Academic literature on the topic 'Green hydrogen production'
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Journal articles on the topic "Green hydrogen production"
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Sidorenko, Alexander, Nina Kutkina, Nadezhda Nazarova, and Veniamin Brykin. "Hydrogen production and green chemistry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2373, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 042009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2373/4/042009.
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Abstract This paper presents a study on the production of hydrogen and “green chemistry”. The introduction introduces the terminology and historical data, followed by the defining principles that describe hydrogen production methods using natural gas, coal, water and biomass as feedstock. Some basics of “green chemistry” are also given. The next section provides an analysis of all hydrogen production methods, the results of the analysis are recorded in a table that allows you to identify the most environmentally friendly solutions. In the conclusion it is stated that the results of the study indicated in the table make it possible to assess the compliance of each of the 13 methods for producing hydrogen with the principles of “green chemistry”, and the assessment and comments do not take into account the economic component of technologies, the main emphasis is on environmental protection.
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Dincer, Ibrahim. "Green methods for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 2 (January 2012): 1954–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.03.173.
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Zhang, Liping, and Anastasios Melis. "Probing green algal hydrogen production." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1426 (October 29, 2002): 1499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1152.
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The recently developed two–stage photosynthesis and H 2 –production protocol with green algae is further investigated in this work. The method employs S deprivation as a tool for the metabolic regulation of photosynthesis. In the presence of S, green algae perform normal photosynthesis, carbohydrate accumulation and oxygen production. In the absence of S, normal photosynthesis stops and the algae slip into the H 2 –production mode. For the first time, to our knowledge, significant amounts of H 2 gas were generated, essentially from sunlight and water. Rates of H 2 production could be sustained continuously for ca . 80 h in the light, but gradually declined thereafter. This work examines biochemical and physiological aspects of this process in the absence or presence of limiting amounts of S nutrients. Moreover, the effects of salinity and of uncouplers of phosphorylation are investigated. It is shown that limiting levels of S can sustain intermediate levels of oxygenic photosynthesis, in essence raising the prospect of a calibration of the rate of photosynthesis by the S content in the growth medium of the algae. It is concluded that careful titration of the supply of S nutrients in the green alga medium might permit the development of a continuous H 2 –production process.
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Ourya, I., and S. Abderafi. "Technology comparison for green hydrogen production." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1008, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1008/1/012007.
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Abstract Because of greenhouse gas emissions generated by fossil fuels, it has become essential to find non-polluting alternatives. Hydrogen is generally produced from the steam methane reforming (SMR) process which generates a lot of greenhouse gases. However, there are many other processes to produce hydrogen that are cleaner and should be of interest. This study aims at comparing different existing technologies to produce hydrogen in a clean and non-polluting way, in particular biological and thermochemical processes from biomass and water splitting processes. Their comparison is made by analyzing several parameters such as the type of raw materials, energy sources, efficiency, waste generation, CO2 emissions and, hydrogen production rate. Among the biological processes to produce hydrogen from biomass, dark fermentation seems to be the best due to its high production efficiency. Thermochemical processes are also interesting because of their maturity, but they generate a lot of waste such as tar and ashes. Water splitting processes coupled with renewable energy have the advantage of being zero greenhouse gas generating. The electrolysis is the best from the point of view of production efficiency which reaches 80%.
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Mosca, Lorena, Jose Antonio Medrano Jimenez, Solomon Assefa Wassie, Fausto Gallucci, Emma Palo, Michele Colozzi, Stefania Taraschi, and Giulio Galdieri. "Process design for green hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 12 (March 2020): 7266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.08.206.
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Hossein Ali, Yousefi Rizi, and Donghoon Shin. "Green Hydrogen Production Technologies from Ammonia Cracking." Energies 15, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 8246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15218246.
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The rising technology of green hydrogen supply systems is expected to be on the horizon. Hydrogen is a clean and renewable energy source with the highest energy content by weight among the fuels and contains about six times more energy than ammonia. Meanwhile, ammonia is the most popular substance as a green hydrogen carrier because it does not carry carbon, and the total hydrogen content of ammonia is higher than other fuels and is thus suitable to convert to hydrogen. There are several pathways for hydrogen production. The considered aspects herein include hydrogen production technologies, pathways based on the raw material and energy sources, and different scales. Hydrogen can be produced from ammonia through several technologies, such as electrochemical, photocatalytic and thermochemical processes, that can be used at production plants and fueling stations, taking into consideration the conversion efficiency, reactors, catalysts and their related economics. The commercial process is conducted by using expensive Ru catalysts in the ammonia converting process but is considered to be replaced by other materials such as Ni, Co, La, and other perovskite catalysts, which have high commercial potential with equivalent activity for extracting hydrogen from ammonia. For successful engraftment of ammonia to hydrogen technology into industry, integration with green technologies and economic methods, as well as safety aspects, should be carried out.
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Mohamed Elshafei, Ali, and Rawia Mansour. "Green Hydrogen as a Potential Solution for Reducing Carbon Emissions: A Review." Journal of Energy Research and Reviews 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2023/v13i2257.
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Hydrogen is one of the types of energy discovered in recent decades, which is based on the electrolysis of water in order to separate hydrogen from oxygen. These include grey hydrogen, black hydrogen, blue hydrogen, yellow hydrogen, turquoise hydrogen, and green hydrogen. Generally, hydrogen can be extracted from a variety of sources, including fossil fuels and biomass, water, or a combination of the two. Green hydrogen has the potential to be a critical enabler of the global transition to sustainable energy and zero-emissions economies. Worldwide, there is unprecedented momentum to realize hydrogen's long-standing potential as a clean energy solution. Green hydrogen is a carbon-free fuel and the source of its production is water, and the production processes witness the separation of its molecules from its oxygen counterpart in the water by electricity generated from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. Green hydrogen is one of the most important sources of clean energy, which may be why it is called green hydrogen. It is a clean source of energy, and its generation is based on renewable energy sources, so no carbon gases are released during its production. Green hydrogen produced by water electrolysis becomes a promising and tangible solution for the storage of excess energy for power generation and grid balancing, as well as the production of decarbonized fuel for transportation, heating, and other applications, as we shift away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energies. Green hydrogen is being produced in countries all over the world because it is one of the solutions to reducing carbon emissions, and it is clean, environmentally friendly energy that is derived from clean renewable energy. However, due to the combination of renewable generation and low-carbon fuels, projects for the production of green hydrogen are very expensive. The goal of this review is to highlight the various types of hydrogen, with a focus on the more practical green hydrogen.
