in time, during storm events. During such events, both landward and seawards displacement of the shoreline proxy took place, depending on the spatial position. Moreover, while beaches close to the initial shoreface nourishment intervention displayed faster accretion patterns than those located farther away, the well-defined onshore movement of the shoreface nourishment did not result in a considerable beach volume increase. The achieved results were also compared against case studies of shoreface nourishments with similar volumes performed worldwide.

Passive solar control solutions have been widely used in buildings in tropic countries like Malaysia. It is assumed that these solutions may notably control the heat-gain of buildings. However, there is a lack of empirical studies that assess the extent of green-glazed techniques to sufficiently control solar heat-gain. The current study uses a case study approach to examine the thermal indoor performance, particularly the near-glazed workplace area. The performance of the ST Diamond Building (in Putra Jaya, Malaysia) has been examined in terms of: outdoor/indoor dry bulb temperature; glass surface temperature; heat flux through glazing; outdoor/indoor air movement; lux and; solar radiation. The results of the field analysis indicated that ST Diamond Building’s green-glazed solutions are efficient to control solar heat gain, which in turn will lead to reduce energy consumption for controlling solar heat loads.

The European Green Deal defined by the European Commission on December 2019 presents an ambitious set of measures for the European Union and its citizens to accomplish the challenge of climate change, making Europe until 2050 the first neutral continent, where there are no net emissions of greenhouse gases. The Passive House (PH) concept has the same ambitious goal, targeting the reduction of the carbon footprint while promoting a construction design that gives primacy to the optimum energy balance, assuring comfort and quality with a minimum impact on the final building cost and operation. However, the PH concept is still not an easy process to implement in the traditional construction sector, especially in South European territory, as is the case of Portugal. Contextually, the present study through the discussion of a case study research method applied to European PH successful experience, has defined guidelines for the implementation of this concept within sustainable development principles. The methodology strategy starts with the information collection from Hanover, Brussels, and Tyrol case studies. Then, a statement regarding the current situation of Portugal in respect of the PH numbers and policies was performed. Moreover, the information gathered, as well as the experience of learnt lessons, were compared to the Portuguese reality. As a final procedure, barriers and obstacles for the Portuguese case have been identified through the analysis and understanding of the country’s social dynamics, and also with the crossing of sustainable development principles. Thus, the present research enables us to propose guidelines to increase the PH implementation in Portugal.

The three articles that follow are the second part of a special issue of Fascism devoted to case studies in ‘Latin’ architecture in the fascist era, the first part of which was published in volume 7 (2018), no. 1. The architecture of three clearly para-fascist regimes comes under the spotlight: those of Spain, Portugal, and Brazil, in each of which a genuine fascist movement was either absorbed into a right-wing dictatorship (as occurred under Franco) or disbanded by it while perceptibly retaining some fascist elements (as in the case of the Salazar and Vargas regimes). Once again, the juxtaposition of the articles reveals unexpected elements of internationalism, entanglements, and histoires croisées both sides of the Atlantic in the impact of the fascist experiments in Germany and Italy.

Green roof typology can vary depending on buildings structure, climate conditions, substrate, and plants used. In regions with hot and dry summers, such as the Mediterranean region, irrigation plays an essential role, as the highest temperatures occur during the driest period of the year. Irrigation might reduce the heat island effect and improve the cooling of buildings during this period, however, the added cost of maintenance operations and additional energy consumption could outrun the benefits provided by the project. Moreover, in situations where water is scarce or primarily channelled to other uses (e.g., domestic, agriculture or industry) during drought occurrence, it is advisable to implement green roof projects with the lowest use of water possible. The objective of the present work is to investigate solutions to optimize water use in green roofs under Mediterranean conditions, such as those of southern Europe. Two case studies are presented for Portugal, and potential techniques to reduce irrigation requirements in green roofs were tested. These addressed the use of native plant species, including the extreme type of a non-irrigated green roof (Biocrust roof) and techniques for plant installation. Plant drought tolerance was found to be an advantage in green roofs under these climatic conditions and, for the species studied, aesthetic value could be maintained when irrigation decreased.

The movement of Park(ing) Day proposes to transform for a day a parking spot into a green, artistic, recreational and citizen space. Created in 2005 by the group REBAR in San Francisco the event is now an annual and international appointment, which relies on a wide network of local activists. From case studies in Paris, Lille, Brussels and Montreal, this article examines the global process of labeling of this movement and also questions the implications of the labeling on the activist practices. The institutionalization of Park(ing) Day illustrates a contemporary form of “sweetened” activism, which means less conflict.

AbstractThis article draws attention to archival research by Brazilian historians in Portugal and Brazil and the fruits of these labors in monographs, dissertations, and articles. Following a survey of historical writing in the colonial period, this essay discusses the growing movement in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to preserve documents in libraries, archives, and museums in Brazil. The existence of such institutions spurred divulgation of manuscript collections through journals and published transcriptions of documents. The essay then traces Brazilian historiography in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as well as Brazilian responses to new trends in historical writing in the 1960s. A survey of archives consulted by scholars of colonial Brazil provides the background for the main section, which uses case studies to demonstrate how Brazilian historians have used these depositories. Scholarship published between 1983 and 1999 is emphasized. The intensive use of manuscript collections and the high quality of publications testify to the vitality of studies by Brazilian scholars of colonial Brazil.

An important category of studies in vision science is related to the analysis of the influence of environmental changes on human eye movement. In this way, scientists analyze human eye movement in different conditions using different methods. An important category of works is devoted to the decoding of eye reaction to color tonality. In this research for the first time, we examined the application of fractal theory for decoding of eye reaction to variations in color intensity of visual stimuli. Three green visual stimuli with different color intensities have been applied to subjects and accordingly the fractal dimension of their eye movements has been analyzed. We also tested the eye movement in non-stimulation condition (rest). Based on the obtained results, increasing the color intensity of visual stimuli caused a lower complexity in subject’s eye movement. We also observed that eye movement is less complex in case of non-stimulation compared to different stimulation conditions. The application of fractal theory in analysis of eye movement can be extended to analyze the effect of other stimulation conditions on eye movement to investigate about the decoding behavior of human eye, which is very important in vision science.

This paper invests the role of environmental social movements and NGOs in the struggle for democracy in Nigeria. In particular, it examines how environmental issues, specifically in the oil-rich Niger Delta, have come to symbolise the Niger Delta communities’ craving for greater inclusion in the political process. The paper argues that because of linkages to the nature of economic production, environmental crises have been particularly useful in driving the democracy discourse in Nigeria. By linking environmental crisis to democratisation and the interactions of power within the Nigerian federation, NGOs and social movements have been able to gain support for environmental causes. This may, however, have dire implications for the environmental movement in Nigeria. Because ownership, not necessarily sustainability, is the central theme of such discourse on resource extraction, social movements may not be framing the environmental discourse in a way that highlights its unique relevance. The paper concludes by making a case for alternative methods of framing the environmental discourse in a developing-world context like that of Nigeria.

This article draws on theories of creative development articulated by Sawyer and Green as well as reflecting upon data from case studies of projects run in Wales with community ensembles Wonderbrass, South Wales Intercultural Community Arts and London-based Kinetica Bloco. It proposes a model of learning for music education in Wales that promotes active creative participation and fosters the speaking of a musical language rather than simply the reading of it. In the context of Welsh Government’s recent education review, the article advocates a music policy of creative engagement, with musical materials that go beyond the pedagogy of imitation. Here I propose a creative engagement method that empowers participants to interact with musical materials by creating their own musical statements within a musical style or language, whether through extemporization, improvisation or composition.

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) play a crucial role in implementing practices for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). This implementation should be done in different dimensions according to a holistic and whole-school approach. Different tools have been adapted and developed to assess this integrated approach. The aim of this research is to critically reflect the existing tools to assess and benchmark ESD implementation and to discuss their applicability in two case studies. Two public Universities in Southern Europe, with headquarters in the capitals of Portugal and Spain were selected to assess and compare the integration of ESD according to a whole-school approach—Universidade Aberta in Portugal and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid in Spain. After a critical analysis of the existing tools based on literature review and a list of criteria classified by experts, two tools were selected to be applied in the case studies. The online Sustainability Tracking, Assessment & Rating System Reporting Tool was used in Universidade Aberta and Green Metrics tool was used in Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. The tools were complemented with focus group with key-actors in both universities. The results obtained allowed to identify the need to define a common objective of the assessment tools and limitations they still have. The tools need improvements on their development namely to integrate the external impact of Higher Education Institutions on sustainability, to integrate participatory processes and to assess non-traditional aspects of sustainability. This research hopes to contribute to the continuous research about the usefulness of these assessment and benchmarking tools as drivers to HEIs improve their sustainability performance and their role as agents of changes.

A wide body of research in recent years has studied either green infrastructures as providers of multiple ecosystem services, especially at the urban level, or ecological corridors and the issue of connectivity between landscape patches in the face of growing fragmentation. However, not many studies have analyzed how the two concepts can be combined to ground evidence-based policy and planning recommendations. In this study, a methodological approach for such a combination is proposed: after mapping a regional green infrastructure building upon the assessment of multiple ecosystem services and a network of ecological corridors through the resistance to movement of species, the two spatial layouts are combined so as to analyze correlations between the potential provision of ecosystem services and the resistance to movement. The methodology is applied in the case of the island of Sardinia, whose self-containment makes it possible to discard potential effects from surrounding areas, hence facilitating the implementation of the model. The outcomes of the regression model point out three ecosystem services as the most important factors that should be targeted by appropriate spatial policies if connectivity is to be increased: regulation of micro and local climate, forestry productivity, and cultural identity and heritage values.

Urban soils are subject to anthropogenic influences and, reciprocally, provide benefits and disbenefits to human wellbeing; for example carbon storage, nutrient cycling and the regulation trace element and contaminant mobility. Collective stewardship of urban green commons provides contemporary examples of the diversity of uses and management of green space in cities and represents a growing movement in user participation in, and awareness of, the importance of urban ecological health. Exploring the range of social-ecological benefits exemplified in the urban environment has generally focused on above-ground processes, with few studies examining the potential for (dis)benefits arising from edaphic characteristics of collectively-managed spaces. An investigation into the influence of formal and informal green space management on carbon fluxes and heavy metal concentrations in urban soils was carried out in Manchester (UK) finding that carbon storage in soils of collectively managed urban green commons (7.15 ± 1.42 kg C m−2) was significantly greater than at formally managed sites (for example city parks: 5.08 ± 0.69 kg C m−2), though the latter exhibited reduced losses through CO2 emission. Variation in heavy metal concentrations and mobility were likewise observed, exemplified by the acidification of surface soils by leaf litter at orchard sites, and the resultant increase in the mobility of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The results of this study indicate the importance of small-scale contemporary urban green space management on selected ecosystem services provided by the limited soil resource of cities. Thus, a greater consideration of the effects of horticultural and amenity activities with regards to soil quality/functionality is required to ensure available urban green commons retain or increase their ecological quality over time.

