Dissertations / Theses: 'Green manure'

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Sarkodie-Addo, Joseph. "Nitrogen dynamics in a green manure - maize rotation system." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368885.

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Ndikintum, Fouda Ndjinyo. "The role of night paddock manuring in the reduction of poverty and conflict amongst farmers and grazers in small Babanki (Cameroon) /." Online Access, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_1582_1277420558.pdf.

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3

Short, Nicolyn. "Implications of green manure amendments on soil seed bank dynamics." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0022.

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[Truncated abstract] Weeds are a major limitation to agricultural and horticultural production and the main method of control is the use of herbicides. In addition to the resulting chemical pollution of the environment, the wide spread and continues use of herbicides have resulted in many weeds developing resistance to commonly used herbicides. This study investigated the potential of using green manures as a cultural method of control of weed invasion in agricultural fields. To understand the general mechanisms involved in the suppression of seed germination in green manure amended soils, seeds of crop species with little or no dormancy requirements were used in certain studies. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds were sown to a sandy soil amended with green manures of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), Brassica juncea, or oats (Avena sativa) to determine if the amendments affected seed germination and/or decay. It was hypothesised that the addition of plant material would increase the microbial activity of the soil thereby increasing seed decay, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Initial experiments used lettuce, cress and lupin seeds. Lettuce and cress are commonly used as standard test species for seed viability studies. Subsequent experiments used seeds of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), silver grass (Vulpia bromoides), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and wild oat (Avena fatua) as these weed species are commonly found throughout agricultural regions in Western Australia. Amending the soil with lupin or Brassica green manure was established as treatments capable of developing environments suppressive to seed germination. Lupin residues as green manure showed the strongest inhibition of seed germination and seed decay. The decay of certain seeds was enhanced with changes to soil microbial activity, dissolved organic carbon and carbon and nitrogen amounts in lupin amended soil. Seeds of weed species were decayed in lupin amended soil, but showed varied degree of decay. Annual ryegrass and silver grass were severely decayed and wild oat and wild radish were less decayed, in lupin amended soil.

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4

Rick, Terry Lynn. "Phosphorus fertility in Northern Great Plains dryland organic cropping systems." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/rick/RickT1208.pdf.

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Maintaining phosphorus (P) fertility in northern Great Plains (NGP) dryland organic cropping systems is a challenge due to high pH, calcareous soils that limit P bioavailability. Organic P fertilizers, including rock phosphate (RP) and bone meal (BM) are sparingly soluble in higher pH soils. Certain crops species have demonstrated an ability to mobilize sparingly soluble P sources. Objectives of this project were to 1) evaluate the effect of green manure (GM) crops and organic P fertilizers on the P nutrition of subsequent crops, and 2) investigate P fertility differences between organic and non-organic cropping systems. A two-year cropping sequence was conducted on an organic farm in north-central Montana (mean pH=6.6; Olsen P=16 mg kgâ»Â¹). Spring pea (Pisum sativum L), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and tilled fallow were fertilized with 0, 3.1 and 7.7 kg P haâ»Â¹ as RP, grown to flat pod stage and terminated with tillage. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown on these plots in year two. Phosphorus uptake of winter wheat was enhanced (P>0.05) by RP following buckwheat only (P=0.02) at 7.7 kg P haâ»Â¹ compared to 0 P. Results indicate buckwheat can enhance P in a subsequent crop. A greenhouse pot experiment in a low P soil (Olsen P=4 mg kgâ»Â¹) consisted of four green manures; buckwheat, spring pea, wheat, and a non-crop control fertilized with 7.0 and 17.5 kg available P haâ»Â¹ as RP, 13.0 and 32.5 kg available P haâ»Â¹ as BM and 10 and 25 kg available P haâ»Â¹ as monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Green manures were harvested, dried, analyzed for nutrient content, and returned to pots. Pots were seeded with wheat. Phosphorus uptake in wheat following all crops was enhanced by MCP (P<0.05). Phosphorus uptake of wheat following buckwheat was enhanced by all P sources over the control. Buckwheat demonstrates the capacity to increase the availability of organic P fertilizers. Soil sampling of organic and non-organic no-tillage (NT) cropping systems was conducted in two separate studies to determine differences in P availability between management systems. Soil analysis determined available P tends to be lower in non-fertilized systems.

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5

Cherr, Corey. "Improved use of green manure as a nitrogen source for sweet corn." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006501.

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6

Ragozo, Carlos Renato Alves [UNESP]. "Eficiência da utilização de adubos verdes em pomar de laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103245.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da utilização de adubos verdes em pomar de laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) e foi instalado na fazenda Três Irmãos, no município de Botucatu/SP. O solo da propriedade é denominado Neossolo Quartzarênico. As plantas estão enxertadas em limoeiro 'Cravo' e foram plantadas num espaçamento de sete por quatro metros, no ano de 1996, estando com sete e oito anos de idade respectivamente nos anos de 2003 e 2004, ocasião em que foi realizado o experimento. Foram empregados quatro tratamentos correspondentes aos adubos verdes avaliados, sendo eles: feijão de porco (FP) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), labe-labe (LL) (Dolichus lablab L.), feijão guandu anão (GA) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) e braquiária (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf). Os adubos verdes foram semeados no mês de dezembro dos anos de 2003 e 2004, sendo ceifados e direcionados para a linha da cultura na ocasião do pleno florescimento, o que corresponde a cento e vinte dias após a semeadura dos mesmos. Adotou-se os mesmos tratos culturais indicados para a cultura, nos dois anos de experimentação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições, duas plantas úteis para as avaliações, completamente rodeadas por plantas bordadura. As características avaliadas foram: análise química de solo nas linhas e entrelinhas da cultura, diagnose foliar, diagnóstico nutricional através do DRIS (Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação), circunferência do tronco (cm), volume de copa (m3), índice relativo de clorofila (índice Spad), peso médio dos frutos (g) número de frutos por caixa, rendimento de suco (%), acidez total (g de ácido cítrico / 100g de polpa), sólidos solúveis totais (SS), ratio, produtividade, porcentagem de matéria seca dos adubos verdes...
The purpose of the experimental was to evaluate the efficiency of the use of the green manures on an orchard planted with orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cv. 'Pera' and was carried out in a farm named 'Três Irmãos', situated in Botucatu/SP/Brazil. The soil is Oxic Quartzipsamments. Plants are grafted on 'Cravo' lemon tree and were planted spaced 7 x 4 m apart, in 1996, and were seven and eight years old in 2003 and 2004, respectively when the experiment was conducted. Four different treatments were applied corresponding to the three green manures: jack bean (FP) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), lab-lab (LL) (Dolichus lablab L.), dwarf guandu (GA) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) and brachiaria (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf) as a control. They were sown on December, 2003 and 2004, being mowed and directed to the line plants by the occasion of the full flowering, wich happened one hundred and twenty days after sowing. The same treatments were utilized in both experimental years. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four treatments, six replications, and two useful plants per plot. Characteristics evaluated were: chemical analysis of the soil over the planting lines and in the middle of the citrus orchard rows, chemical analysis of the leaves, nutritional diagnosis through the DRIS, trunk circumference (cm), volume of the canopy (m3), relative index of chlorophyll (SPAD index), average fruits weight (g), number of fruits per boxes, juice content (%), total acidity (g of citric acid / 100 g of pulp), total soluble solids, ratio, productivity, percentage of dry matter and the contents of macro and micronutrients in the green manures and control (BQ). The results obtained allowed the following conclusions: the nutritional diagnosis elaborated through DRIS showed...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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7

Trott, Donna M. "Assessing near-field naturally occurring isothiocyanates emissions after mustard green manure cover crop incorporation." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/d_trott_071609.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in environmental science)--Washington State University, August 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 7, 2009). "School of Earth and Environmental Sciences." Includes bibliographical references.

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8

Galpin, C. Mark. "The development and evaluation of participatory farm management methods for research needs assessment with smallholder farmers." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324995.

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9

Teklay, Tesfay. "Organic inputs from agroforestry trees on farms for improving soil quality and crop productivity in Ethiopia /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005122.pdf.

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10

Plotkin, Jeremy Barker. "The Effects of Green Manure Rotation Crops on Soils and Potato Yield and Quality." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2000. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/PlotkinJB2000.pdf.

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11

Ragozo, Carlos Renato Alves 1970. "Eficiência da utilização de adubos verdes em pomar de laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103245.

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Orientador: Sarita Leonel
Banca: Sérgio Lázaro de Lima
Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues
Banca: José Eduardo Creste
Banca: José Orlando de Figueiredo
Resumo: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da utilização de adubos verdes em pomar de laranjeira 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) e foi instalado na fazenda Três Irmãos, no município de Botucatu/SP. O solo da propriedade é denominado Neossolo Quartzarênico. As plantas estão enxertadas em limoeiro 'Cravo' e foram plantadas num espaçamento de sete por quatro metros, no ano de 1996, estando com sete e oito anos de idade respectivamente nos anos de 2003 e 2004, ocasião em que foi realizado o experimento. Foram empregados quatro tratamentos correspondentes aos adubos verdes avaliados, sendo eles: feijão de porco (FP) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), labe-labe (LL) (Dolichus lablab L.), feijão guandu anão (GA) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) e braquiária (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf). Os adubos verdes foram semeados no mês de dezembro dos anos de 2003 e 2004, sendo ceifados e direcionados para a linha da cultura na ocasião do pleno florescimento, o que corresponde a cento e vinte dias após a semeadura dos mesmos. Adotou-se os mesmos tratos culturais indicados para a cultura, nos dois anos de experimentação. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos, seis repetições, duas plantas úteis para as avaliações, completamente rodeadas por plantas bordadura. As características avaliadas foram: análise química de solo nas linhas e entrelinhas da cultura, diagnose foliar, diagnóstico nutricional através do DRIS (Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação), circunferência do tronco (cm), volume de copa (m3), índice relativo de clorofila (índice Spad), peso médio dos frutos (g) número de frutos por caixa, rendimento de suco (%), acidez total (g de ácido cítrico / 100g de polpa), sólidos solúveis totais (SS), ratio, produtividade, porcentagem de matéria seca dos adubos verdes...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The purpose of the experimental was to evaluate the efficiency of the use of the green manures on an orchard planted with orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cv. 'Pera' and was carried out in a farm named 'Três Irmãos', situated in Botucatu/SP/Brazil. The soil is Oxic Quartzipsamments. Plants are grafted on 'Cravo' lemon tree and were planted spaced 7 x 4 m apart, in 1996, and were seven and eight years old in 2003 and 2004, respectively when the experiment was conducted. Four different treatments were applied corresponding to the three green manures: jack bean (FP) (Canavalia ensiformis DC), lab-lab (LL) (Dolichus lablab L.), dwarf guandu (GA) (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) and brachiaria (BQ) (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf) as a control. They were sown on December, 2003 and 2004, being mowed and directed to the line plants by the occasion of the full flowering, wich happened one hundred and twenty days after sowing. The same treatments were utilized in both experimental years. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four treatments, six replications, and two useful plants per plot. Characteristics evaluated were: chemical analysis of the soil over the planting lines and in the middle of the citrus orchard rows, chemical analysis of the leaves, nutritional diagnosis through the DRIS, trunk circumference (cm), volume of the canopy (m3), relative index of chlorophyll (SPAD index), average fruits weight (g), number of fruits per boxes, juice content (%), total acidity (g of citric acid / 100 g of pulp), total soluble solids, ratio, productivity, percentage of dry matter and the contents of macro and micronutrients in the green manures and control (BQ). The results obtained allowed the following conclusions: the nutritional diagnosis elaborated through DRIS showed...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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12

Elfstrand, Sara. "Impact of green manure on soil organisms : with emphasis on microbial community composition and function /." Uppsala : Department of Soil Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200723.pdf.

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13

Harris, Mark Anglin. "The effects of green manure on soil structure in calcareous sodic and non-sodic soils /." Title page, Contents and Summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ah315.pdf.

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14

Izard, Erica Jean. "Seeking sustainability for organic cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains: legume green manure management strategies." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/izard/IzardE0807.pdf.

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15

Coutinho, Neto André Mendes [UNESP]. "Manejo da adubação nitrogenada e utilização do nitrogênio (15N) pelo milho sob plantio direto com diferentes plantas de entressafra." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88247.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O aproveitamento do N pelo milho cultivado em sistema de plantio direto (SPD) é dependente da qualidade dos resíduos da cultura antecessora, que por sua vez podem promover diferenças na eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em função da época em que esta é realizada. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as estratégias de aplicação do N e das plantas de entressafra na eficiência de utilização do N, no aproveitamento pelo milho do N das plantas de entressafra, previamente marcadas com 15N e na produção de milho cultivado em um solo argiloso, sob SPD (18 anos). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em parcelas subdivididas com cinco tratamentos principais (estratégias de aplicação de N), dois tratamentos secundários (culturas de entressafra) e seis repetições dispostas em blocos casualizados. As estratégias de adubação (dose: 150 kg ha-1 de N - uréia) foram: 0 - 0 - 0; 20 - 80 - 50; 50 - 80 - 20; 150 - 0 - 0 e 0 - 80 - 70, sendo o primeiro número correspondente à dose de N (kg ha-1) aplicada em présemeadura e o segundo e terceiro números corresponderam às doses aplicadas quando as plantas de milho estavam nos estádios V4 e V8. As culturas de entressafra foram o milho e a soja. A aplicação de N aumentou a produtividade de grãos de milho, sendo esse efeito mais pronunciado quando a cultura de entressafra era a soja. Em termos de produção de grãos, as estratégias de aplicação de N foram equivalentes. O aproveitamento pelo milho, do N das plantas de entressafra, foi baixo, sendo que a maior parte desse nutriente permaneceu no solo. A maior eficiência de utilização do fertilizante nitrogenado pelo milho foi observada quando a dose total de N foi aplicada em pré-semeadura. O N não recuperado da uréia no sistema solo-planta foi, em média, de 46%
The utilization of N by maize grown on a no-tillage system (NT) depends on the quality of the residue of the crop winter, which may cause differences on the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency due to the time in which it is performed. Thus, this study aimed the evaluation of N application strategies and winter crops on N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE), and the maize utilization of N from soybean and maize, both with 15N labeled, and the grain yield of maize grown in a clayey soil (Typic Acrustox), under NTS (18 years). The experimental design was a split-plot, with six replications in randomized complete blocks, where the main plot was the N application strategies and the split-plots was the winter crops (soybean and maize). The N application strategies (rate: 150 kg ha-1 of N - urea) were: (0 - 0 - 0), (20 - 80 -50), (50 - 80 - 20), (150 - 0 - 0) and (0 - 80 - 70), where the first number corresponds to the N rate applied on preplanting and the second and third ones correspond to the rate applied on top dressing when the plant presented, respectively, 4-leaf stage and 8- leaf stage. The N application increased the productivity of maize grains; these effects were more expressive when the crop winter was soybean. With regard to the grain production, the N application strategies were equivalent, inexistent significant differences among them. The N utilization by maize of the crop winter was low, and great part of such nutrient remained in the soil. The greatest Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency (NFUE) by maize was verified when the total N rate was applied on preplanting (NFUE = 38%). Regardless the N application strategy and the winter crop, the non recovered N (NRN) from the applied urea on the soil-plant system, was on average of 46% (69 kg ha-1 of N)

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16

Coutinho, Neto André Mendes. "Manejo da adubação nitrogenada e utilização do nitrogênio (15N) pelo milho sob plantio direto com diferentes plantas de entressafra /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88247.

