Relevant bibliographies by topics / Green and Ampt

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Academic literature on the topic 'Green and Ampt'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Green and Ampt"

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Barry, D. A., J. Y. Parlange, L. Li, D. S. Jeng, and M. Crapper. "Green–Ampt approximations." Advances in Water Resources 28, no. 10 (October 2005): 1003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.03.010.

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Gan, Yong De, Yang Wen Jia, and Kang Wang. "Modeling Infiltration-Runoff under Multi-Layered Soil during Rainfall." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2392.

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The generalized Green-Ampt models, based on the Green-Ampt approach, is suitable for simulating infiltration into layered soils during unsteady rainfall, however, there are still some problems with using this approach. The objective of this paper is to improve the generalized Green-Ampt model, and then evaluate the performance of the generalized Green-Ampt model in modeling the infiltration-runoff into multi-layered soil during rain. Firstly, based on the generalized Green-Ampt model, we propose and improvement to the generalized Green-Ampt model to overcome deficiencies in it. Then, one-dimensional infiltration-runoff experiments during rainfall were performed in multi-layered soil columns, and the runoff rate, cumulative infiltration and wetting front distance from soil surface were calculated with the modified generalized Green-Ampt model, and compared with the observed data in the experiments. The results indicate that the modified generalized Green-Ampt model predicts the multi-layered soil infiltration-runoff process well.
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Van Mullem, J. A. "Precipitation Distributions and Green‐Ampt Runoff." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 117, no. 6 (November 1991): 944–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1991)117:6(944).

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Ogden, Fred L., and Bahram Saghafian. "Green and Ampt Infiltration with Redistribution." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 123, no. 5 (September 19, 1997): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1997)123:5(386).

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Ali, Shakir, Adlul Islam, P. K. Mishra, and Alok K. Sikka. "Green-Ampt approximations: A comprehensive analysis." Journal of Hydrology 535 (April 2016): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.065.

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Thooyamani, K. P., and D. I. Norum. "Explicit infiltration equations based on the Green–Ampt model." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 5 (October 1, 1987): 710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-103.

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The Green–Ampt infiltration equations are based on physical parameters of the soil that can be either measured or calculated reasonably easily. However, neither the infiltration rate equation nor the cumulative depth of infiltration equation is in a form that can be used easily in hydrologic modeling, as both equations are in an implicit form when time is the independent variable. Therefore iterative procedures must be used to find either the infiltration rate or cumulative depth at a specific time.Explicit infiltration equations have been developed, based on the Green–Ampt infiltration model. These equations describe the infiltration rate and the cumulative depth of infiltration with a maximum deviation from the Green–Ampt equations of 2.5% for any time. The derived equations have been put in dimensionless form by choosing appropriate length and time scales. Approximate values for the length and time scales for 11 different soil textures, ranging from sand to clay, are given. Key words: infiltration, Green–Ampt explicit equations, hydrology, hydrologic models, surface irrigation, surface irrigation models.
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Stone, Jeffry J., Richard H. Hawkins, and Edward D. Shirley. "Approximate Form of Green‐Ampt Infiltration Equation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 120, no. 1 (January 1994): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1994)120:1(128).

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Ward, Tim J. "Approximate Form of Green-Ampt Infiltration Equation." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 121, no. 4 (July 1995): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1995)121:4(311).

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Stewart, Ryan D. "A Dynamic Multidomain Green-Ampt Infiltration Model." Water Resources Research 54, no. 9 (September 2018): 6844–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018wr023297.

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Loáiciga, Hugo A., and Allison Huang. "Ponding Analysis with Green-and-Ampt Infiltration." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 2007): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2007)12:1(109).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Green and Ampt"

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Oliveira, Alan ébano de. "Modelagem da infiltração de água no solo com modelo Green-Ampt." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5611.

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Modeling water infiltration using physical based models, including the vertical variability of soil and rainfall intensity throughout a precipitation event, allows to estimate the runoff and infiltration measured in uncontrolled environments. In this study, the hypothesis was evaluated that, for natural rainfall conditions, a layered heterogeneous soil profile and at plot scale, the assumption of piston-type flow before and after the ponding allows to simulate satisfactorily the infiltration and runoff rates. Infiltration and runoff were simulated for ten events of rainfall, in plots of soil with heterogeneous profile and using the Green-Ampt model (piston type). The calibration of the model was done with the modification of only two parameters, the final degree of saturation and the initial soil water content, implying changes in other parameters of the model but preserving the physical relations. To evaluate model performance, statistical indexes were calculated by comparing the simulated cumulative runoff (Es) with the measured cumulative runoff (Eo). For seven of the ten events, only the adjustment of the degree of saturation was enough for good performance of the model. For the other three events an adjustment the degree of saturation and the initial soil water contente was necessary. Although some simulations did not reproduce the gradual increase in the measured runoff, the model was able to estimate runoff satisfactorily in all events, especially in those of longer duration.
A modelagem da infiltração de água por meio de modelos de base física, incluindo a variabilidade vertical do solo e da intensidade de chuva ao longo de um evento, permite uma melhor estimativa do escoamento e da infiltração medidos em ambiente não controlado. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a hipótese que, para condições de chuva natural em perfil de solo estratificado e escala de parcela, a presunção de fluxo tipo pistão antes e depois do empoçamento permite simular satisfatoriamente a infiltração e o escoamento superficial. A infiltração e o escoamento superficial foram simulados para dez eventos de precipitação, em parcelas de solo com perfil heterogêneo e usando o modelo Green-Ampt (fluxo tipo pistão). A calibração do modelo foi feita com a modificação de apenas dois parâmetros, o grau de saturação final e o conteúdo de água inicial, os quais implicam modificações nos demais parâmetros do modelo, preservando as relações físicas. Para avaliação do desempenho do modelo, índices estatísticos foram calculados, comparando o escoamento acumulado simulado (Es) com o escoamento acumulado medido (Eo). Para sete dos dez eventos de chuva, o ajuste somente do grau de saturação foi suficiente para que houvesse bom desempenho do modelo. Para os outros três eventos foi necessário ajustar o grau de saturação e o conteúdo inicial de água do solo. Embora algumas simulações não tenham reproduzido o incremento gradual no escoamento medido, o modelo permitiu estimar satisfatoriamente o escoamento em todos os eventos, principalmente nos mais longos.
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Sande, Leif Andrew. "Experimental Studies on Infiltration/Soil-Water Movement Processes and Green-AMPT Modeling." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29329.