Objective. To evaluate the results of scaphoid bone proximal pole reconstruction with rib osteochondral autograft due to comminuted scaphoid fracture. Material and methods. We present a clinical case of fragmented scaphoid bone proximal pole fracture reconstruction by rib osteochondral autograft. The modified wrist function score of Green and O’Brien and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) outcome measuring scales were used for clinical evaluation before and 6 months after the reconstruction. Additio­nally, a literature review was conducted for case reports and previous literature reviews describing scaphoid bone proximal pole fracture surgical treatment. Medline (PubMed), ScienceDirect and UpToDate databases were used. Results. Conventional treatment methods for the treatment of comminuted proximal pole scaphoid bone fractures are often inappropriate due to technical issues or potential adverse outcomes. In these cases, reconstruction with rib autograft is possible. The study patient’s modified wrist function score of Green and O’Brien increased from 75 to 95 points out of 100 at 6 months postoperatively, and the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) score decreased from 13.64 to 4.55 points. The results of this technique have been investigated in several studies (Sandow, 1998, 2001; Veitch et al., 2007). All subjects (22, 47 and 14 patients, respectively), except one, experienced improvement of wrist function – enhanced wrist movement, grip strength, reduced pain and restored wrist function to the pre-injury performance level. Conclusions. Scaphoid bone proximal pole fragmented fracture reconstruction with osteochondrial rib autograft achieves favorable recovery of wrist function and avoids complications or unfavorable functional consequences of alternative surgical procedures.

The last two years of development of the Russian political system were characterised by the protest mood increasing. Social discontent and various forms of political protest have become a noticeable element of social and political life. It is symptomatic that the protest mood develops during electoral campaigns (that predetermined the victory of the opposition in the elections in a number of regions), and also as a result of development and implementation of the current governmental processes. Considering that elections have been held in the majority of Russian regions during 2017-2019, the attention to the protest movement from various political actors will increase. The authors analyze the forms, main actors and technologies of protests, worked out their typology based on case studies. The current protest mood in Russia is compared with the situation in several EU countries (primarily in France, as well as in Portugal, Poland, Serbia and Greece). In conclusion of the article will be presented the forecasts of the socio-political situation development in the Russian Federation.

The objective of this paper is to highlight the need to combine lifecycle environmental assessment with durability evaluation (tribology and engine tests) to evaluate the potential of surface technologies to contribute to the green deal, in order to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent. Tribology is a scientific discipline that allows one to understand the system reaction to friction and wear. Tribological testing machines are prepared to measure friction at the laboratory level to minimize the wear and heat dissipation of two bodies in relative movement, thus improving the energy efficiency and minimizing CO2 emissions. In this paper, different surface technologies, such as high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and clean Cr electrolytic processes, are analyzed as promising surface technology solutions from both performance and environmental impact perspectives to replace harmful Cr(VI) coatings. The tribology simulates the working conditions of the real system at the laboratory level, reproducing the failure mechanism and facilitating the laboratory screening of the energy efficiency and durability of materials solutions for certain tribological systems—in this case, engine components. The tribological test results give information about the behavior of materials, while the engine tests gives information about the behavior of components. In this paper, the environmental impact of the production process of the coatings is also analyzed. Two hard chrome processes are compared, demonstrating that by controlling the production process it is possible to significantly reduce the environmental impact of the chrome-plated process, minimizing the environmental impact to that of PVD coatings. The environmental impact of the tested HVOF process is lower than traditional Cr(VI)-plated coatings but higher than PVD coatings. Combining the information from the lifecycle assessment (LCA) and tribological studies, it is possible to assess both the performance and the environmental impact of the surface treatments. This methodology is a tool to that can be used minimize CO2 emissions at the design phase to improve the energy efficiency of products and processes.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to define the parameters of movement of indocyanine green in the upper extremity of normal control and hand transplant recipients. The purpose was to establish a non-invasive method of determining the level of lymphatic function in hand transplant recipients. In hand transplantation (and replantation), the deep lymphatic vessels are rarely repaired, resulting in altered lymphatic connections. In most cases, the relatively rapid inosculation of superficial lymphatic networks and drainage via the venous systems results in sufficient interstitial fluid and lymph drainage of the graft to prevent edema. However, our group and others have determined that some transplant recipients demonstrate chronic edema which is associated with lymphatic stasis. In one case, a patient with chronic edema has developed chronic rejection characterized by thinning of the skin, loss of adnexal structures, and fibrosis and contracture of the hand. Methods: Lymphatic function was evaluated by intradermal administration of near-infrared fluorescent dye, indocyanine green, and dynamic imaging with an infrared camera system (LUNA). To date, the assessment of lymphatic drainage in the upper extremity by clearance of indocyanine green dye has been studied primarily in oncology patients with abnormal lymphatic function, making assessment of normal drainage problematic. To establish normal parameters, indocyanine green lymphatic clearance functional tests were performed in a series of normal controls, and subsequently compared with indocyanine green clearance in hand transplant recipients. Results: The results demonstrate varied patterns of lymphatic drainage in the hand transplant patients that partially mimic normal hand lymphatic drainage, but also share characteristics of lymphedema patients defined in other studies. The study revealed significant deceleration of the dye drainage in the allograft of a patient with suspected chronic rejection and edema of the graft. Analysis of other hand transplant recipients revealed differing levels of dye deceleration, often localized at the level of surgical anastomosis. Conclusion: These studies suggest intradermal injection of indocyanine green and near-infrared imaging may be a useful clinical tool to assess adequacy of lymphatic function in hand transplant recipients.

Discussions in the field of ethical consumption usually refer to the mainstreaming of ethical and environmental concerns that impact on consumer behaviour in the consumption of food and material goods, and in some cases to television programs (especially lifestyle and makeover programs) that acknowledge the environmentally concerned viewer by encouraging the consumption of goods and services that minimise environmental impact. These studies recognise the field of commodity consumption as an important site for thinking about practices of identity-formation and the construction of the self as a responsible, environmentally and ethically concerned citizen who makes politically based decisions in everyday practice. But rarely is a TV program itself presented as a green commodity produced with the intention to be ecologically and ethically sound in its branded identity. This article showcases the production and distribution of the preschool television program dirtgirlworld as a response by ecologically minded individuals to engage with the challenges of today's environmental crises. This is a case study that connects ethical consumption and corporate social responsibility with screen production and distribution. The central thrust of this article is to posit the example of dirtgirlworld as part of a global social movement towards a more ecologically sustainable existence. However, the suggestion here is that this case study also lends itself to much-needed conversation about how media studies can engage with our current ecological crises beyond the practice of eco-criticsm.

The 4th of August regime in Greece under Ioannis Metaxas has long been treated by theories of ‘generic fascism’ as a minor example of authoritarianism or at most a case of failed fascism. This derives from the ideas that the Metaxas dictatorship did not originate from any original mass ‘fascist’ movement, lacked a genuinely fascist revolutionary ideological core and its figurehead came from a deeply conservative-military background. In addition, the regime balanced the introduction ‘from above’ of certain ‘fascist’ elements (inspired by the regimes in Germany, Italy and Portugal) with a pro-British foreign policy and a strong deference to both the Crown and the church/religion. Nevertheless, in this chapter, I argue that the 4th of August regime should be relocated firmly within the terrain of fascism studies. The establishment and consolidation of the regime in Greece reflected a much wider process of political and ideological convergence and hybridisation between anti-democratic/anti-liberal/anti-socialist conservative forces, on the one hand, and radical rightwing/fascist politics, on the other. It proved highly receptive to specific fascist themes and experiments (such as the single youth organisation, called EON), which it transplanted enthusiastically into its own hybrid of ‘radicalised’ conservatism. Although far less ideologically ‘revolutionary’ compared to Italian Fascism or German National Socialism, the 4th of August regime’s radicalisation between 1936 and 1941 marked a fundamental departure from conventional conservative-authoritarian politics in a direction charted by the broader fascist experience in Europe.

Mobility restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic ostensibly prevented the public from transmitting the disease in public places, but they also hampered outdoor recreation, despite the importance of blue-green spaces (e.g., parks and natural areas) for physical and mental health. We assess whether restrictions on human movement, particularly in blue-green spaces, affected the transmission of COVID-19. Our assessment uses a spatially resolved dataset of COVID-19 case numbers for 848 administrative units across 153 countries during the first year of the pandemic (February 2020 to February 2021). We measure mobility in blue-green spaces with planetary-scale aggregate and anonymized mobility flows derived from mobile phone tracking data. We then use machine learning forecast models and linear mixed-effects models to explore predictors of COVID-19 growth rates. After controlling for a number of environmental factors, we find no evidence that increased visits to blue-green space increase COVID-19 transmission. By contrast, increases in the total mobility and relaxation of other non-pharmaceutical interventions such as containment and closure policies predict greater transmission. Ultraviolet radiation stands out as the strongest environmental mitigant of COVID-19 spread, while temperature, humidity, wind speed, and ambient air pollution have little to no effect. Taken together, our analyses produce little evidence to support public health policies that restrict citizens from outdoor mobility in blue-green spaces, which corroborates experimental studies showing low risk of outdoor COVID-19 transmission. However, we acknowledge and discuss some of the challenges of big data approaches to ecological regression analyses such as this, and outline promising directions and opportunities for future research.

Greenway is a linear green open space located along natural or man-made landscapes such as rivers, ridgelines, abandoned railways and scenic roads, with multiple functions of ecology, recreation and social culture. Greenway in the modern sense originated in the United States and has rapidly become a global movement since the 1990s. Greenway construction in China began in 2008, and most of it focuses on the function, benefit and planning of greenway space. There are few studies on users, and scholars engaged in this field come from multiple disciplines, so the theoretical basis is weaker than overseas studies. This study first elaborated the concept and type of greenway space, the definition of greenway space user, summarized the development process of greenway space overseas and China. By systematically summarizing the research progress of greenway space users in China and overseas, it is found that more and more scholars in the field of greenway research begin to pay attention to user issues, and the research area is increasingly globalized. Most of them are empirical studies, and the research methods tend to be diverse. Most of them are American scholars. At present, greenway user research is mostly based on the research of developed countries. However, the purpose of greenway construction in China is different, and the current public awareness of greenway is still little. Therefore, this study can provide theoretical case reference for the study of greenway user behavior in developing countries.