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Resumo: O aproveitamento do N pelo milho cultivado em sistema de plantio direto (SPD) é dependente da qualidade dos resíduos da cultura antecessora, que por sua vez podem promover diferenças na eficiência da adubação nitrogenada em função da época em que esta é realizada. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as estratégias de aplicação do N e das plantas de entressafra na eficiência de utilização do N, no aproveitamento pelo milho do N das plantas de entressafra, previamente marcadas com 15N e na produção de milho cultivado em um solo argiloso, sob SPD (18 anos). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em parcelas subdivididas com cinco tratamentos principais (estratégias de aplicação de N), dois tratamentos secundários (culturas de entressafra) e seis repetições dispostas em blocos casualizados. As estratégias de adubação (dose: 150 kg ha-1 de N - uréia) foram: 0 - 0 - 0; 20 - 80 - 50; 50 - 80 - 20; 150 - 0 - 0 e 0 - 80 - 70, sendo o primeiro número correspondente à dose de N (kg ha-1) aplicada em présemeadura e o segundo e terceiro números corresponderam às doses aplicadas quando as plantas de milho estavam nos estádios V4 e V8. As culturas de entressafra foram o milho e a soja. A aplicação de N aumentou a produtividade de grãos de milho, sendo esse efeito mais pronunciado quando a cultura de entressafra era a soja. Em termos de produção de grãos, as estratégias de aplicação de N foram equivalentes. O aproveitamento pelo milho, do N das plantas de entressafra, foi baixo, sendo que a maior parte desse nutriente permaneceu no solo. A maior eficiência de utilização do fertilizante nitrogenado pelo milho foi observada quando a dose total de N foi aplicada em pré-semeadura. O N não recuperado da uréia no sistema solo-planta foi, em média, de 46%
Abstract: The utilization of N by maize grown on a no-tillage system (NT) depends on the quality of the residue of the crop winter, which may cause differences on the nitrogen fertilizer efficiency due to the time in which it is performed. Thus, this study aimed the evaluation of N application strategies and winter crops on N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE), and the maize utilization of N from soybean and maize, both with 15N labeled, and the grain yield of maize grown in a clayey soil (Typic Acrustox), under NTS (18 years). The experimental design was a split-plot, with six replications in randomized complete blocks, where the main plot was the N application strategies and the split-plots was the winter crops (soybean and maize). The N application strategies (rate: 150 kg ha-1 of N - urea) were: (0 - 0 - 0), (20 - 80 -50), (50 - 80 - 20), (150 - 0 - 0) and (0 - 80 - 70), where the first number corresponds to the N rate applied on preplanting and the second and third ones correspond to the rate applied on top dressing when the plant presented, respectively, 4-leaf stage and 8- leaf stage. The N application increased the productivity of maize grains; these effects were more expressive when the crop winter was soybean. With regard to the grain production, the N application strategies were equivalent, inexistent significant differences among them. The N utilization by maize of the crop winter was low, and great part of such nutrient remained in the soil. The greatest Nitrogen Fertilizer Use Efficiency (NFUE) by maize was verified when the total N rate was applied on preplanting (NFUE = 38%). Regardless the N application strategy and the winter crop, the non recovered N (NRN) from the applied urea on the soil-plant system, was on average of 46% (69 kg ha-1 of N)
Orientador: José Eduardo Corá
Coorientador: Takashi Muraoka
Banca: Francisco Maximino Fernandes
Banca: José Carlos Barbosa
Mestre

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Lock, Julia. "The potential of a Novel Green Manure as a treatment for Replant Disease on Sorbus aucuparia." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2018. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/10530/.

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Trees have been an integral part of our environment for millennia by providing many ecosystem services to the surrounding populous. Trees add to their environment through the provision of ecosystem services and are a positive contributor to public health which financially equates to £1.8 billion per year. The importance of trees is recognised at government level and their health and resilience is considered a priority. Tree and shrub species in the Rosaceae are susceptible to replant disease (RD), which is expressed in the form of necrotic roots, stunting and reduced yield, and are thought to be the result of a build up of soil borne pathogens that are associated with root rotting, and can be exacerbated by abiotic factors such as poor soil condition, the presence of phytotoxins and a lack of available nutrients. Pathogens detected in replant soils cover a broad range of microorganisms often in the form of a complex consisting of organisms from bacteria, fungi, and stamenopiles to nematodes. As a result of this disease being incited by a complex of various pathogens it was treated with a broad spectrum pesticide called methyl bromide which is non-selective in its target species. This chemical treatment was revoked under the food and environment protection act 1985 and the control of pesticides regulations 1986 due to being a stratospheric pollutant. RD was identified as a specific problem on Sorbus aucuparia (rowan) which was previously associated with a complex of Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, and Pythium. This species was found to be particularly sensitive to RD and was demonstrated as being a model species for soil susceptibility bioassays. S. aucuparia is an ornamental species which is used widely throughout Europe in urban forest plantings due to its tolerance to disturbance and poor conditions. Due to these factors this species was used to determine the effectiveness of green manure as a treatment for RD. It was proposed that the use of novel green manures with specific antimicrobial properties as an organic soil addition had the potential to alter the condition of the soil to one that is conducive to tree growth. Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed) was selected for its potential as a biofumigant, with Brassica juncea (mustard) Tagetes patula (French marigold), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Allium sativum (garlic) studied as comparative treatments. The research was split into three streams of work involving a three year bioassay running alongside microbial inhibition tests and DNA analysis. In-vitro studies (n=9) were conducted to determine the potential of green manure leaf matter to inhibit Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani, which were previously associated with RD. At the same time, bare root S. aucuparia saplings were arranged in a randomised block design in the research area of the Moulton College estate in Northamptonshire. After three months of establishment trees were categorised into 16 treatment groups of single tree replicates (n=25). Eight groups were potted in sterile soil, whilst eight were potted into diseased soil, obtained from Burbage Common in Leicestershire. P. americana was applied in three concentrations (1.67g/l, 8.33g/l and 15.00g/l), whilst comparative green manures were applied in one concentration (8.33g/l). During a period of three years trees were monitored initially after three months and then yearly, with growth variables including primary and secondary growth, leaf count, active bud count, and chlorophyll content. At the end of the three years the trees underwent destructive analysis which consisted of dry weight measurements of stems, roots, fruit and foliage. Roots were examined for nematode cysts. Soil samples were analysed by Scientia Terrae for a prescribed list of pathogens and beneficial microorganisms using a polymerase chain reaction and DNA Multiscan. The in-vitro laboratory study demonstrated that application method, concentration, and green manure species used can influence pathogen growth. All P. americana treatments significantly inhibited R. solani and P.ultimum. P. americana has properties which induce inhibition of pathogen growth, with these properties being liberated from the plant matter directly or as a water based extract. Of the two pathogens the former was found to be more sensitive to treatments than the latter. Application of comparative green manure species as plant matter in agar inhibited R. solani and P.ultimum growth. T. patula was the only plant species that did not inhibit R. solani and only temporarily inhibited P. ultimum growth. When the treatment was applied as a cold water extract P. americana successfully inhibited more than other treatments. The in-vivo field study determined that the influence of the sterile soil sub-set treatments on tree growth was no different to the control. Treatments did not have an influence on height, secondary growth, foliage and fruit production throughout the three years. There was also no significant difference in root and stem biomass. The use of green manures appears to produce variable results, which is especially true in terms of P. americana where improvement in growth parameters was not correlated with concentration. T. patula (8.33g/l) and P. americana (15.00g/l) were linked to increased height and vigorous roots with greater biomass, whilst B. juncea and A. sativum caused stunting in comparison to the diseased control. T. aestivum treated trees were associated with variable vigour. Molecular DNA results in relation to tree growth data indicated that the disease in this particular instance was exhibited in the presence of soil borne pathogens Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium spp., and Pythium sylvaticum. Results demonstrated that, regardless of concentration, P. americana does not have a consistent affect on soil microbes. However, P. americana is successful in eliminating R. solani when used at a rate of 15.00g/l. Overall results suggest that P. americana and T. patula soil amendments improve root and shoot growth relative to the control. P. americana was consistently fungistatic in vitro whilst displaying variability in its activity in field conditions. T. patula demonstrated poor ability to suppress pathogens in the laboratory however was much more successful when added as an amendment. Surprisingly, two species known for their antimicrobial activity, A. sativum and B. juncea, were not found to be beneficial in this instance. T. patula may have potential as a green manure; however the other species are unreliable treatments. It is recommended that active ingredients of P. americana and T. patula are investigated further to deduce their activity against replant disease on S. aucuparia.

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Båth, Birgitta. "Matching the availability of N mineralised from green-manure crops with the N-demand of field vegetables /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5754-8.pdf.

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Parajuli, Krishna Joshi. "Economic Impact Analysis of Mixed-Species Green Manure on Organic Tomato: Evidence from the Northeastern United States." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36108.

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With shifting preferences of consumers towards healthier food, organic food demand has been on the rise for the past two decades. This increased demand has created an opportunity for farmers to shift from conventional to organic production. However, there are risks and uncertainties associated with organic farming. The management of an organic farm in the absence of organic-based disease and pest suppressing strategies constrains farmers from adopting organic vegetable production. The use of cover crops to control soil-borne diseases and suppress weeds and other pests has increased because of its sustainable and environmental friendly nature. This study of the economic impact of the cover crops on organic tomato production in the three states Ohio, New York, and Maryland showed mixed results. In Maryland, mixed forage radish and hairy vetch was projected to have a net present value over 15 years that was $1.53 million higher than single species hairy vetch, assuming maximum adoption level of 50 percent. In New York, mixed rye and turnip gave the higher return with a net present value of $2.61 million. In Ohio, the highest projected return was from mixed hay compared to hairy vetch with a net present value of $3.12 million when used without adding compost amendments. In Maryland and New York when bare ground was also used as a control, only mixed forage radish and hairy vetch in Maryland produced better returns compared to bare ground. A probit regression assessing the factors affecting the decision to adopt mixed species green manure technology indicated that farmer experiences in organic production, farmer age, access to the internet access, and farmers’ perceptions about the benefits of using mixed species green manures were significant factors. Each variables and factors except age had a positive influence. Similarly, probit results for microbial inoculants indicated that education, gender, and access to the internet were significant determinants, and had a negative effect on the probability of adoption. Access to the internet was significant for both mixed species green manures and microbial inoculants but with opposite sign, positive for mixed species green manures and negative for microbial inoculants.
Master of Science

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Gacengo, Catherine N. Wood C. W. Shaw Joey N. "Agroecosystem management effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling across a coastal plain catena." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Agronomy_and_Soils/Dissertation/Gacengo_Catherine_2.pdf.

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Kapal, Debbie B. "Influence of a legume green manure crop on barley straw/stubble decomposition, and soil nitrogen retention and availability." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/701.

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The incorporation of cereal straw/stubble often immobilises nitrogen (N). This can help conserve N in soil in organic forms, thus reducing loss through leaching over dormant winter periods. However, N-depressions that arise during decomposition can reduce crop yield. The inclusion of a legume green manure can supply fixed-N, thus alleviating the low N availability to crops. In this study, the effect of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) green manure incorporation on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw/stubble decomposition, and N availability was investigated. A field experiment was used to determine the effects of the green manure on decomposition. Decomposition of straw/stubble was monitored using the litterbag technique. Following green manure incorporation, soil cores were incubated in a glasshouse to determine mineral-N availability. Though not significant, the inclusion of lupin green manure seemed to increase the decomposition of straw/stubble during the growth period, then slowing it after its incorporation at 110 d. This was described by a logarithmic pattern of loss of - 4.97 g AFDW residue day⁻¹, with 60% remaining after 140 d. Treatments without lupin had a linear decomposition of - 0.12 g AFDW residue day⁻¹, with 49% remaining after 140 d. The loss of cellulose confirmed the differences in decomposition with the inclusion of lupin resulting in 2.79% less cellulose remaining in straw/stubble after 140 d compared to its exclusion. Lupin significantly increased pot oat N uptake and DM yield by 55 % and 46 %, respectively, compared to its exclusion. However, this effect was not observed in field sown wheat yields and the soil mineral-N measurements made. This study showed that the potential of lupin to increase straw/stubble decomposition by improving the retention and availability of N, leading to long-term yield benefits, needed further investigation.

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Buzinaro, Thais Nucci [UNESP]. "Qualidade microbiológica do solo sob citrus em comparação com outros ecossistemas e sob adubação verde." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94907.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 buzinaro_tn_me_jabo.pdf: 507442 bytes, checksum: a062b965b5c7aee4def0e6db053eb295 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A expansão da citricultura tem sido feita em áreas de florestas e de pastagens. O efeito desta conversão de uma área de floresta tropical e de pastagem em laranjal (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) constitui uma oportunidade para avaliar mudanças nas variáveis microbiológicas e químicas do solo. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas áreas de floresta, de pastagem e da parte alta (LA, laranjal do alto) e da baixada (LB, laranjal da baixada) de laranjal. As menores contagens de bactérias foram encontradas no solo sob pastagem e as maiores no solo sob floresta. O número de fungos foi significativamente (P < 0,05) maior no solo de laranjal do que nos demais solos. A atividade respiratória encontrada nos solos sob floresta e LB decresceu (P < 0,05) nos demais solos. Nenhuma variação foi observada na atividade nitrificante entre os solos estudados. As enzimas fosfatase e urease decresceram na seguinte ordem: floresta > pasto > LB > LA e diferença significativa apenas foi observada na atividade do solo sob floresta e LB. Diferenças (P < 0,05) foram constatadas no conteúdo da matéria orgânica entre o solo sob LA e o sob floresta e no da umidade do solo entre o solo sob LA e o sob LB. Em geral, os resultados encontrados sugerem que não houve mudança nas características microbiológicas e químicas entre o solo da floresta e do laranjal, porém estas variáveis foram diminuídas no solo sob pastagem em relação ao sob floresta. A adubação verde é a prática de cultivo e incorporação de plantas, produzidas no local ou adicionadas, com a finalidade de preservar e ou restaurar os teores de matéria orgânica e nutrientes dos solos, indo ao encontro da tendência mundial da busca de alimentos mais saudáveis, provenientes da agricultura orgânica ou produzidos com a mínima utilização de insumos químicos e degradação do meio ambiente...
The expansion of the citriculture has been made in forests and pasture areas. The effect of this conversion constitutes an opportunity to evaluate changes of tropical forest and pasture areas in orange grove (Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck) on the study of the soil microbiological and chemical variables. The samples had been collected in the areas of tropical forest, pasture and in the top (TOG) and bottom (BOG) of the orange grove. The lowest bacteria count was found in the pasture soil and the highest in the forest soil. The fungi number was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the orange grove soil than in the other soils. Respiratory activity found in the forest and LB soils decreased (P <0.05) in the other soils. No change was observed in the nitrification activity among the studied soils. Phosphatase and urease activities decreased in the following order: forest > pasture > BOG > TOG and significant difference was only found in the activity of the forest and TOG soils. Differences (P <0.05) were found in the organic matter content among the TOG and the forest soils and in the moisture among of TOG and BOG soils. In general, the results found suggest that there was not change in the microbiological and chemical characteristic among forest and orange grove soils however these variables were decreased in the pasture soil in relation to the forest soil. The green fertilization is practical culture and the incorporation of plants that was produced in the place or added with the purpose to preserve and or to restore texts of organic matter and nutrients, going into worldwide trend of the food cultivation with more healthful, resulted from organic agricultura with the minimum use of chemical insumos and degradation of the environment. The objective of this study was to check the effect of to use three species plants cover, Crotalaria spectabilis (crotalária)...(Complete abstract, acess undermentioned eletronic)

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Buzinaro, Thais Nucci. "Qualidade microbiológica do solo sob citrus em comparação com outros ecossistemas e sob adubação verde /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94907.

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Orientador: Ely Nahas
Banca: Eliana Gertrudes Macedo Lemos
Banca: Eleonora Cano Carmona
Resumo: A expansão da citricultura tem sido feita em áreas de florestas e de pastagens. O efeito desta conversão de uma área de floresta tropical e de pastagem em laranjal (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) constitui uma oportunidade para avaliar mudanças nas variáveis microbiológicas e químicas do solo. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas áreas de floresta, de pastagem e da parte alta (LA, laranjal do alto) e da baixada (LB, laranjal da baixada) de laranjal. As menores contagens de bactérias foram encontradas no solo sob pastagem e as maiores no solo sob floresta. O número de fungos foi significativamente (P < 0,05) maior no solo de laranjal do que nos demais solos. A atividade respiratória encontrada nos solos sob floresta e LB decresceu (P < 0,05) nos demais solos. Nenhuma variação foi observada na atividade nitrificante entre os solos estudados. As enzimas fosfatase e urease decresceram na seguinte ordem: floresta > pasto > LB > LA e diferença significativa apenas foi observada na atividade do solo sob floresta e LB. Diferenças (P < 0,05) foram constatadas no conteúdo da matéria orgânica entre o solo sob LA e o sob floresta e no da umidade do solo entre o solo sob LA e o sob LB. Em geral, os resultados encontrados sugerem que não houve mudança nas características microbiológicas e químicas entre o solo da floresta e do laranjal, porém estas variáveis foram diminuídas no solo sob pastagem em relação ao sob floresta. A adubação verde é a prática de cultivo e incorporação de plantas, produzidas no local ou adicionadas, com a finalidade de preservar e ou restaurar os teores de matéria orgânica e nutrientes dos solos, indo ao encontro da tendência mundial da busca de alimentos mais saudáveis, provenientes da agricultura orgânica ou produzidos com a mínima utilização de insumos químicos e degradação do meio ambiente...(Resumo completo, clicar no acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The expansion of the citriculture has been made in forests and pasture areas. The effect of this conversion constitutes an opportunity to evaluate changes of tropical forest and pasture areas in orange grove (Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck) on the study of the soil microbiological and chemical variables. The samples had been collected in the areas of tropical forest, pasture and in the top (TOG) and bottom (BOG) of the orange grove. The lowest bacteria count was found in the pasture soil and the highest in the forest soil. The fungi number was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the orange grove soil than in the other soils. Respiratory activity found in the forest and LB soils decreased (P <0.05) in the other soils. No change was observed in the nitrification activity among the studied soils. Phosphatase and urease activities decreased in the following order: forest > pasture > BOG > TOG and significant difference was only found in the activity of the forest and TOG soils. Differences (P <0.05) were found in the organic matter content among the TOG and the forest soils and in the moisture among of TOG and BOG soils. In general, the results found suggest that there was not change in the microbiological and chemical characteristic among forest and orange grove soils however these variables were decreased in the pasture soil in relation to the forest soil. The green fertilization is practical culture and the incorporation of plants that was produced in the place or added with the purpose to preserve and or to restore texts of organic matter and nutrients, going into worldwide trend of the food cultivation with more healthful, resulted from organic agricultura with the minimum use of chemical insumos and degradation of the environment. The objective of this study was to check the effect of to use three species plants cover, Crotalaria spectabilis (crotalária)...(Complete abstract, acess undermentioned eletronic)
Mestre

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Olewski, Jakub Szymon. "Effects of soil pH and plant material quality on soil mineral nitrogen dynamics and nitrous oxide production following addition of green manure to soil." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202373.