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Experimental studies on infiltration/soil-water movement processes are vital to better understanding movement of soil-water in the vadose zone. The objective of this experimental research was to investigate infiltration/soil-water movement processes utilizing laboratory experiments and computer modeling. Small scale laboratory soil box infiltration experiments were conducted and utilized for the improved parameterization of the Green-Ampt (GA) saturated moisture content parameter to produce an effective moisture content parameter (Be) for utilization in a modified GA model. By incorporating ?e values into GA modeling, modeling results showed greatly improved wetting front prediction across different soil conditions. A new soil packing method was proposed for replicating complex microtopographical surfaces with uniform bulk densities in laboratory soil box experiments which proved efficient and effective at accomplishing both objectives. A rainfall simulator and an instantaneous-profile laser scanner were used to simulate rainfall and quantify surface microtopography for experiments. The results clearly show the effect of microtopography on infiltration and soil-water movement characteristics. This offers valuable insight into infiltration/soil-water movement processes as affected by different soil and surface microtopographic conditions.
National Science Foundation (Grant No. EAR-0907588)
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Sabeh, Darwiche. "Adapting the Green and Ampt model to account for air compression and counterflow." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000493.

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Cecílio, Roberto Avelino. "Modelagem da infiltração da água no solo fundamentada na equação de Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9761.

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O conhecimento do processo de infiltração da água no solo é de extrema importância para diversas áreas da engenharia de conservação de água e solo. O modelo de Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson (GAML) é um dos mais utilizados para a simular a infiltração por ser relativamente simples e por vir apresentando bons resultados na estimativa do processo. Todavia, a difícil determinação dos parâmetros de entrada de GAML e o fato destes parâmetros não representarem efetivamente as condições reais de ocorrência da infiltração ainda dificultam sua aplicação. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de melhorar a estimativa da infiltração de água no solo, considerando, para tal, duas vertentes distintas e independentes: uma baseada em uma análise físico- matemática mais detalhada do processo de infiltração e do deslocamento da frente de umedecimento pelo perfil do solo; e outra baseada em simples adequações dos parâmetros de entrada de GAML. Desenvolveu-se um novo modelo para a estimativa da infiltração de água no solo (GAML-c), fundamentado no GAML, baseando-se numa descrição mais aproximada da geometria e do deslocamento da frente de umedecimento. O GAML-c realiza uma discretização do teor de água para o qual o solo é umedecido quando da ocorrência do processo de infiltração, simulando o deslocamento simultâneo de diversas sub-frentes de umedecimento pelo perfil do solo. Paralelamente, propôs-se, também, a adequação dos parâmetros de entrada de GAML, a saber: substituir o teor de água do solo na saturação (θ s ) pelo teor de água na zona de transmissão (θ w ); substituir a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K 0 ) pela taxa de infiltração estável (Tie); e calcular o potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento (ψ f ) por meio de uma equação baseada na condutividade hidráulica relativa aos teores de água inicial do solo (θ i ) e da zona de transmissão, e dos parâmetros pressão de borbulhamento (ψ b ) e índice de distribuição do tamanho de poros (λ), oriundos do ajuste da curva de retenção de água no solo feito pelo o modelo de Brooks & Corey. O conjunto de adequações propostas foi denominado GAML-t, não tendo qualquer relação com o procedimento GAML-c. Testes experimentais foram realizados em laboratório a fim de determinar a infiltração em três diferentes classes de solo: Argissolo Vermelho (PV), Latossolo Vermelho (LV) e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA). Avaliou-se o desempenho de GAML-c e de GAML-t, comparando-os com o modelo de GAML aplicado em sua forma original e também adequado segundo cinco diferentes propostas. O GAML-c foi avaliado considerando quatro diferentes cenários, relativos à consideração dos parâmetros de entrada K 0 e θ w : K 0 igual à Tie e θ w experimental (TW); K 0 determinado pelo permeâmetro de carga constante e θ w experimental (KW); K 0 igual à Tie e θ w igual a θ s (TS); e K 0 determinado pelo permeâmetro de carga constante e θ w igual à θ s (KS). Verificou-se que o GAML-c aplicado utilizando-se os parâmetros da simulação TW foi capaz de estimar o perfil de umidade do solo, provendo estimativas de infiltração aceitáveis em todos os tipos de solo estudados; mas ainda necessitando de ajustes. O GAML-t foi capaz de prover boas estimativas da infiltração de água em todos os solos estudados, sendo recomendado para aplicação na estimativa de infiltração.
Knowledge of water infiltration process is extremely important to many areas of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. Gren-Ampt-Mein-Larson infiltration model (GAML) is one of the models that are most used to predict infiltration process because of its relative simplicity and encouraging results. However, the major obstacle in using GAML model is not just due to the difficulties in estimating it's parameters, but also due to the fact these parameters do not represent field infiltration conditions. This study have had the objective of give better alternatives in predicting infiltration process, considering two different ways: one based on a most detailed physical-mathematical analysis of the infiltration process and of the wetting front movement through the soil profile; and other one based on simple modifications of GAML model parameters. It was developed a new model to simulate infiltration process (GAML-c) that is based on GAML model, and that provides a better description of the wetting front geometry and displacement through the soil profile. GAML-c model simulates the simultaneous displacement of many sub-wetting fronts through the soil profile. It was also proposed the following modifications in GAML model parameters: replace the saturation moisture content parameter (θ s ) with the "filed saturation" moisture content (θ w ); replace the saturated hydraulic conductivity parameter (K 0 ) with the infiltration rate after long time of wetting (Tie); and calculate wetting front suction head (ψ f ) by the use of an equation that makes use of relative hydraulic conductivity in the initial soil moisture (θ i ) and "field saturation" moisture, and also of Brooks & Corey bubbling pressure and pore-size distribution index parameters. These three modifications were called GAML-t and do not have any relation to GAML-c model. Experimental infiltration tests were conduced at laboratory using three different soil types: Red Ultisol (PV), Red Oxisol (LV) and Red-Yellow Oxisol (LVA). The performances of GAML-c model and GAML-t modifications were evaluated and compared to the performances of GAML model applied with its original and modified parameters. Five different ways of modify GAML parameters were used. GAML-c was evaluated using four different scenarios: considering K 0 equals to Tie and the maximum soil moisture equals to θ w (TW); considering K 0 value determined by constant-head permeameter method and the maximum soil moisture equals to θ w (KW); considering K 0 equals to Tie and the maximum soil moisture equals to θ s (TS); and considering K 0 value determined by constant-head permeameter method and the maximum soil moisture equals to θ s (KS). It was verified that GAML-c model applied using TW scenario was able to simulate soil water profile, giving acceptable prediction of infiltration to the three soil types. However, GAML-c still needs better development. GAML-t was able to give very good predictions of infiltration to the three soil types, being strongly suggested to simulate infiltration process.
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Cecílio, Roberto Avelino. "Aplicação da equação de Green-Ampt na modelagem da infiltração de água em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo estratificado." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2002. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9439.