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Seadira, Tumelo, Gullapelli Sadanandam, Thabang Abraham Ntho, Xiaojun Lu, Cornelius M. Masuku, and Mike Scurrell. "Hydrogen production from glycerol reforming: conventional and green production." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 34, no. 5 (August 28, 2018): 695–726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2016-0064.
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Abstract The use of biomass to produce transportation and related fuels is of increasing interest. In the traditional approach of converting oils and fats to fuels, transesterification processes yield a very large coproduction of glycerol. Initially, this coproduct was largely ignored and then considered as a useful feedstock for conversion to various chemicals. However, because of the intrinsic large production, any chemical feedstock role would consume only a fraction of the glycerol produced, so other options had to be considered. The reforming of glycerol was examined for syngas production, but more recently the use of photocatalytic decomposition to hydrogen (H2) is of major concern and several approaches have been proposed. The subject of this review is this greener photocatalytic route, especially involving the use of solar energy and visible light. Several different catalyst designs are considered, together with a very wide range of secured rates of H2 production spanning several orders of magnitude, depending on the catalytic system and the process conditions employed. H2 production is especially high when used in glycerol-water mixtures.
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Jacobs, Trent. "Understanding the Barriers to Offshore Green-Hydrogen Production." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1021-0031-jpt.
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The stage is set to begin making “green” hydrogen from the world’s abundant supply of seawater. But whether this niche-within-a-niche can stand on its own and become a competitive energy source remains uncertain. Today, only about 1% of man-made hydrogen is considered to be green, and not a single atom of it is produced offshore. In the offshore concept, the green label will be earned by splitting the hydrogen out of desalinated seawater with electrolyzers that run on renewable wind energy. This represents an opportunity for oil and gas companies to not just lower their carbon footprints, but to leverage billions of dollars’ worth of existing offshore infrastructure. Their platforms can host the electrolyzers. Their pipelines can transfer the product to shore. They may even be able to power their offshore facilities using the hydrogen produced at sea. Offshore producers should also have no problem finding a market. PriceWaterhouseCoopers said in a report from last year that green-hydrogen exports could be worth $300 billion annually by 2050, supporting some 400,000 jobs globally. However, the first set of offshore pilots are still in planning mode. It will take a few more years to assess the results once they start up. That means we may not know if offshore hydrogen is commercially viable until decade’s end. Some of the biggest barriers that must be overcome were highlighted by a panel of leading hydrogen experts at the recent Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) in Houston. Green Hydrogen in the Red “The major hurdle is still the cost,” explained René Peters. “The cost of hydrogen production with electrolysis is still extremely high compared to gray- and blue-hydrogen production.” Peters is the business director at the Dutch technology group TNO which is one of a dozen partners trying to launch PosHYdon, the pilot for offshore hydrogen production. Startup is expected by early 2023 on a normally unmanned oil and gas platform operated by independent oil and gas company Neptune Energy. Peters’ comments on cost were not relegated to the offshore aspect since all green hydrogen is made onshore today. In terms of tipping point for profitability, these are the relevant benchmarks.
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DEGUCHI, Masaya, Kentaro SHIKATA, Hisaki YAMAUCHI, Kohei INOUE, and Kenichiro KOSAKA. "Economic Evaluation of Green Hydrogen Production System." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2021.25 (2021): C231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2021.25.c231.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Green hydrogen production"
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Berry, James Thomas. "Hydrogen production in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429038.
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Williams, Charlotte R. "Pattern formation and hydrogen production in suspensions of swimming green algae." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2009. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1370/.
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This thesis concerns two aspects of microorganism behaviour. Firstly, the phenomenon of bioconvection is explored, where suspensions of motile microorganisms that are denser than the fluid in which they swim spontaneously form concentrated aggregations of cells that drive fluid motion, forming intricate patterns. The cells considered herein orientate by gyrotaxis, a balance between a gravitational torque due to uneven starch deposits causing cells to be bottom heavy and a viscous torque due to fluid flow gradients, and phototaxis, biased movement towards or away from a light source. In Chapters 2 and 3, a stochastic continuum model for gyrotaxis is extended to include phototaxis using three physically diverse and novel methods. A linear stability analysis is performed for each model and the most unstable wavenumber for a range of parameter values is predicted. For two of the models, sufficiently strong illumination is found to stabilize all wavenumbers compared to the gyrotaxis only case. Phototaxis is also found to yield non-zero critical wavenumbers under such strong illumination. Two mechanisms that lead to oscillatory solutions are presented. Dramatically different results are found for the third model, where instabilities arise even in the absence of fluid flow. In Chapter 4, an experimental study of pattern formation by the photo-gyrotactic unicellular green alga species Chlamydomonas nivalis is presented. Fourier analysis is used to extract the wavelength of the initial dominant mode. Variations in red light illumination are found to have no significant effect on the initial pattern wavelength. However, fascinating trends for the effects of cell concentration and white light intensity on cells illuminated either from above or below are described. This work concludes with comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental results, between which good agreement is found. Secondly, we investigate the intracellular pathways and processes that lead to hydrogen production upon implementation of a two-stage sulphur deprivation method in the green alga C. reinhardtii. In Chapter 5, a novel model of this system is constructed from a consideration of the main cellular processes. Model results for a range of initial conditions are found to be consistent with published experimental results. In Chapter 6, a parameter sensitivity of the model is performed and a study in which different sulphur input functions are used to optimize the yield of hydrogen gas over a set time is presented, with the aim of improving the commercial and economic viability of algal hydrogen production. One such continuous sulphur input function is found to significantly increase the yield of hydrogen gas compared to using the discontinuous two-stage cycling of Ghirardi et al. (2000).