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Human activities have doubled the loading of ecosystems with reactive nitrogen (N) contributing to many serious problems such as eutrophication, climate change and pollution. As most anthropogenic reactive N is created to supply plant-available N in agriculture, one of the ways to mitigate the situation is to improve N use efficiency in crop production. It is also potentially more sustainable to supply N to crops using biological N fixation (BNF) rather than synthetic N fertilisers, because BNF does not rely on energy from fossil fuels to create plant-available N. Soil pH affects N transformations (e.g. nitrification is generally slower in low pH), but pH effects during decomposition of green manure and pH interactions with physico-chemical properties of the plant material are not well known. Here, effects of soil pH on N release, mineral-N dynamics and N2O emissions during plant material decomposition were studied. One of the objectives was to establish if regulation of soil pH could be used to manipulate N supply from green manures to crops. It was the first time such study was conducted using a long-term pH gradient (Woodlands Field, Craibstone, Aberdeen, UK). This enabled to avoid short-term effects of pH change on soil biochemical processes and confounding effects of other variables, such as soil texture and organic matter content, which vary when soils from different locations are used. Field and laboratory experiments showed that soil acidification is unlikely to be useful as a means regulate N supply from green manure (e.g. to reduce risk of nitrate leaching) as it did not significantly affect N release and nitrate dynamics. Comparison of different green manure species showed that tannin-rich plant material and purified tannins can interact with soil pH affecting soil microbial community composition and N2O emissions, but the effects were not related causally, which warrants further investigation.

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Cardozo-Tacaná, José. "Impact of six cropping sequences on soybean cyst nematode, soil arthropods, and earthworms /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9809665.

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Cerqueira, Danilo César Oliveira de. "Caracterização de leguminosas para adubação verde de canaviais em solo de Tabuleiro Costeiro, Penedo, Alagoas." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/256.

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The expansion of area cultivated with sugar cane incorporates every season, areas of poor soils, low fertility and low CEC. Green manure can be used in the renovation of the reeds with great benefits to soil, however, climate and soil for each condition it is important for a study to define the most suitable legumes to serve as green manure and to evaluate the effects of culture cane sugar. This experimental study aimed to characterize growth and nutrient uptake of certain species of legumes used as green manure and their influences on productivity and technological indices of cane sugar in the soil of the Coast Plains, Penedo, Alagoas. This experiment was conducted in the area of commercial exploitation, in Perocabinha Farm, Lot 25, Paisa Power Plant, located in the city of Penedo, Alagoas. The average temperature characteristic of the region is 25.8 ° C with maximum temperatures of 30.2 ° C and mean minimum of 21.3 ° C. The average annual precipitation is 1,700 mm and the rainy season extends from April to early September. The experimental area was located in a Coastal Board Hapludalf. This work was organized to run in two steps. In the first phase was carried out planting in the experimental arrangement of some legume species, phase implemented in the rainy season, the treatments were: T1= Crotalaria spectabilis T2= Crotalaria juncea, T3= Crotalaria ochroleuca, T4= Crotalaria breviflora, T5= pigeonpea, T6= Filter cake, T7 = Witness. In the final phase, in succession to green manure, were the renovation of the cane field with just one variety of cane sugar, RB98579, which was planted on the same plots with the aim of evaluating the influence of green manure on productivity culture. The experiment consisted of seven treatments, five replicates and their plots had 70 square meters (7m x 10m). The statistical design was randomized blocks and the results were subjected to analysis of variance. After 100 days of cultivation, all assessments were carried out in pulses and cane sugar measurements were made at the end of the cycle. There are several differences that occur between legumes studied, biomass production, nutrient accumulation and nutrient efficiency also differed by a green manure to another. It was found that a gain of 15 t ha- 1 of cane sugar when sugar cane is grown in rotation green manures. The industrial output is increased by 6 t ha-1 sugar when using the green manure in cane fields.
Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas
A expansão da área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar incorpora, a cada safra, regiões de solos pobres, de baixa fertilidade natural e baixa CTC. A adubação verde pode ser utilizada na renovação dos canaviais com grandes benefícios para o solo, no entanto, para cada condição edafoclimática faz-se importante um estudo para definir quais as leguminosas mais adequadas para servirem como adubos verdes e para avaliar os efeitos na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Este trabalho experimental teve por objetivo caracterizar o crescimento e a extração de nutrientes de determinadas espécies de leguminosas utilizadas como adubos verdes e suas respectivas influências na produtividade e índices tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar em solo de Tabuleiro Costeiro, Penedo, Alagoas. Este experimento foi desenvolvido em área de exploração comercial, na Fazenda Perocabinha, lote 25, Usina Paisa, situada no município de Penedo, Alagoas. A temperatura média característica da região é 25,8°C com média das máximas de 30,2°C e média das mínimas de 21,3°C. A precipitação média anual é de 1700 mm sendo que o período chuvoso se estende de Abril ao início de Setembro. A área experimental foi situada em Tabuleiro Costeiro em um Argissolo Amarelo Distrófico. Este trabalho foi organizado para ser executado em duas etapas. Na primeira fase foi realizado o plantio em arranjo experimental de algumas espécies leguminosas, fase implantada na época das chuvas, os tratamentos foram os seguintes: T1= Crotalaria spectabilis, T2= Crotalaria juncea, T3= Crotalaria ochroleuca, T4= Crotalaria breviflora, T5= Feijão Guandu, T6= Torta de filtro, T7= Testemunha. Na fase final, em sucessão à adubação verde, foi realizada a renovação do canavial apenas com uma variedade de cana-deaçúcar, a RB98579, que foi plantada sobre as mesmas parcelas experimentais com o intuito de avaliar a influência da adubação verde na produtividade da cultura. O experimento foi constituído por sete tratamentos, 5 repetições e suas parcelas apresentaram 70 m² (7m x 10m). O delineamento estatístico foi o de blocos casualizados e os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância. Após 100 dias de cultivo, foram realizadas todas as avaliações nas leguminosas e na cana-deaçúcar as medições foram realizadas no final do ciclo da cultura. Verificou-se que ocorrem diversas diferenças biométricas entre as leguminosas estudadas, a produção de fitomassa, o acúmulo nutricional e a eficiência nutricional também diferiram de um adubo verde para o outro. Constatou-se que há um ganho de 15 t ha-1 de cana-de-açúcar quando os canaviais são cultivados em sucessão a adubos verdes. O rendimento industrial é incrementado em 6 t ha-1 de açúcar quando se utiliza da adubação verde em canaviais.

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Barbosa, Francisca Edineide Lima. "Crescimento, fisiologia e produÃÃo da bananeira prata anÃ associada a plantas de cobertura e lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7878.

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Banco do Nordeste do Brasil
A bananicultura tem grande importÃncia no cenÃrio nacional e mundial, devido a aspectos nutricionais, sociais e, sobretudo econÃmicos. A utilizaÃÃo de tÃcnicas que visem o manejo adequado do solo e da Ãgua nessa cultura Ã de extrema importÃncia para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura sustentÃvel reduzindo os impactos no ambiente. Diante do exposto pretendeu-se com esse trabalho, gerar difusÃo tecnolÃgica para o manejo da fertilidade do solo, utilizando leguminosas como cobertura viva e lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo no cultivo da bananeira Prata AnÃ (Musa spp.), cultivada em Pentecoste - CE. O clima da regiÃo Ã semiÃrido com chuvas irregulares e o solo Ã classificado como Neossolo FlÃvico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetiÃÃes. As parcelas foram formadas por quatro lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo: 50, 75, 100 e 125 % da evapotranspiraÃÃo da cultura (ETc) e as subparcelas pela testemunha (manejo convencional sem plantas de cobertura) e trÃs tipos de plantas de cobertura consorciadas com a bananeira, sÃo elas: vegetaÃÃo espontÃnea (VE), kudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides) em sucessÃo Ã crotalÃria (CrotalÃria juncea) (CK) e calopogÃnio (Calopogonium muconoides L) em sucessÃo ao feijÃo-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes) (FC). As leguminosas crotalÃria e feijÃo-de-porco foram conduzidas antes do transplantio da bananeira, e serviram de cobertura morta, enquanto o kudzu tropical e o calopogÃnio foram plantados um mÃs apÃs o transplantio das bananeiras e desenvolveram-se em consÃrcio e foram manejadas como coberturas vivas. Na bananeira foram avaliados: o nÃmero de folhas, altura, circunferÃncia do pseudocaule, trocas gasosas, eficiÃncia do uso da Ãgua (EUA), Ãndice relativo de clorofila (IRC), teor foliar de macro e micronutrientes e produÃÃo. Nas leguminosas do prÃ-plantio avaliou-se a biomassa atravÃs da massa verde, (MV) e seca da parte aÃrea (MS) e nas leguminosas perenes avaliou- se a MV, MS, teor e aporte de N, trocas gasosas e IRC. A testemunha proporcionou plantas com maior altura e circunferÃncia do pseudocaule; maior teor foliar de N; menor duraÃÃo do ciclo e maior produtividade seguida do consÃrcio com calopogÃnio em sucessÃo ao feijÃo-de-porco e kudzu em sucessÃo a crotalÃria. O calopogÃnio responde a altas radiaÃÃes e parece ser mais sensÃvel ao sombreamento e ao corte, sendo o kudzu mais adequado para consorciaÃÃo com plantas de bananeira, devido a sua excelente adaptaÃÃo as condiÃÃes de sombreamento impostas pelo bananal.
The banana is of great importance in the national and world due to nutritional, social and especially economic. The use of techniques aimed at proper management of soil and water in this culture is of utmost importance for the development of sustainable agriculture, reducing environmental impacts. Given the above it is intended with this work, generate technological diffusion for the management of soil fertility, using legumes as a cover crop and irrigation in the cultivation of dwarf banana Prata (Musa spp.), Grown on Pentecoste - CE. The climate is semi-arid with erratic rainfall and the soil is classified as Neossolo Fluvic. The experimental design was a randomized block split plot with five replicates.The plots were formed by four irrigation levels: 50, 75, 100 and 125% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the control subplots (conventional management without cover crops) and three types of cover crops intercropped with banana, They are: spontaneous vegetation (VE), tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) in succession to crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea) (CK) and calopogÃnio (Calopogonium muconoides L) in succession to the bean-to-pig (Canavalia ensiformes) (FC). Legumes and beans sunn-of-pig were conducted before the transplanting of banana, and served as a mulch, while the tropical kudzu and calopogÃnio were planted one month after transplanting the banana and developed in a consortium and were managed as living roofs . In banana were evaluated: the number of leaves, height, pseudostem circumference, gas exchange, water use efficiency (U.S.), relative chlorophyll index (CRI), foliar macro and micronutrients and production. In the pre-planting legumes evaluated the biomass by fresh weight (MV) and shoot dry (MS) and evaluated in perennial legumes to MV, MS, CRI and contribution of N, exchanges gas and chlorophyll content. The witness provided plants with greater height and pseudostem circumference, higher leaf N content, lower cycle time and increased productivity followed by the consortium with calopogÃnio in succession to the bean-pork and kudzu in succession to crotalaria. The calopogÃnio responds to high radiation and seems to be more sensitive to shading and cutting, and kudzu most suitable for intercropping with banana plants, due to its excellent adaptation to shade imposed by the banana plantation.

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Salmi, Alexandre Porto. "Crescimento, ac?mulo de nutrientes e fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio em Flemingia macrophylla [(Willd.) Merril]." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/532.

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Flemingia macrophylla is an underexploited Asian legume shrub in Brazil. International literature emphasizes its high potential as component in agroforestry systems in various regions of the tropics. The objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the potential of Flemingia macrophylla as an alternative green manure to be included in agroecological based systems. Two field experiments were conducted from December 12 2006 through December 19 2007. The first experiment was performed in Serop?dica, at sea level, and the second, in Avelar, Paty do Alferes at 500 m altitude. On both experiments twelve monthly plant samplings were performed. Variables measured included stem diameter, number of follioles, and number of branches. Besides, in the first experiment, leaf area, root volumes and biomass, number of nodules and nutrients were quantified monthly. Estimates of biological nitrogen fixation were also accomplished by natural abundance of 15N. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and four replicates. A previous germination test indicated that pre-incubation with 95% sulphuric acid for 20 minutes resulted in 88% germination, whereas immersion in 90oC water, 44%. On the filed experiments, plants performed better in Serop?dica. The majority of variables were adjusted to second degree polynomial equations. Growth rates were adjusted to Gompertz model. Maximum heights were 1.8 and 1.4 m in Serop?dica and Avelar, respectively. Biomass yields reached 4.1 Mg ha-1 in Serop?dica and 2.3 Mg ha-1 in Avelar. Accumulation of N, P and K at 360 days after planting was 72.6 and 24.4 kg ha-1, respectively in Serop?dica. The highest growth rate was found between 150 and 180 days. The percentage of N derived from biological N fixation was similar at 240, 300 and 360 day after planting, averaging 76.9%, which is equivalent to 62.2 kg N ha-1 at 360 days. The results indicate that Flemingia macrophylla may provide significant amounts of biomass and nutrients, especially N, being a promising species to be included in agroecological production systems.
Flemingia macrophylla ? uma leguminosa arbustiva de origem asi?tica, pouco conhecida e utilizada no Brasil. A literatura destaca seu elevado potencial em diferentes sistemas agroflorestais em v?rias regi?es tropicais do mundo. Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial agron?mico de flemingea como alternativa de adubo verde para inclus?o em sistemas diversos de produ??o com base agroecol?gica. Para tanto, realizou-se dois experimentos em condi??es de campo, em 12/12/2006 at? 19/12/2007. O primeiro experimento foi instalado no munic?pio de Serop?dica, a 33 metros de altitude pr?ximo do n?vel do mar e o segundo, em Avelar, Munic?pio de Paty do Alferes a 500 m de altitude. Nos dois experimentos, foram feitas doze coletas mensais das plantas, onde foram determinada altura, di?metro do caule, n?mero de fol?olos e n?mero de ramifica??es. Al?m disso, no experimento I, determinou-se a ?rea foliar, volume e biomassa de ra?zes, biomassa de folhas e caule, n?mero de n?dulos e teores de nutrientes em folhas e caules. Foi ainda realizada estimativa da fixa??o biol?gica de nitrog?nio por meio da abund?ncia natural de 15N. O delineamento utilizado em ambos os experimentos foi em blocos casualizados, com 12 tratamentos (?pocas de coleta) e quatro repeti??es. O teste de germina??o indicou que o tratamento de pr?-incuba??o por vinte minutos com ?cido sulf?rico (95%), resultou em 88% de sementes germinadas, ao passo que o tratamento de imers?o em ?gua quente (90oC) resultou em 44%. Quanto aos experimentos a campo, houve melhor desempenho das plantas em Serop?dica. As alturas m?ximas foram de 1,8 e 1,4 m para Serop?dica e Avelar, respectivamente. A produ??o de biomassa aos 360 dias ap?s transplantio, chegou a valores em torno de 4,1 Mg ha-1 para Serop?dica e 2,3 Mg ha-1 para Avelar. O ac?mulo de N, P e K aos 360 DAT foi de 72,6 e 24,4 e 33 kg ha-1, respectivamente, em Serop?dica. Neste local, observou-se maior taxa de crescimento absoluto entre 150 e 180 DAT. Em rela??o ? produ??o de sementes, n?o se observou diferen?a estat?stica significativa entre os dois locais, apresentando rendimentos de 21,5 e 8,9 kg ha-1. A percentagem de N proveniente da fixa??o biol?gica foi semelhante nas tr?s ?pocas (240 DAT, 300 DAT e 360 DAT) com m?dia de 76,9 % o que equivaleu a 62,2 kg N ha-1 aos 360 DAT. Os resultados indicam que Flemingia macrophylla ? uma esp?cie que pode fornecer quantidades significativas de biomassa e nutrientes, especialmente N, sendo promissora para inclus?o em sistemas de produ??o com base agroecol?gica.