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A infiltração de água no solo é um dos principais fenômenos componentes do ciclo hidrológico, pois é um dos fatores que determinam a disponibilização de água para as culturas, a recarga dos aqüíferos subterrâneos, a ocorrência e magnitude do escoamento superficial e o manejo do solo e da água. O modelo de Green-Ampt é um dos mais utilizados na previsão da infiltração por se basear em aspectos físicos do processo, entretanto diversos autores alertam para a necessidade de adequação dos parâmetros de entrada deste modelo para as condições de campo. Como este modelo foi desenvolvido para solos homogêneos faz-se necessário a realização de estudos deste em solos estratificados, principalmente para solos típicos de regiões de clima tropical. Neste trabalho, procurou-se avaliar o modelo de Green-Ampt, assim como as diversas proposições de correção dos seus parâmetros de entrada (umidade de saturação, θ s ; condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, K 0 ; e, potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento, ψ), aplicado a um típico solo brasileiro sob condições de estratificação de sua textura, o Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um utilizando colunas e outro uma caixa de solo, dentro dos quais compactou-se material de solo pertencente a cada um dos três horizontes do Latossolo Vermelho- Amarelo (A, B e C). Determinou-se a infiltração acumulada (I), taxa de infiltração (Ti), bem como as características físicas do perfil necessárias para a aplicação do modelo de Green-Ampt. Verificou-se que o valor de umidade de saturação de campo (θ w ) que melhor simulou os valores medidos de infiltração quando não se considera θ w variável com a textura do solo variou entre 0,81 θ s (caixa de solo) e 0,86 θ s (colunas de solos). Quando se considera, para a caixa de solo, θ w variável com a textura, os melhores valores foram de 0,79 θ s para o material de solo de textura argilosa (horizontes A e B) e 0,86 θ s para o material de solo de textura franca (horizonte C). Utilizando-se estes valores nas simulações de Ti, I e profundidade da frente de umedecimento, percebeu-se que a textura do solo exerce grande influência no valor de θ w , pois todas as simulações foram melhores quando se considerou a variação deste parâmetro de acordo com a granulometria do material de solo. Utilizando-se, nas simulações, combinações entre seis metodologias para o cálculo de ψ e três para a determinação da condutividade hidráulica, percebeu-se que três diferentes combinações simularam bem a infiltração ocorrida nas colunas (condição de baixa umidade inicial) e que quatro diferentes combinações simularam bem o processo de infiltração ocorrido na caixa de solo (condição de alta umidade inicial). Para a condição de baixa umidade inicial (colunas de solo), as proposições que melhor simularam a infiltração foram: K w igual a 0,5 K 0 associada a ψ igual a ψ (θ i ); K w igual a K 0 associada a ψ igual à média entre ψ (θ w ) e ψ (θ i ) e; K w igual à taxa de infiltração estável (T ie ) associada a ψ calculado com base na textura e porosidade do solo. Já para a condição de alta umidade inicial (caixa de solo), estas proposições foram: condutividade hidráulica (K w ) igual a 0,5 K 0 associada ao potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento (ψ) igual a ψ (θ i ); K w igual à T ie associada a ψ igual à média entre ψ (θ w ) e ψ (θ i ); K w igual a K 0 associada a ψ calculado com base na textura e porosidade do solo e; K w igual à T ie associada a ψ calculado com base na textura e porosidade do solo. Duas das combinações foram exatamente as mesmas tanto para a condição de alta, quanto de baixa umidade inicial. O modelo de Green-Ampt simulou melhor o processo de infiltração da água no Latossolo Vermelho- Amarelo estratificado quando este apresentou menor variação na condutividade hidráulica ao longo do perfil.
Soil water infiltration is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle because it is one of the factors that determines the water that will be avaible for the cultures, the recharge of the underground aquifers, the occurrence and magnitude of the surface runoff and the handling of soil and water. The Green-Ampt model is one of the most used in the prediction of infiltration because it’s based in the physical aspects of the process, however several authors alerts for the need of some adaptation in the model’s input parameters for field conditions. As the Green and Ampt model was developed for homogeneous soils it’s necessary the accomplishment of studies in stratified soils, mainly for typical soils of tropical climate areas. In this work, it was tried to evaluate the Green-Ampt model, as well as several propositions of correction of its entrance parameters (saturation moisture, θ s ; saturated hydraulic conductivity, K 0 ; and, matric potential in the wetting front, ψ), applied to a typical Brazilian soil under stratified conditions, the Red-Yellow Latosol. Two experiments were led, one using soil columns and other using a soil box, were soil material belonging to each one of the three horizons (A, B and C) of the studied soil was compacted. The accumulated infiltration (I) was determined, as well as the infiltration rate (Ti) and the physical characteristics of the profile that were needed for the application of the Green-Ampt model. It was verified that the value of field saturation moisture (θ w ) that best fitted experimental data when it’s not considered θ w variable with the texture of the soil varied among 0,81 θ s (soil box) and 0,86 θ s (soil columns). For the soil box, when was considered that θ w was variable with the texture, the best values were 0,79 θ s for the material of soil of clay texture (horizons A and B) and 0,86 θ s for the material of soil of sandy loam texture (horizon C). Using these values in the Ti, I and wetting front depth simulations, it was noticed that the soil texture exercises great influence in the value of θ w , because all the simulations were better when it was considered the variation of this parameter in agreement with the soil material texture. Using, in the simulations, combinations among six methodologies for the ψ calculation and three for the hydraulic conductivity determination, it was noticed that three different combinations simulated well the infiltration that happened in the columns (condition of low initial moisture) and that four different combinations simulated well the infiltration process that happened in the soil box (condition of high initial moisture). For the condition of low initial moisture (soil columns), the propositions that best simulated the infiltration process were: hydraulic conductivity (K w ) equals to 0,5 K 0 associated with ψ equals to ψ (θ i ); K w equals to K 0 associated to ψ equals to the average among ψ (θ w ) and ψ (θ i ) and; K w equals to the stable infiltration rate (T ie ) associated to ψ calculated with base in soil texture and soil porosity. For the high initial moisture condition (soil box), these propositions were: hydraulic conductivity (K w ) equals to 0,5 K 0 associated with ψ equals to ψ (θ i ); K w equals to T ie associated to ψ equal to the average among ψ (θ w ) and ψ (θ i ); K w equals to K 0 associated to ψ calculated with base in soil texture and soil porosity and; K w equals to T ie associated to ψ equal to calculated with base in soil texture and soil porosity. Two of the combinations were exactly the same for both of the experiments. The Green-Ampt model simulated better the water infiltration process when the soil profile presented lower variation in the hydraulic conductivity.
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Mello, Luis Tomás Azevedo de. "Avaliação de metodologias para obtenção dos parâmetros do modelo de Green-Ampt modificado por Mein e Larson." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2003. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/9551.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Os modelos de infiltração embasados em princípios físicos são uma importante ferramenta a ser utilizada na modelagem hidrológica. O modelo de Green-Ampt é uma dessas ferramentas que vem sendo usada em diversas áreas relacionadas ao assunto. Entretanto, a adequação de seus parâmetros a solos brasileiros ainda precisa ser melhor estudada. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes proposições de determinação dos parâmetros (umidade de saturação, θ s ; condutividade hidráulica, K e potencial matricial na frente de umedecimento, ψ f ) do modelo de Green-Ampt modificado por Mein e Larson (GAML) e sua aplicabilidade a diferentes condições de perfis homogêneo e heterogêneo de solo. O experimento foi conduzido em oito colunas de solo montadas com combinações distintas de horizontes (A, B e C) e massa específica (1,03 g/cm 3 e 1,23 g/cm 3 ), sendo seis colunas com perfil homogêneo e duas com perfil estratificado, sob condições de precipitação constante. Determinaram as características físico-hídricas dos solos das colunas necessárias à aplicação do modelo de GAML e, por meio da técnica chamada de “Time Domain Reflectometry” (TDR), foi possível determinar o avanço da frente de umedecimento a partir da qual foram determinadas a infiltração acumulada (Ia) e a taxa de infiltração (Ti). Os valores da umidade na zona de transmissão (θ w ), determinada ao final dos testes de infiltração, variaram de 0,76 a 0,94 da porosidade, dependendo da textura e da massa específica em questão. Esses valores foram usados como um dos parâmetros de entrada no modelo GAML. Curvas de avanço da frente de umedecimento, de infiltração acumulada e de taxa de infiltração foram simuladas usando o modelo GAML com 36 combinações de proposições para correção de Kw e ψ f . Os resultados simulados e experimentais foram comparados, usando-se coeficientes estatísticos e análise gráfica. Também foram comparados os tempos correspondentes ao início do escoamento superficial determinados experimentalmente e simulados. Não foi encontrada uma única combinação de proposições que melhor representasse todos os casos. No entanto, o uso da condutividade hidráulica (K w ) sendo igual a taxa de infiltração básica (Tib) e o do potencial matricial (ψ f ) calculado em função da textura e da porosidade do solo, fez com que o modelo GAML simulasse bem o processo de infiltração em solos com perfil de massa específica homogênea. Outra combinação que merece destaque é o uso de K w igual à condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (K 0 ), determinada pelo método do permeâmetro de carga constante, associado ao potencial matricial (ψ f ) correspondente à umidade na zona de transmissão, que representou muito bem as curvas de infiltração obtidas nas colunas com perfil homogêneo dos horizontes A e B, para as duas condições de compactação. De modo geral, quando os parâmetros de entrada do modelo de GAML são bem determinados, o mesmo pode ser usado para a estimativa do processo de infiltração, em solos homogêneos. Em solos heterogêneos, o modelo foi sensível às variações físico-hídricas do perfil do solo, mas não foi preciso em estimar o tempo de ocorrência das mudanças na taxa de infiltração devido à estratificação do solo.
The infiltration models based on physical principles are important tools to be used on the hydrological modeling. The Green-Ampt model is one of these tools that has been being used in different areas related to the subject. However, the adequacy of its parameters to Brazilian soils still needs to be better studied. This work’s objective is to evaluate the different propositions of parameters determination (saturation humidity, q s ; hydraulic conductivity, K and matrix potential before humidification, y f ) of the Green-Ampt model modified by Mein and Larson (GAML) and its applicability to different conditions of homogeneous and heterogeneous soil profiles. The experiment was carried out in eight columns of soil mounted with different horizons combinations (A, B and C) and specific mass (1.03 g/cm 3 and 1.23 g/cm 3 ), being six of the columns with homogeneous profile and two of them with stratified profile, under constant precipitation conditions. The physical-hydric characteristics of the columns soils needed to the GAML model application were determined, and through the technique called “Time Domain Reflectometry” (TDR), it was possible to determine the advancement of the humidification front from which the accumulated infiltration (Ia) and the infiltration rate (Ti) were determined. The humidity value on the transmission zone (θ w ), determined at the end of the infiltration tests, varied from 0.76 to 0.94 of porosity, depending on the texture and on the specific mass in question. These values were used as one of the entrance parameters into the GAML model. Advancement curves of the humidification front, of the accumulated infiltration, and of the infiltration rate were simulated using the GAML model with 36 propositions combinations for the correction of Kw and ψ f . The simulated and experimental results were compared using statistic coefficients and graphic analyses. The times correspondent to the beginning of the superficial drainage experimentally determined and simulated were also compared. A sole combination of proposition that better represented all the cases was not found. However, the use of hydraulic conductivity (K w ) as being equals to the basic infiltration rate (Tib) and to the matrix potential (ψ f ) calculated in relation to the texture and porosity of the soil, made the GAML model simulate well the infiltration process on soils with profile of homogeneous specific mass. Another combination that deserves to be highlighted is the use of Kw equals to the hydraulic conductivity of the saturated soil (K 0 ), determined by the constant charge permeameter method, associated to the matrix potential (ψ f ) correspondent to the transmission zone humidity, that represented very well the infiltration curves obtained on the columns with homogeneous profile of the A and B horizons, for both compactness conditions. In general, when the entrance parameters of the GAML model are well determined, it can be used for the estimate of the infiltration process in homogenous soils. In heterogeneous soils the model was sensitive to the physical-hydric variations of the soil profile, but it was not necessary to estimate the occurrence time of changes on the infiltration rate due to the soil stratification.
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Zhang, Jie, and s3069216@student rmit edu au. "A laboratory scale study of infiltration from Pervious Pavements." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070125.164003.