The MO´Ã Foundation in Rio Grande do Sul / Brazil is a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) of Studies and Research for Environmental Protection and Development and works through actions and projects aimed at Environmental Education. In 2007 the MO´Ã Foundation acquired an area of 24 hectares of Atlantic Forest that was classified as a Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN), in 2015, after a long and complex process. In Guimarães, Portugal, the Sisterhood of Nossa Senhora do Carmo da owns about 60 hectares of the area where it receives the devotees and promotes the management of green space and the conservation of tourist infrastructure and religious heritage. In 2019, the Municipality of Guimarães submitted the application of Monte da Penha to a locally protected area, in a process still under evaluation by the Institute for the Conservation of Nature and Forests. The work presented aims to infer the role of the private sector in the administration and shared management of protected areas, in a comparative analysis between the MO´Ã Foundation and the Sisterhood of Penha. Based on a systematic review of a database in journals (CAPES, EBSCO, SCIELO, Open Access Scientific Repositories of Portugal), documents, fieldwork and interviews, we conclude that private institutions assume a fundamental relevance in the governance of areas protected, ensuring the main objective of these: the conservation and / or protection of nature in a sustainable way.

1. INTRODUCTION In New York City a decline in manufacturing has propelled social and economic changes that have transformed certain districts [1,2]. Unused building stock there has been the basis for adaptive reuse yielding new housing for families of varying compositions. The constant pressure of the need for affordable housing has resulted in the conversion of existing abandoned industrial structures, providing a green, environmentally friendly alternative to new construction [3,4,5]. Adaptive reuse provides an opportunity to bring a building up to current codes, to make the layout and building systems more appropriate and efficient, and to help revitalize neighborhoods. The nineteenth through the middle of the twentieth centuries were characterized by urban environments which provided manufacturing jobs and the municipal services and education that supported them [6]. American cities such as Detroit, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh became boom-towns as people followed employment opportunities and moved to these locations throughout this period [7,8,9]. In the decades after World War II, the creation of highways and freeways–including the interstate highway system that stretched east to west and north to south–led to suburbanization, exemplified by Long Island's mushrooming Levit-town and many more like it [5,10]. These were the Baby Boom years. The suburban sprawl ultimately resulted in the creation of mega cities like New York City. Families typically consisted of a father, mother, and at least two children [16]. This trend was supported by strong manufacturing industries and plentiful space that allowed much of the population to fulfill the American dream of home ownership [2,11]. As labor cost increased due to stricter labor laws, unions, increasing land cost, and higher taxes, many manufacturers began a search for less costly environments, moving first to locations in the less expensive suburbs and then to the South [4,8]. Eventually, American factories moved overseas to places such as China, other Asian countries, and South America. This became known as out sourcing manufacturing [6,7,12]. With the subsequent boom town collapse that began in the 1980s and continued through the new millennium, old U.S. industrial cities faced declining populations, and Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and their like were soon deserted by those who could no longer find employment there [14,40]. City populations decreased by as much as 50% and in some places even more steeply [13]. According to the U.S. Census (figure 1) [13,14], among American cities only New York City's and Los Angeles's populations have grown since the 1980s. Migration for employment opportunities became common and members per household, and households of one or two became not uncommon [15,16]. Typical housing no longer required a big space for shelter and a lawn or garden, and many people looked for smaller units [11,16]. Smaller working spaces made micro-scale businesses possible. New York City is an example of this change. Left with abandoned super block manufacturing buildings such as the Brooklyn Navy Yard and Brooklyn Army Terminal and retired infrastructure, New York City has looked for ways to repurpose these structures [10,17]. Super block, old manufacturing buildings and factories still stand, but in New York and elsewhere some have become mixed-use spaces. The goal of this paper is to examine how New York City served the public by providing working and living space through the conversion of existing super block buildings and creating new public spaces out of under-used or abandoned infrastructure. Comparative case studies are conducted focusing on the micro-scale movement and renewed use of old infrastructure. It considers a future model for sub-divided building spaces and repurposed structures providing shared, public venues as it analyzes this movement structurally and the changes it has wrought on local communities.

Bandwidth is defined as the maximum amount of green time for a designated movement as it passes through an arterial. In most previous studies, bandwidth has been referred to arterial bandwidth. In practice, a balance between link bandwidth and arterial bandwidth has proven to be important in optimizing coordinated signal timing plans, because not all drivers need to pass through all the intersections on an arterial. This study proposes an algorithm on how to obtain an optimal coordinated signal timing plan with both optimal link bandwidth and optimal arterial bandwidth considering practical vehicles’ speed. The weighted link bandwidth attainability is introduced as an additional measure of effectiveness for assessing the optimization results. The link bandwidth optimization is built based on the improvement of Messer’s algorithm about bandwidth optimization. The arterial bandwidth optimization algorithm takes into consideration the weighted link bandwidth attainability while selecting phase sequences. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated in a case study, and many improvements are archived when a balanced consideration is given to both link bandwidth and arterial bandwidth. Fine-tuning of initial signal timing plan is done using practical travel speed. The evaluation results show a rather significant improvement which is achieved.

Protest music has historically been a central part of American social change movements. Although some protest music is used solely to bring attention to the evils of an oppressive group, another purpose it may serve is to foster positive self-definition and feelings of unity in communities of oppressed people, and some songs may even do both. This project aimed to explore how TikTok affords expression and connection in relation to the use of and interaction with protest music in online spaces. A critical discourse analysis of a specific case of TikTok protest music, You About To Lose Yo Job, was conducted through the lenses of personal expression as a feature of connective action and affordance theory. The following three themes emerged: lip-syncing as a tool of defiance and reclamation of space, the use of hashtags to game a commercialized platform, and the decontextualization or loss of essence of protest music. These findings indicated that the social and ideological functions served by protest music as background sounds on TikTok created potential new avenues for agency through spatial defiance afforded by green screens and strategies to amplify users’ content to new audiences. However, dominant ideologies of capitalism were also reinforced through gaming of hashtags that were associated with events and trends of culture, diluting the context and blurring the movement affiliation of users, making unclear the function the protest music may serve.

ABSTRACT Centrioles, cilia, and flagella are ancestral conserved organelles of eukaryotic cells. Among the proteins identified in the proteomics of ciliary proteins in Paramecium, we focus here on a protein, Bug22p, previously detected by cilia and basal-body high-throughput studies but never analyzed per se. Remarkably, this protein is also present in plants, which lack centrioles and cilia. Bug22p sequence alignments revealed consensus positions that distinguish species with centrioles/cilia from plants. In Paramecium, antibody and green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion labeling localized Bug22p in basal bodies and cilia, and electron microscopy immunolabeling refined the localization to the terminal plate of the basal bodies, the transition zone, and spots along the axoneme, preferentially between the membrane and the microtubules. RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of Bug22p provoked a strong decrease in swimming speed, followed by cell death after a few days. High-speed video microscopy and morphological analysis of Bug22p-depleted cells showed that the protein plays an important role in the efficiency of ciliary movement by participating in the stroke shape and rigidity of cilia. The defects in cell swimming and growth provoked by RNAi can be complemented by expression of human Bug22p. This is the first reported case of complementation by a human gene in a ciliate.

Design priorities for tall and supertall buildings have for some time shifted to achieving more energy efficiency to address the energy needs of the increasing global population. Engineers and architects aim to achieve energy conservation through active and passive approaches, pursuing technological innovations and adopting climate-responsive design. Because of the green movement currently dominating the building industry, tall buildings that need a massive amount of energy to build and operate, and the practical desire to switch from non-renewable to clean renewable energy resources, intense attention has been given to the energy efficiency of tall buildings in the recent past. Due to the vast array of energy-efficient design features, equipment, and applications available now, it is timely to examine the pros and cons of these issues. This review paper is an attempt to comprehensively present and deliberate these issues. It illustrates and discusses the concepts and applications through a few case studies from several continents worldwide. The review shows that the design of tall buildings focusing on energy conservation is an evolutionary process and there is a need for further research about how to face the associated challenges to improve energy efficiency by developing creative solutions and strategies, as well as applying additional innovative technologies.

The object of this study is the process of segmentation of images acquired from space optoelectronic surveillance systems. The method to segment images from space optoelectronic surveillance systems based on the Sine-Cosine algorithm involves determining the threshold level; unlike the known ones, the following is carried out in it: – preliminary selection of red-green-blue color space brightness channels in the original image; – calculation of the maximum distance of movement of agents in the image in each brightness channel; – calculation of the values that determine the movement of agents in the image in each brightness channel; – determining the position of agents in the image using trigonometric functions of the sine and cosine in each brightness channel. An experimental study into segmenting images acquired from space optoelectronic surveillance systems based on the Sine-Cosine algorithm was carried out. It was found that the improved method of image segmentation based on the Sine-Cosine algorithm makes it possible to segment the images. In this case, objects of interest, snow-covered objects of interest, background objects, and undefined areas of the image (anomalous areas) are identified. The quality of image segmentation was assessed using the Sine-Cosine algorithm-based method. It was found that the improved segmentation method based on the Sine-Cosine algorithm reduces the segmentation error of the first kind by an average of 21 % and the segmentation error of the first kind by an average of 17 %. Methods of image segmentation can be implemented in software and hardware systems that process images acquired from space optoelectronic surveillance systems. Further studies may involve comparing the quality of segmentation by the method based on the Sine-Cosine algorithm with segmentation methods based on evolutionary algorithms (for example, genetic ones).