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SANTOS, Ítalo Augusto Férrer Melo. "Seleção de isolados rizobianos de mucuna preta (Stizolobium aterrimum Piper e Tracy)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4814.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The panorama of rapid population growth alert to the challenge of global food security demanding increased food production. Green manuring with legumes such as velvet bean, proves important in the growth of mainly N, in the system, due to the biological N2 fixation (BNF), reducing the use of mineral fertilizers, directly linked to agricultural production. The BNF can be maximized by inoculation with efficient and competitive strains. Therefore, the objective was to select isolates rizobianos nodules of velvet bean, efficient and competitive in home condition of vegetation and then experimental field. The experiment in greenhouse was composed of 39 isolated rizobianos, four doses of nitrogen fertilizer (N) in the form of urea (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1), one without inoculation and without N treatment and another with inoculating the mixture of strains recommended SEMIA6156-6158 in a completely randomized design with five repetitions. Cultivation was carried out in plastic bags of polyethylene filled with 2.5 kg of non-sterile soil for 45 days. While the field experiment consisted of five isolates selected in a greenhouse, one dose of N in the form of urea (80 kg ha-1), one treatment without inoculation and without N, and inoculation of the mixture of strains recommended in dryland system in a randomized block design with four replications for 45 days. The collection of soil and field tests were conducted in Experimental Cane Sugar Carpina Station belonging to the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), located in the city of Carpina, Pernambuco state. The greenhouse experiment was conducted at UFRPE in the city of Recife, Pernambuco state. In both experiments the soil was fixed with dolomitic limestone at a dose of 0.60 t ha-1 and 0.65 t ha-1, respectively. The basic fertilization in both experiments was performed with superphosphate (60 kg P ha-1) and potassium chloride (40 kg K ha-1). The preparation of the inoculant started the cultivation of bacteria in YM medium (120 rpm, 28 ° C) for 72 hours. The following variables were measured: dry mass of nodules (MSN), the aerial part (MSPA) and root (MSR). Determined the total nitrogen concentration in the shoot tissues (CNPA) and the accumulation of N in the shoot (ANPA). Also, assessment of the relative efficiency compared with 120 kg N ha-1 and calculated N Dose, for the greenhouse experiment, and 80 kg N ha-1 for the field experiment. We also assessed the Pearson correlation between variables. It was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison test medium by Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0.05). The T2.19A and T1.17M isolates present great potential for the production of inoculants because they promote nitrogen accumulation in the shoot, in the field, significantly higher than the application of 80 kg N ha-1, to inoculation with the mixture of strains recommended SEMIA6156-6158 and treatment without inoculation and without N. The MSPA was influenced by N levels.
O panorama de rápido crescimento populacional alerta para o desafio da segurança alimentar mundial demandando o aumento da produção de alimento. A adubação verde com leguminosas, como a mucuna preta, se mostra importante no incremento, principalmente de N, no sistema, em decorrência da fixação biológica do N2 (FBN), reduzindo o uso de adubos minerais, diretamente ligados à produção agrícola. A FBN pode ser maximizada através da inoculação com estirpes eficientes e competitivas. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi selecionar isolados rizobianos de nódulos de mucuna preta, eficientes e competitivos, em condição de casa de vegetação e campo experimental. O experimento em casa de vegetação foi composto por 39 isolados rizobianos, quatro doses de adubo nitrogenado (N) na forma de ureia (60; 120; 180 e 240 kg ha-1), um tratamento sem inoculação e sem N e outro com a inoculação da mistura de estirpes recomendadas SEMIA6156-6158, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. O cultivo foi realizado em sacos plásticos de polietileno preenchido com 2,5 kg de solo não estéril por 45 dias. Enquanto que o experimento de campo foi composto por cinco isolados selecionados em casa de vegetação, uma dose de N na forma de ureia (80 kg ha-1), e os tratamentos sem inoculação e sem N, e a inoculação da mistura de estirpes recomendadas, em sistema de sequeiro em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, por 45 dias. A coleta do solo e o teste a campo foram realizados na Estação Experimental de Cana-de-Açúcar do Carpina pertencente à Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), localizada na cidade de Carpina, estado de Pernambuco. O experimento de casa de vegetação foi realizado na UFRPE, na cidade do Recife, estado de Pernambuco. Nos dois experimentos o solo foi corrigido com calcário dolomítico na dose de 0,60 t ha-1 e 0,65 t ha-1, respectivamente. A adubação básica nos dois experimentos foi realizada com superfosfato simples (60 kg de P ha-1) e cloreto de potássio (40 kg de K ha-1). O preparo do inoculante partiu do cultivo das bactérias em meio YM (120 rpm, 28ºC) durante 72 horas. Foram mensuradas as seguintes variáveis: massa seca de nódulos (MSN), da parte aérea (MSPA) e da raiz (MSR). Determinada a concentração de N total no tecido da parte aérea (CNPA) e o acúmulo de N na parte aérea (ANPA). E ainda, avaliação da eficiência relativa comparada à dose de 120 kg de N ha-1 e calculada a Dose N, para o experimento de casa de vegetação, e 80 kg de N ha-1 para o experimento de campo. Também se avaliou a correlação Pearson entre as variáveis. Realizou-se a análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de comparação múltipla de médias pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p ≤ 0,05). Os isolados T2.19A e T1.17M apresentaram grande potencial para a produção de inoculantes por promoverem acúmulo de nitrogênio na parte aérea, no campo, significativamente superior à aplicação de 80kg de N ha-1, à inoculação com a mistura de estirpes recomendadas SEMIA6156-6158 e ao tratamento sem inoculação e sem N. A MSPA foi influenciada pelas doses de N.

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Mellhorn, Malin. "Water hyacinths (Eichornia crassipes) and their presence in Shire River, Malawi : Problems caused by them and ways of utilise them elsewhere." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-211625.

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Malawi is one of many countries throughout the world struggling with massive amounts of water hyacinths (Eichornia crassipes) in the country’s fresh water resources. In nutrient-rich ecosystems where the aquatic weed has no natural enemies it will reproduce very rapidly with the consequence that lakes become overgrown, water flow in rivers is reduced, and other water organisms becomes excluded. At the same time, the plants form a good breeding place for species carrying tropical diseases for example Malaria and Bilharzia. Water hyacinths are usually more of a problem for poorer countries since there are often great economic losses caused by the weed and to control their relative abundance is costly. In Malawi, 99 % of the produced electricity is based on water resources, mainly through hydropower turbines in the main river, Shire River. Water hyacinths, aggregated as islands, floating along the river and clogging the turbines cause repeated electricity black-outs and approximately 140 megawatt power is lost every day. To counter the weed interference with the electricity supply, there are great amounts of water hyacinths harvested every day and dumped along the road, with no further disposal plan. In this report, soil from one local dumping area is analysed to determine if such places are leaching nutrients or metals to the surrounding environment. Water hyacinths contain naturally high values of nutrients and farmers use these harvested plants as a green manure to improve soil properties on agricultural land. This paper aims to examine levels of metal in water hyacinths used as green manure. This is of interest since water hyacinths have the ability to effectively absorb substances from the water body which could pose a risk for potentially toxic elements (PTEs) to accumulate in the agricultural soil and subsequently in crops. Sampling and analyses were carried out with standard methods. Metal and nutrient levels in the analysed samples were obtained through detection with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), ion chromatography (IC) and UV/VIS spectrophotometry at the Department of Chemistry of Chancellor College in Zomba, Malawi. None of the investigated metal ions (Cr, Pb, Cd) were found in the analysed water hyacinths and since soil sampling was done during the dry season this thesis cannot determine if the dumping areas are leaching nutrients. Relatively high amounts of total phosphorus were found in the plants. Overall, the conclusion is that there is no risk of using water hyacinths harvested in Shire River as a green manure on agricultural land.

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Thind, Harmit Singh. "Studies on the role of floodwater algae and green manure on the transformations of 15N-urea applied to floodwater under lowland rice conditions." Thesis, University of Reading, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303790.

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Rice accounts for 21% of the total energy content of the world's food and about 40% of the world's population depend on it. Nitrogen fertilization, mainly as urea, has played a major role in increasing rice production. But the fertilizer use efficiency is low. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to understand the effect of floodwater algae and green manure on the transformations of labelled urea applied to floodwater. The pertinent literature was reviewed. The experiments were carried out in the growth chamber using 4 to 5 cm soil columns covered with 4 to 5 cm floodwater. Algae growing in floodwater increased the pH of floodwater during the day and it cane back to its original level during the night. The magnitude of the daily increase in pH was influenced by the alkalinity and the pH of the floodwater. The application of green manure depressed this daily increase in floodwater pH. The production of 02 during photosynthetic activity increased the depth of the aerobic soil layer under the soil-water interface during the early period of algal growth but it was eliminated by subsequent settling of algae on the soil surface. The application of green manure eliminated the aerobic soil layer even in the presence of algae. Algae growing in floodwater increased urea hydrolysis. Large quantities of applied N assimilated by growing algae resulted in lower total gaseous losses of applied N. The application of urea in floodwater where algae was already growing enhanced NH3 volatilization and denitrification. A large portion of N assimilated by algae can mineralize and be available to the same crop and this mineralization is further enhanced by the exclusion of light by the crop canopy. When urea was applied 17 days after incorporation of green manure it increased urea hydrolysis significantly but urea hydrolysis was not effected when urea was applied immediately after incorporation. Application of green manure caused less nitrification and subsequent denitrification which encouraged NH3 volatilization. Further investigation is needed to confirm these findings when growing rice plants are present.

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Sánchez, Camilo Ernesto Bohórquez. "Produtividade da cana-de-açúcar e qualidade química do solo em função da rotação de cultura e remoção da palha." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-24082017-142747/.

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Limitações nas reservas de combustíveis fósseis e a crescente concentração de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera tem aumentado o interesse para incrementar a participação da cana-de-açúcar como fonte de biomassa para geração de energia renovável. O uso dos resíduos de colheita da cana-de-açúcar para produção de eletricidade e etanol de segunda geração foi intensificado nos últimos anos, sem haver conhecimento claro das implicações da retirada total ou parcial da palha na produtividade da cultura e qualidade do solo a médio e longo prazo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, os atributos químicos e os estoques de C e N no solo sob níveis de remoção de palha em áreas com e sem rotação com crotalária. Os parâmetros produtivos da cana-de-açúcar foram avaliados em áreas experimentais localizadas em Quirinópolis/GO, Chapadão do Céu/GO, Iracemápolis/SP e Quatá/SP, enquanto os atributos químicos e os estoques de C e N do solo foram avaliados em Quirinópolis/GO e Quatá/SP, locais com solos de textura argilosa e arenosa, respectivamente. Em cada local, foram instalados dois experimentos, um com rotação com crotalária e outro sem rotação com crotalária (pousio) na renovação do canavial. Após a colheita da cana-planta, foram instalados os tratamentos de soqueira referentes aos níveis de 0, 50 e 100% de manutenção de palha. Os parâmetros produtivos foram avaliados nos dois anos seguintes, enquanto os efeitos no solo foram avaliados no final do segundo ciclo agrícola. A manutenção de palha aumentou a produtividade de colmos em três áreas (Quirinópolis/GO, Chapadão do Céu/GO e Quatá/SP) e reduziu a produtividade em um local (Iracemápolis/SP).O efeito benéfico da rotação com crotalária foi menos persistente no tempo do que a manutenção da palha. Os atributos químicos do solo foram mais influenciados pelos tratamentos no solo argiloso do que no solo arenoso. No solo argiloso, a interação da rotação com crotalária e manutenção da palha aumentou os teores de Mg e o V%, e reduziu a acidez potencial do solo. A rotação aumentou os teores de P, K nos dois solos estudados e a CTC no solo argiloso. A rotação com crotalária não afetou os estoques de C e N, enquanto que a manutenção de palha favoreceu o acumulo de C nos dois tipos de solo.
The limited fossil reserves and the growing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, have augmented the interest for a greater participation of sugarcane as a source of biomass for renewable energy generation. The use of sugarcane harvest residues for the production of electricity and second generation ethanol has been intensifying in recent years, without having a clear understanding of the implications of total or partial removal of the straw on the crop productivity and soil quality in the medium and long term. The objective of this study was to evaluate sugarcane productivity, soil chemical attributes and C and N stocks in the soil under straw removal levels in areas with and without sunn hemp rotation. The productivity parameters of sugarcane were evaluated in experimental areas located in Quirinópolis / GO, Chapadão do Céu / GO, Iracemápolis / SP and Quatá / SP, while the chemical attributes and the soil C and N stocks were studied in Quirinópolis / GO and Quatá / SP, places with clay and sandy soils respectively. In each site, two experiments were installed, one with sunn hemp rotation and the other without sunn hemp (fallow) in the renovation of the cane field. After harvesting of the cane-plant, were installed the ratooning treatments referring to the levels of 0, 50 and 100% of straw maintenance were installed. The productive parameters were evaluated in the following two years, while the effects on the soil were evaluated at the end of the second agricultural cycle. The straw retention increased the yield of stalks in three areas (Quirinópolis / GO, Chapadão do Céu / GO and Quatá / SP) and reduced productivity in one place (Iracemápolis / SP). The beneficial effect of rotation with sunn hemp was less persistent in the time than the maintenance of the straw. The chemical attributes of the soil were more influenced by treatments in the clay soil than in the sandy soil. In the clay soil, the rotation interaction with crotalaria and straw maintenance increased the Mg and %BS, and reduced the potential acidity of the soil. The rotation increased the P, K content in the two studied soils and the CEC in the clay soil. Sunn hemp rotation did not affect soil C and N stocks, and maintenance of straw favored C accumulation in both types of soil.

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MARTINS, Carla Andreia da Cunha. "Manejo da cobertura do solo e aduba??o com P e S na cultura da mandioquinha-salsa." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2361.