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Increased urbanization causes pervious greenfields to be converted to impervious areas increasing stormwater runoff. Most of the urban floods occur because existing drainage systems are unable to handle peak flows during rainfall events. During a storm event, flood runoff will carry contaminants to receiving waters such as rivers and creeks. Engineers and scientists have combined their knowledge to introduce innovative thinking to manage the quality of urban runoff and harvest stormwater for productive purposes. The introduction of pervious pavements addresses all the principles in Water Sensitive Urban Design. A pervious pavement is a load bearing pavement structure that is permeable to water. The pervious layer sits on the top of a reservoir storage layer. Pervious pavements reduce the flood peak as well as improve the quality of stormwater at source before it is transported to receiving waters or reused productively. To be accepted as a viable solution, understanding of the influence of design parameters on the infiltration rate (both from the bedding and the sub-base) as well as strength of the pavement requires to be established. The design of a particular pavement will need to be customized for different properties of sub layer materials present in different sites. In addition, the designs will have to meet local government stormwater discharge standards. The design of drainage systems underneath pervious pavements will need to be based on the permeability of the whole pervious system. The objectives of the research project are to: • Understand the factors influencing infiltration capacities and percolation rates through the pervious surface as well as the whole pavement structure including the bedding and the sub-base using a laboratory experimental setup. • Obtain relationships between rainfall intensity, infiltration rate and runoff quantity based on the sub-grade material using a computational model to assist the design of pervious pavements. A laboratory scale pavement was constructed to develop relationships between the surface runoff and the infiltration volume from a pervious pavement with an Eco-Pavement surface. 2 to 5mm crushed gravel and 5 to 20mm open graded gravel were chosen as the bedding and sub-base material. Initial tests such as dry and wet density, crushing values, hydraulic conductivity, California Bearing Ratio tests for aggregate material were conducted before designing and constructing the pavement model. A rainfall simulator with evenly spaced 24 sprays was set up above the pervious pavement surface. The thesis presents design aspects of the laboratory scale pavement and the tests carried out in designing the pavement and the experimental procedure. The Green and Ampt model parameters to calculate infiltration were obtained from the laboratory test results from aggregate properties. Runoff results obtained from rainfall simulator tests were compared with the Green and Ampt infiltration model results to demonstrate that the Green and Ampt parameters could be successfully calculated from aggregate properties. The final infiltration rate and the cumulative infiltration volume of water were independent of the rainfall intensity once the surface is saturated. The model parameters were shown to be insensitive to the final infiltration capacity and to the total amount of infiltrated water. The Green and Ampt infiltration parameters are the most important parameters in designing pervious pavements using the PCSWMMPP model. The PCSWMMPP model is a Canadian model built specially for designing pervious pavements. This is independent of the type of sub-grade (sand or clay) determining whether the water is diverted to the urban drainage system (clay sub-grade) or deep percolation into the groundwater system (sand sub-grade). The percolation parameter in Darcy's law is important only if the infiltrated water recharges the groundwater. However, this parameter is also insensitive to the final discharge through the subgrade to the groundwater. The study concludes by presenting the design characteristics influencing runoff from a pervious pavement depending on the rainfall intensity, pavement structure and sub-grade material and a step-by step actions to follow in the design.
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Lukyanets, Yuliya. "The Green and Ampt Infiltration Model Accounting for Air Compression and Air Counterflow in the Shallow Water Table Environment: Laboratory Experiments." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3471.