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Due to their relevance to the environment and economy, coastal areas are considered national strategic segments that should be preserved. Since erosion phenomena occur intensively in those areas, it is capital to monitor them in order to identify risk zones. In addition to national and regional studies, it is also necessary to conduct local monitoring of erosion prone areas, especially those which are often frequented by people, such as beaches limited by high cliffs. Large scale vertical mapping is necessary to model their susceptibility to mass movements, in order to provide adequate prevention, protection and assistance.</p> <p>Recent techniques like laser scanning or aerial photogrammetry using UAVs allow the definition of the status quo of a cliff wall and its situation a few years back. But to assess the susceptibility to rock mass movements in such cliff segments, inventories of past events are of primordial importance. These inventories allow applying several statistic models to better understand susceptibility together with a set of variables of internal and external nature regarding the cliff site.</p> <p>We present a case study focused on the beach of Ribeira d’Ilhas (Mafra, Portugal), where a workflow of terrestrial photogrammetry for present day situation and recovery of old analogue stereoscopic pairs (1999, 2000, 2003) was implemented. A mass movement inventory (1999-2014) was compiled by multitemporal comparison followed by a detailed characterization of the cliff using a GIS software. Finally, the application of the logistic regression method allowed the definition of a susceptibility map of the cliff wall towards the occurrence of mass movements.</p>

Abstract In recent years, the recycling of waste materials has become significant due to the movement of the European Union toward the Green Deal and the low impact on the environment. The paper studies the possibility of Waste Tyre Textile Fibre (WTTF) for sound absorption applications. WTTF is the material generated during the end-of-life tyre recycling process, which is separated from rubber and metal parts. In this study, three different types of WTTF samples were tested in which they consist of different levels of rubber impurities. In the first case, rubber particles make up to 10 % of total mass of WTTF (WTTF10), second – 54 % (WTTF54), and third – 70 % (WTTF70). The sound absorption tests were performed using the impedance tube using a two microphone technique, under the ISO 10534-2 standard. The results showed that increasing the level of rubber particles reduces the sound absorption performance of the WTTF. It was noticed that sound absorption of the sample WTTF10 reached 0.67 at low frequencies (500 Hz), while WTTF54 reached 0.31 and WTTF70 reached 0.21. It was concluded that WTTF10 samples had on average a 61 % higher sound absorption capacity compared to the other samples. The aim of the study was to determine the rubber particles impurities in WTTF dependence on sound absorption ability of the material.

Abstract In recent years, the recycling of waste materials has become significant due to the movement of the European Union toward the Green Deal and the low impact on the environment. The paper studies the possibility of Waste Tyre Textile Fibre (WTTF) for sound absorption applications. WTTF is the material generated during the end-of-life tyre recycling process, which is separated from rubber and metal parts. In this study, three different types of WTTF samples were tested in which they consist of different levels of rubber impurities. In the first case, rubber particles make up to 10 % of total mass of WTTF (WTTF10), second – 54 % (WTTF54), and third – 70 % (WTTF70). The sound absorption tests were performed using the impedance tube using a two microphone technique, under the ISO 10534-2 standard. The results showed that increasing the level of rubber particles reduces the sound absorption performance of the WTTF. It was noticed that sound absorption of the sample WTTF10 reached 0.67 at low frequencies (500 Hz), while WTTF54 reached 0.31 and WTTF70 reached 0.21. It was concluded that WTTF10 samples had on average a 61 % higher sound absorption capacity compared to the other samples. The aim of the study was to determine the rubber particles impurities in WTTF dependence on sound absorption ability of the material.

Abstract As part of the ongoing culture movement within long-term care several innovative care concepts for people with dementia are developing. These concepts radically change their physical, social and/or organizational environment in order to align care services with needs and demands of people with dementia, and providing meaningful activities. The current symposium will discuss the effects and possible working mechanisms of innovative caring environments for people with dementia across three European countries and the US. The symposium will start with a presentation describing the Homestead care model in the Netherlands, which is a care model that was developed following a co-creation study focused on translating scientific knowledge on nursing home care environments into practice. This is followed by three presentations about the effects of three types of innovative care environments for people with dementia: (1) farm based day care in Norway, (2) shared housing arrangements in Germany, (3) green care farms providing 24-hour nursing care in the Netherlands. The three studies on the effects of innovative care environments present a variety of designs (case study, cluster randomized controlled multi-center intervention study, and a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews) to study the effects on various outcomes (activities, physical effort, social interaction, mood, the number of hospital admissions for people with dementia, quality of life, challenging behavior, risk of falls, stabilization of cognitive abilities, daily life). The symposium will conclude with a reflection on these innovative care concepts from a US perspective.

Conservation studies in developing countries might have additional problems to those that are being experienced by leading developed countries. The problems and difficulties mentioned here do not reflect the common practice in Turkey and mostly list rare cases for information purposes. Countries located in Asia and Middle East have rich structural heritage, in number and significance, which are sometimes even a few millenniums old. On the other hand, often times financial or bureaucratic constraints make the conservation studies more difficult, while technical problems remain to be an issue. It is quite interesting that sometimes having available financial support for conservation studies turns out to be the main source of problem, since quick and not well thought interventions end up damaging hundreds of years old surviving structures, rather than conserving them. Other most common application problems include use of Portland cement in humid environments causing salt contamination (which is now widely being avoided), infilling and freezing cracks that used to work as seasonal water table movement based motion or thermal expansion joints that are cyclic in nature, covering the structure to protect but forming unintentional green house effect – micro climates forming fungus, improper drainage to cause support settlements, removing earth fill or structural members to cause structural movements and cracks, strengthening parts of a flexible structure only to make it more rigid and cause to attract more earthquake forces, disable its energy dissipating mechanisms, applying improper chemicals, using incompatible material or irreversible techniques etc. are just a few to mention. The problem solution strategies in conservation studies should include internationally accepted conservation rules. Multi disciplinary teams are always recommended since combination of various expertise areas are mutually needed in conservation studies; architects, geotechnical and structural engineers, geology and material science specialists, archeologists, art historians are among the most important team members. Analytical modeling and simulations, on-field non destructive testing, instrumented monitoring (SHM), and small scale field treatment tests are recommended to be merged and used in conservation studies, because conventional methods or commercial repair/treatment materials available over-the-counter may not always suitable for a given specific case. Reversibility, minimum intervention, and respect to authenticity should be among the main principles to avoid serious conservation problems.

The best and worst places to live have been analysed in the world for many years and multiple criteria analysis has been used for that purpose. The quality of housing and its environment, pollution, green places, public spaces, physical movement and health, crime rates and individual safety, the wellbeing of youngsters, unemployment, job value, economic scarcity, governance, circadian rhythm, weekly rhythm and other factors are the focus of such analyses that aim to determine levels of positive emotions and happiness in built environment. Questionnaires are the most common tool for such analyses, where inhabitants are asked to rank their happiness experience as a whole in built environment. Many studies demonstrate that happy people are effective in multiple areas of their life including job efficiency, salary, health, human relations, etc. The innovative aspect of this research stems from the fact that biometric technologies (affective attitudes, emotional and physiological states) and the VINERS method developed by the authors are used to determine the best places to live and to serve neuro ads of homes for sale. To do this, rational segments of homebuyers are determined according to their demographic profiles (age, gender, education, marital status, families with children, main source of income), consumer psychographics and behaviour (happy, sad and angry along with valence and heart rate) and then select a rational video ad for such rational segment. The aim of our research is to develop the VINERS Method for the Multiple Criteria Analysis and Neuromarketing of Best Places to Live (VINERS method) by combining the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, biometrics, neuromarketing and COPRAS method. This article presents a case study to demonstrate the VINERS method put to practice.

Introduction: A large number of the current guidelines and models are used to estimate the right-turn lane (RTL) length in left-hand traffic at signalised intersections under split phase, in which the movement of traffic in the right-turn lane and through lane happen concurrently. There is a need to examine other phase types and timings as a part of the RTL design. This is particularly significant in the case of established intersections that cannot be modified due to physical constraints. Methods: A MATLAB based simulation programme was developed to provide an estimate of the right-turn lane storage length for different traffic volumes in order to avoid the problems associated with blockage and overflow of the right turn vehicles in 95% of the traffic signal cycles. The model enhances flexibility when dealing with the complexity of the design of the storage length taking into account different signal phases and timings to overcome the aforementioned problems. The simulation model also takes into consideration the left-over queue from the previous cycle which was ignored by most of the previous studies. Results and Conclusion: The model input includes as a configuration matrix containing the sequence of operational states of the intersection. This ensures the flexibility and the simplicity of manipulating the data to reflect all phase types and timings. The model results have been compared against a recently developed analytical model in which similar signal phases and timings were investigated. The outcomes agree to the results that are obtained from the analytical model in most of the signal phases. The developed simulation model is flexible enough to be used further to simulate the situation when there is a large difference between the approaching and opposing traffic volumes and optimise the green time in case of split phase. In this study, the simplified simulation model for estimating the RTL storage length has been developed for the left-hand traffic countries; however, the study is equally applicable to the left-turn lane (LTL) in right-hand traffic countries.

Background:Evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the overall health and functioning in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is scarce.Objectives:To analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the overall health and functioning in patients with axSpA.Methods:Data from axSpA patients participating in the first phase of the REUMAVID study were analysed. REUMAVID is a cross-sectional, observational study collecting data through an online questionnaire of unselected patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs), recruited by patient organizations. The survey was disseminated during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic (April-July 2020) in seven European countries (Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom). Patients with axSpA who completed the ASAS health index (ASAS-HI) questionnaire were included in this analysis. Descriptive analyses were used to present socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as daily habits. Overall health and functioning were defined according to the ASAS-HI (0-17), as follows: good health (ASAS-HI ≤5), acceptable health (ASAS-HI 6-11), and poor health (ASAS-HI ≥12). As secondary outcomes, well-being (WHO-5), self-perceived health status, and HADS for anxiety and depression were assessed.Results:Out of 670 axSpA patients, 587 (87.6%) completed ASAS-HI. Of these, 70.4% were female, 72.6% were married or in a relationship, 46.7% had university studies and 37.6% were currently employed. Mean age was 49.9±12.8 years and mean BMI was 26.7±5.5. Regarding extraarticular manifestations, 13.6% had psoriasis, 12.1% inflammatory bowel disease and 18.7% uveitis. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, 50.9% were receiving biological drugs, 46.3% NSAIDs, 26.4% painkillers, 24.7% conventional DMARDs, and 11.9% oral corticosteroids. According to the ASAS-HI, 19.6 % of patients were classified as having poor health, with the most affected aspects being pain (92.0%), movement (86.5%), maintenance of body position (80.6%), energy (79.0%) and sleep (75.3%). Regarding self-perceived health status, 14% reported their health status as “bad” or “very bad”, and 46.8% reported worsening health during the pandemic (Table 1). A distribution of the results of the total ASAS-HI scores can be seen in Figure 1.Table 1.Overall health and well-being, disease activity, and mental health.Primary Outcome (ASAS-HI)Mean ± SD orn (%)ASAS-HI (0-17), n=5878.0 (±3.9)ASAS-HI <5 (good health)159 (27.1) 5-12 (acceptable health)313 (53.3) ≥12 (poor health)115 (19.6)Secondary OutcomesWHO-5 WHO-5, (0-100), n=58446.3 (±23.1) WHO- 5 Poor wellbeing WHO- ≤50330 (56.5)Self-perceived health status, n=585 Very good33 (5.6) Good214 (36.6) Fair256 (43.8) Bad69 (11.8) Very bad13 (2.2)Change in health status during lockdown, n=587 Much worse than before54 (9.2) Moderately worse220 (37.6) Same as before270 (46.0) Moderately better35 (6.0) Much better than before6 (1.0)HADSHADS Anxiety (0-21), n=5878.4 (±4.1)HADS Anxiety No case (0-7)248 (42.7) Borderline case (8-10)151 (26.0) Case (11-21)182 (31.3) HADS Depression (0-21), n=5877.0 (±4.3)HADS Depression No case (0-7)329 (56.6) Borderline case (8-10)134 (23.1) Case (11-21)118 (20.3)Figure 1.Distribution of the result of ASAS-HI scores (N= 587)Conclusion:One out of five patients with axSpA reported poor health and functioning according to the ASAS-HI, and almost half of patients reported worsening self-perceived health status during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.Keywords: COVID-19, axial spondyloarthritis, ASAS-HI, healthDisclosure of Interests:Diego Benavent Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Novartis and Roche, Marco Garrido-Cumbrera: None declared., Chamaida Plasencia Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Sanofi, Novartis, Roche and Lilly, Laura Christen Employee of: Novartis Pharma AG, Helena Marzo-Ortega Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Celgene, Janssen, Elli-Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, José Correa-Fernández: None declared., Pedro Plazuelo-Ramos: None declared., Dale Webb: None declared., Victoria Navarro-Compán Grant/research support from: Abbvie, BMS, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, UCB.