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CNPq
Population in general is getting more interested in consuming healthy food. Alternative eco-agricultural cropping practices are being emphasized, thanks to the benefits to sustainable agricultural and environment systems. Management of organic and mineral fertilizers, in search of nutrient efficiency, is directly related to environmental, social and economical issues. As plants become more efficient to absorb nutrients, the farmer can count on better products quality and, consequently, to better economic results. The experiments described in the chapters one and two of this study were conducted, respectively, in Fazenda C?rrego Frio and in Fazenda Santo Ant?nio de Estrela, both in Nova Friburgo municipality, Rio de Janeiro State. The first one was accomplished in partnership with Pesagro-Nova Friburgo, and it aimed to evaluate the production of the arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) plant associated with covering plants. The experimental design was of random blocks with four repetitions, and four management treatments: conventional (control), spontaneous vegetation, black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb), and consortium black oats + Villosa villosa. The arracacha variety tested in both studies was the ?Amarela de Caranda?? (AC). The results showed that in the treatments with oats and oat + Villosa villosa, the accumulation of dry mass in the plant and their parts was smallest. The production of commercial roots was higher at 12 months after the planting (MAP) for the conventional and spontaneous vegetation treatments. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the yield of the arracacha crop submitted to increasing doses of phosphorus, with two sources of the fertilizer. The experimental design was of randomly blocks with 4 repetitions and 12 treatments, that consisted of 2 phosphorous sources (simple super phosphate and rock phosphate), and 6 phosphorous doses (0 - without phosphorus - control), 40, 80, 120, 240 and 480 kg P2O5 ha-1). The largest production of total and commercial roots was verified in the treatments with rock phosphate as source of P. The highest total levels of sulfur in the plants were found in the treatments with simple super phosphate. Concerning the accumulation of total nutrients, it was observed a similarity between the two sources of phosphorous. A third experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, located in Serop?dica municipality - RJ. The experimental design was of randomly blocks with four repetitions and six treatments. The treatments consisted of increasing doses of gypsum (CaSO4H2O) as following: 12.5; 25; 50; 100; 200 kg ha-1 of S and a control without gypsum. The soil material was sampled from an Udult soil and the cultivated variety was ?Amarela de Senador Amaral? (ASA). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of the sulphur addition in the crop yield. There were determinate: plant dry matter weight; and the levels of N, P, K and S in the plant tissue. The highest doses of S increased the dry matter accumulated in leaves + petioles. Concerning the sulfur accumulation, it was dose dependent for the three parts of the arracacha plant. Despite the conditions in which this research was conducted (greenhouse), it was possible to conclude preliminarily that the ASA is responsive to sulphur fertilization.
O interesse pelo consumo de alimentos saud?veis vem despertando maior aten??o da popula??o. Pr?ticas altenativas de cultivo visando ? agricultura agroecol?gica v?m se destacando em fun??o da sustentabilidade dos sistemas agr?colas e ambientais. O manejo dos fertilizantes org?nicos e minerais buscando a efici?ncia de uso de nutrientes est? diretamente relacionado a quest?es de import?ncia social, econ?mica e ambiental. O melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes pelas plantas, consequentemente, levar? a uma melhor qualidade da produ??o agr?cola e uma maior rentabilidade para o produtor rural. Os experimentos referentes aos cap?tulos um e dois foram instalados na Fazenda C?rrego Frio e na Fazenda Santo Ant?nio de Estrela, em Nova Friburgo ? RJ. O primeiro trabalho em parceria com a Pesagro-Nova Friburgo, objetivou o estudo da produ??o da mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft) consorciada com plantas de cobertura. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es e quatro tratamentos de manejo: convencional (testemunha), vegeta??o espont?nea, aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e cons?rcio aveia-preta+ervilhaca (Vicia villosa). A variedade usada foi Amarela de Caranda? (AC). Os resultados mostraram que os ac?mulos de massa seca na planta e nas suas partes foram menores nos tratamentos com aveia e aveia + ervilhaca. A produ??o de ra?zes comerciais foi maior aos 12 meses ap?s plantio (MAP) para o tratamento convencional e vegeta??o espont?nea. O ac?mulo de nutrientes de modo geral foi maior nos tratamentos convencional e vegeta??o espont?nea aos 12 MAP. O segundo experimento objetivou avaliar a resposta da mandioquinha-salsa a doses crescentes de f?sforo, com duas fontes do fertilizante fosfatado. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 4 repeti??es e 12 tratamentos, os tratamentos constaram de 2 fontes de f?sforo (superfosfato simples, SS; e fosfato de rocha, FR) e 6 doses de f?sforo (40, 80, 120, 240 e 480 kg P2O5 ha-1) e uma testemunha. A variedade usada foi AC. A maior produ??o de ra?zes totais e ra?zes comerciais foi verificada nos tratamentos com a fonte de P, FR. Os maiores teores totais de enxofre nas plantas foram encontrados nos tratamentos com SS. No ac?mulo de nutrientes totais observou-se semelhan?a nas respostas das duas fontes de f?sforo estudadas. Um terceiro estudo foi realizado em casa-de-vegeta??o no Departamento de Solos-IA da UFRRJ, em Serop?dica ? RJ. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeti??es e seis tratamentos. Os tratamentos constaram de doses de gesso (CaSO4.H2O) a seguir: 12,5; 25; 50; 100; 200 kg ha-1 de S e, uma testemunha. O material de solo usado foi de um Argissolo Amarelo e a variedade cultivada foi a Amarela de Senador Amaral (ASA). O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a resposta da mandioquinha-salsa ? aduba??o sulfatada. As determina??es foram: peso de mat?ria seca da planta e teores de N, P, K e S no tecido vegetal. O ac?mulo de mat?ria seca de folhas + pec?olos aumentou em fun??o das doses crescentes de enxofre. Quanto ao ac?mulo de enxofre houve resposta em fun??o das doses nas tr?s partes da planta de mandioquinha-salsa. Em uma conclus?o pr?via, por ser o trabalho conduzido em casa-de-vegeta??o, a ASA responde ? aduba??o sulfatada.

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Souza, Gilberto Flores de. "AVALIAÇÃO DE NOVE ESPÉCIES DE LEGUMINOSAS COMO HOSPEDEIROS ALTERNATIVOS DE Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P.Syd." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2007. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/105.

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Soybean yield has been the main culture in Brazil for its cultivation area and grain yield, which puts Brazil in the second place in world greatest yield and in the first place in country exporter. Although, the potential of productive efficiency of that culture of 4,000 kg hectare, it is hart to reach. Among main factors, diseases predominated, with great importance for Asian rust that is caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & Syd. That disease is considered as one of the most destroyer disease due to its aggressively and rapid dissemination. As it is a biotrophic pathogen, multiplication and surviving of that fungus only occur in live tissues of plants, this way, tiguera soybean and alternative hosts can allow the surviving of the pathogen, which produces the initial inoculum for subsequent epidemicals. The present work aimed to evaluating the susceptible of nine species of leguminous as alternative hosts of P. pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd, the fungus that causes Asian rust. This work was carried out in two periods, one in B.O.D. chamber, temperature of 25ºC and R.H. 93%, and other at laboratory at 20(+ or -2)°C, both two periods at Unit II of the Federal University of Great Dourados, Agrarian Science Institute, from March, 2006, to February, 2007. The following species were evaluated as green manure: common vetch (Vicia sativa L), green bean (Vigna unguiculata L.) Walp, fedegoso (Senna occidentalis) L., sunnhep (Crotalaria juncea L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), velvetbean (Mucuna aterrima L.) lablab bean (Dolichos lablab L.), jack bean (Canavalia ensiformes D.C.) and pea (Pisum sativum L). Every species that were inoculated with uredospore of P. pachyryhizi Syd. & P. Syd developed the symptoms; although, some species showed varied symptoms regarding to the number of harms and the presence of uredospore. Soybean, common bean, lablab bean and velvetbean showed fungal structures (uredospore) in both two conditions that the experiment was carried out, which shows that they have potential to hosting P. pachyrhizi Syd. & Syd. Jack bean, sunnhep, green bean and common vetch were considered susceptible plants, although those species showed be more exigent for sporulation of fungus
A produção de soja (Glycine max (L) Merrill) se tornou a principal cultura brasileira em área cultivada e produção de grãos, colocando o Brasil na posição de segundo maior produtor mundial e primeiro país exportador. Não obstante, o potencial de rendimento dessa cultura de 4.000 kg por hectare, é dificilmente alcançado. Dentre os principais fatores destacam-se as doenças; com elevado destaque para a ferrugem asiática causada por Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & Syd. Essa doença é considerada como uma das mais destrutivas, devido sua agressividade e rápida disseminação. Por se tratar de um patógeno biotrófico, a multiplicação e sobrevivência do fungo só ocorrem em tecidos vivos de plantas, assim sendo, a soja tigüera e os hospedeiros alternativos podem permitir a sobrevivência do patógeno, produzindo o inóculo inicial para as epidemias subseqüentes. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a suscetibilidade de nove espécies de leguminosas como hospedeiras alternativas do P. pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd, o fungo causador da ferrugem asiática. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, uma em B. O. D., temperatura de 25° C e U. R. 93% , e a outra no laboratório a 20 (+ ou -2) ° C, ambas na Unidade II da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, dependências da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, no período de março 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Foram avaliadas as seguintes espécies utilizadas como adubo verde: ervilhaca (Vicia sativa L), feijão miúdo (Vigna unguiculata L). Walp, fedegoso (Senna occidentalis) L, crotalária (Crotalaria juncea L.), feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), mucuna preta (Mucuna aterrima L.), labe-labe (Dolichos lablab L.), feijão de porco (Canavalia ensiformes D.C.) e ervilha (Pisum sativum L). Todas as espécies inoculadas com uredosporos do P. pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd, desenvolveram sintomas; no entanto, algumas espécies apresentaram sintomatologia variada quanto ao número de lesões e a presença de uredosporos. A soja, feijão comum, labe-labe e mucuna preta apresentaram estruturas fúngicas (uredosporos), nas duas condições em que foi desenvolvido este experimento, demonstrando terem potencial para hospedar o P. pachyrhizi Syd. & Syd. O feijão de porco, crotalária, feijão miúdo e ervilha foram considerados plantas suscetíveis, porém, estas espécies demonstraram serem mais exigentes para a esporulação do fungo

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Eberhardt, Diogo Néia. "Phosphorus use efficiency in conservation agricultural system: impact of organic restitution." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-02042013-112744/.

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The tropical savannas cover an area of approximately 1,900 million ha second biome of Brazil. Phosphorus (P) is frequently a major or even the prime limiting factor for plant growth in the subtropical and tropical regions (highly weathered soils). Small-scale farming systems are fairly representative in Brazil, accounting for approximately 84.4% of Brazilian agriculture establishments and the conventional tillage being the common practice in the systems. The objective of this work was to study the dynamics of P in an agronomic experiment located in the Cerrado region, on the efficient use of P in conservation agricultural system: i) assessing soil spatial fertility variability of P, Ca, Mg, K and pH; ii) the C and P stock; and iii) characterizing of species of P by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. The area of study is located at Cerrado biome (Brazilian neotropical savannas) in a clayey Oxisol classified as Haplic Ferralsol. The treatments are characterized by different agricultural practices (conventional tillage - CT; and no-tillage - NT), and the presence or not of cover crops (Brachiaria ruziziensis - a grass specie and Cajanus cajan - a leguminous specie) with maize (Zea mays). In the study of spatial variability the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and geostatistics. The semivariograms were computed according to the spherical model for pH H2O, pH CaCl2, K, LogK, Ca and Mg. P and LogP were modeled using a nugget effect model. Even ~20 years after deforestation the spatial distribution of pH H2O, pH CaCl2, Ca, Mg and exchangeable K is influenced by the wood windrow burning that took place during deforestation. The spatial distribution of P was not affected by the windrow woods burning. In the study conducted to improve the understanding of the conservation agriculture impact in small-scale farming systems on soil C and P stocks in the 0-40 cm layer due to its importance in agrosystem management. The C stocks (up to 40 cm depth) in NT and MCr treatments were significantly superior. The P stocks varied between 0.63 and 0.91 t ha-1 and were not significantly different among the treatments. No-till treatment and MCr treatments were the only ones that showed gains carbon, where the accumulation was 2.67 and 2.91 t C ha-1 year-1, respectively. The highlight of MCr treatment shows the important role of legumes in carbon sequestering. In the study of soil organic P aiming to determine how the amounts and forms of organic phosphorus vary according to the tillage systems and cover crops used. The Po (PMonoester and PDiester) values determined by NMR were not different among the treatments. The levels of Po were higher than 59% of the total content of POlsen and the main changes in relation to P occurred in the topsoil. The values show that Po does not change (PMonoester and PDiester) among the treatments. The maintenance of the Po levels, no accumulation and loss, suggests that the availability of P is not necessarily linked to accumulation, but to the increase of fluxes between active pools.
As savanas tropicais cobrem uma área de cerca de 1.900 milhões ha sendo o segundo bioma do Brasil. O fósforo (P) é frequentemente um grande ou mesmo o principal fator limitante no crescimento das plantas nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais (solos altamente intemperizados). Os sistemas agrícolas de pequena escala (agricultura familiar) são bastante representativos no Brasil, representando cerca de 85% dos estabelecimentos agropecuários e tendo como principal prática o preparo convencional do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica do P em um experimento agronômico localizado na região do Cerrado, sobre o uso eficiente do P em sistema agrícola conservacionista: i) a avaliação da variabilidade espacial da fertilidade do solo de P, Ca, Mg, K e pH ii) o estoque de C e P, e iii) a caracterização das espécies de P por 31P-RMN. A área de estudo está localizada no bioma Cerrado em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso. Os tratamentos são caracterizados por diferentes práticas agrícolas (preparo convencional - CT e plantio direto - NT), e a presença ou não de plantas de cobertura (Brachiaria ruziziensis e Cajanus cajan) com milho (Zea mays). No estudo da variabilidade espacial os dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e geoestatística. Os semivariogramas foram calculados de acordo com o modelo esférico para pH H2O, pH CaCl2, K, logK, Ca e Mg. O P e LogP foram modelados usando um modelo de efeito pepita. Mesmo após ~ 20 anos do desmatamento, a distribuição espacial do pH H2O, pH CaCl2, Ca, Mg e K foi influenciada pela queima de madeira em leiras. A distribuição espacial de P não foi afetada pela queima da madeira em leira. No estudo realizado para melhorar a compreensão do impacto da agricultura conservacionista em sistemas agrícolas de pequena escala sobre os estoques de C e P no solo, na camada de 0-40 cm, os estoques de C nos tratamentos NT e MCr (milho + C. Cajan na linha) foram significativamente superiores. Os estoques de P variou entre 0,63 e 0,91 t ha-1 e não foram significativamente diferentes entre os tratamentos. O plantio e MCr foram os únicos tratamentos que apresentaram ganhos de carbono, onde o acúmulo foi de 2,67 e 2,91 t C ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. O tratamento MCr mostra o importante papel das leguminosas no sequestro de carbono. No estudo do fósforo orgânico (Po) do solo com o objetivo de determinar como os teores e formas de Po variam de acordo com os sistemas de preparo e plantas de cobertura utilizadas. Os teores de Po (PMonoester e PDiester) determinados por RMN não foram diferentes entre os tratamentos. Os níveis de Po foram superiores a 59% do total do POlsen extraído e as principais alterações em relação ao PoOlsen ocorreu na camada superficial do solo. O Po (PMonoester e PDiester) determinado pela RMN não alterou entre os tratamentos. A manutenção dos níveis de Po sugere que a disponibilidade de P não está necessariamente ligada à sua acumulação, mas ao aumento dos fluxos entre as formas disponíveis (grupos ativos).

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Antunes, Tayana Galv?o Sceiffer de Paula. "Influ?ncia do manejo da palhada de aveia-preta e tremo?o-branco sobre a fauna invertebrada do solo em ambiente de montanha." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1917.

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Aiming to obtain information to support the biodiversity management that enable sustainable production systems and ensure the quality of natural resources, this study contribute to increasing agricultural productivity based on the use of green manure in a sustainable manner, aiming to evaluate the behavior of winter green manures lupines albus, black oats and the consortium between those two in mountain environment, and the influence of the herbicide decomposition rate of straws from these plants and diversity and abundance of soil fauna. The experiment was conducted in the area of EscolaT?cnicaAgr?colaEstadualRei Alberto I, located in the Watershed Barrac?o dos Mendes, Municipality of NovaFriburgo, mountainous region on the state of Rio de Janeiro at an altitude of 1,065m. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four treatments: black oat, lupines albus, consortium and weeds, with four replications each, totaling 16 plots in the first stage of work, experiment 1. On the experiment 2, the plots were subdivided into two management systems, mechanical, where the plants were mowed and chemical, which occurred application of glyphosate herbicide, for the deposition of the straws on the ground. On the first part, productivity of green manure was evaluated, as well as the accumulation of nutrients and the epigaeous fauna associated to vegetation. The second part, after the management of the green manure, aimed the evaluation of mass loss of plant residues, epigaeous fauna and associated soil macrofauna. The main results showed that the lupine, single or consortium obtained satisfactory productivity, both in terms of biomass and the amount of accumulated nutrients, presenting potential for use in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro. The loss of mass of the residues was affected by the use of herbicide. The community of epigaeous fauna was not a good indicator because it didn?t suffer significant changes before or after the green manure management. The colembolas population was negatively afected by the herbicide. The soil macrofauna was more sensitive to the diferent forms of management, and the reduction of the density soil organisms could be observed up to 10 times when the plants were sprayed with herbicide. It was also noted the reduction on the macrofauna diversity. There was no difference in the chemical composition of the soil due to different covers and forms of management
Visando obter informa??es que ap?iem a proposi??o de manejos de gest?o da biodiversidade, que viabilizem sistemas de produ??o sustent?veis e garantam a qualidade dos recursos naturais, este estudo pretende colaborar com o aumento da produtividade agr?cola com base no uso da aduba??o verde, de forma sustent?vel. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento dos adubos verdes de inverno tremo?o-branco, aveia-preta e do cons?rcio entre os dois, em ambiente de montanha, e a influ?ncia do herbicida na taxa de decomposi??o das palhadas dessas plantas e na diversidade e abund?ncia da fauna do solo. O experimento de campo foi conduzido na ?rea da Escola T?cnica Agr?cola Estadual Rei Alberto I, localizada na Microbacia do Barrac?o dos Mendes, Munic?pio de Nova Friburgo, Regi?o Serrana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a uma altitude de 1.065 m. O Delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos: aveia-preta, tremo?o-branco, cons?rcio e plantas espont?neas, com quatro repeti??es cada, totalizando 16 parcelas na primeira etapa do trabalho, etapa I. Na etapa II, as parcelas foram subdivididas em duas formas de manejo, mec?nico, onde as plantas foram ro?adas, e qu?mico, onde ocorreu aplica??o do herbicida glifosato, para a deposi??o das palhadas sobre o solo. Na etapa I, estudou-se a produtividade das plantas de cobertura, bem como o ac?mulo de nutrientes e a fauna ep?gea associada ?vegeta??o. Na segunda etapa, ap?s o manejo das plantas de cobertura, foi realizada a avalia??o da perda de massa dos res?duos vegetais, fauna ep?gea e macrofauna ed?fica associadas a esses res?duos. Como principais resultados, observou-se que o tremo?o, solteiro ou consorciado, obteve produtividade satisfat?ria, tanto em termos de fitomassa, quanto de quantidades de nutrientes acumulados, apresentando potencial para o uso na Regi?o Serrana do Rio de Janeiro. A perda de massa dos res?duos vegetais foi afetada com o uso de herbicida. A comunidade da fauna ep?gea n?o foi um bom indicador, pois n?o sofreu significativas modifica??es antes ou ap?s o manejo das plantas de cobertura. No entanto, as popula??es de col?mbolos foram afetadas negativamente pelo herbicida. J? a comunidade da macrofauna ed?fica se mostrou mais sens?vel ?s formas de manejo, sendo observada a redu??o da densidade dos organismos do solo ? metade e em at? 10 vezes, quando as plantas foram manejadas com herbicida. Observou-se tamb?m redu??o da diversidade da macrofauna. N?o houve diferen?a na composi??o qu?mica do solo em fun??o das diferentes coberturas e formas de manejo

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Cunha, Aquiles Junior da. "Manejo intercalar de leguminosas perenes na cultura do café em produção." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2012. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/12066.