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Chidziva, Stanford. "Green hydrogen production for fuel cell applications and consumption in SAIAMC research facility." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7859.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDToday fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas are providing for our ever growing energy needs. As the world’s fossil fuel reserves fast become depleted, it is vital that alternative and cleaner fuels are found. Renewable energy sources are the way of the future energy needs. A solution to the looming energy crisis can be found in the energy carrier hydrogen. Hydrogen can be produced by a number of production technologies. One hydrogen production method explored in this study is electrolysis of water.
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Lang, Chengguang. "Monoatomic Metal Doped Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Production and Storage." Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/419714.
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Hydrogen production and storage play a critical role in energy transformation from fossil fuels to green energy. To realize the carbon neutralization target by increasing the competitiveness of hydrogen as an energy vector, production and storage of hydrogen must be made more efficient, safer, and cheaper, which is essential for future energy security and economic development.
Water splitting via electrolysis holds great promise for hydrogen production, due to its simplicity, sustainability, and high purity for industrial hydrogen production. Recently, despite tremendous efforts have been devoted, platinum (Pt)-based catalysts are still considered to be the most effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the high cost and low reserves of platinum-based catalysts greatly limit their commercial application. To make hydrogen derived from water splitting more cost-competitive, it is thus highly desirable to exploit low-cost, highly efficient electrocatalysts to replace the expensive Pt-based catalysts. Furthermore, after hydrogen production, the gaseous hydrogen needs to be stored safely and efficiently for utilization by end-users. The current mainstream methods of solid-state hydrogen storage including molecular physisorption and atomic chemisorption, both possess either too high or too low enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption, which are not suitable for practical application. The ideal hydrogen storage materials should be reversibly ab-/desorbing hydrogen under mild temperatures with high hydrogen capacities. To this end, it is extremely essential to design and construct new solid-state hydrogen storage materials at atomic levels. Recently, the atomic metal-site (AMS) nanomaterials are found to be promising catalysts and solid-state media for both the H2 production and storage, which is not only ascribed to the maximized atomic metals utilization but also the unique electronic structure of various metal-site coordination motifs at atomic scales.
The aim of this project is to develop efficient and inexpensive AMS nanomaterials that are expected to create new knowledge of atomic interface catalysis and develop practical applications of solid-state hydrogen storage materials, reducing carbon dioxide emissions and alleviating the air pollution.
In summary, this thesis mainly focusses on designing and fabricating cost-effective, efficient , and scalable AMS nanomaterials for both hydrogen production and storage, and the reaction mechanisms of atomic metal sites in hydrogen production and storage are also systematically studied.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Basu, Alex. "Relation between hydrogen production and photosynthesis in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-242624.
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The modernized world is over-consuming low-cost energy sources that strongly contributes to pollution and environmental stress. As a consequence, the interest for environmentally friendly alternatives has increased immensely. One such alternative is the use of solar energy and water as a raw material to produce biohydrogen through the process of photosynthetic water splitting. In this work, the relation between H2-production and photosynthesis in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was studied with respect to three main aspects: the establishment of prolonged H2-production, the involvement of PSII in H2-production and the electron pathways associated with PSII during H2-production. For the first time, this work reveals that PSII plays a crucial role throughout the H2-producing phase in sulfur deprived C. reinhardtii. It further reveals that a wave-like fluorescence decay kinetic, before only seen in cyanobacteria, is observable during the H2-producing phase in sulfur deprived C. reinhardtii, reflecting the presence of cyclic electron flows also in green algae.
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Li, Molly Meng-Jung. "Bimetallic alloy catalysts for green methanol production via CO2 and renewable hydrogen." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7e28950e-85e9-4d9a-b791-3f5d1172065e.
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Recently, the increasing level of atmospheric CO2 has been widely noticed due to its association with global warming, provoking a growth in environmental concerns toward the continued use of fossil fuels. To mitigate the concentration of atmospheric CO2, various strategies have been implemented. Among options to turn waste CO2 into useful fuels and chemicals, carbon capture and utilisation along with renewable hydrogen production as the source materials for methanol production is more preferable. In the 1960s, the highly active and economic Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst was developed for CO2 hydrogenation reaction to methanol, since then, metal nanoparticles and nanocomposites have been extensively investigated and applied. Especially, bimetallic catalysts have emerged as an important class of catalysts due to their unique properties and superior catalytic performances compared to their monometallic counterparts. This thesis presents the evolution of the catalyst development for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol: Firstly, we introduced the CuZn-based catalysts with Zn content increased in the bimetallic CuZn system via a heterojunction synthesis approach. Secondly, we increased the active CuZn sites via introducing ultra-thin layered double hydroxide as the catalyst precursor for methanol production from CO2 and H2. Thirdly, a new class of Rh-In bimetallic catalysts were studied, which shows high methanol yield and selectivity under thermodynamically unfavourable methanol synthesis conditions owing to the strong synergies of Rh-In bimetallic system. Fourthly, for the renewable methanol production from H2 and CO2, the hydrogen source must come from the green production routes. Therefore, an in-depth study of a nanocomposite system, CdS-carbon nanotubes-MoS2, for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water has been demonstrated. Finally, the conclusion of this thesis is given and an outlook is presented for the future development in this research area.
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MONTENEGRO, CAMACHO YEIDY SORANI. "Green hydrogen production from biogas autothermal reforming processor coupled with soot trap." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2674736.
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The present Ph.D. thesis deals with the hydrogen production via a novel process involving a biogas autothermal reforming (ATR) unit with the adoption of a catalytic wall-flow filter located downstream from the ATR processor to effectively filter and in-situ gasify the carbon emissions eventually generated. This work was aimed to produce 50 Nm3/h of green hydrogen from the ATR of a model biogas (60:40 Vol ratio) by using catalytic structured supports. Moreover, a solution for the eventual carbon formation during the biogas ATR was addressed. A nanostructured delafossite catalyst to ensure the gasification of soot in absence of O2 was synthesized. In addition, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a techno-economic analysis for the hydrogen production from biogas were also carried out.