As is well known, the design of coastal or offshore structures whether a ship, wave energy device or other fixed or floating structure, needs to consider its operation in a very hostile environment, including heavy storms. For example, an extremely high or steep wave impact on the bow or stern of a moored FPSO may result in a large amount of water on deck. Known as green water, this may cause severe damage to the deck house or other deckside equipment. Thus, there is great need for simulation tools to predict impact loadings and to provide more insight into the physics of local impact phenomena. Published research or prediction work on the water impact problem has mostly related to studies in 2D. For example, Greehow& Lin (1983), Greenhow (1987), Zhao & Faltinsen (1993), Mei et al.(1999) have studied the hydrodynamics of rigid bodies entering water both theoretically and experimentally. More recently, a laboratory investigation of the pressure distribution on a free-falling wedge entering water by Yettou et al.(2006 has been compared a numerical and experimental study carried out by Campbell and Weynberg (1980). Water impact and green water loading in 3D has been simulated by Kleefsman et al. (2005) using a VOF method, which for dam break and water entry problems. In this study, we have developed the AMAZON-3D code for studies of water impact problems involving various 3D rigid solid bodies. The in-house Cartesian cut cell approach has been used to simulate 3D water impact involving both moving rigid solid bodies and the free surface. The Cartesian cut cell method in the AMAZON-3D code is unrestricted in terms of boundary complexity or range of boundary movement. Solid objects are carved out of a background mesh, leaving a set of irregularly shaped cells aligned with the surface boundary. The advantages of the cut cell approach have been outlined previously by Causon et al. (2000, 2001) and Hu et al.(2009) including its flexibility for dealing with arbitrarily complex geometries and moving bodies. There is no requirement to re-mesh globally or even locally for the case of a moving body. All that is required is to update the cut cell data at the body contour for as long as the body motion continues. The AMAZON-3D finite volume code solves the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in both air and water regions simultaneously treating the free surface as a contact surface in the density field that is captured automatically in a manner analogous to shock capturing in compressible flow. A time-accurate artificial compressibility method and high Godunov-type scheme replaces the pressure correction solver used in other methods (see Qian et al. 2006). We believe that the success of a study of water impact depends ultimately on the problem under consideration and the computer resources available and for each method there is a class of problem for which one method may perform better another. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages and it is not possible to assert conclusively that one method is uniformly superior. However, we believe we can demonstrate that our method can be used successfully to study real local impact phenomena including the egress of an arbitrary rigid body from air to water or vice versa, the splash zone and entrapment of one fluid into the other. The code has been validated by recourse to a number of test cases including a cone undergoing forced oscillations and water impact of a rigid wedge with constant entry velocity where data and/or analytical results are available for comparison purposes. A range of results including the free surface elevation and force calculations will be presented for the water impact of various 3D rigid bodies.

This symposium will review the latest data on the influence of environmental design and its attributes on the cognitive and psychological wellbeing of older adults living with dementia. The presenters will cover the myriad ways in which the physical environment of care can adapt to the changing demands of older adults with sensory, motor and cognitive deficits and foster optimal functioning and quality of life. The role of emerging technologies will also be reviewed as they complement the contribution of the design of the physical environment to the wellbeing of older adults with cognitive impairment. Information will be offered through a review of the existing research literature as well as case studies that illustrate the impact of environmental modification on fostering wellbeing and minimizing the emergence of the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. The presenters will represent and integrate sensibilities that have emerged from the fields of architecture, cognitive neuroscience and psychology.How the Principles of the Culture Change Movement Inform Environmental Design and the Application of Technology in the Care of Older Adults Living with DementiaWilliam E. ReichmanThe culture change movement informs a number of principles that have been applied to more contemporary design concepts for the congregate care of older adults living with dementia. This talk will review the core tenets of the Culture Change Movement as exemplified by the Greenhouse, Dementia Village and other innovative models of congregate long-term care. Specific reference will be made to how these tenets have been operationalized around the world into the design of programming and the creation of residential care environments that foster a better quality of life for older adults and an enhanced work environment for care providers. This talk will also include the emerging role of technologies that complement innovative design of the environment and which foster optimized social and recreational functioning of older adults living with dementia.A Better Life Through a Better Nursing Home DesignL. Bradford PerkinsOver the last 20 years there has been extensive experimentation related to the role of the environment in the housing, care and treatment of persons with Alzheimer’s and other age related dementias. Prior to that time the typical housing and care environment was a locked unit in a skilled nursing or other restrictive senior living facility. In 1991 the Presbyterian Association on Aging in Western Pennsylvania opened Woodside Place on its Oakmont campus. This small 36 bed facility was designed to incorporate the latest research and care experience with persons suffering from these issues. This one small project, as well as the long post occupancy research led by Carnegie Mellon University, clearly demonstrated that individuals with Alzheimer’s and related forms of dementia could lead a healthier, happier, higher quality of life in a more residential, less restrictive environment. Not everything in this pioneering project worked, and five generations of living and care models have followed that have refined the ideas first demonstrated by Woodside Place. Bradford Perkins, whose firm designed Woodside Place and over 100 other related projects, will discuss what was learned from Woodside Place as well as the five generations of projects (and post occupancy research) that followed.Innovative dementia care environments as alternatives for traditional nursing homes: evidence and experiences from the NetherlandsHilde VerbeekKey goals of the dementia care environment focus on increasing autonomy, supporting independence and trying to enable one’s own lifestyle for as long as possible. To meet these goals, innovative, small-scale and homelike care environments have been developed that have radically changed the physical, social and organizational aspects of long-term care in the Netherlands. This presentation discusses various Dutch models that have implemented small-scale and homelike care environments, including green care farms, dementia village and citizen initiatives. The models reflect a common care concept, focusing on residents’ remaining strengths, providing opportunity for choice and aiming to sustain a sense of self and control. A small number of residents (usually 6 to 8) live together in a homelike environment and nursing staff are part of the household. Residents are encouraged to participate in daily household activities, emphasizing normalization of daily life with person-centred care. The physical environment resembles an archetypal home. This talk presents the scientific evidence on the impact and effects of these small-scale, homelike models on residents, their family caregivers and staff. Furthermore, the presentation will highlight working approaches and how these initiatives have positively influenced routine care across the long-term care spectrum.

One of the last Nobel Prizes for Medicine and Physiology of this century was awarded to Gunther Blobel for his pioneering work on the mechanisms of secretion in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This prize for molecular cell biology followed that awarded to George Palade, Christian DeDuve and Albert Claude in 1974 and demonstrated that the control of the subcellular localization of proteins is achieved by molecular machines that read ‘addresses’ that are embedded in the primary sequence of a protein. In the case of secretory proteins, these addresses are known as signal sequences. Sorting of proteins from their site of synthesis to their final destination is now known to be a key cellular process, which, if impaired, can give rise to lethal defects. Gunther Blobel and his group established an experimental approach that is now used by numerous researchers to study secretory pathways. The analysis of the secretory pathway by George Palade and his collaborators in the 1960s took advantage of advanced ultrastructural analysis and cell-fractionation procedures. Subsequently, in the 1970s, a number of investigators recognized that further studies at the molecular level were required. For this purpose, Gunther Blobel, together with Bernhard Dobberstein, set up an assay that was one of the first to reconstitute in vitro the translocation of a nascent polypeptide chain across vesicles derived from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. This in vitro assay led the researchers to establish the signal-peptide hypothesis, which was first proposed by David Sabatini and Gunther Blobel in 1971. The complete characterization of the translocation machinery itself, which is composed of ribonucleoprotein complexes and integral membrane proteins, was achieved after much effort and imaginative studies performed by several research groups from different countries. The in vitro assay not only was used by numerous investigators in the field but it also provided the conceptual framework necessary for unravelling of the molecular machinery involved in the different steps of the intracellular transport of proteins. At the beginning of the 1980s, James Rothman and his colleagues developed another type of in vitro assay, which was based upon the use of fractions derived from different membrane compartments and cytosolic extracts. The goal of these researchers was to reconstitute the specific fusion between a donor membrane and an acceptor membrane. In less than one decade, the assay was refined to the point where it became a very powerful tool for biochemical characterization of cellular machines that move proteins from one organelle to another. Membrane-fusion assays allow the identification not only of protein complexes but also of the energy requirements of the fusion events. Several groups who focus on the endocytic pathway have subsequently developed similar assays. While the biochemical experiments were in progress, Randy Scheckman and his colleagues launched a genetic approach to study secretory pathways, using yeast as a model system. Because of the high degree of conservation of this essential cellular function, gene product(s) identified in yeast have mammalian homologues that were characterised simultaneously by the biochemical approaches described above. Together, these strategies gave rise to a molecular description of the minimal protein machinery necessary for the numerous transport pathways in eukaryotic cells. As with all experimental methods designed by biologists, however, even the powerful reconstitution and genetic approaches had their limitations. Fortunately, another original strategy emerged, in which cells could be permeabilized by physical trauma or chemical treatments so that small holes appeared in the plasma membrane. This procedure empties cells of their cytoplasmic components but maintains their structural organization and allows investigators to reintroduce well-defined products such as activator(s) or inhibitor(s). The permeabilized-cell strategy has opened new possibilities for future studies, because one now has biochemical access to information contained in the structural organisation of cells - information that is lost in cell-extract and genetics-based studies. Most investigators in the field had faith in the specificity of the biochemical reactions of the transport processes and were less interested in the efficiency of the process in vivo. The importance of this lapse of attention to detail became evident when the reaction rates in the in vitro systems were compared with those during normal physiological membrane transport in vivo. Consequently, it was only after the discovery of molecular motors that reaction rates were studied seriously and the role of motor proteins was considered in experiments designed by groups interested in molecular analysis of membrane trafficking. However, one should note the interest of those who developed in vitro assays for membrane transport in studies of the roles of molecular motors in movement of intracellular cargo along microtubules or microfilaments. The myriad of molecular motors that move the various molecular cargos along cellular tracks in opposite directions is bewildering. Another challenge for the future, well illustrated by studies that take advantage of recombinant DNA technology, will be to describe the spatial and temporal plasticity of the protein that make up machines that participate in vesicular trafficking. In this respect, the use of chimeric proteins tagged with the green fluorescent protein(s) is already very significant but still only in its infancy. The systematic use of videomicroscopy recording, which allows subsequent quantitative and multiparametric analysis at the single-cell or multicellular level, has allowed development of new perspectives on membrane trafficking. Our knowledge of the numerous proteins capable of forming molecular machines will be facilitated by the complete description of the genomes of model organisms - whether or not we study them in a unicellular or a multicellular context. Looking ahead, more research should be done on membrane trafficking and its regulation by the cytoskeleton in different cell types. Although numerous studies have already been performed on polarized cells, such as epithelial cells and neurons, many differentiated cell types have not been investigated at all. Moreover studies of cell differentiation during development or during physiopathological processes are still scarce and, here too, more research is needed to characterise the molecular features of trafficking during these processes. The pioneering work by numerous investigators over the past thirty years indeed provides a solid basis for future investigation in this research area. Certainly, these illuminating studies have opened new avenues and point to exciting challenges for the next generation of molecular cell biologists, who will experience even more spectacular discoveries.