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Intercropped legumes in coffee rows perform as green manure, providing good soil coverage and reducing weed infestation. This study evaluated soil coverage and interference of forage peanuts and perennial soybean on weed infestation and phytosociology, and on growth and yield of coffee plants. The experiment was done in Patrocínio/MG, in a 11 years old producing coffee orchard, cultivar Catuaí Vermelho IAC-99, spaced by 3.80 x 0.70 m. Nine treatments were evaluated as a 23+1 factorial, in randomized blocks, with 4 repetitions, with two perennial legumes: forage peanuts (Arachis pintoi) and perennial soybean (Glycine wightii); two types of side management: with no side management, or with side management with glyphosate at 50 cm from canopy projection; two types of vertical management: no vertical management, or with legume vertical management at 5 cm above soil level. The additional treatment, the control, was done with the herbicide glyphosate (1.0 kg ha-1 of acid equivalent) between the rows. The two legume species resulted in good soil coverage, reducing weed infestation. Bidens pilosa and Spermacoce latifolia were the weed species with the greatest index of importance value. Perennial soybean, regardless of management, reduced the average number of nodes and coffee yield. Legume growth with no side management also affected coffee yield negatively, with greater interference during the high yield year. Forage peanut, with side management, did not affect the vegetative and yield characteristics of coffee.
As leguminosas intercaladas nas ruas do cafezal servem de adubo verde, proporcionam uma boa cobertura do solo e podem diminuir a infestação de plantas daninhas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a cobertura do solo e a interferência do amendoim-forrageiro e da soja-perene sobre a infestação e a fitossociologia de plantas daninhas e sobre as características vegetativas e produtivas do cafeeiro. O experimento foi instalado no município de Patrocínio/MG, em uma lavoura de café em produção da cultivar Catuaí Vermelho, linhagem IAC-99, no espaçamento de 3,80 x 0,70 m com 11 anos de idade. Utilizou-se nove tratamentos em esquema fatorial 23+1, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, sendo duas espécies de leguminosas perenes: amendoim-forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) e soja-perene (Glycine wightii); dois tipos de manejo lateral: sem manejo lateral e com manejo lateral com glyphosate a 50 cm da projeção da saia; dois tipos de manejo vertical: sem manejo vertical e com manejo vertical das leguminosas a 5 cm do solo. O tratamento adicional, correspondente à testemunha, foi realizado com a aplicação do herbicida glyphosate (1,0 kg ha-1 de equivalente ácido) nas entrelinhas da parcela. As duas espécies de leguminosas proporcionaram boa cobertura do solo, diminuindo a infestação de plantas daninhas. O picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) e a erva-quente (Spermacoce latifolia) foram as espécies de plantas daninhas com maior índice de valor de importância. A soja-perene, independente do manejo, diminuiu o número médio de nós e a produtividade de café. O cultivo de leguminosas sem o manejo lateral também prejudicou a produtividade de café, sendo a interferência maior no ano de carga alta. O amendoim-forrageiro manejado lateralmente não causou interferência nas características vegetativas e produtivas do cafeeiro.
Doutor em Agronomia

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SOUSA, José da Silva. "Jitirana, flor-de-seda e mata-pasto como fonte de adubo verde na produtividade do coentro." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/844.

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O coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) é uma olerícola herbácea anual com altura média de 10 a 20 cm planta-1, dependendo das condições edáficas que esteja sendo cultivado, da cultivar e adubação. O seu cultivo é principalmente voltado para atender à demanda para o consumo fresco de hastes e para as indústrias de condimentos. Nesse sentido a pesquisa objetivou avaliar a jitirana (Merremia aegyptia), flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera) e mata-pasto (Senna uniflora) como fonte de adubo verde no desempenho agroeconômico do coentro. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, localizada no distrito de Alagoinha, zona rural de Mossoró-RN, no período de julho a setembro de 2013. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com 3 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de quatro quantidades de espécies espontâneas (0,4; 0,8; 1,2 e 1,6 kg/m2) e o segundo fator, correspondendo a três tipos de espécies espontâneas (jitirana, flor-de-seda e mata-pasto). Cada parcela constou de doze fileiras de plantas espaçadas de 0,1 m x 0,05 m, com 05 plantas cova-1. Dez dias após a emergência realizou-se o desbaste, trinta e três dias após o plantio foi realizada a colheita. As características avaliadas foram as seguintes: altura de planta, número de hastes por planta, massa fresca de coentro, massa seca de coentro e número de molhos de coentro, os parâmetros econômicos foram: Renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno por real investido e índice de lucratividade. Para altura de planta em relação aos tipos de adubos verdes, observou-se diferença da jitirana em relação a florde- seda e mata-pasto, com valores médios de 18,9; 16,8 e 16,0 cm planta-1. Para a massa fresca, observou-se que a jitirana foi superior à flor-de-seda e mata-pasto, com produtividade máxima de 0,9; 0,7 e 0,8 kg m-2 de canteiro, equivalente a 18, 14 e 16 molhos m-2 de canteiro, na quantidade de 16,0 t ha-1. A aplicação de espécies espontâneas da caatinga, proporcionou rentabilidade líquida de R$ 6.070,00, taxa de retorno da ordem de R$ 2,80 e índice de lucratividade de 64,2% para jitirana. Rentabilidade líquida de R$ 2.920,00, taxa de retorno de 1,86 e índice de lucratividade de 46,3% para a flor-de-seda e rentabilidade líquida de R$ 4.270,00, taxa de retorno de 2,26 e índice de lucratividade de 55,8%. Nesse sentido, o cultivo de coentro adubado com espécies espontâneas da caatinga constitui-se em alternativa como adubo verde.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an annual herbaceous vegetable crop with average height 10-20 cm plant-1, depending on the soil conditions that are being grown, cultivar and fertilization. Its cultivation is mainly geared to meet the demand for fresh consumption stems and condiments industries. In this sense the research aimed to evaluate the jitirana (Merremia aegyptia), silk-flower (Calotropis procera) and kills pasture (Senna uniflora) as a source of green manure on agroeconomic performance of cilantro. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, located in the district of Alagoinha, rural area of Mossoró-RN, in the period from July- September 2014. The experimental design was complete randomized block with treatments arranged in a factorial 4 x 3, with 3 repetitions. Treatments included a combination of four amounts of wild species (0,4; 0,8; 1,2 e 1,6 kg/m2) and the second factor, corresponding to three types of spontaneous species (jitirana, silk-flower and bush-pasture). Each plot consisted of twelve rows of plants spaced 0,1 mx 0,05 m, with 05 plants pit-1. Ten days after germination thinning took place thirty-three days after the planting to harvest was performed. The characteristics evaluated were: plant height, number of stems per plant, fresh coriander mass, dry mass and number of bunches cilantro coriander, economic parameters were: gross income, net income, rate of return per dollar invested and profitability index. Plant height in relation to the types of green manures, a difference was observed in relation to the jitirana-flowered silk-flower and bush-pasture, with average values of 18.9; 16.8 and 16.0 cm plant-1. For fresh pasta, it was observed that the jitirana was superior to silk-flower and bush-pasture and woods with maximum productivity of 0,9; 0,7 to 0,8 kg m-2 construction, equivalent to 18, 14 and 16 m2 sauces construction, the quantity of 16.0 t ha-1. The application of spontaneous caatinga species yielded net profit of R $ 6.070,00, return rate of R$ 2,80 and the profit margin of 64,2% for jitirana. Net profit of R $ 2.920,00, rate of return of 1.86 and profitability index of 46,3% for the silk-flower and net profit of R$ 4.270,00, rate of return of 2,26 and profitability index of 55,8%. Accordingly, the cultivation of coriander fertilized with wild species of the caatinga constitutes alternatively as green manure.

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Santos, Tayane de Lima. "AvaliaÃÃo de impactos ambientais da produÃÃo de melÃo em sistema convencional e conservacionista no sumÃdio SÃo Francisco." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14652.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
O SubmÃdio SÃo Francisco Ã um dos principais polos produtores de melÃo amarelo para o mercado interno brasileiro. Sabendo que as atividades agrÃcolas impactam o meio ambiente, este estudo objetiva avaliar os impactos ambientais, por meio da avaliaÃÃo do ciclo de vida, na produÃÃo de 1 kg de melÃo cultivado no SubmÃdio SÃo Francisco, sob dois sistemas de produÃÃo: convencional e conservacionista. Os dados referentes ao sistema de produÃÃo convencional de melÃo foram obtidos em campo, com entrevistas conduzidas no PerÃmetro Irrigado Salitre (Juazeiro-BA), jÃ os dados referentes aos sistemas conservacionistas foram obtidos em uma unidade experimental da Embrapa SemiÃrido (Petrolina-PE). Realizou-se uma anÃlise de sensibilidade, considerando quatro cenÃrios: C1 (transporte), C2 (embalagem) e C3 (fertilizantes) e C4 (combinaÃÃo de C1, C2 e C3). O sistema de produto em estudo abrange a produÃÃo de sementes e mudas de melÃo, a produÃÃo agrÃcola dos frutos, a embalagem e transporte do melÃo, e a produÃÃo e transporte dos insumos utilizados nestes processos. Aplicou-se o mÃtodo Recipe na avaliaÃÃo das categorias: MudanÃa ClimÃtica, AcidificaÃÃo do Solo, EutrofizaÃÃo de Ãguas Doces, EutrofizaÃÃo Marinha e Escassez HÃdrica; e o mÃtodo Usetox para avaliaÃÃo da Toxicidade. Os resultados indicaram que, em longo prazo, os sistemas conservacionistas apresentam menores impactos ambientais. Mostraram ainda que as categorias avaliadas sÃo afetadas por trÃs principais processos: transporte dos frutos, embalagem dos frutos e produÃÃo de fertilizantes. Com base na anÃlise de sensibilidade, observa-se que no cenÃrio 4 (que combina a substituiÃÃo das caixas de papelÃo, a utilizaÃÃo de um transporte misto e a supressÃo do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados) ocorre a maior reduÃÃo dos impactos em todas categorias avaliadas.
The Creative Commons License is a leading producer of yellow melon pole for the Brazilian domestic market. Knowing that agricultural activities impact the environment, this study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts through the evaluation of the life cycle, to produce 1 kg of melon grown in Creative Commons License, under two production systems: conventional and conservation. The data relating to conventional melon production system were obtained in the field, with interviews conducted in the Irrigated Perimeter Salitre (Juazeiro-BA), since the data for the conservation systems were obtained in a experimental unit Embrapa Semi-Arid (Petrolina-PE). We performed a sensitivity analysis considering four scenarios: C1 (transport), C2 (packaging) and C3 (fertilizers) and C4 (combination of C1, C2 and C3). The product system under study covers the production of seeds and melon seedlings, agricultural production of fruits, packaging and transport of melons, and the production and transport of inputs used in these processes. Recipe applied the method in the evaluation of the categories: Climate Change, Soil Acidification, Eutrophication of Freshwater, Marine Eutrophication and Water Scarcity; and the Usetox method to assess toxicity. The results indicated that in the long run, conservationists systems have lower environmental impacts. They are shown even if the evaluated categories are affected by three main processes: transport of fruit, packaging of fruits and fertilizer production. Based on the sensitivity analysis, it is observed that the scenario 4 (combining the replacement of the cartons, the use of a mixed transport and the removal of nitrogen fertilizer use) is the greatest reduction of impacts in all categories evaluated.

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Devide, Antonio Carlos Pries. "Sistema Org?nico de Produ??o de Mandioca Consorciada com Milho e Caupi." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2006. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/505.

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Organic systems were evaluated for cassava root production directed to human comsuption in natura, at Serop?dica, Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro State. Treatments consisted of: cassava ('IAC 576-70') single cropping and its intercropped with corn ('Eldorado'), cowpea ('Mau?') or corn plus cowpea. The organic management was standardized and the experimental area was submitted to artificial irrigation. Several phenological features were considered in the evaluations relating all three species under cultivation. Green (immature) corn ears were harvested at the point requiered for fresh marketing. The cowpea was included to function as green manure being cut at flowering and left on the soil surface. Both (corn and cowpea) species were sown between cassava rows, in an alternate design, following the first weeding of the main crop (cassava). The cultivar IAC 576-70 showed suitability with respect to organic management averaging approx. 31 Mg.ha-? of marketable roots. No significant differences were detected between cassava single cropping and any of the intercropping tested systems. Thus, the corn crop represented potential for additional income to the growers. Yield of Eldorado corn averaged 18.125 ears.ha-? correspponding to 5,1 Mg.ha-?. The harvested ears measured 19,5 cm of length by 4,5 cm of basal diameter (mean values) reaching the requirements for marketing, despite a certain frequency of grain failures at the apical end. Residues coming from cowpea cutting brought about an input close to 12 Mg.ha-1, which meant an expressive contribution in nutrient elements, specially nitrogen (about 44 kg N.ha-1). The legume crop, in addition, completely covered cassava inter-rows demonstrating its potential for controlling erosion and weeds.
Foram avaliados sistemas org?nicos de produ??o de mandioca para consumo humano in natura (aipim de mesa), em Serop?dica, Regi?o Metropolitana do Estado do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os tratamentos consistiram de: monocultivo da mandioca (cv. IAC 576-70) e de seus cons?rcios com o milho (cv. Eldorado), com o caupi (cv. Mau?) e com milho+caupi. O manejo org?nico foi padronizado e a ?rea experimental foi artificialmente irrigada. Foram considerados nas avalia??es diversos par?metros fenol?gicos referentes ?s tr?s esp?cies cultivadas. Do milho, foram colhidas espigas verdes (imaturas) no ponto apropriado para comercializa??o como tal. O caupi foi inclu?do como adubo verde, cortado na flora??o e deixado na superf?cie do solo. Ambos os consortes ocuparam as entrelinhas da mandioca, de modo alternado, sendo semeados ap?s a primeira capina da cultura principal. A cultivar IAC 576-70 mostrou-se adaptada ao manejo org?nico, com produtividade m?dia em ra?zes de padr?o comercial pr?xima a 31 Mg.ha-?. N?o houve diferen?as significativas entre o monocultivo e os tr?s tipos de cons?rcio testados. Desse modo, a inclus?o do milho representou potencial de renda adicional ao produtor. A produ??o comercial da cv. Eldorado (m?dia) situou-se em 18.125 espigas.ha-?, o que correspondeu a 5,1 Mg.ha-?. Embora apresentando, com certa freq??ncia, falhas de grana??o na extremidade apical, as espigas foram adequadas para o mercado, medindo, em m?dia, 19,5 cm de comprimento por 4,5 cm di?metro basal. Os res?duos provenientes da ro?ada do caupi representaram um aporte de biomassa da ordem de 12 Mg.ha-?, com uma expressiva contribui??o em macronutrientes, sobretudo o nitrog?nio (cerca de 44 kg de N.ha-1). A leguminosa, em adendo, dominou e cobriu as entrelinhas da mandioca, demonstrando seu potencial de controle ? eros?o e plantas espont?neas.