Concerning the identification of the suitable support structure to improve the coupling of exothermic and endothermic reactions during the hydrogen production from biogas ATR, homogenous SiSiC lattices composed of Cubic, Octet and Kelvin cells and the Conventional Foam structure coated with Ni based catalysts doped with noble metals were investigated. The different catalytic geometries were tested using a model biogas composed of clean methane and carbon dioxide (60:40 Vol ratio) with a steam to carbon ratio (S/C) fixed at 2.0. The effect of the space velocity, inlet temperature and oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) on methane conversion and hydrogen yield were studied for each catalytic support. The O/C ratios evaluated was equal to 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2. Space velocity (GHSV) values from 2000 to 20000 h-1 in standard conditions (equivalent to 5000- 85000 h-1 in operating conditions), and, inlet temperatures of 500, 600 and 700°C were employed.
The combined effect of chemical reaction and some properties and parameters such as: pressure drop and specific surface area on the steady-state performances of an adiabatic reactor at high flow rates has been analyzed.
ASPEN simulations were performed to calculate the thermodynamic equilibrium at the different boundary conditions to validate the data and to determine the hydrodynamic properties. This study has demonstrated that the rotated cubic cell support shows the best performance in transforming the biogas into hydrogen with high CH4 conversion (<95%) and an H2 yield higher of 2.1 using an O/C ratio of 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2, S/C ratio of 2 and GHSV of 20000 h-1. Besides, this support can ensure a high reliability of the ATR process due to its lower pressure drop (6-40 Pa/m) with the lower specific surface area comparing to the other structures tested. The conventional foam has presented also good performances for all the GHSV values in terms of CH4 conversion but it is less selective for hydrogen production.
With respect to the catalyst for gasification of carbon in a reducing atmosphere (H2, CO, H2O, CO2), nano-materials based on transition metal were synthesized via a solution combustion synthesis (SCS) method. LiFeO2 catalyst was selected as the most promising candidate for the soot gasification catalyst on the soot trap application close coupled to the ATR reactor for syngas post-treatment process. Afterwards, some issues in mixed atmosphere, i.e., when simultaneous carbon gasification with CO2 and steam in the presence of H2 and CO take place, were studied. It was demonstrated that the carbon gasification is inhibited during an isothermal reaction at 650°C for 40 minutes when CO and H2 are used as co-reagents. But even in these extreme reduced conditions, the LiFeO2-catalyst gasified 32.9% of the initial carbon, compared to 8% for the non-catalytic case.
when H2 is used as co-reagent in the steam carbon gasification, the reaction is inhibited, the carbon conversion decreases from 73.1% to 46.6%. Analogously, when CO is a co-reactant in the carbon gasification with CO2, the reaction is inhibited, the soot conversion declines from 70.2% to 31.6 %. However, it was observed that in mixed atmosphere gasification reactions, when CO2 and H2O simultaneously reacts with carbon, there is a passive combination of steam and carbon dioxide in the gasification reaction. This means that the two gases operate on separated active sites without influencing each other.
LiFeO2 was also coated on the monoliths (15/20 μm mean pore size and 45% porosity) and the coated filters’ performance was evaluated during the soot particles loading. The pressure drop across the filters was very low (<8 mbar) during loading showing that the applied coated method on the filters was successfully.
On the other hand, the catalytic filter coupled with the rotated cube cell was tested at the pilot plant to examine their interaction, the effect of the coating method and the penalty in pressure drop of all system. A pressure drop of 0 – 68 mbar obtained during the test proves that the coating method did not alter the operation of the plant.
As for testing at the demonstration plant, firstly, a monolith (Rh/Pt) was tested close coupled with an uncoated filter using an O/C ratio from 0.9 to 1.3, S/C ratio equal to 2.0, an inlet temperature (Tin) of 450°C with a GHSV from 5000 to 14000 h-1. The overall result fully agrees with the prediction from the simulation. The thermodynamic equilibrium was reached during the testing time with a methane conversion of 98% and hydrogen yield of 2.0.
Moreover, tests with the integration of the catalyzed conventional foam and the catalytic trap downstream of the reforming reactor were performed. The boundary conditions were a space velocity of 4000, S/C= 2 and O/C=1.1. A thermodynamic equilibrium and a methane conversion higher than 98% were achieved. The plant was able to reach the predicted conversions and concentrations at nominal capacities corresponding to 50 Nm3/h (100 Kg/day) of pure hydrogen, creating a negligible pressure drop during the operation time of the processor.
Finally, this thesis also deals with a comparative LCA of three different hydrogen production process from biogas. The investigated processes are: the biogas ATR, the biogas steam reforming (SR) and the water hydrolysis (a biogas-fueled internal combustion engine (ICE) followed by an electrolyzer). They were compared using environmental (GWP) and energetic (GER) impacts in order to highlight their weaknesses and strengths. H2 from biogas ATR has been demonstrated to be the most promising process in terms of the emissions reduction and energetic efficiency considering its life cycle from the extraction and processing of raw materials to the production of high purity hydrogen. The ICE + Electrolyzer process require a large amount of energy and biogas to sustain the electrochemical reactions. This feature makes such system the least energetically efficient with the most negative environmental impact. With a process efficiency of 65%, 63% and 25% for ATR, steam reforming and electrolysis process, respectively.
Lastly, the economic analysis was performed to evaluate the H2 final cost. On the one hand, it was found that the process is economically favorable for H2 production higher than 100 Nm3/h. On the other hand, in 10 years of amortization using this technology, the final cost for H2 production of 100 Nm3/h from biogas is 3€/Kg H2, lower than the European target (5€/kg H2). The longer the plant life is, the more affordable the initial investment is.
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Alex, Ansu. "Tidal stream energy integration with green hydrogen production : energy management and system optimisation." Thesis, Normandie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NORMC216.