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Water infiltration into the unsaturated zone especially in a shallow water table environment is affected by air compression ahead of the wetting front and air counterflow. Neglecting air compression in infiltration modeling can overestimate infiltration and infiltration rates, whereas not accounting for air counterflow can underestimate infiltration and infiltration rates due to unrealistic buildup of air pressure resistance ahead of the wetting front. A method, derived on the basis of the Green and Ampt (1911) infiltration model, is introduced to simulate air compression and air counterflow during infiltration into a shallow water table. The method retains the simplicity of the Green and Ampt (1911) model but adds the air pressure resistance term ahead of the wetting front. Infiltration equations are derived on the basis of the Green and Ampt (1911) and Sabeh’s (2004) infiltration model which accounts for air compression and air counterflow. The difference between this method and Sabeh’s (2004) model is that air counterflow, air compression, and infiltration are decoupled and updated with each wetting front increment whereas Sabeh’s (2004) method uses time step as a decoupling mechanism. Air compression ahead of the wetting front is predicted using the perfect gas law. Laboratory experiments showed that the introduced method is reasonably accurate when modeling cumulative infiltration values. Results of laboratory experiments were compared to results of the modeled infiltration methods: original Green and Ampt (1911) model and Green and Ampt with air compression and counterflow. The advantage of this new method is its simplicity. The new method uses parameters that are generally needed for modeling infiltration with the Green and Ampt (1911) approach. Disadvantages of the model are assumptions of the uniform water content and the uniform pressure. Another shortcoming of the model is that it does not account for air compression and air counterflow prior to ponding. Laboratory experiments described in this work and a proposed model can be further used for modeling and studying infiltration with air effects. In addition, this work can be of use to someone studying irrigation techniques of rice or other crops.
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Brevnova, Elena V. "Green-Ampt infiltration model parameter determination using SCS curve number (CN) and soil texture class, and application to the SCS runoff model." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2039.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 149 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-63).
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CASTRO, Thiago Quintiliano de. "Avaliação do desempenho de pavimentos permeáveis." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/620.