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Vieira, Flaviana de Andrade. "Doses de máxima eficiência física e econômica de flor-de-seda no rendimento de caupi-hortaliça." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2014. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/89.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Cowpea-vegetable (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is a grain legume, used in the human food, largely grown in semi-arid areas of the Brazilian Northeast. Green manure is an economical form and alternative for the low-income farmers to fertilize their crops. However, there is no information about the use of this green manure using roostertree. In view of this, this study aimed to determine the dose of agroeconomic efficiency maximum of roostertree in the green grain yield of cowpea-vegetable and its production components in function of different amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil in sole crop. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, from August to November 2013. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. The treatments consisted of the following amounts of roostertree biomass incorporated into the soil: 20, 35, 50 and 65 t ha-1 on a dry basis. Each experimental plot had a total area of 3.6 m2 (3.00 m x 1.20 m), with a harvest area of 2.00 m2, containing 40 plants of cowpea-vegetable spaced of 0.50 m between rows with 10 plants per linear meter. The cultivar of cowpea-vegetable planted was BRS Itaim. It was incorporated 30% of the roostertree on August 22, 2013 in all plots, 20 days before planting. During the time of decomposition were performed daily irrigations in two shifts, one in the morning and one in the evening. After 20 days of sowing was made the incorporation of the 70% remaining of the material between the lines of the plots. The characteristics evaluated were: number of green pods per square meter, number of green grains per pod, yield of green pods, weight of 100 green grains and dry mass of grains and green pods. The economic indicators determined were: gross income (GI), net income (NI), production cost (PC), rate of return (RR) and profit margin (PM). The doses for maximum agronomic and economic efficiency of cowpea-vegetable were obtained with the incorporation into the soil of the quantities of roostertree of 59.4 and 54 t ha-1, respectively, with the yield of green grains of 3.25 t ha-1 and net income of R $ 9,624.74
O caupi-hortaliça (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), é uma leguminosa granífera, utilizada na alimentação humana, bastante cultivada nas áreas semi-áridas do Nordeste brasileiro. A adubação verde é uma forma econômica e alternativa dos produtores rurais de baixa renda para fertilizar suas plantações. Contudo, não há informações sobre o uso dessa adubação verde utilizando flor-de-seda. Diante disto, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a dose de máxima eficiência agroeconômica de flor-de-seda na produtividade de grãos verdes de caupi-hortaliça e de seus componentes de produção em função de diferentes quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo em cultivo solteiro. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, no período de agosto a novembro de 2013. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados com 5 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram das seguintes quantidades de biomassa de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo: 20, 35, 50 e 65 t ha-1 em base seca. Cada parcela experimental teve uma área total de 3,6 m2 (3,00 m x 1,20 m), com uma área útil de 2,00 m2 contendo 40 plantas de caupi-hortaliça no espaçamento 0,50 m entre fileiras com 10 plantas por metro linear. A cultivar de caupi-hortaliça plantada foi a BRS Itaim. Foram incorporadas 30% da flor-de-seda no dia 22 de agosto de 2013 em todas as parcelas, 20 dias antes do plantio. Durante o tempo de decomposição foram realizadas irrigações diárias em dois turnos, uma pela manhã e a outra pela tarde. Após 20 dias da semeadura foi feita a incorporação dos 70% restante do material nas entre linhas das parcelas. As características avaliadas foram: número de vagens verdes por metro quadrado, número de grãos verdes por vagem, produtividade de vagens verdes, peso de 100 grãos verdes e massa seca de grãos e de vagens verdes. Os Indicadores econômicos determinados foram: renda bruta (RB), renda líquida (RL), custo de produção (CT), taxa de retorno (TR) e índice de lucratividade (IL). As doses de máxima eficiência agronômica e econômica de caupi-hortaliça foram obtidas com a incorporação ao solo das quantidades de flor-de-seda de 59,4 e 54 t ha-1, respectivamente, com a produtividade de grãos verdes de 3,25 t ha-1 e renda líquida de R$ 9.624,74

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Trento, Filho Egyno. "Consorciação intercalar em linha com crotalária e feijão guandu anão na soqueira da cana-de-açúcar." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2010. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/368.

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Two great challenges for the sugar cane agribusiness are the reduction of the investment and of the operational cost to increase the competitiveness of the sugar and of the etanol. The improvement of the chemical and physical quality of the soil in elapsing of the years of cultivation of the cane is one of the factors that contribute to win those challenges. The objective of this work was of evaluating the effect of the row intercropping with Crotalaria juncea (Sunnhemp) and Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea) in the productivity, technological quality and margin of industrial contribution of the ratoon sugarcane. The experiment was accomplished in Valparaíso - SP in the Usina da Barra S/A subsidiary Univalem, using the statistical delineation in randomized blocks with four repetitions each. The results demonstrated that the productivity of stems for hectare of the leguminous was similar to the control. The organic compost as only nutrition source presented the largest productivity. The technological quality was similar in all of the treatments. The treatments Compost organic, Control and Sunnhemp without compost presented Margin of Contribution Industrial fellow creatures amongst themselves and superiors to the other treatments.
Dois grandes desafios para a agroindústria canavieira são a redução do investimento e do custo operacional para aumentar a competitividade do açúcar e do etanol. A melhoria da qualidade química e física do solo no decorrer dos anos de cultivo da cana é um dos fatores que contribuem para vencer esses desafios. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito da consorciação intercalar em linha com Crotalaria juncea e Cajanus cajan na produtividade, qualidade tecnológica e na margem de contribuição industrial da soqueira de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi realizado em Valparaíso - SP na Usina da Barra S/A filial Univalem, utilizando o delineamento estatístico blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os resultados demonstraram que a produtividade de colmos por hectare das leguminosas foram semelhantes à testemunha. O composto orgânico como única fonte de nutrição apresentou a maior produtividade. A qualidade tecnológica foi semelhante em todos os tratamentos. Os tratamentos Composto orgânico, Testemunha e Crotalária sem composto apresentaram Margem de Contribuição Industrial semelhantes entre si e superiores aos outros tratamentos.

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Matheis, Hector Alonso San Martín. "Uso contínuo de coberturas vegetais em citros: influência no banco de sementes, na comunidade infestante e nas características químicas do solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-19092008-122149/.

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Nos últimos anos os consumidores, em especial do mercado externo, estão interessados e preocupados cada vez mais com a segurança alimentar, principalmente no que se refere à forma de produção. Esse panorama tem motivado a busca por alternativas de baixo impacto ambiental. Uma delas é o uso de coberturas vegetais ou adubação verde. Nesse contexto a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do uso contínuo de coberturas vegetais em pomar de citros sobre os padrões de infestação e banco de sementes das plantas daninhas, assim como as características químicas do solo. O experimento foi realizado em pomar de laranja \'Pêra\' (Citrus sinenesis (L.) Osbeck) na área experimental da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 2. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de quatro coberturas vegetais, dois tipos de roçadeira e dois tipos de adubação. As coberturas vegetais utilizadas foram labe-labe (Dolichos lablab L.), guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp cv IAPAR 43), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Leeke) e infestação natural do pomar de laranja. As roçadeiras utilizadas foram do tipo lateral e convencional e a adubação foi realizada na entrelinha e na projeção da copa da planta cítrica. Pelos dados obtidos pode-se observar que: as coberturas mortas produzidas pela infestação natural e pelo labe-labe contribuem significativamente na redução das populações de plantas daninhas afetando o banco de sementes; nas linhas das laranjeiras as plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas ocorreram com maior freqüência e com maior importância relativa em relação às monocotiledôneas; o deslocamento contínuo de cobertura morta da infestação natural promoveu alterações no pH, matéria orgânica (MO) e magnésio (Mg); o deslocamento contínuo de cobertura morta do labe-labe incrementou os teores de fósforo (P), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e saturação por bases (V%). Sendo assim pode se concluir que o labe-labe pode constituir-se em alternativa promissora para uso como cobertura intercalar na cultura de citros.
In the last few years, the consumers, especially those of the external market, have become more and more interested in food security, namely on what it refers to the means of production. This fact has motivated the search for alternatives of low environmental impact, and one of these is the use cover crops or green manure. In this context the current research aimed the evaluation of the influence of continuous usage of plant cover in citrus orchards over the patterns of infestation and weed seed bank, as well as the soil\'s chemical characteristics. The experiment was carried out in a \"Pêra\" orange orchard (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) at the experimental area of Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP. The experiment was conducted in random blocks in a 4 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme. The treatment consisted on the combination of four cover crop, two kinds of mowers and two kinds of manure. The cover crops used were lab-lab Dolichos lablab L., Cajanus cajan L. Millsp cv IAPAR 43, Pennisetum glaucum L. Leeke and natural infestation of the orange orchard. Lateral and conventional mowers were used, and the fertilization was made on inter row as well as on the projection of the trees\' crowns. The following facts were observed from the data that were gathered: the plant cover produced by natural infestation and D.lablab contributed significantly for the reduction of the weeds\' population, and thus having an effect on the seed bank; at the citrus tree\'s rows the dicotyledonous plants had higher relative frequence and relative importance than monocotiledonous plants; the continuous displacement of mulch natural infestation increased pH, organic matter (OM) and magnesium (Mg); the continuous displacement of mulch D.lablab increased phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels and base saturation (V%). Thus, we can conclude that D.lablab can be a promising alternative as cover crop in citrus cultivation.

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Machado, Andressa Cristina Zamboni. "Pratylenchus brachyurus x algodoeiro: patogenicidade, métodos de controle e caracterização molecular de populações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11135/tde-17112006-143149/.

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Pratylenchus brachyurus é um dos nematóides mais disseminados na cultura do algodão nas áreas produtoras do Brasil. Sua patogenicidade ao algodoeiro, entretanto, é pouco estudada. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: i) correlacionar níveis populacionais iniciais crescentes de P. brachyurus (0, 12.000, 30.000 e 75.000 exemplares/ planta) com os danos causados ao algodoeiro \'Delta Opal\'; ii) avaliar a patogenicidade de populações de P. brachyurus em algodoeiros \'Delta Opal\' e \'Fibermax 966\'; iii) testar cultivares de algodão em relação à reprodução de três populações de P. brachyurus ; iv) caracterizar a relação parasito-hospedeiro (em termos de suscetibilidade/resistência) de alguns adubos verdes, coberturas vegetais e pastagens a Pratylenchus brachyurus; v) caracterizar molecularmente populações de P. brachyurus, através de PCR-RFLP e seqüenciamento da região ITS-1 do rDNA. Os resultados sugerem que P. brachyurus é patógeno pouco agressivo da cultura do algodão, já que não se verificaram danos significativos às plantas em densidades populacionais do nematóide inferiores a 12.000 exemplares/ planta. Em relação às cultivares, todas foram suscetíveis a P. brachyurus . Entre as espécies vegetais testadas, as que se mostraram resistentes a P. brachyurus foram Crotalaria spectabilis, C. breviflora, amaranto \'BRS Alegria\', nabo forrageiro \'Comum\' e as cultivares de aveia preta Campeira Mor, IPFA 99006, Comum, CPAO 0010 e Garoa. As análises de PCRRFLP revelaram variabilidade genética entre as diferentes populações de P. brachyurus estudadas, em função dos diferentes padrões de bandas encontrados para as populações estudadas. O seqüenciamento da região ITS-1 do rDNA confirmou a variabilidade observada pela digestão enzimática, além de evidenciar heterogeneidade das regiões 18S e ITS-1 do rDNA de P. brachyurus
Although Pratylenchus brachyurus is widespread in Brazilian cotton fields, information about its importance as a cotton pathogen is scarce. The objectives of this work were: i) correlate crescent initial population densities (0; 12,000; 30,000; and 75,000 nematodes/ plant) with damage on cotton \'Delta Opal\'; ii) measure the pathogenic effect of P. brachyurus on cotton \'Delta Opal\' and \'Fibermax 966\'; iii) characterize the reaction of cotton cultivars to three populations of P. brachyurus ; iv) characterize the host reaction (in terms of susceptibility/ resistance) of some green manures, cover crops and pastures to two populations of P. brachyurus; v) characterize different populations of P. brachyurus by PCR-RFLP and sequencing of ITS-1 rDNA region. Results suggest that P. brachyurus is an eventual pathogen of cotton, since high population levels were necessary to reduce plant growth (< 12,000 nematodes/ plant). All cotton cultivars tested were rated as susceptible to P. brachyurus In relation to crop species tested, Crotalaria spectabilis, C. breviflora, amaranth \'BRS Alegria\', oil radish \'Comum\', and the black oat cultivars Campeira Mor, IPFA 99006, Comum, CPAO 0010, and Garoa were resistant to P. brachyurus PCR-RFLP showed intraspecific variability for different population of P. brachyurus studied. Sequencing of the ITS-1 rDNA region confirmed the results of the enzymatic digestion and demonstrated heterogeneity of 18S and ITS-1 rDNA regions of P. brachyurus.

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Matheus, Andr?ia Cristina. "import?ncia da aduba??o verde na diversifica??o da produ??o agr?cola: uma abordagem participativa em assentamento rural na Baixada Fluminense." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2016. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2088.

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The present work was performed with families of the Agrarian Reform Settlement Promised Land (Terra Prometida), located in the cities of Nova Igua?u and Duque de Caxias, in Fluminense Lowland (Baixada Fluminense), in the State of Rio de Janeiro. It aimed to evaluate strategies of management of productive systems, using green manure as a practice that contributes to the dynamics of agroecosystems, with its multiple functions. For this purpose, Demonstrative Units were set in the Integrated System of Agroecological Production (SIPA - ?Fazendinha Agroecol?gica km 47?) and in the Promised Land Settlement. A set of participatory methodological tools, based on the principles of research-action, was used, which oriented the development of the proposed actions and made it possible, in an integrated form, the practical evaluation of the sustainability of the practices, using indicators related to soil quality and crops health. The presented experience is inserted in the context of the strategy of performance of Coopaterra - Cooperative of Agroecological Producers Fertile Land, an aspect that allowed the collective conduction of the process together with the settlers, in a multiplying and participatory perspective. This was done recognizing the socio-economic importance of the areas of agrarian reform settlement and their families, as transforming agents of their own reality. The results are, mainly, in the appropriation of the practices by the settlers and the process of experimentation and exchange of knowledge carried out. However, it is required the continuity of the practices, on the basis of the actual conditions of the settlement and increasing their use for a larger set of settled families
O presente trabalho foi conduzido junto ?s fam?lias do Assentamento de Reforma Agr?ria Terra Prometida, localizado nos munic?pios de Nova Igua?u e Duque de Caxias, na Baixada Fluminense, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Objetivou-se avaliar estrat?gias de manejo dos sistemas produtivos, utilizando a aduba??o verde como pr?tica que contribui com a din?mica dos agroecossistemas, atrav?s das suas m?ltiplas fun??es. Para tanto, foram implantadas Unidades Demonstrativas no Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica (SIPA - ?Fazendinha Agroecol?gica Km 47?) e no Assentamento Terra Prometida. Utilizou-se um conjunto de ferramentas metodol?gicas participativas com base no princ?pio da pesquisa-a??o que orientou o desenvolvimento das a??es propostas e possibilitou, de forma integrada, a avalia??o da sustentabilidade das pr?ticas, utilizando indicadores relacionados ? qualidade de solo e sanidade dos cultivos. A experi?ncia apresentada est? inserida no contexto da estrat?gia de atua??o da Coopaterra ? Cooperativa de Produtores Agroecol?gicos Terra F?rtil, aspecto que permitiu a condu??o do processo de forma coletiva junto aos assentados envolvidos, numa perspectiva multiplicadora e participativa. O trabalho foi realizado reconhecendo a import?ncia socioecon?mica das ?reas de assentamento de reforma agr?ria e das fam?lias, como agentes transformadores da pr?pria realidade. Os resultados est?o, principalmente, na sensibiliza??o dos assentados quanto ?s pr?ticas propostas e no processo de experimenta??o e troca de conhecimento. Contudo, compreende-se a necessidade da continuidade das pr?ticas, com base nas condi??es concretas do assentamento e a amplia??o para um conjunto maior de fam?lias assentadas

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Melo, Isabel Giovanna Costa e. "Densidades de semeadura de leguminosas na melhoria da qualidade do solo e na produtividade do milho." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/468.