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L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de concevoir, mettre en œuvre et comparer différentes stratégies de gestion de l'énergie et approches d'optimisation pour un système hybride impliquant l'intégration de l'énergie marémotrice flottante avec la production de l'hydrogène vert. Pour atteindre les objectifs, les composants individuels du système sont d'abord modélisés. Les capacités annuelles de performance du système de la centrale d'énergie marémotrice ont ensuite été obtenues à l'aide des profils quotidiens fréquents au poste d'amarrage de Fall of Warness dans les îles Orcades. Les modes de fonctionnement transitoires des électrolyseurs à membrane échangeuse de protons, lorsqu'elles sont soumises à l'énergie de la centrale hydrolienne, ont été analysés sur la base d'une (RBA) stratégie de gestion de l'énergie basée sur des règles. Plus tard, une évaluation préliminaire du coût de production d'hydrogène est effectuée sur la base de différentes conditions de demande quotidienne d'hydrogène et de profils de marée quotidiens. En outre, une approche d'optimisation dans le but de maximiser le profit d'exploitation du système tout en assurant un fonctionnement optimal et suffisant des deux électrolyseurs sous des contraintes réelles du système, est formulée en donnant la priorité à la production d'hydrogène par l'énergie marémotrice. Le problème d'optimisation est résolu à l'aide d'un algorithme génétique basé sur un problème non linéaire à entiers mixtes. Une analyse coûts-avantages complète basée à la fois sur les coûts fixes-variables et sur les facteurs de coûts actualisés est réalisée pour analyser le fonctionnement technico-environnemento-économique optimal d'un système hybride d'énergie marémotrice-éolienne-hydrogène connecté au réseau. Les résultats ont été comparés aux résultats de l'approche basée sur des règles. Les bénéfices annuels dans l'approche d'optimisation ont été estimés supérieurs de 41,5 % par rapport à ceux de la RBA. De plus, d'un point de vue environnemental, les meilleurs résultats d'optimisation étaient supérieurs d’environ 47 % par rapport aux résultats de la RBA en termes de réduction des émissions de carbone. Un électrolyseur dynamique capable de fonctionner à deux fois sa puissance nominale pendant une durée limitée s'avère particulièrement avantageux lorsqu'il est couplé à l'énergie marémotrice qui est de nature cyclique avec des périodes prévisibles de production d'énergie élevée et faible. Enfin, il est conclu que l'approche d'optimisation des coûts fixes-variables est relativement simple dans l'estimation des coûts. Au contraire, bien que des résultats légèrement meilleurs soient obtenus dans le cas de l'approche par coût actualisé, il est nécessaire d'avoir une meilleure connaissance préalable du fonctionnement du système pour estimer finement les facteurs de coût actualisé. Le modèle proposé peut être utilisé comme un outil générique pour l'analyse de la production d'hydrogène dans différents contextes et il est particulièrement applicable dans les sites à fort potentiel d'énergie verte avec des installations de réseau limitéesThe overarching aim of this thesis is to design, implement and compare different energy management strategies and optimisation approaches for a hybrid system involving floating tidal stream energy integration with green hydrogen production. Towards reaching the objectives, the individual system components are modelled initially. The annual system performance capabilities of the tidal stream energy plant are then obtained using frequently occurring daily profiles at the Fall of Warness berth in the Orkney Islands, Scotland. The transitionary operating modes of two polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser units, when subjected to the energy from the tidal stream plant are analysed based on a rule-based approach energy management strategy. Later, a preliminary evaluation of the hydrogen production cost is assessed based on different daily hydrogen demand and daily tidal profile conditions. Further, an optimisation approach with the objective to maximise the system operating profit ensuring optimal and sufficient operations of both the electrolyser units under real system constraints, is formulated with priority for tidal energy powered hydrogen production. The optimisation problem is solved using a genetic algorithm based on the mixed integer non-linear problem. A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis based on fixed-variable costs and levelised costs factors is performed to analyse the optimal techno-enviro-economic operation of a hybrid grid connected tidal-wind-hydrogen energy system. The outcomes are compared against the rule-based approach results. The annualised profits in the optimisation approach are estimated to be 41.5% higher compared to the rule-based approach. Further, from an environmental view, the best optimisation results are approximately 47% higher than the rule-based approach results in terms of carbon emission reductions. A dynamic electrolyser capable of working at twice of its nominal power rating for limited duration, resulted particularly advantageous when coupled with tidal energy which is cyclic in nature with predictable periods of high and low power generation. Finally, it was determined that the fixed cost (FC) optimisation approach is relatively simple in terms of cost estimation. On the contrary, while the levelised cost (LC) approach yields slightly better results, it necessitates a greater prior knowledge of system operations to reasonably estimate the cost factors. The proposed method can be used as a generic tool for electrolytic hydrogen production analysis under different contexts, with preferable application in high green energy potential sites with constrained grid facilities
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Scoma, Alberto <1980>. "Physiology and Biotechnology of the Hydrogen Production with the Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2321/1/Scoma_Alberto_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The hydrogen production in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was evaluated by means of a detailed physiological and biotechnological study. First, a wide screening of the hydrogen productivity was done on 22 strains of C. reinhardtii, most of which mutated at the level of the D1 protein. The screening revealed for the first time that mutations upon the D1 protein may result on an increased hydrogen production. Indeed, productions ranged between 0 and more than 500 mL hydrogen per liter of culture (Torzillo, Scoma et al., 2007a), the highest producer (L159I-N230Y) being up to 5 times more performant than the strain cc124 widely adopted in literature (Torzillo, Scoma, et al., 2007b). Improved productivities by D1 protein mutants were generally a result of high photosynthetic capabilities counteracted by high respiration rates.
Optimization of culture conditions were addressed according to the results of the physiological study of selected strains. In a first step, the photobioreactor (PBR) was provided with a multiple-impeller stirring system designed, developed and tested by us, using the strain cc124. It was found that the impeller system was effectively able to induce regular and turbulent mixing, which led to improved photosynthetic yields by means of light/dark cycles. Moreover, improved mixing regime sustained higher respiration rates, compared to what obtained with the commonly used stir bar mixing system. As far as the results of the initial screening phase are considered, both these factors are relevant to the hydrogen production. Indeed, very high energy conversion efficiencies (light to hydrogen) were obtained with the impeller device, prooving that our PBR was a good tool to both improve and study photosynthetic processes (Giannelli, Scoma et al., 2009).
In the second part of the optimization, an accurate analysis of all the positive features of the high performance strain L159I-N230Y pointed out, respect to the WT, it has: (1) a larger chlorophyll optical cross-section; (2) a higher electron transfer rate by PSII; (3) a higher respiration rate; (4) a higher efficiency of utilization of the hydrogenase; (5) a higher starch synthesis capability; (6) a higher per cell D1 protein amount; (7) a higher zeaxanthin synthesis capability (Torzillo, Scoma et al., 2009).