The introduction to the special issue of Methis on Estonian environmentalism provides an overview of the phenomenon of environmentalism and its spread across political periods, economic formations, and regions. The essay starts by contextualising the central concepts of the issue, ‘environmentalism’ and its possible translation into Estonian as ‘keskkondlus’, and its relationship with the concept of ‘nature’. At the end of the 1980s, amidst a deepening awareness of environmental crisis, some authors announced ‘nature’ to have met its end. While this end has become widely accepted within environmental discourse, the approach clashes with the traditional thinking about the beauty of nature and its strong bonds with national identities. To foster discussion and to bridge the discursive and ideological gap between the two perceptions, the authors of the articles use the concept as an umbrella term for both paradigms. The second part of the introductory article discusses East European environmentalism, drawing attention to the research into erroneous assumptions regarding the lack of environmental activism within the Soviet Union. Before its brief heyday in the 1980s, East European environmentalism was hidden within economy, policy, society and culture. However, its roots went deeper, reaching back to 18th- and 19th-century thought, to Baltic German – and later Estonian – early voluntary associations and the value seen in the homeland and its natural objects. The founding of animal and nature protection societies in the late 19th century was an early practical outcome, and similar thought became pronounced in print culture. In early 20th century, several nature protection areas were established, and people became avid consumers of popular science journals – an interest that would continue throughout the Soviet period. The 1970s saw an environmental movement to protect the wetlands of Estonia which were in danger of being drained. Throughout the 20th century, also fiction reflected the prevailing views of nature and emerging concerns about the environment. The issue’s opening article by Ulrike Plath and Kaarel Vanamölder takes us back to the 17th century to demonstrate the possibility of climate movements more than three centuries ago. This is followed by Karl Hein’s case study that depicts in detail the emergence of animal protection in Estonia a hundred years ago in the context of local and regional history. The next four articles focus on different aspects of environmental movements in the Soviet period. Elle-Mari Talivee retells the story of the peculiar character of Atom-Boy created by the childrens’ author Vladimir Beekman who depicts in this form the various developments in the Soviet nuclear industry. This example from children’s literature is paralleled by similar environmental concerns expressed in visual arts, as outlined in Linda Kaljundi’s article. In a more theoretical take on liberal and autocratic environmental protection, Viktor Pál discusses the Soviet propagandistic use of environmental issues. Olev Liivik contextualises the protests against phosphorite mining in the 1970–80s within the wider trends in the Soviet Union, including the practice of sending letters of complaint to the media, and the various waves of environmental dissent. The discussion of a more compact case of the so-called Green Cycling Tours by Tambet Muide demonstrates the same increasingly oppositional stance that took hold in the 1980s. Regarding the post-Soviet era, Tõnno Jonuks, Lona Päll, Atko Remmel and Ulla Kadakas analyse the various conflicts that have emerged around natural and cultural objects protected by law since the 1990s. In the freestanding article of the issue, Raili Lass writes on interlinguistic and intersemiotic procedures of translation in the theatre but, as our introductory essay suggests, points of convergence may be found here with the discussion of staging of conflicts in environmental protection. In the “Theory in Translation” section Timothy Morton’s classic discussion of environmentalism is published in Ene-Reet Soovik’s translation, accompanied by introductory remarks from the translator and Kadri Tüür. The final part of the issue’s introduction offers a comparative and interdisciplinary take on the themes discussed. The revelatory nature of historical events of any era, especially natural disasters or the conditions of their unfolding, uncovers the socio-environmental relations that push people to respond. Whether or not such responses become environmental movements depends on the context that either recognises or ignores human embeddedness in the environment. Searching for such parallels connects 21st century climate activism and 17th century upheavals, animal protection in the 1920s and a hundred years later. The Soviet period allows a simultaneous scrutiny of both the limited and ideological take on the apparent lack of Soviet environmentalism as well as the methodological challenges of finding the footprints of hidden awareness and activism. Unearthing this from literature, art and the restrained presence of expert voices also provides an explanation to the sudden explosion of activism in the 1980s. The silence of the next decades further proves that there is nothing obvious in the ways in which environmentalism can take hold of society, which demands precise and detailed inquiry such as provided by the authors of this special issue.

-John Parker, Norman J.W. Thrower, Sir Francis Drake and the famous voyage, 1577-1580. Los Angeles: University of California Press, Contributions of the UCLA Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies Vol. 11, 1984. xix + 214 pp.-Franklin W. Knight, B.W. Higman, Trade, government and society in Caribbean history 1700-1920. Kingston: Heinemann Educational Books, 1983. xii + 172 pp.-A.J.R. Russel-Wood, Lyle N. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion Volume III, 1984. xxxi + 585 pp.-Tony Martin, John Gaffar la Guerre, The social and political thought of the colonial intelligentsia. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1982. 136 pp.-Egenek K. Galbraith, Raymond T. Smith, Kinship ideology and practice in Latin America. Chapel Hill NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. 341 pp.-Anthony P. Maingot, James Pack, Nelson's blood: the story of naval rum. Annapolis MD, U.S.A.: Naval Institute Press and Havant Hampshire, U.K.: Kenneth Mason, 1982. 200 pp.-Anthony P. Maingot, Hugh Barty-King ,Rum: yesterday and today. London: William Heineman, 1983. xviii + 264 pp., Anton Massel (eds)-Helen I. Safa, Alejandro Portes ,Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. xxi + 387 pp., Robert L. Bach (eds)-Wayne S. Smith, Carlos Franqui, Family portrait wth Fidel: a memoir. New York: Random House, 1984. xxiii + 263 pp.-Sergio G. Roca, Claes Brundenius, Revolutionary Cuba: the challenge of economic growth with equity. Boulder CO: Westview Press and London: Heinemann, 1984. xvi + 224 pp.-H. Hoetink, Bernardo Vega, La migración española de 1939 y los inicios del marxismo-leninismo en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1984. 208 pp.-Antonio T. Díaz-Royo, César Andreú-Iglesias, Memoirs of Bernardo Vega: a contribution to the history of the Puerto Rican community in New York. Translated by Juan Flores. New York and London: Monthly Review, 1984. xix + 243 pp.-Mariano Negrón-Portillo, Harold J. Lidin, History of the Puerto Rican independence movement: 20th century. Maplewood NJ; Waterfront Press, 1983. 250 pp.-Roberto DaMatta, Teodore Vidal, Las caretas de cartón del Carnaval de Ponce. San Juan: Ediciones Alba, 1983. 107 pp.-Manuel Alvarez Nazario, Nicolás del Castillo Mathieu, Esclavos negros en Cartagena y sus aportes léxicos. Bogotá: Institute Caro y Cuervo, 1982. xvii + 247 pp.-J.T. Gilmore, P.F. Campbell, The church in Barbados in the seventeenth century. Garrison, Barbados; Barbados Museum and Historical Society, 1982. 188 pp.-Douglas K. Midgett, Neville Duncan ,Women and politics in Barbados 1948-1981. Cave Hill, Barbados: Institute of Social and Economic Research (Eastern Caribbean), Women in the Caribbean Project vol. 3, 1983. x + 68 pp., Kenneth O'Brien (eds)-Ken I. Boodhoo, Maurice Bishop, Forward ever! Three years of the Grenadian Revolution. Speeches of Maurice Bishop. Sydney: Pathfinder Press, 1982. 287 pp.-Michael L. Conniff, Velma Newton, The silver men: West Indian labour migration to Panama, 1850-1914. Kingston: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1984. xx + 218 pp.-Robert Dirks, Frank L. Mills ,Christmas sports in St. Kitts: our neglected cultural tradition. With lessons by Bertram Eugene. Frederiksted VI: Eastern Caribbean Institute, 1984. iv + 66 pp., S.B. Jones-Hendrickson (eds)-Catherine L. Macklin, Virginia Kerns, Woman and the ancestors: Black Carib kinship and ritual. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983. xv + 229 pp.-Marian McClure, Brian Weinstein ,Haiti: political failures, cultural successes. New York: Praeger (copublished with Hoover Institution Press, Stanford), 1984. xi + 175 pp., Aaron Segal (eds)-A.J.F. Köbben, W.S.M. Hoogbergen, De Boni-oorlogen, 1757-1860: marronage en guerilla in Oost-Suriname (The Boni wars, 1757-1860; maroons and guerilla warfare in Eastern Suriname). Bronnen voor de studie van Afro-amerikaanse samenlevinen in de Guyana's, deel 11 (Sources for the Study of Afro-American Societies in the Guyanas, no. 11). Dissertation, University of Utrecht, 1985. 527 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Baijah Mhango, Aid and dependence: the case of Suriname, a study in bilateral aid relations. Paramaribo: SWI, Foundation in the Arts and Sciences, 1984. xiv + 171 pp.-Edward M. Dew, Sandew Hira, Balans van een coup: drie jaar 'surinaamse revolutie.' Rotterdam: Futile (Blok & Flohr), 1983. 175 pp.-Ian Robertson, John A. Holm ,Dictionary of Bahamian English. New York: Lexik House Publishers, 1982. xxxix + 228 pp., Alison Watt Shilling (eds)-Erica Williams Connell, Paul Sutton, Commentary: A reply from Williams Connell (to the review by Anthony Maingot in NWIG 57:89-97).