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This study aimed to evaluate the experimental performance of three types of permeable pavements constructed in three different structural conditions in order to control runoff in urbanized areas of the city of Goiania, Goias, adapting to the legal requirements and using local manufactured materials. It was evaluated nine experimental plots of 3.2 m² as the following types: PAV - concrete block "paver", PCP - porous concrete plate and GCC - concrete block "concregrama" and the following structural conditions: I - base of sand and natural subgrade, II - base of sand and compacted subgrade and III - base of sand, gravel subbase and compacted subgrade. Using an artificial rain simulator, 18 tests were performed with two pre-defined rain, a medium intensity (69 mm / h) and a high intensity (180 mm / h). The subgrade soil and building materials were characterized, measured the surface and subsurface runoff, and moisture of the layers of the pavement. The parameters of the models of Horton and Green-Ampt were obtained by adjusting the calculated data infiltration. Combinations PCP-II, PCP-III, II-CCG, CCG-III and PAV-III showed little or no runoff. The delay and persistence in critical times of the runoff hydrograph also secured good results to the PCP, which generally showed higher soaking times (7,2 to 30,4 minutes) compared to the other types of pavement. The structure that showed the best hydrological performance was the III, whose results ranged from 0 to 0,19 for the runoff coefficient. The results showed that porous pavements evaluated in this study contribute to the reduction of runoff, because of low runoff coefficients (0 to 0,36) obtained. Constructive guidelines on the type of permeable pavement that performed better were drawn and described.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho experimental de três tipos de pavimentos permeáveis construídos em três condições estruturais diferentes com vistas ao controle do escoamento superficial em áreas urbanizadas do município de Goiânia, Goiás, adequando-se às exigências legais e utilizando-se de materiais provenientes de fabricantes locais. Foram avaliadas nove parcelas experimentais de 3,2 m² conforme os seguintes tipos de revestimento: PAV - Bloco de concreto maciço tipo paver , PCP Placa de concreto poroso e CCG Bloco de concreto vazado tipo concregrama , e as seguintes condições estruturais: I - base de areia e subleito natural, II - base de areia e subleito compactado e III - base de areia, sub-base de brita tipo 1 e subleito compactado. Utilizando-se de um simulador de chuva artificial, foram realizados 18 ensaios com duas chuvas pré-definidas, uma de média intensidade (69 mm/h) e outra de alta intensidade (180 mm/h). Foram caracterizados o solo do subleito e os materiais de construção, medidos os escoamentos superficial e subsuperficial, bem como a umidade das camadas dos pavimentos. Os parâmetros dos modelos de Horton e de Green-Ampt foram obtidos por meio do ajuste dos dados calculados de taxa de infiltração. Os pavimentos PCP-II, PCP-III, CCG-II, CCG-III e PAV-III apresentaram pouco ou nenhum escoamento superficial. O retardo e o prolongamento nos tempos críticos do hidrograma de escoamento superficial também garantiram bons resultados ao revestimento PCP, que no geral apresentou os maiores tempos de embebição (7,2 a 30,4 minutos) em comparação aos demais tipos de revestimento. A estrutura que apresentou o melhor desempenho hidrológico foi o Trecho III, cujos resultados variaram de 0 a 0,19 para o coeficiente de escoamento. A análise dos resultados mostrou que os pavimentos permeáveis avaliados neste trabalho contribuem à redução do escoamento superficial, em razão dos baixos coeficientes de escoamento (0 a 0,36) obtidos, assim como ao armazenamento temporário de águas de chuva e ao incremento da infiltração de água no solo urbano. As diretrizes construtivas do tipo de pavimento permeável que obteve melhor desempenho foram traçadas e descritas.
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Books on the topic "Green and Ampt"

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Reichert, Daniel, Claudio Cito, and Ivan Barjasic. Lean & Green: Best Practice. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21686-3.