These information were gathered with those obtained with the impeller mixing device to find out the best culture conditions to optimize productivity with strain L159I-N230Y. The main aim was to sustain as long as possible the direct PSII contribution, which leads to hydrogen production without net CO2 release. Finally, an outstanding maximum rate of 11.1 ± 1.0 mL/L/h was reached and maintained for 21.8 ± 7.7 hours, when the effective photochemical efficiency of PSII (ΔF/F'm) underwent a last drop to zero. If expressed in terms of chl (24.0 ± 2.2 µmoles/mg chl/h), these rates of production are 4 times higher than what reported in literature to date (Scoma et al., 2010a submitted). DCMU addition experiments confirmed the key role played by PSII in sustaining such rates. On the other hand, experiments carried out in similar conditions with the control strain cc124 showed an improved final productivity, but no constant PSII direct contribution. These results showed that, aside from fermentation processes, if proper conditions are supplied to selected strains, hydrogen production can be substantially enhanced by means of biophotolysis.
A last study on the physiology of the process was carried out with the mutant IL. Although able to express and very efficiently utilize the hydrogenase enzyme, this strain was unable to produce hydrogen when sulfur deprived. However, in a specific set of experiments this goal was finally reached, pointing out that other than (1) a state 1-2 transition of the photosynthetic apparatus, (2) starch storage and (3) anaerobiosis establishment, a timely transition to the hydrogen production is also needed in sulfur deprivation to induce the process before energy reserves are driven towards other processes necessary for the survival of the cell.
This information turned out to be crucial when moving outdoor for the hydrogen production in a tubular horizontal 50-liter PBR under sunlight radiation. First attempts with laboratory grown cultures showed that no hydrogen production under sulfur starvation can be induced if a previous adaptation of the culture is not pursued outdoor. Indeed, in these conditions the hydrogen production under direct sunlight radiation with C. reinhardtii was finally achieved for the first time in literature (Scoma et al., 2010b submitted). Experiments were also made to optimize productivity in outdoor conditions, with respect to the light dilution within the culture layers.
Finally, a brief study of the anaerobic metabolism of C. reinhardtii during hydrogen oxidation has been carried out. This study represents a good integration to the understanding of the complex interplay of pathways that operate concomitantly in this microalga.
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Scoma, Alberto <1980>. "Physiology and Biotechnology of the Hydrogen Production with the Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2321/.
Full textAbstract:
The hydrogen production in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was evaluated by means of a detailed physiological and biotechnological study. First, a wide screening of the hydrogen productivity was done on 22 strains of C. reinhardtii, most of which mutated at the level of the D1 protein. The screening revealed for the first time that mutations upon the D1 protein may result on an increased hydrogen production. Indeed, productions ranged between 0 and more than 500 mL hydrogen per liter of culture (Torzillo, Scoma et al., 2007a), the highest producer (L159I-N230Y) being up to 5 times more performant than the strain cc124 widely adopted in literature (Torzillo, Scoma, et al., 2007b). Improved productivities by D1 protein mutants were generally a result of high photosynthetic capabilities counteracted by high respiration rates.
Optimization of culture conditions were addressed according to the results of the physiological study of selected strains. In a first step, the photobioreactor (PBR) was provided with a multiple-impeller stirring system designed, developed and tested by us, using the strain cc124. It was found that the impeller system was effectively able to induce regular and turbulent mixing, which led to improved photosynthetic yields by means of light/dark cycles. Moreover, improved mixing regime sustained higher respiration rates, compared to what obtained with the commonly used stir bar mixing system. As far as the results of the initial screening phase are considered, both these factors are relevant to the hydrogen production. Indeed, very high energy conversion efficiencies (light to hydrogen) were obtained with the impeller device, prooving that our PBR was a good tool to both improve and study photosynthetic processes (Giannelli, Scoma et al., 2009).
In the second part of the optimization, an accurate analysis of all the positive features of the high performance strain L159I-N230Y pointed out, respect to the WT, it has: (1) a larger chlorophyll optical cross-section; (2) a higher electron transfer rate by PSII; (3) a higher respiration rate; (4) a higher efficiency of utilization of the hydrogenase; (5) a higher starch synthesis capability; (6) a higher per cell D1 protein amount; (7) a higher zeaxanthin synthesis capability (Torzillo, Scoma et al., 2009).
These information were gathered with those obtained with the impeller mixing device to find out the best culture conditions to optimize productivity with strain L159I-N230Y. The main aim was to sustain as long as possible the direct PSII contribution, which leads to hydrogen production without net CO2 release. Finally, an outstanding maximum rate of 11.1 ± 1.0 mL/L/h was reached and maintained for 21.8 ± 7.7 hours, when the effective photochemical efficiency of PSII (ΔF/F'm) underwent a last drop to zero. If expressed in terms of chl (24.0 ± 2.2 µmoles/mg chl/h), these rates of production are 4 times higher than what reported in literature to date (Scoma et al., 2010a submitted). DCMU addition experiments confirmed the key role played by PSII in sustaining such rates. On the other hand, experiments carried out in similar conditions with the control strain cc124 showed an improved final productivity, but no constant PSII direct contribution. These results showed that, aside from fermentation processes, if proper conditions are supplied to selected strains, hydrogen production can be substantially enhanced by means of biophotolysis.
A last study on the physiology of the process was carried out with the mutant IL. Although able to express and very efficiently utilize the hydrogenase enzyme, this strain was unable to produce hydrogen when sulfur deprived. However, in a specific set of experiments this goal was finally reached, pointing out that other than (1) a state 1-2 transition of the photosynthetic apparatus, (2) starch storage and (3) anaerobiosis establishment, a timely transition to the hydrogen production is also needed in sulfur deprivation to induce the process before energy reserves are driven towards other processes necessary for the survival of the cell.
This information turned out to be crucial when moving outdoor for the hydrogen production in a tubular horizontal 50-liter PBR under sunlight radiation. First attempts with laboratory grown cultures showed that no hydrogen production under sulfur starvation can be induced if a previous adaptation of the culture is not pursued outdoor. Indeed, in these conditions the hydrogen production under direct sunlight radiation with C. reinhardtii was finally achieved for the first time in literature (Scoma et al., 2010b submitted). Experiments were also made to optimize productivity in outdoor conditions, with respect to the light dilution within the culture layers.