Modern sociology has a special look at the three associated variables of environment, water and energy. The three variables are not in a harmonial state in many parts of the globe. Some have access to two, or not sufficient to one. Only a few countries are in an equilibrium state of the three. For example, many African countries are in short fall of water and energy. What sociologists suggest is to bring about resources enough as far as the three parts are concerned. In the past, the threefold relationship was less considered and measured, but currently with the heavy weight of population over 7.8 billion world over (WPDS, 2020), balance between the three is inevitable. While population all over the world has increased considerably, water resources have not increased in the same way. Moreover, in the past, population dependency on energy was not that much. But, in the industrial age of today, man is highly in need of energy of different types to maintain life. However, waste and wastewater have become problematic in current age and in most parts of the world. The emerging situation is polluting environment, seas and water streams. It is more observable in less developed world than the developed world. Therefore, the water and energy crisis is wide and ongoing. It is discussed elaborately in the present article. However, national security could be accessible only if water-energy policies are there (Bauer et el. 2014). Introduction The threefold relationship of environment, water and energy is very important from a sociological point of view. Although in the past these three variables were less considered, and their relationship with each other has been less measured, at the same time, following the comprehensive development of modern societies, the tripartite relationship of these variables is inevitable today. To have a healthy environment, enough water resources and enough energy, you must always invest in it. While energy is highly dependent on water, the supply and transfer of water, and the disposal and transfer of wastewater also require energy. Therefore, water and energy, while being necessary for each other, also ensure the health and safety of individuals. Existence of lakes, dams and other similar sources generate energy through and with the power of these elements. At the same time, energy itself transports water resources from one region to another. It also happens with the energy power of the waste disposal system or system. Otherwise, the health of individuals and the health of society in general will face irreparable risks. In the past, when such facilities were less available, many health problems arose that eventually led to an increase in mortality. Therefore, in order to have a healthy environment, providing water and energy resources is very vital and inevitable. Likewise, drinking water itself needs energy for purification and purification operations, and re-pumping to consumers. This means that any interaction regarding the sanitation of water, its purification, its displacement, etc., is itself highly dependent on energy. These conditions ultimately lead to greater well-being, health and security. While developed societies have more or less achieved these possibilities over the last century or so, non-industrial societies have recently been able to implement such schemes; That is, a strategy that leads to better health for them. Where there is a shortage of clean drinking water, and water has to be transported over long distances, having energy is extremely important. Countries generally do not have the same amount of water resources for different uses. As a result, in many cases they have to move water from long distances to other places. This kind of movement requires sufficient and sustainable energy, and this makes agricultural exploitation, agricultural prosperity, access to more resources and products, and the like, more practical and achievable. One of the most significant challenges in this regard is within African countries; That is, areas that are generally short of energy, and the aforementioned losses have made it impossible for such communities to make good use of their potential resources (agricultural land); As a result, poverty and scarcity are widespread in such societies. Method of ResearchMethodology used in the present article is of qualitative type. In that, various paradigms have been used to find out about the facts regarding pandemics during the history. Qualitative research usually studies people, events or areas in their natural settings. In finding facts for the research, the researcher engaged in careful data collection and thoughtful analysis of what was relevant. In the documentary research applied for the present research, printed and written materials were widely regarded. The research was performed as a qualitative library-type in which the researcher had to refer to the relevant and related sources. In the current research, various documents were thoroughly investigated, and the needful inferences were made. The data fed by the investigator in the present article is hopefully reliable. Though literature on pandemics is very limited, yet the author tried to investigate many different resources in order to elicit the necessary information to build up the text. Energy and waterMany of the problems of the society will be reduced if all the people of a society have adequate access to energy and water. It means the safety of water for drinking and sanitary consumption (UNDP: 2015). Access to water and energy also greatly contributes to improving the quality of life. At the same time, access to these resources greatly contributes to the health of the environment, its preservation and maintenance. Today, many less developed communities face increasing population, population density, and mass migration to urban areas. They face water and energy constraints. This has caused the environment to be directly and indirectly affected, and in a negative way. Overpopulation in urban areas, on the one hand, and water scarcity, on the other, put many green space resources at risk of extinction. Therefore, urban environmental planners must always adjust and consider the relocation and resettlement of the population in accordance with water and energy resources. This statement can be applied to all human societies, and it means that energy and water are inseparable. For example, energy is inevitably needed to cool biofuels (hydropower) or water-based power plants, and so on, to access water sources or safe water. In other words, to transfer water from one area to another, or to pump water for change or desalination, we need sufficient and appropriate energy. Therefore, countries should always pay enough attention to these two sources in their planning path. However, many traditional water sources such as springs, aqueducts and the like are being destroyed in many communities. Likewise, following the general warming of the earth, water scarcity is felt more than ever in different communities. On the other hand, following the consumption of more and more population, the need for water directly and indirectly is always increasing. Given this scenario, environmental planners must always take new practical measures to meet the growing needs of their citizens. From a sociological point of view, basic human needs cannot be met without energy and water. That is, it provided food for the growing population, and sustained economic growth. Many societies today need more food, even than in previous years. In other words, more per capita should be considered for them in terms of food, services, agricultural resources and the like. This means that as the quality of life improves, so does the expectation of consumption. In such circumstances, the community in question needs more water resources. While many societies are in such a situation. Future consumption needs are less predictable. Rising prices for food and consumables around the world in recent years are evidence of this claim. That is, many societies around the world over the past decades have not paid attention to the current years (decades) of the 21st century. At the same time (today) (1.3 billion) 1.3 billion people in the world do not have access to electricity, and about 800 million people get their water from unhealthy sources. These conditions lead to many diseases, health problems, personal and social threats and other deprivations. Therefore, considering the natural trend of population growth, which is generally 2% per year or more in developing countries, the forecast and increase of water and energy resources is of crucial importance. As noted, nearly one-seventh of the world's population is now forced to use polluted water resources, which threatens the health of current and even future generations. Therefore, environmental sociologists must always measure and predict population growth index and water resources index together. Many African countries today are in such a situation. That is, a situation whose unhealthy conditions can be transferred to other communities. It's about the same billion people suffering from poverty, hunger and deprivation, and over the next thirty years the demand for food and energy will increase at an unprecedented rate. However, a high proportion of the population, or in other words one-seventh of the world's population, faces food deprivation. While by 2050 the world population will increase from the current 7.2 billion (2013) to more than 9.2 billion, during this time the expectations of individuals, their way of life and the different needs of citizens in different societies will also increase. . These conditions will further exacerbate food and energy problems. Therefore, social planners should distribute their urban and rural population in proportion to their water and energy resources. If more population pressure is applied to urban areas, it will put additional pressure on water and energy resources. However, many human societies today still rely on the same water resources to sustain their lives, economic growth and their environment. In a situation where the share of the population is increasing, effective and productive sources of agricultural and food production. That is, water and energy resources must also increase, otherwise many products. Food production, agricultural production and the like are more or less failing. Under such circumstances, more migration will inevitably occur, which in itself has a negative impact on the environment. This trend is more related to less developed countries than industrialized and developed countries. Improving communities and ecosystemsPutting water and energy on the agenda (from a systemic point of view). How it was developed and managed must be pursued at the local, national, regional and global levels. Water and energy as two influential and vital factors today should be regularly included in development plans, sufficient budgets should be allocated to them, and as mentioned, they should be pursued at different levels and in a participatory manner. In this way, water and energy supply can be achieved to some extent. Likewise, specialized departments, in partnership with other institutions, must make the necessary predictions in proportion to time and place. Therefore, water, energy and food supply will play a central role in the importance and environmental health of communities. Due to increasing population, urban population density, population growth, and changing lifestyles, the need for water, energy and food is felt more than ever in the past. Today, however, a significant portion of the world's population cannot easily meet these needs. Therefore, countries, both independently and in partnership with other communities, must meet the growing needs for water, energy and food as much as possible. In this way, the quality of life in these communities also improves. Many Third World countries, and African countries in general, face severe restrictions in the water, energy and food sectors. The issue of energy and water in general is important in two ways. That is, in terms of the opportunities and challenges of society, and the elimination of many of the growing needs in different societies. Water and energy, while creating opportunities, on the other hand, and in conditions of scarcity or scarcity, water inevitably brings challenges and limitations. Opportunities mean that in the conditions of having sufficient water and energy, economic-agricultural development takes place in its desired form. That is, a movement that itself provides more added value. With the opportunity in question, this situation will lead to more investment, more income, and ultimately more per capita GDP. That is, what leads to an improvement in the quality of life. Few countries have achieved this today. However, many developing societies today and in the years to come will face a water and energy crisis. The problem itself requires more studies, more investment and more international cooperation. Population, economy and energy and water demandThe production and use of energy and water in its national form is a significant necessity in order to meet the basic needs and develop opportunities for the people. Energy supply means access to clean, reliable and revenue-generating energy services for cooking, heating, lighting, communications and productive uses (United Nations: 2010). The supply of water resources and the production of energy required due to the growing needs, today is the first level of importance in different countries. The provision of these resources in its national and global form must be considered, otherwise uncontrolled migration from places without water and energy to other places will inevitably take place. That is, the flow that ultimately leads to environmental problems in various forms. This process leads to housing constraints, transportation problems, and many socio-economic disadvantages. Therefore, social planners, environmental sociologists, and economists must always have adequate oversight and effective forecasting in the water and energy sectors. Water and energy themselves provide food security. It means providing and accessing adequate, healthy and nutritious food that meets the daily nutritional needs and nutritional preferences for a healthy and active life (FAO: 1996). In any case, both energy and water cross national borders in some cases, thereby facilitating international cooperation. Today, following the need of countries for these two factors, new relations have emerged between countries. Whereas in the distant past, water