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Currently, the concern with the progress of degradation processes installed in most Brazilian soils, and with the prevention of the degradation of new areas, has led to the need to use practices to add organic matter to soil. Among these, there is a green manure, recognized as a viable alternative in the search for sustainability of agricultural soils. In this context, an experiment was implemented at the experimental farm of UFERSA, in order to evaluate the performance of green manuring legumes seeded in different rates, for improving soil quality and corn yield. The experiment was constituted of two stages: first, the cultivation of legume species and, second, commercial cultivation of corn. Experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme 4x4, with 16 treatments and four replications, totaling 64 plots, each of 1 m2. Factors studied were legume species (pigeon pea, jack bean, lab-lab, dwarf velvet bean) and seeding rates (10, 20, 30 and 40 plants m-2). Soil samples for analysis were taken before legume seeding and 30 days after its incorporation into the soil. At full flowering, legumes were cut, weighed for biomass determination, sampled for leaf analysis, incorporated into the soil and left fallow for 30 days. After this period corn crop was grown for determination of its nutritional status, plant height, dry mass of hundred grains and total mass of grains. Data were submitted to variance and regression analysis means were compared through Tukey test at a 5% probability level. Lab-lab and pigeon pea showed higher results of biomass accumulation and nutrient content, what provided improvement in soil chemical characteristics and¸ as a consequence, increased grains yield and plant height
Atualmente, a preocupação com o avanço do processo degradativo instalado em grande parte dos solos brasileiros, e com a prevenção da degradação de novas áreas, tem gerado a necessidade do uso de práticas que adicionem matéria orgânica ao solo. Entre essas, destaca-se a adubação verde, reconhecida como uma alternativa viável na busca da sustentabilidade dos solos agrícolas. Diante disso, foi implantado um experimento na fazenda experimental da UFERSA, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de leguminosas utilizadas como adubo verde, em diversas densidades de semeadura, na melhoria da qualidade do solo e da produtividade do milho. O experimento foi constituído por duas etapas: na primeira, o cultivo das espécies de leguminosas e na segunda, a cultura comercial do milho. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4x4, com 16 tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 64 parcelas, cada uma medindo 1 m2. Os fatores estudados foram as espécies de leguminosas (guandu, feijão de porco, lab-lab e mucuna-anã) e as densidades de semeadura (10, 20, 30 e 40 plantas m-2). Foram coletadas amostras de solo para análise antes da implantação das leguminosas e 30 dias após a incorporação das mesmas. Na época do pleno florescimento, as leguminosas foram cortadas, pesadas para determinação da produção total de biomassa, amostradas, para posterior análise foliar, e a seguir incorporadas e deixadas em pousio por 30 dias. Após este período, foi implantada a cultura do milho, da qual foi determinado o estado nutricional, a altura de plantas, o peso seco de 100 grãos e o peso total de grãos produzidos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, à comparação de médias, pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade, e à análise de regressão. As espécies lab-lab e feijão de porco apresentaram os melhores resultados no acúmulo de biomassa e teores de nutrientes, promovendo a melhoria nas características químicas do solo e, consequentemente, melhoria na produção total de grãos e altura de plantas de milho

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47

Grybas, Saulius. "Kai kurių medelyno ekologizavimo priemonių tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100621_114417-66483.

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Magistro darbe tiriama kai kurių medelyno ekologizavimo priemonių įtaka paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) sodmenų augimui, vystimuisi, išlikimui, išeigai, dirvožemiui. Darbo objektas – vienerių metų paprastosios eglės sėjinukai ir 2+1 sodinukai bei sideralinis pūdymas. Darbo tikslas – ekologizuoti miško medelyną, pakeičiant mineralines trąšas organinėmis. Darbo metodai – literatūros loginė analizė, apskaitos aikštelių metodas; matematinės statistikos metodai. Darbo rezultatai. Paprastosios eglės sodmenų (pirmamečių sėjinukų ir 2+1 sodinukų) biometrinių požymių matavimai rodo, kad tręšimas kompostu, pagamintu iš mėšlo ir durpės, naudojant 50 ir 100 t ha-1 komposto normas yra netikslingas, nes sodmenims neužtikrinamas pakankamas mitybos lygis. Eglės sodmenis tikslinga tręšti 150 t ha-1 ir didesne komposto norma. Ši tręšimo norma sąlygoja panašius, kaip ir tręšiant mineralinėmis trąšomis, daugelio sodmenų antžeminės ir požeminės dalies biometrinius matavimus (augalų aukštį, šaknies kaklelio skersmenį, šoninių pumpurų skaičių, spyglių ilgį, pagrindinės šaknies ilgį, pirmos eilės šoninių šaknų skaičių). Dažniausiai biometriniai eglių sodmenų parametrai yra mažesni, nei mineralinėmis trąšomis tręštų sodmenų, tačiau skirtumai nėra esminiai. Eglės sodinukų, tręštų 150 t ha-1 komposto norma metinis aukščio prieaugis buvo 10 proc. patikimai mažesnis, nei tręštų mineralinėmis trąšomis sodinukų. Geriausiai eglės sėjinukai ir sodinukai augo dirvožemį patręšus 150 t ha-1... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The master thesis examined some of the nurseries’ ecology tools impact on simple spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) planting stock cultivation, growth, survival, stocks yield, soil. Object of the work – first year seedlings and first year sapling of simple spruce and sideralic lea. The aim of work – to assess ecological organic fertilizer (green manure and compost) usage impact on simple spruce planting stock growth. Methods of the work – logical analysis of the literature, method of accounting sites, methods of mathematical statistics. The results of the work. Simple spruce planting stocks’ (first year seedlings and first year sapling) biometric features measurements demonstrate that fertilization with compost, made from dung and peat, with 50 and 100 t ha-1 compost rate is pointless, as sufficient nutritional level is not ensured for spruce planting stocks. Spruce planting stocks are appropriate to fertilize with 150 t ha-1 and a higher compost rate. This results in similar fertilization rate, as the fertilization with mineral fertilizers, the biometric measurements of many saplings in surface and underground part (plant height, root neck diameter, lateral bud number, spine length, main root length, the number of lateral root in first order). Frequently the biometric parameters of spruce planting stocks are lower than fertilized with mineral fertilizers, but the differences are not essential. The annual growth of spruce saplings, fertilized with 150 t ha-1 compost rate was... [to full text]

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48

Lima, Nayrah de Deus. "Efeito da sucessão de culturas e doses de nitrogênio sobre o rendimento de frutos de melancia." Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2012. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=164.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A cultura da melancia é uma das mais importantes no Estado de Roraima, com uma área plantada de aproximadamente 1000 ha-1 irrigados e produtividade média de 8.017 kg ha-1 de frutos. Essa produtividade é considerada baixa, levando em conta o potencial da cultura; e as razões disso são o manejo inadequado, principalmente, da adubação. Neste estudo, testaram-se três sistemas de sucessão de cultura combinados com seis doses de Nitrogênio com o objetivo de avaliar os benefícios da sucessão das culturas e doses de nitrogênio sobre a produtividade de frutos da melancia. Foram instalados dois experimentos (2010 e 2012) no delineamento de blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, testaram-se as sucessões de cultura (mucuna preta, feijão-caupi e vegetação espontânea) e, nas subparcelas, as doses de nitrogênio (0 a 250 kg ha-1). A cultura cv Crimson Sweet foi irrigada por sulcos no espaçamento de 1,0m x 3,5m. Avaliou-se a produtividade de frutos comerciais na área útil das subparcelas (7 plantas), número, porcentagem de frutos, massa média de frutos, sólidos solúveis totais e relação polpa-casca. Os dados foram analisados por anova (p<0,05), e as médias referentes aos efeitos das doses de N foram estimadas por análise de regressão polinomial. As espécies de plantas de cobertura não afetaram a produtividade nem a qualidade de frutos de melancia, independentemente do ano de cultivo. As doses 114,77 e 115,49 kg ha-1 de N proporcionaram o maior número de fruto, (6.900 e 4.889 frutos ha-1) e massa média de frutos (9,49 e 13,15 kg fruto-1), no primeiro e no segundo ano decultivo, respectivamente. A porcentagem de frutos não foi influenciada pelas plantas de cobertura e nem pelas doses de N, independentemente do ano de cultvo. Os sólidos solúveis totais e a relação polpa/casca do fruto de melancia não foram influenciados pelas espécies de plantas coberturas nem pelas doses de N. A maior produtividade de frutos (64,02 e 55,05 Mg ha-1) obtidas com doses de 125,11 e 155,31 kg ha-1 de N, no primeiro e no segundo ano de cultivo, respectivamente.
The watermelon crop is one of the most important in the State of Roraima, with a planted area of approximately 1000 ha-1 and yield of irrigated 8.017 kg ha-1 fruit. This productivity is considered low, taking into account the potential of the crop, and the reasons are inadequate management mainly fertilization. In this study, we tested three systems of succession culture combined with six doses of nitrogen in order to evaluate the benefits of crop succession and nitrogen on fruit yield of watermelon. Two experiments were established (2010 and 2012) in a randomized block design in a split-plot with four replications. In the plots, we tested the crop sequence (velvet bean, cowpea and spontaneous vegetation) and the subplots, the nitrogen levels (0 to 250 kg ha-1). The culture cv Crimson Sweet was irrigated by furrows spaced at 1.0 m x 3.5 m. We evaluated the Commercial fruits in the useful area of the subplots (7 plants), number, percentage of fruits, average fruit weight, soluble solids and pulp-peel. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (p <0.05), and the averages on the effects of N rates were estimated by polynomial regression analysis. The species of cover crops did not affect productivity or quality of watermelon fruits, regardless of the crop year. Doses 114,77 and 115,31 kg ha-1 N gave a higher number of fruit (6900 and 4889 fruits ha-1) and average weight of fruits (fruit 9.49 and 13.15 kg-1), the first and second decultivo years, respectively. The percentage of fruits was not influenced by cover crops and not by N, regardless of the year of cultvo. The total soluble solids and pulp / fruit rind of watermelon were not affected by plant species or coverages by N The highest fruit yield (64.02 and 55.05 Mg ha-1) obtained with doses of 125,11 and 155.31 kg N ha-1, the first and second year of cultivation, respectively.

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Suleiman, Afnan Khalil Ahmad. "Impacto da adição de resíduos orgânicos na comunidade microbiana do solo e na emissão de N2O." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3382.

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Agricultural lands receive crop and animal residues as option for additional nutrients to replace inorganic fertilizers. Although the idea of discard residues is sustainable, its implementation contributes to the production of greenhouse gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O). However, the impact of disturbances caused by crop wastes on soil microbial community is still not clear. The aim was to study the impact of agricultural residues on the bacterial community accessed by next generation sequencing of nucleics acids. Two field experiments were carried out with the first experiment with the treatments control, mineral fertilizer, slurry and slurry with nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) while the second experiment presented the following treatments: control, sugarcane straw, vinasse and vinasse with sugarcane straw. Nitrous oxide emissions were also analysed. The organic fertilizers were the main drivers on changes in microbial community structure and they affected the microorganisms differently conformable to the applied residue compared with soils with or without fertilizer, but without residues. Slurry application changed the community in the third day of experiment temporarily due to increases in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes but the metabolically active microbial community was resilient returning to the original state after 50 days of experiment. The impact of plant residues were visualized in the treatment than microbial dynamics with only straw application modifying the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Beta-Proteobacteria. High proportions of Verrucomicrobia were found in vinasse treatment, whereas Firmicutes were overrepresented in vinasse plus straw treatment. Plants and animal origin residues as slurry with and without DCD, straw and vinasse affected specific groups of microorganisms that participate in nitrogen cycle. Furthermore, phosphorus, iron and nitrogen cycles were altered in plants residues treatments. Different microorganisms were responsible for the same functions in biogeochemical cycles in different treatments with plant residues indicating possible functional redundancy. All agricultural residues amendments also contributed to increase N2O emissions, except for the treatment with DCD which was effective against the nitrification process. In conclusion, the results are important to understand the appropriate crop residues managements in microbial compositions and functions under the current effort of sustainable agricultural practices.
Terras agrícolas tem recebido resíduos de culturas e de animais como opção de fornecimento de nutrientes adicionais em substituição aos fertilizantes inorgânicos. Apesar da ideia do retorno de resíduos produzidos na agricultura ao solo ser sustentável, sua aplicação continua contribuindo para produção de gases de efeito estufa como o óxido nitroso (N2O). Entretanto, o impacto dos distúrbios provocados pelo uso de resíduos agrícolas sobre a comunidade microbiana do solo ainda não são claros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o impacto do retorno de resíduos produzidos na agricultura como dejetos, vinhaça e palha sobre a comunidade bacteriana do solo acessada por sequenciamento de nova geração de ácidos nucleicos. Foram realizados dois experimentos de campo a curto prazo foram realizados com o primeiro experimento apresentando os tratamentos: controle, fertilizante mineral, dejeto e dejeto com inibidor de nitrificação dicianodiamida (DCD), enquanto o segundo experimento apresentou os seguintes tratamentos: controle, palha de cana-de-açúcar, vinhaça e vinhaça em conjunto com palha de cana-de-açúcar. O efeito das emissões de óxido nitroso também foram analisadas. A adição de resíduos orgânicos apresentou o maior impacto na mudança da comunidade bacteriana do solo e afetaram a presença de microrganismos conforme o resíduo aplicado quando em comparaçao com solos com solos com ou sem fertilizantes, mas sem a aplicaçao de resíduos. A aplicação de dejetos animais afetou a comunidade ao terceiro dia do experimento principalmente devido a um aumento na abundância de Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria e Firmicutes, mas a comunidade voltou ao seu estado inicial após 50 dias de experimento. O impacto da aplicação de resíduos vegetais vinhaça e palha foi visualizada com a aplicação da palha modificando a abundância de Bacteroidetes e Beta-Proteobacteria. A adição de vinhaça provocou um aumento nas proporções de Verrucomicrobia enquanto Firmicutes foram mais abundantes no tratamento com adição de vinhaça em conjunto com a palha nos 46 dias do experimento. Entre as funções afetadas pela adição de resíduos de origem animal e vegetal, a aplicação de dejetos com e sem DCD, assim como a aplicação de palha e vinhaça, atuaram sobre grupos específicos de microrganismos do ciclo do nirogênio. Além disso, ciclos de fósforo, ferro e nitrogênio foram observados em diferentes tratamentos de resíduos vegetais. Diferentes microrganismos foram responsáveis pelas mesmas funções nos ciclos biogeoquímicos em distintos tratamentos com resíduos vegetais indicando possível redundância funcional. A aplicação de todos os resíduos também contribuiu para o aumento da emissão de N2O, com exceção do tratamento com adição de DCD em que mostrou que o inibidor foi efetivo em retardar o processo de nitrificação. Os resultados são importantes para entender o gerenciamento dos resíduos das culturas nas comunidades e funções microbianas do solo sob o esforço atual de práticas agrícolas sustentáveis.

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Rodrigues, Graciela Bassan [UNESP]. "Aspectos produtivos e sanitários de sementes de feijoeiro em função do uso de diferentes coberturas de solo no sistema de plantio direto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98921.

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Plantas de cobertura são de grande importância para conservação e proteção do solo, além de serem grandes fontes de nutrientes minerais para as culturas seguintes. Assim, o trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de diferentes plantas de cobertura do solo, utilizando leguminosas e uma gramínea isoladas em consórcio leguminosa/gramínea e uma área de pousio, sobre o desenvolvimento, produção, qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de feijão do cultivar Pérola. O experimento foi conduzido em duas etapas, sendo a primeira com a implantação das plantas de cobertura que foram: guandu, crotalária, feijão-de-porco, mucuna preta e o milheto isoladas e o consórcio leguminosas/milheto com linhas alternadas e parcelas de 10 linhas/10 metros no verão. Na segunda etapa a área com as plantas de cobertura foi manejada para a semeadura do feijoeiro no outono/inverno e subdivididas em cinco linhas de cinco metros para as épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura que aconteceu aos 25, 30 e 35 dias após a semeadura. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se produção de massa verde e seca, teores de nutrientes para as plantas de cobertura, população final de plantas, componentes produtivos (número de vagens e de sementes por planta, número de sementes por vagem, massa de 100 sementes), produtividade de sementes, qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as plantas de cobertura apresentaram bons teores e bom potencial de retorno de nutrientes, sendo que o consórcio leguminosa/gramínea na maioria dos casos apresentou melhores resultados em relação à planta cultivada em sistema solteiro, com destaque para o consórcio mucuna+milheto. As diferentes plantas de cobertura e épocas de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura não afetaram os componentes...
Covering plants have a great importance to soil conservation and protection, besides to be great mineral nutrients sources. This way, the study was carried out in order to verify the different effects of soil covering plants, applying legumes and a grass, separately or in a consortium legumes/grass, and fallow land area, on the development, production, sanitary and physiological seeds quality of common beans Perola cultivar. The experiments were conducted in two phases on the first one, was implanted the following covering plants: pigeonpea, sunn hemp, jack bean, velvet bean and the millet isolated and the consortium legumes/grass with alternated lines and parcels of 10 lines/10 meters on the summer. On the second stage the area with covering plans was handled to sow the common bean on the autumn/winter period and subdivided in five lines of five meters for the nitrogen application period in covering that occurs for 25, 30 and 35 days after the sow. The experimental design was used in randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The green and dry mass production, as well as the content and nutrient return to the covering plants, final stand, yield components (number of pods and seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed mass), beans productivity, sanitary and physiological seeds quality. The results showed that the covering plants showed good return potential and nutrient content, but the legume/grass consortium showed better results as compared to single one, notability the velvet bean+millet consortium. The different covering plants so as the nitrogen application period in covering didn’t affect significantly the productive components neither the Perola cultivar common bean. Conclude that the consortium legumes (pigeonpea, sunn hemp, jack bean, velvet bean)/grass (millet) are a viable way to Perola cultivar common bean with high level of sanitary and physiological seeds quality.

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