Finally, a brief study of the anaerobic metabolism of C. reinhardtii during hydrogen oxidation has been carried out. This study represents a good integration to the understanding of the complex interplay of pathways that operate concomitantly in this microalga.
Books on the topic "Green hydrogen production"
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Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. New York: Springer, 2012.
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Naterer, Greg F. Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Energy. London: Springer London, 2013.
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Grätzel, Michael, and Roel van de Krol. Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production. Springer, 2014.
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Grätzel, Michael, and Roel van de Krol. Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production. Springer, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Green hydrogen production"
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Braga, Lúcia Bollini, Márcio Evaristo da Silva, Túlio Stefani Colombaroli, Celso Eduardo Tuna, Fernando Henrique Mayworm de Araujo, Lucas Fachini Vane, Daniel Travieso Pedroso, and José Luz Silveira. "Hydrogen Production Processes." In Green Energy and Technology, 5–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41616-8_2.
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Platzer, Max F., and Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn. "Hydrogen Production Methods." In The Green Energy Ship Concept, 59–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58244-9_16.
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Eroglu, Ela, Matthew Timmins, and Steven M. Smith. "Green Hydrogen: Algal Biohydrogen Production." In Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis, 267–84. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118659892.ch10.
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Pandey, Priyanka, and Pravin P. Ingole. "Emerging Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 647–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77371-7_21.
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Braga, Lúcia Bollini, Celso Eduardo Tuna, Fernando Henrique Mayworm de Araujo, Lucas Fachini Vane, Daniel Travieso Pedroso, and José Luz Silveira. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Production Processes." In Green Energy and Technology, 77–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41616-8_3.
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Braga, Lúcia Bollini, Celso Eduardo Tuna, Fernando Henrique Mayworm de Araujo, Lucas Fachini Vane, Daniel Travieso Pedroso, and José Luz Silveira. "Economic Studies of Some Hydrogen Production Processes." In Green Energy and Technology, 109–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41616-8_4.
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Braga, Lúcia Bollini, Celso Eduardo Tuna, Fernando Henrique Mayworm de Araujo, Lucas Fachini Vane, Daniel Travieso Pedroso, and José Luz Silveira. "Ecological Efficiency of Some Hydrogen Production Processes." In Green Energy and Technology, 127–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41616-8_5.
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Onwudili, Jude A. "Hydrothermal Gasification of Biomass for Hydrogen Production." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 219–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54458-3_10.
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Toledo-Alarcón, Javiera, Gabriel Capson-Tojo, Antonella Marone, Florian Paillet, Antônio Djalma Nunes Ferraz Júnior, Lucile Chatellard, Nicolas Bernet, and Eric Trably. "Basics of Bio-hydrogen Production by Dark Fermentation." In Green Energy and Technology, 199–220. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7677-0_6.
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Azbar, Nuri. "Fundamentals of Hydrogen Production via Biotechnology (Bio-H2)." In Phytoremediation for Green Energy, 149–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7887-0_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Green hydrogen production"
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Dominguez, Rodrigo, Enrique Calderón, and Jorge Bustos. "Safety Process in electrolytic green hydrogen production." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001634.
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The article objective is to analyze the electrolytic process of green hydrogen production from process safety and process safety management (PSM) points of views. The green hydrogen through water electrolysis production of is emerging as one of the main and best alternatives to replace the use of fossil fuels and thus mitigate environmental pollution and its consequences to the planet. For this purpose, the principles of the electrolysis process were established, as well as the different ways to carry it out, among which are: Alkaline electrolysis (AE); Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis and High-Temperature electrolysis (HTE). Its associated hazards and risks were mentioned, and the Dow Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) was calculated for the three electrolysis methods, obtaining similar results with each other. In addition, the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE) PSM standard and the main international standards must be applied to electrolytic hydrogen production systems, such as: ISO 31000:2018 ; ISO 15916:2015 and ISO 22734:2019, was observed. Like other fuels, hydrogen processes production must be managed with preventive measures avoid events may have negative consequences to people, structures, and surrounding environment.
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Mokri, Alaeddine, and Mahieddine Emziane. "Limiting efficiency of high-temperature solar hydrogen production." In 2014 International Conference on Green Energy. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icge.2014.6835395.
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Dudkina, Ekaterina, Jose Villar, and Ricardo Jorge Bessa. "Maximizing Green Hydrogen Production with Power Flow Tracing." In 2022 18th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem54602.2022.9921160.
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Pitcher, Matt, Martin van 't Hoff, and Narik Basmajian. "Innovative Solutions to Decarbonize Hydrogen Production." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207755-ms.
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Abstract The Energy Transition mandates durable long-term solutions for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by addressing future energy needs in terms of generation, storage and utilization. Hydrogen is essential to low-carbon energy solutions, particularly in the "difficult-to-decarbonize" segment of energy markets. Deeply decarbonized, cost-effective hydrogen production solutions are already accessible at industrial scale, for both new plants and for retrofits. For newly built plants we easily arrive at deeply reduced carbon footprints, and KPI's comparable to the most competitive green solutions. Retrofitting existing hydrogen plants to "blue plants" is not only feasible, but is a particularly cost-effective carbon reduction measure. This paper addresses carbon intensity of various hydrogen production routes: ranging from traditional grey hydrogen (itself with proven options for carbon mitigation) through blue hydrogen with various schemes and capture depths, as well as green hydrogen (generally by electrolysis).
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Pierozzi, Natalia, Paolo De Bacco, Carmela Tascino, Giorgio Arcangeletti, Francesco Tucceri, Giuseppe De Simone, Luca Piazzi, and Piera Agogliati. "Emerging Solutions in Offshore Green Hydrogen Production and Storage." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31727-ms.