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Sayigh, Ali, ed. Mediterranean Green Buildings & Renewable Energy. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30746-6.

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Cheng, H. N., and Richard A. Gross, eds. Sustainability & Green Polymer Chemistry Volume 1: Green Products and Processes. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2020-1372.

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Cheng, H. N., and Richard A. Gross, eds. Sustainability & Green Polymer Chemistry Volume 2: Biocatalysis and Biobased Polymers. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2020-1373.

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Chopdar, Amresh. Fundus Fluorescein & Indocyanine Green Angiography. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10320.

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Venkatesh, Pradeep, Satpal Garg, Lalit Verma, and Hem K. Tewari. Step by Step Fundus Fluorescein & Indocyanine Green Angiography. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10814.

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Jesus, Carlos A. Martins de. Greek anthology, ecphrastic epigrams (Books II & III). Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-1029-0.

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Cooper, Catherine, ed. New Approaches to Ancient Material Culture in the Greek & Roman World. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004440753.

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Q&A: FAO and the Green Climate Fund respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. FAO, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4060/ca9363en.

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Rhodes, Neil. Pure and Common Greek in Early Tudor England. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198704102.003.0002.

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This chapter presents Greek as a new force in sixteenth-century literary culture, disturbing the old binary of elite Latin and common English. The first part explores the paradox of how Bible translation could enable Greek to be both the pure source and an agent of the common in this period, as well as the supposed affinity between Greek and English. The Protestant Greek scholar, Sir John Cheke is a key figure here. The second part of the chapter discusses the impact of Greek on the humanist renaissance represented by the work of Erasmus and More. Here the issue of how the principle of the common can work in an elite literary context is discussed with reference to Erasmus’ Adagia, Colloquies, and Encomium Moriae, and More's Utopia. Encomium Moriae in particular aims to fulfil Erasmus’ dream of reconciling classical literary values and Christian doctrine through an investment in the common.
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Book chapters on the topic "Green and Ampt"

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Macaluso, Joseph, and Andy Walker. "Budgeting & Financing Construction." In Green Building:, 265–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch10.

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Armstrong, James, and Andy Walker. "Health, Comfort & Productivity." In Green Building:, 171–205. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch7.

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Henzelmann, Torsten, and Simon Grünenwald. "R&D innovation — Developing system solutions." In Green Growth, Green Profit, 223–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230303874_18.

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Kalin, Mark. "Specifying Green Products & Materials." In Green Building:, 295–316. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch11.

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Fuller, Sieglinde K. "Economic Analysis & Green Buildings." In Green Building:, 337–55. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch13.

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Macaluso, Joseph, and M. Magda Lelek. "Evaluation, Analysis & Data Tools." In Green Building:, 375–86. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch15.

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Macaluso, Joseph. "Rating Systems, Standards & Guidelines." In Green Building:, 233–63. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch9.

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Needle, Cynthia. "Going Green." In Reflect & Write, 113. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003237686-103.

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Karolides, Alexis. "Introduction to Green Building Materials & Systems." In Green Building:, 27–68. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch2.

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Armstrong, James. "Efficient Use of Energy & other Resources." In Green Building:, 83–120. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118984048.ch4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Green and Ampt"

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L.M. Stahr, D.E. Eisenhauer, M.J. Helmers, M.G. Dosskey, and T.G. Franti. "Green-Ampt Infiltration Parameters in Riparian Buffers." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16421.

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Chu, Xuefeng, and Noah Habtezion. "Applications of the Green-Ampt Method across Scales." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413548.031.

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Jessica H Deck, Dean E Eisenhauer, Suat Irmak, Paul Jasa, and Derrel L Martin. "Green and Ampt Infiltration Parameters Under No-till Center Pivots." In 5th National Decennial Irrigation Conference Proceedings, 5-8 December 2010, Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Arizona USA. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.35849.

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Schmidt, J. S., and Rao S. Govindaraju. "Predicting Flow in Subsurface Agricultural Drains Using the Green-Ampt Model." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)197.

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Wang, Xiao, Yongtu Liang, Shengli Liu, and Mengyu Wu. "Analysis of Products Pipeline Accident Infiltration Process in Surface Soil Condition." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93069.

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Abstract The most common way of transportation for refined oil is long-distance pipeline. Pipeline accidents occur frequently due to corrosion, equipment failure, external forces destruction. Aiming at predicting the contaminated area in soil caused by products pipeline accidents, this experimental study was conducted to examine the relationship between the light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) accumulative infiltrate volume and the time of infiltration process in homogeneous and layered soils. The soil’s hydraulic parameters were obtained by basic experiments and RETC software. Compared with traditional infiltration mathematical model, Green-Ampt model is the most common mathematical model to calculate the infiltration process in the unsaturated soil. In this study, a modified Green-Ampt model was developed to describe water and diesel infiltration through a 100-cm-long and layered soil column. In the modified Green-Ampt model, an infiltration reduction ratio was introduced to describe the effect of the hydraulic conductivity of the layered position. To evaluate the proposed method in the effect of the layers position infiltration permeability, eight constant water head layered column infiltration experiment were conducted to record the different infiltration fluid and different constant water head infiltration process. Compared the experiment results with traditional mathematical traditional Green-Ampt model (average R2 = 0.976) and Hydrus-1D software (average R2 = 0.988) The modified Green-Ampt model had relatively higher precision in accumulative infiltrate volume (average R2 = 0.992) and the wetting front velocity in infiltration process (average R2 = 0.997). Thus, the modified mathematical model was applied an effective upscaling scheme in layered formations. The experimental result also demonstrated that soil layering affected the infiltration process. With the increase of soil depth and density, the infiltration speed of the layered soil column decreased. Additionally, the infiltrate speed of wetting front decreases slowly at the layered surface. The experiment’s fitting results showed that the modified mathematical model about infiltrate time and liquid contaminant accumulative infiltrate volume, wetting front infiltrate velocity can highly effective approach to simulate water and light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) infiltration process in layered soils.
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"Parameterization of Green & Ampt Infiltration Parameters for Use in the GSSHA Distributed Rainfall Runoff Model." In 2016 10th International Drainage Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ids.20162493623.