currents flowed easily from one country to another, today for this movement. Contracts and treaties are concluded. Similarly, while countries today need more energy (for example, electricity), cooperation and areas of trade and transmission of electricity between countries are taking place. In this way, the fields of economic cooperation between countries have increased. That is, it provides conditions that improve agriculture, improve the environment, and provide more food, and so on. Cooperation between neighbors in this way provides benefits sharing, profitability, access to more food and water-related products. As the population of countries has increased in recent decades, and on the other hand, the need for food has increased, this has made the connection between countries more and more in terms of water and energy transmission. Is. Improved global water, energy and food supply conditions can be achieved through a cohesive policy. It means adopting a method in terms of management and administration, integrated in all sections and scales (WWF Retrieved). At the international level, ongoing crises such as energy, food, financial issues, and the like indicate systemic interdependence. If the needs related to the mentioned indicators such as energy, water and food are not met in an adequate level, the society will face various crises. Under such circumstances, the standard of living declines. That is, comfort, access to the required material goods, income, employment, domestic products, and inflation are all affected by the declining trend in living standards (Retrieved: 2011). For example, in the absence of energy and water, many villagers migrate to urban areas. That is, a movement that itself leads to crises such as environmental pollution, transportation, population density, destruction of the urban environment and the like. Such crises also lead to greater challenges to personal and social health. Therefore, the water and energy crisis poses many and ongoing challenges. Sociologists in general and environmental sociologists in particular evaluate and predict these conditions. Developing countries face serious challenges in achieving their Millennium Development Goals by 2015, and their close and intimate relationships with water, energy and food need to be re-examined to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Developing countries must always anticipate their coming years by turning to water and energy resources. That is, such facilities that lead to the provision of food. However, such countries face unforeseen challenges and problems due to their increasing population on the one hand, and their extensive migration to urban areas on the other hand. Sociologists have always advised that greater individual and social health be achieved through access to adequate sources of water and energy, otherwise there will be many challenges in the lives of different strata. Likewise, the emergence of new injuries endangers individual and social health in various forms. Energy and water balanceEnergy and water are two important factors in urban development. Any industrial development and access to more industrial products, and more processing itself requires more energy and water resources. In the absence of these two sources, urban communities are largely exposed to economic stagnation, unemployment, and consequently economic inflation. This also leads to a decline in quality of life. Therefore, in proportion to the capacities related to their water and energy resources, they should welcome urban development. Today, many developing communities are facing this problem (restrictions on water and energy resources) in urban areas due to the general increase in their population, and migration from rural to urban areas. Fast-growing cities are heavily dependent on energy and water supply. But at the same time, they must reduce water demand, manage relevant trade, and make good use of their water resources. That is, through the reuse of water, the recycling of water and the production of energy from waste and the like. In a coherent and coordinated manner for industrial development, the use and reuse of energy and water is essential, in order to increase scarce resources and save costs. That is, during the production and management of waste, the motivation for social-environmental responsibility should be strengthened as much as possible through sustainable production. The relationship between energy and water is not only quantitative, but also water quality, water pollution, water pollution and the like must be considered. Different countries and societies, given their growing needs on the one hand, and the scarcity of water resources on the other hand, must always make multiple uses of the available water resources. It means recycling a lot of used water and reusing it in other fields and the like. Otherwise, the limitation and shortage of water resources will lead to food shortages. Therefore, continuous monitoring of its water resources to a large extent ensures the health and quality of life in urban and rural areas as much as possible. The connection between water and energy is inseparable, especially in urban areas. That is, city life depends on these two elements (Sustainca: 2015). Disseminate information on water and energyAccess to information and dissemination of data in the field of energy and water resources, or in other words, management of water resources, etc., is itself a major challenge in most societies today. Many countries, especially in less developed societies, do not have enough information about their water resources, water needs, future water resources, and water management in general. Therefore, based on estimates, such communities will sooner or later face challenges and problems due to water shortages. Therefore, from the sociological point of view of the environment, these communities should prioritize studies and information gathering in this regard as part of their plans, given the increase in their population and water consumption. Green infrastructure facilities, and nature conservation, provide significant services in protecting communities from floods and overheating, dust control, etc. It means strengthening green infrastructure (Benedict: 1947). The complexity of energy and water development decisions often requires some kind of modeling (or hybrid model), based on which an integrated support system is developed and maintained. To meet their water needs, countries must use newer and more advanced methods and models. Likewise, the link between less developed and more developed countries, in order to benefit from their experiences, can itself help in making decisions about energy and water development in less developed societies. Otherwise, the scope of the crisis will expand further in the coming years. Such developments include water and energy economics, their ecological impacts, social criteria, and economic tools that can be measured through choices. In other words, calculating and measuring their water and energy resources as effective methods help these countries in providing water resources. In general, today water and energy resources in its scientific form should be evaluated, measured and predicted. The bridge between science, politics and peopleDialogue or science, politics and people in the field of energy and water based on knowledge and education (literacy), indicates that energy and water need improvement and development. That is, effective efforts must be made in this regard. Innovations in technology, management and the like. In this way, a bridge between science, politics and people can be created. By creating such a tripartite relationship, energy and water resources can be fundamentally managed. At the same time, science and technology must be aligned with, and aligned with, energy and water policy.Otherwise, the challenges and shortcomings of energy and water constraints will become more and more widespread. In a situation where the global population has increased to more than 7.2 billion people today, and at the same time social, economic, service and similar needs have increased more than ever in the past, the use of science and technology to Providing as much energy and water as possible is inevitable. This connection can also be explained by the fact that human beings are inseparable from nature. As any damage to nature by man, man himself is subsequently harmed (Rights of Mother Earth: 2011). As far as developing countries are concerned, such efforts should be made to expand capacities at all levels. By creating such connections or putting them on the agenda, the necessary coordination between the environment, water and energy is achieved. Therefore, capacity building at different levels, including urban and rural areas, industrial and agricultural capacity, human capacity, both men and women, each play a role in providing resources related to water, energy and a healthy environment. ConclusionSociologically speaking, basic human needs cannot be met without energy and water. Currently, over 1.3 billion people in the world do not have access to electricity, and over 800 million people get their water from unhealthy sources. Such conditions lead to many diseases, health problems, personal and social threats, and other deprivations. As noted earlier, one-seventh of world's population is currently forced to use polluted water resources which threatens the health of generations. Therefore, environmental sociologists must always measure and predict the population growth index and water resources index together. However, many human societies still rely on the same water resources to sustain their lives, their economic growth and their environment. Water and energy as two influential and vital factors should be regularly included in development plans, and sufficient budgets need to be allocated to them. Eventually, it must be noted that water, energy and food supply play a central role in the environmental health of communities. References: Bauer, D.; et al. "The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities". US Department of Energy. 2014. Benedict, M.A.; et al. Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities. 1947. California Sustainability Alliance, Cynthia, Truelove, Senior Water Policy Analyst, California Public Utilities Commission. FAO. Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action, World Food Summit 13-17, November 1996, Rome. Nexus Resource. Right of Mother Earth, Bolivia UN, Bolovian.net, Retrieved 2011. Standard of Living Definition, Investopedia.com, Retrieved 2011. UNDP: Millennium Development Goals, Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability. 2015. UN Secretary General's Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC), Summary Report and Recommendations, 28 April 2010, P.13. World Population Data Sheet, Population Reference Bureau, Washington DC. 2020.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. References Alphonso-Karkala, John B. (1970). Indo-English Literature in the Nineteenth Century, Mysore: Literary Half-yearly, University of Mysore, University of Mysore Press. Amanuddin, Syed. (2016 [1990]). “Don’t Call Me Indo-Anglian”. C. D. Narasimhaiah (Ed.), An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry. Bengaluru: Trinity Press. B A (Compiler). (1883). Indo-Anglian Literature. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. PDF. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=rByZ2RcSBTMC&pg=PA1&source= gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false ---. (1887). “Indo-Anglian Literature”. 2nd Issue. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. PDF. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/60238178 Basham, A L. (1981[1954]). The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the Coming of the Muslims. Indian Rpt, Calcutta: Rupa. PDF. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/TheWonderThatWasIndiaByALBasham Bhushan, V N. (1945). The Peacock Lute. Bomaby: Padma Publications Ltd. Bhushan, V N. (1945). 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Despite global urbanization, not all cities have increasing populations. While not homogenous, shrinking cities arguably have different opportunities and challenges for green space than growing cities. This article reports a structured content analysis to investigate how urban green space planning evolved in two case study cities: Buffalo (New York, US) and Porto (Portugal). These cities both underwent shrinkage and suburbanization but with very different green space planning histories. The concept of green infrastructure is used as a lens to analyze green space planning change, specifically focused on multifunctionality. The aim of investigating how objectives and priorities for planning green spaces change during a period of urban shrinkage, and particularly what functions these cities have assigned to green space, showed that, over time, green spaces were expected to produce more ecological functions in both cities, and, particularly in Buffalo, contribute to the economic and demographic outcomes of the city. Overall trends in green space planning appear to have played a role but we find shrinking cities may leverage green space to meet unique needs. These findings contribute to the literature by addressing how shrinkage affects not only vacant areas but also overall green space planning, as well as suggesting that general green space planning studies should consider demographic change as a relevant context factor.

AbstractThe cleaning or removal of manganese stains on Cultural Heritage has not been much tested or successful so far. The aim of this article was to assess a new green cleaning gel for Mn-rich black-blue stains on different substrates. The black-blue stains were characterized at optical and chemical level through colour-related data, optical microscope, FTIR, XRF and XPS. Mn-stained granite found on historical churches at Vila Real (North of Portugal) and glass jars of Leclanché cells, belonging to the ISEP’s Museum (Portugal) collection, were the ideal case studies to test the efficiency of chitosan: thiourea dioxide (TD) cleaning gel. TD proved to be the best candidate to reduce insoluble manganese oxides, over Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride and Hydroxymethanesulfinic Acid. Cleaning assays performed on stained granite samples collected at a historical quarry and in situ application on stained granite churches allowed removal of the stains to a satisfactory level. Similar results were obtained on stained glass jars.