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Abstract To meet the Paris Agreement targets, the world needs to transition to a deeply decarbonized energy system. In addition to energy efficiency gains, this will require greater renewable power generation and electrification, and the scaling of technologies to reduce the carbon footprint. Hydrogen is recognized to play a key role ensuring renewable power exploitation without overloading the grid and acting as energy storage medium to harmonize continuous power requirements with the intermittency of the renewables. From a global solutions provider perspective, there is the need to reassess the technological and intellectual portfolio to overcome the new challenges posed by these new scenarios. In this context, Saipem spent an important effort on designing a safe and efficient offshore green hydrogen production and storage module placed onto offshore facilties. Looking at the offshore hydrogen value chain, the focus has been dedicated to the sea water treatment, hydrogen production and hydrogen storage building blocks. A summary of the state of art technologies for hydrogen production and storage is provided. In particular, the rationale behind the technologies choice is explained: reverse osmosis for the sea water treatment, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) for the water electrolysis and Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) for hydrogen storage. In addition, the design basis and main technical and economic outcomes are reported. A very important topic addressed by the paper is safety: the offshore green hydrogen production and storage module was designed in compliance with international codes and standards, in particular the provisions and designs of safety and loss prevention systems. Some highlights from the safety regulatory framework investigation are provided. This work adds an important brick in the picture of the new plants required by the energy transition, demonstrating the technical feasibility and constructability of an offshore hydrogen production and storage system.
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Anghel, Mihai, Violeta Niculescu, Ioan Stefanescu, and Radu Tamaian. "Green technologies for sustainable hydrogen production. An impact study." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (ICBEE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbee.2010.5649239.
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Mali, Bijen, Dayasagar Niraula, Ranjeet Kafle, and Abhishek Bhusal. "Green Hydrogen: Production Methodology, Applications and Challenges in Nepal." In 2021 7th International Conference on Engineering, Applied Sciences and Technology (ICEAST). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceast52143.2021.9426300.
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Liu, Guanchi, and Pierluigi Mancarella. "Integrated Techno-Economic Assessment of Large-Scale Green Hydrogen Production." In 2021 IEEE Madrid PowerTech. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powertech46648.2021.9494961.
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Mertins, Anica. "Green hydrogen - Future production opportunities from biogas plants in Germany." In 2022 18th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eem54602.2022.9920998.
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Štuller, Pavol, Peter Drábik, and Dominika Vernerová. "Green Hydrogen Production in Slovakia as Part of the Circular Economy." In Central and Eastern Europe in the Changing Business Environment 2022. Prague University of Economics and Business, Oeconomica Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/pr.2022.kre.2454.11.
Full textReports on the topic "Green hydrogen production"
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Martinez, Ulises, Siddharth Komini Babu, Jacob Spendelow, Rodney Borup, and Alexander Gupta. Hydrogen Energy: Production and Utilization for a Green Economy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1659145.
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Hinojosa, Jorge Luis, Saúl Villamizar, and Nathalia Gama. Green Hydrogen Opportunities for the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004621.
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The decarbonization of the energy, transport, and industrial sectors is an essential part of achieving net-zero CO2 emissions, to limit global warming to 1.5C above pre-industrial levels. Green hydrogen is emerging as one of the most versatile climate change mitigation tools, since it poses a unique potential to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors, such as freight transport, energy-intensive industries, and power systems highly dominated by fossil fuels. It also holds an alternative to produce fuels and chemical feedstock locally, using renewable energy without dependency on imported fuel, energy, or commodities. The Caribbean has defined as a priority its aim to enhance its energy security with resilient and low-carbon technologies while improving reliability, affordability, and sustainability of energy services. This report aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on the role that green hydrogen can play to support the achievement of these goals and to provide an overview and guide for decision-makers in this area. Even though hydrogen is currently expensive for most applications at a global level, the exponential decrease in renewable energy costs in the last decade and the expected accelerated cost reduction of hydrogen technologies in the upcoming years are projected to drive an increase in the attractiveness of green hydrogen worldwide. As Caribbean countries are in the early stages of developing their renewable energy potential, there are opportunities to keep the cost decline of renewable energy production, enabling green hydrogen to get closer to achieving cost-competitiveness and could eventually become economically viable and a more broadly adopted solution.
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Mets, Laurens. Final technical report [Molecular genetic analysis of biophotolytic hydrogen production in green algae]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807724.
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Kolodziejczyk, Bart. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles. SAE International, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021003.
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While hydrogen is emerging as a clean alternative automotive fuel and energy storage medium, there are still numerous challenges to implementation, such as the economy of hydrogen production and deployment, expensive storage materials, energy intensive compression or liquefaction processes, and limited trial applications. Synthetic ammonia production, on the other hand, has been available on an industrial scale for nearly a century. Ammonia is one of the most-traded commodities globally and the second most-produced synthetic chemical after sulfuric acid. As an energy carrier, it enables effective hydrogen storage in chemical form by binding hydrogen atoms to atmospheric nitrogen. While ammonia as a fuel is still in its infancy, its unique properties render it as a potentially viable candidate for decarbonizing the automotive industry. Yet, lack of regulation and standards for automotive applications, technology readiness, and reliance on natural gas for both hydrogen feedstocks to generate the ammonia and facilitate hydrogen and nitrogen conversion into liquid ammonia add extra uncertainty to use scenarios. Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles brings together collected knowledge on current and future prospects for the application of ammonia in ground vehicles, including the technological and regulatory challenges for this new type of clean fuel.
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Muelaner, Jody Emlyn. Unsettled Issues in Electrical Demand for Automotive Electrification Pathways. SAE International, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2021004.
Full textAbstract:
With the current state of automotive electrification, predicting which electrification pathway is likely to be the most economical over a 10- to 30-year outlook is wrought with uncertainty. The development of a range of technologies should continue, including statically charged battery electric vehicles (BEVs), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and EVs designed for a combination of plug-in and electric road system (ERS) supply. The most significant uncertainties are for the costs related to hydrogen supply, electrical supply, and battery life. This greatly is dependent on electrolyzers, fuel-cell costs, life spans and efficiencies, distribution and storage, and the price of renewable electricity. Green hydrogen will also be required as an industrial feedstock for difficult-to-decarbonize areas such as aviation and steel production, and for seasonal energy buffering in the grid. For ERSs, it is critical to understand how battery life will be affected by frequent cycling and the extent to which battery technology from hybrid vehicles can be applied. Unsettled Issues in Electrical Demand for Automotive Electrification Pathways dives into the most critical issues the mobility industry is facing.