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Grimaldi, S., A. Petroselli, and N. Romano. "Empirical solution of Green-Ampt equation using soil conservation service - curve number values." In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2012: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4756524.

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Yoshitani, Junichi, and Z. Q. Chen. "Coupled Regional Scale Hydrologic-Atmospheric Model with Spatially Horizontally Averaged Green-Ampt Model." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)374.

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Gharbi, Hana, Samah Chargui, and Mohamed Slimani. "Comparison of Green & Ampt and reservoir model effect on Rainfall-Runoff response (study case: Skhira basin)." In 2013 5th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmsao.2013.6552622.

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Srivastava, Dhruv, and Priya Ranjan. "Towards Greener & Safer Mines with Wireless Sensor Networks." In 2011 IEEE Green Technologies Conference (IEEE-Green). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/green.2011.5754881.

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Reports on the topic "Green and Ampt"

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Seong, Hee Je. Cooperation in Green Car Technology R&D - Final CRADA report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1332930.

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Paquette, Jamie C., and Christopher J. Collins. Solar 2 Green Energy, Arts & Education Center. Final Scientific/Technical Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1018955.

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Mills, Evan, Jessica Granderson, Rengie Chan, Richard Diamond, Philip Haves, Bruce Nordman, Paul Mathew, Mary Ann Piette, Gerald Robinson, and Stephen Selkowitz. Green, Clean, & Mean: Pushing the Energy Envelope in Tech Industry Buildings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1342751.

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Olsen, Jonathan, and Richard Mitchell. S&SR Environment and Spaces Group Report: COVID-19 Green and Open Space Use in Autumn 2020. MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.234770.

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Führ, Martin, Julian Schenten, and Silke Kleihauer. Integrating "Green Chemistry" into the Regulatory Framework of European Chemicals Policy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627727.

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Abstract:
20 years ago a concept of “Green Chemistry” was formulated by Paul Anastas and John Warner, aiming at an ambitious agenda to “green” chemical products and processes. Today the concept, laid down in a set of 12 principles, has found support in various arenas. This diffusion was supported by enhancements of the legislative framework; not only in the European Union. Nevertheless industry actors – whilst generally supporting the idea – still see “cost and perception remain barriers to green chemistry uptake”. Thus, the questions arise how additional incentives as well as measures to address the barriers and impediments can be provided. An analysis addressing these questions has to take into account the institutional context for the relevant actors involved in the issue. And it has to reflect the problem perception of the different stakeholders. The supply chain into which the chemicals are distributed are of pivotal importance since they create the demand pull for chemicals designed in accordance with the “Green Chemistry Principles”. Consequently, the scope of this study includes all stages in a chemical’s life-cycle, including the process of designing and producing the final products to which chemical substances contribute. For each stage the most relevant legislative acts, together establishing the regulatory framework of the “chemicals policy” in the EU are analysed. In a nutshell the main elements of the study can be summarized as follows: Green Chemistry (GC) is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Besides, reaction efficiency, including energy efficiency, and the use of renewable resources are other motives of Green Chemistry. Putting the GC concept in a broader market context, however, it can only prevail if in the perception of the relevant actors it is linked to tangible business cases. Therefore, the study analyses the product context in which chemistry is to be applied, as well as the substance’s entire life-cycle – in other words, the six stages in product innovation processes): 1. Substance design, 2. Production process, 3. Interaction in the supply chain, 4. Product design, 5. Use phase and 6. After use phase of the product (towards a “circular economy”). The report presents an overview to what extent the existing framework, i.e. legislation and the wider institutional context along the six stages, is setting incentives for actors to adequately address problematic substances and their potential impacts, including the learning processes intended to invoke creativity of various actors to solve challenges posed by these substances. In this respect, measured against the GC and Learning Process assessment criteria, the study identified shortcomings (“delta”) at each stage of product innovation. Some criteria are covered by the regulatory framework and to a relevant extent implemented by the actors. With respect to those criteria, there is thus no priority need for further action. Other criteria are only to a certain degree covered by the regulatory framework, due to various and often interlinked reasons. For those criteria, entry points for options to strengthen or further nuance coverage of the respective principle already exist. Most relevant are the deltas with regard to those instruments that influence the design phase; both for the chemical substance as such and for the end-product containing the substance. Due to the multi-tier supply chains, provisions fostering information, communication and cooperation of the various actors are crucial to underpin the learning processes towards the GCP. The policy options aim to tackle these shortcomings in the context of the respective stage in order to support those actors who are willing to change their attitude and their business decisions towards GC. The findings are in general coherence with the strategies to foster GC identified by the Green Chemistry & Commerce Council.
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Matsler, Annie. Knowing Nature in the City: Comparative Analysis of Knowledge Systems Challenges Along the "Eco-Techno" Spectrum of Green Infrastructure in Portland & Baltimore. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5651.

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de Blaeij, Ariane, Ingrid Coninx, Carla Grashof-Bokdam, Maurice Paulissen, Nico Polman, Meike Post, Annemieke Smit, Martijn van de Heide, Bart Steenwegen, and Stien van Rompuy. Groen & economie: kans voor een Limburgse relance : basisdocument ter ondersteuning van het ontwikkelen van het strategisch programma iGreen. Wageningen: Wageningen Environmental Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/402001.

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Olsen, Jonathan, and Rich Mitchell. S&SR Environments and Spaces Group: Change in use of green and open space following COVID-19 lockdown ‘stay at home’ phase and initial easing of lockdown. University of Glasgow, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.223180.

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